chemistry review by margaret zulick. the atom: makes up everything (living and nonliving) made of...
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Chemistry Reviewby Margaret Zulick
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The Atom: makes up everything (living and nonliving)
• Made of – Protons (+)– Neutrons (0)– Electrons (-)
• 2 parts:– Nucleus - inside (protons and neutrons)– Electron Cloud - outside (electrons)• Electrons in outer shell = Valence Electrons
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Elements
• Atoms that have the same number of protons are the same element
• Also known as…– “A pure substance” – can’t be broken down
• All elements are displayed on the Periodic Table
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The only option that is an element on the periodic table is Gold.All the other options are mixtures or compounds (combinations of other elements that could be broken down).
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Periodic Table: organizes all elements
Metals• On the Left and in
the middle• Shiny (luster)• Malleable• Conducts heat &
electricity
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Periodic Table: organizes all elements
Non - Metals• On the Right• Dull• Brittle• Bad conductors
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Periodic Table: organizes all elements
Metalloids• On the Stairstep• Semiconductors
(computer chips)• Mix of metals and
nonmetals
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Based on their location on the PT, determine whether the following
elements are metals, metalloids or nonmetals.
• Fluorine (F)• Potassium (K)• Manganese (Mn)• Silicon (Si)• Nitrogen (N)
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Based on their location on the PT, determine whether the following
elements are metals, metalloids or nonmetals.
• Fluorine (F) - Nonmetal• Potassium (K) - Metal• Manganese (Mn) - Metal• Silicon (Si) - Metalloid• Nitrogen (N) - Nonmetal
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The Periodic Table is organized!
• Periods :left and right
• Groups: Up and down– Elements in the same group are similar– Alkali Metals: most reactive (Group 1)– Noble Gases: do not react (Group 18)
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Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P) are in the same group, so they are the most similar.
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The Periodic Table is organized!
Atomic Number = number of protons
Symbol
Element Name
Atomic Mass
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Bonds• Atoms bond because they want a full outer shell– The closer they are to having a full shell, the more
reactive they are (more likely to bond)
Bonds hold atoms together to form a compound
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When atoms of different elements bond, they form compounds
• Examples:1. H + O H2O
Hydrogen + Oxygen Water
2. Na + Cl NaCl Sodium + Chlorine Sodium Chloride
• Compounds are completely different than the elements that make them up!
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Chemical Equations
What starts the reaction(ingredients)
What is made after the reaction
Subscript: Tells us the number of atoms
Coefficient: used to balance equations
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Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass can never be created nor destroyed
Need the same number of atoms of each element on each side!
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Mass or matter cannot be created nor destroyed!
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Mass cannot be created nor destroyed.What you start with, you MUST end with!
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To speed up a reaction…
• Add heat
• Add a Catalyst
• More surface area – smaller pieces are better than big pieces.
X ✔
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Mixtures
• When 2 or more compounds are mixed together, we call this a mixture.
Ex. H2O and NaCl mixed together forms a salt water mixture
• 2 Types:– Homogeneous: The same throughout
(ex. Lemonade/Koolaid)– Heterogeneous: NOT evenly mixed
(ex. Salad: you see lettuce, peppers, tomatoes, salad dressing)
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HomogeneousHeterogeneous
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Solute vs. Solvent vs. Solution• Solution = Homogeneous Mixture
• Solute: Solid that is dissolved– Ex. Koolaid Powder
• Solvent: Liquid the solid is dissolved into– Universal Solvent is WATER!
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Concentration
• High Concentration: Lots of solute dissolved in solvent– Ex. LOTS of Koolaid powder in a little bit of water,
makes it very strong and concentrated
• Low Concentration: Little bit of solute in solvent– Ex. Small amount of Koolaid in water makes it
taste weak, low concentration
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Chemical Change
• Cannot be undone• Makes a BRAND NEW substance!
• 4 Signs:– Color Change– Formation of a gas– Formation of a precipitate (a solid)– Temperature Change
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Physical Change
• Can be undone• Does NOT change what the substance is
• Ex. Tearing a piece of paper• Phase changes (solid to liquid, liquid to gas)– Ex. Melting ice into liquid water
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Freezing Water = still water! = PhysicalBurning Coal = cannot undo this = Chemical
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Exothermic Vs. Endothermic
• Exothermic: – Exo = OUT!
Heat RELEASED = will feel warm
• Endothermic:– Endo = IN!
Heat absorbed in = will feel coldEx. Photosynthesis
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pH Scale• Scale of 0 to 14
• Acids: Sour (ex. Orange Juice, Vinegar)pH between 0 and 7
• Bases: Bitter (ex. Milk, detergent)pH between 7 and 14
• Neutral pH is 7