Presented by,Mohammed Ershad N PMidhuna K Vettikkattil

SUN

The sun is constantly fusing hydrogen into helium .

Elements heavier than helium form in the sun's core.They form in the convection zone, which is the outermost layer of the solar interior.

Temperatures in this region are cool enough that the atoms have enough energy to hold their electrons.

This makes the convection zone darker or more opaque, trapping heat and causing the plasma appear to boil from convection.

The motion carries heat to the bottom layer of the solar atmosphere, the photosphere.

Energy in the photosphere is released as light, which travels through the solar atmosphere (the chromosphere and corona) and passes into space.

Light reaches the Earth about 8 minutes after it leaves the SUN.

ELEMENT % OF TOTAL ATOM % OF TOTAL MASSHydrogen 91.2 71.0

Helium 8.7 27.1

Oxygen 0.078 0.97

Carbon 0.043 0.40

Nitrogen 0.0088 0.096

Silicon 0.0045 0.099

Magnesium 0.0038 0.076

Neon 0.0035 0.058

Iron 0.030 0.014

Sulfur 0.015 0.040

Astronomers have estimated that the mercury composition is made up of appx. 70% metals and 30% silicate materials. In fact , its only slightly less dense than that of earth with 5.43g/cm3

Practically every other planet in our solar

system can be considered to have an

atmosphere, apart from perhaps the

extremely thin, transient atmosphere of

Mercury, with the compositions varying from

planet to planet.

Different conditions on different planets can

also give rise to particular effects.

Mercury doesn’t really have an atmosphere in the strictest sense of the word – its incredibly thin atmosphere is estimated to be over a trillion times thinner than Earth’s.

Its gravity is about 38% that of Earth, so it isn’t capable of retaining much of an atmosphere, and in addition, its proximity to the sun means that the solar wind can carry gases away from the surface.

Particles from the solar wind, coupled with the vapourisation of surface rock as a result of meteor impacts, are probably the largest contributors to Mercury’s atmosphere.

It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth.

The Venus atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulphuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible.

Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen.

Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.

The atmosphere is in a state of vigorous circulation and super-rotation.

Unlike Earth, Venus lacks a magnetic field.

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ATMOSPHERE OF VENUS

General information

Height 250 km

Average surface pressure 93 bar or 9.2 Mpa

Mass 4.8 × 1020 kg

Composition

Carbon dioxide 96.5%

Nitrogen 3.5%

Sulphur dioxide 150 ppm

Argon 70 ppm

Water vapour 20 ppm

Carbon monoxide 17 ppm

Helium 12 ppm

Neon 7 ppm

Hydrogen chloride 0.1–0.6 ppm

Hydrogen fluoride 0.001–0.005 ppm

The Earth's interior includes a thin, 5- to 70 km-thick layer of oceanic and continental

crust overlying an additional 6,300 km of rock and metals.

The crust varies in thickness and density, with oceanic crust consisting of a thin

(around 5 km) layer of dense rock and continental crust consisting of less-dense,

lighter-coloured rock ranging between 30 and 70 km in thickness.

Although the crust is comprised of many types of rocks and hundreds of minerals,

these materials are assembled from a very small number of elements.

A total of 98.7% of the crust (by weight) consists of just 8 elements, including

Oxygen (46.6%), Silicon (27.72%), Aluminium (8.13%), Iron (5.00%), Calcium

(3.63%), Sodium (2.83%), Potassium (2.70%) and Magnesium (2.09%).

These elements form the building blocks of most of the inorganic materials we

encounter in our daily lives such as glass (SiO2), concrete (CaCO3) and iron (Fe).

Oceanic crust is dominated by minerals consisting of Silicon, Oxygen and

Magnesium and is thus called SIMA; continental crust is made up of SIAL, in

which Silicon and Aluminium dominate.

The Moon is similar to the Earth in that it has a crust, mantle, and core.

The core of the Moon is believed to be at least partly molten and probably consists primarily of iron, with some sulfur and nickel.

Thin atmosphere

So even footprint or dust can sit undisturbed for centuries

Without much of an atmosphere, heat is not held near surface

So temperature vary wildly

Day temperature on sunny side of moon reach 273 degF (134 degC)

On dark side it is cold as -243 degF (-153degC)

MOON

COMPOSITION;43% oxygen, 20% Si, 19% Mg, 10% Fe, 3% Ca, 3% Al, 0.42% Cr, 0.18% Ti & 0.12% Ma

Consists of silicates, metals, and other elements that typically make up rock.

Mars is a differentiated planet, the central core made of metallic iron and nickel surrounded by a less dense silicate mantle and crust.

The planet's distinctive red colour is due to the oxidation of iron on its surface

Hydrogen is present as water (H2O) ice and in hydrated minerals.

Carbon occurs as carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and sometimes as dry ice at the poles.

An unknown amount of carbon is also stored in carbonates.

Molecular nitrogen(N2) makes up 2.7 percent of the atmosphere.

As far as we know, organic compounds are absent except for a trace of methane detected in the atmosphere.

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Jupiter is the fifth and largest planet in our solar system.

This gas giant has a thick atmosphere.

Jupiter is composed mostly of gas.

This enormous planet radiates twice as much heat as it absorbs from the Sun.

Jupiter's gaseous surface is very windy.

The light colored bands we see are called zones; the dark ones are called belts.

The differences in colors are caused by slight differences in chemical composition and temperature, but the reasons are mostly unknown. The color of a region depends on its altitude (height).

Jupiter has faint, dark, narrow rings composed of tiny rock fragments

and dust.

Atmosphere: Jupiter is a gaseous planet; it does not have a solid

surface like the Earth does (but probably has a solid, rocky core 10 to

15 times the mass of the Earth). When we look at Jupiter, we are

seeing icy clouds of gases moving at high speeds in the atmosphere.

Jupiter's atmosphere is composed of about 90% hydrogen and 10

% helium. There are only minute traces (0.07%) of methane (CH3),

water, ammonia, and rock dust.

SATURN

Saturn is the sixth planet from the sun in our solar system.

It is the second-largest planet in our solar system (Jupiter is the largest).

It has beautiful rings that are made mostly of ice chunks (and some rock) that range in size from the size of a fingernail to the size of a car.

Saturn is made mostly of

hydrogen and helium gas.

Saturn is visible without using

a telescope, but a low-power

telescope is needed to see

its rings.

ATMOSPHERE AND PLANETARY COMPOSITION

Saturn is about 97% Hydrogen gas, about 3% helium gas and about 0.05% methane, plus ammonia.

The clouds in the atmosphere are cold, thick and uniform in shape.

Saturn is a gaseous planet with a rocky core, a liquid metallic hydrogen layer above the core, and a molecular hydrogen layer above that.

The hot, heavy, rocky core has a radius possibly three times the radius of the Earth.

It may rain liquid methane. Biggest moon of Saturn and second largest

moon in Solar System (after Jupiter's Ganymede). It is larger than the

planets Mercury and Pluto. Titan has a thick mostly nitrogen

atmosphere (with some methane).

Uranus is the seventh planet from the sun in our solar system. This

huge, ice giant is covered with clouds and is encircled by a belt of 11

rings and 22 known moons. Uranus' blue color is caused by the

methane (CH4) in its atmosphere; this molecule absorbs red light.

PLANETARY COMPOSITION AND ATMOSPHERE

Uranus is a frozen, gaseous planet.

Atmosphere: The planet is shrouded in an icy cloud layer (made up of frozen methane, ethane, and acetylene) circling this planet at 185 mph (300 kph.

Uranus' icy atmosphere consist of 83% hydrogen,15% helium, and 2% methane. The outer layers of the atmosphere are the coldest; temperature and pressure rise under the cloud layer.

Partially-solid Layers: Beneath the atmosphere, there is a liquid layer of hydrogen and helium. As depth increases, this layer becomes more viscous, and then partly solid. This layer may be composed of compressed water with ammonia and methane.

Core: Uranus has a molten rocky core about 10,500 miles (17,000 km) in diameter and about 12,500°F (6927°C). This core may have a mass five times greater than the mass of theEarth.

Neptune is the eighth planet from the sun in our solar system.

This ice giant has a hazy atmosphere and strong winds. It is orbited by eight moons and narrow, faint rings arranged in clumps.

Neptune's blue color is caused by the methane (CH4) in its atmosphere; this molecule absorbs red light

THE ATMOSPHERE

Neptune's thick atmosphere consist of 74% hydrogen,

25% helium and about 1% methane. The atmosphere merges into

the planet's mantle.

Neptune's atmosphere has icy clouds and enormous storms. These

features change rapidly because of tremendous winds that whip

around the planet. Neptune has the fastest winds in our Solar

System.

Icy particles of methane in the outer parts of its atmosphere give

Neptune its deep blue color; methane absorbs red light.

Pluto is a dwarf planet (or plutoid) that usually

orbits past the orbit of Neptune.

PLANETARY COMPOSITIONPluto's composition is unknown. It is probably made up of about 70% rock and 30% water. This is determined from density calculations; Pluto's density is about 2,000 kg/m3. There may be methane ice together with frozen nitrogen and carbon dioxide on the cold, rocky surface.

ATMOSPHERENot much is known about Pluto's atmosphere. It is probably mostly nitrogen with a little carbon monoxide and methane - definitely not breatheable by humans. The atmospheric pressure is probably very low. The atmosphere forms when Pluto is closest to the Sun and the frozen methane is vaporized by the solar heat. When it is farther from the Sun, the methane freezes again. From Pluto, the sky would appear black, even when the Sun (the size of a star) is up.

Composition

Almost all meteoroids contain extraterrestrial nickel and irons.

They have three main classifications: irons, stones and stony-irons.

Some stone meteoroids contain grain-like inclusions known

as chondrules and are called chondrites.

Stoney meteoroids without these features are called "achondrites",

which are typically formed from extraterrestrial igneous activity; they

contain little or no extraterrestrial iron.

The composition of meteoroids can be inferred as they pass through the

Earth's atmosphere from their trajectories and the light spectra of the

resulting meteor.

The nucleus is the relatively solid and stable centrally located part, mostly formed of ice and gas with a small amount of dust and other solids like hydrocarbons. An interesting characteristic of the nucleus surface is the presence of dust ;

The coma is a dense atmosphere surrounding the nucleus, made of a cloud of water, carbon dioxide and other neutral gases as well as dust grains.

The dust tail is the most prominent part of a comet: it can be up to 10 million km long, composed of smoke-sized dust particles driven off the nucleus by escaping gases;

the ion tail is composed of plasma and laced with rays and streamers caused by interactions with the solar wind, which can be as much as several hundred million km long.