chemistry of the nonmetals - colby college · 2005-04-28 · 1. periodic properties homonuclear (e...
TRANSCRIPT
Chemistry of the Nonmetals
1. Periodic Properties and Hydrogen
2. Noble Gases (Group 8): He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe
3. Halogens (Group 7): F, Cl, Br, I, At
4. Chalcogens (Group 6): O, S, Se, Te, Po
5. Pnicogens (Group 5): N, P, As, Sb, Bi
6. Group 4: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb
7. Group 3: B, [Al, Ga, In, Tl]
1. Periodic Properties
1. Periodic Properties
Trends in metallic character
1. Periodic Properties
Trends in atomic radius
1. Periodic Properties
Trends in ionization energy
1. Periodic Properties
Trends in ionization energy
1. Periodic Properties
Trends in electron affinity
1. Periodic Properties
Trends in electronegativity (Pauling)
1. Periodic Properties
Average bond enthalpies
1. Periodic PropertiesHomonuclear (E − E) single bond energies (kJ/mol)
I − I149
Te − Te126
Sb − Sb121
Sn − Sn146
In − In100
Br − Br190
Se − Se172
As − As146
Ge − Ge188
Ga − Ga115
Cl − Cl240
S − S226
P − P201
Si − Si222
Al − Al-----
F − F155
O − O142
N − N167
C − C346
B − B293
1. Periodic Properties
Heteronuclear (E − F) bond energies (kJ/mol)
I − F231
Te − F329
Sb − F402
Sn − F414
In − F444
Br − F237
Se − F285
As − F406
Ge − F452
Ga − F469
Cl − F253
S − F284
P − F490
Si − F565
Al − F583
F − F155
O − F190
N − F283
C − F485
B − F613
1. Periodic Properties
In general, the firstmember of each groupforms stronger π-bonds
than later members.
1. Periodic Properties
1. Hydrogen
Hydrides formed by the elements
2. Noble Gases (Group 8)
XeF2 XeF4 XeF6
Xenon compounds with fluorine.
3. Halogens (Group 7)
3. Halogens (Group 7)
Homonuclear bond enthalpies for the halogens
3. Halogens (Group 7)
3. Halogens (Group 7)
Interhalogen compounds
BrF5 IF7
3. Halogens (Group 7)
Latimer diagrams
4. Chalcogens (Group 6)
4. Chalcogens (Group 6)G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7
BaCs
SrRb
CaK
MgNa
BeLi
AtPoBiPbTl
ITeSbSnIn
BrSeAsGeGa
ClSPSiAl
FONCB
Basic oxides Acidic oxides
= Amphoteric oxides (all oxidation states)
= Amphoteric oxides (low oxidation states)Acidic oxides (high oxidation states)
4. Chalcogens (Group 6)
Elemental sulfur: An S8 ring
4. Chalcogens (Group 6)
Frasch process for sulfur mining.
4. Chalcogens (Group 6)
Sulfur oxides
SO2 SO3
4. Chalcogens (Group 6)
Uses of sulfuric acid: H2SO4
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
←Hydrazine↓
←Methylhydrazine
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
Oxides of nitrogen: Structures
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
Ostwald processfor nitric acid
production fromammonia.
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
White phosphorous: P4
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
5. Pnicogens (Group 5)
P4O6 P4O10
6. Group 4
6. Group 4
Allotropes of carbon: Diamond & Graphite
Diamond structure Graphite structure
6. Group 4
Allotropes of carbon: Fullerene
C60 structure: fullerene
6. Group 4
A multiwalled carbon nanotube
6. Group 4
6. Group 4
Lead usage as a function of time.
6. Group 4
Zone refiningfor the purificationof silicon for use inelectronic materials.
6. Group 4
Structure ofSi2O7
6-
6. Group 4
6. Group 4
A silicone polymerJadeite: NaAl(SiO3)2
7. Group 3: Boron
Structure of diborane: B2H6
7. Group 3: Boron
B6H62-→
NH3BH3
B3O63-