homework

CHEMISTRYADVENTURE

Introduction to Chemistry

August 31 2010

In this Unit

Molecular Model Labwiki stix for scientists

Flame Lablight stuff on fire Seed Lab

grow stuff

Rock Candy Lab Rainbow Labmake a 7-layer mixture

Cool Demonstrationswater into wine magic trickhuge flame whoosh bottle

20000 C flamemany others

Unit 1welcome screencast

version 10

periodic table calculator

homework

Welcome to Chemistry

Unit 1 Introduction to Chemistry August 31 2010

We begin this course by asking a simple questionWhat is everything made out of

That is the essential question for this course- the same question that the we all naturally ask as we look at the world around us For a few of you opening your mind to the world of chemistry may change the course of your life as it did for me For all of you this course will help you to understand the world you live in

In this unit we will consider what chemistry is and what chemists do and how chemistry is part of everyday life We will look at how the scientific method is applied in this field and at the end we will focus on some

of the details of one branch of chemistry organic chemistry which is based on the element carbon Wersquoll see what some organic molecules look like and how they are classified To help explore this we

will perform five experiments where we will try to find out own answers by lighting things on fire assembling models growing plants crystallizing pure molecules and forming multilayered mixtures

If you happen to be scuba diving in Hawaii and see this colorful soft coral you have came across a dangerous spe-cies This zoanthid Palythoa toxica (shown above right with a close-up of the tentacles on the left)produces the toxin palytoxin shown at bottom right One of the most toxic sub-stances known to man this coral was collected by Hawaiian warriors who dipped their spears in it before battle

Palythoa sp tentacle

ldquoChemists are a strange class of mortals impelled by an almost maniacalimpulse to seek their pleasures amongst smoke and vapour soot and flamespoisons and poverty yet amongst all these evils I seem to live so sweetlythat I would rather die than change places with the King of Persiardquo -- Johann Joachim Becher Physica subterranea (1667)

Everything about this course this book and the next 180 days wersquoll spend together is based on a simple philosophy

1 People donrsquot learn unless motivated

5 The brain is a muscle Anything you learn will be forgotten if you donrsquot

continue to use it

4 Curiosity arises through hands-on experiences

3 Motivation is sparked by curiosity

2 Once motivated people can do anything

palytoxin screencast periodic table calculator

homework

O

O

OH

O

OH OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHOH

O

OH

OHOH

OHO

OH OH

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

OH

OHOH

OOH

OHO

O

O

OHNH2

OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OHO

OHOH

OH

OH OH

OHOH

O NH

O NH

OH

periodic table calculator

Welcome to Chemistry 2-9welcome 2contents 3 schedule 4-5

homework assignments 5syllabus 7-9

Labs 10-1911 flame 10-1112 molecular models 12-1313 seed 14-1514 rock candy 16-1715 Rainbow (L2 only) 18-19

Lectures 20-3011 Introduction to Chemistry 20-25

worksheet 11 Introduction to Chemistry 26-2712 (L1 honors only) Organic Functional Groups

worksheet 12 organic functional groups

Review 32-33Index 34-35

Supplemental Material 36-40safety contract 37-38makeup request form 39-40

Table of Contents

Palytoxin one of the most toxic substances known

palythoa toxica

homework

Lesson 2 molecular modelshand in homework 12supplies check (pencil scientific calculator 3 ring binder lab notebook)Demonstration 13 alcohol solubilityMolecular model activityPretestHomework 13

Homework 11 Due on day 1 (5 points)

Bring 1 Pencil 2 Scientific Calculator 3 blank or composition book (for lab notebook) 4 1rdquo 3 ring binder with loose leaf paper 5 Signed safety contractRead 1 Introduction ldquoHow I got hooked on chemistryrdquo 2 Syllabus 3 safety contract

Lesson 6 Introduction to chemistry testtest receive unit 2 packet homework 21

Lesson 5 reviewreview homework 15Seed Rock Candy Lab Observationsreview return homework 13

Lesson 4 rainbow laborganic functional groupsreview homework 14Seed Rock Candy Lab Observationsreview return homework 13demonstration 15 layers

Lesson 3 introduction to chemistry (lecture 11)Hand in homework 13Demonstration 14 2000 degree flamereview return homework 12Supplies check (pencil scientific calculator 3 ring binder lab notebook)Begin lab 12 Seed LabBegin Lab 13 Rock Candy LabLecture 11 Introduction to Chemistry

worksheet 11 introduction to chemistryreview pretest

Lesson 1 flame labintroductions seats period 2 3 5 7 8receive packetscomplete welcome to chemistry survey hand in homework 11 (signed safety contract)Demonstration 11 water into wineDemonstration 12 whoosh bottleOnline overview Class PicturesLab 11 flame labhomework 12

Tentative Schedule

demonstration 16 combustionSupplies check

review for testhomework study for test

Supplies check (pencil scientific calculator 3 ring binder lab notebook)L2 chemical rainbow labL1 honors nomenclaturehomework 15

a-hemolysin screencast

check for homework updates at the chemistryadventure homework page

periodic table calculator

Crystal structure of a-hemolysin a dangerous pore forming bacteriaclick here for a 3d rotating structure

click here for an interactive 3d rotating structure click here to learn more about this molecule

homework

Homework 16 study for test

homework 15rainbow laborganic functional groups

L2 layering research paper Due____L1 honors complete worksheet 12

Homework 14 lecture 11 introduc-tion to chemistry

1 Complete worksheet 11 Donrsquot tear it out- it will get stamped next class2 Throughout the year continue to bring a camera to class for observations3 To prepare for the next class L2 students should read the Rainbow Lab L1 and honors students should read Lecture 12 Organic Functional Groups

Homework 13 molecular models1 Draw as many isomers with formula C

2H

6O

2 as possible using both structural and skeletal formulas

2 L1 honors only using the internet provide the molecular and structural formula for aristolochic acid Describe the dangers of this substance using your own words3 To prepare for the next class read the Seed Lab and Rock Candy Lab Optional Read Lecture 11 and watch the screencasts4 Bring in a digital camera or colored pencilsi for photograph-ing drawing your seeds in the Seed Lab

Homework 12 flame labPlease answer the following on loose leaf paper stapled if necessary with your name and period on top

1 In demonstration 11 how might the water have ldquoturnedrdquo into wine2 What happened in the whoosh bottle demonstration both visibly and on a molecular level3 (L1 honor s only) What would you have observed if butanol (C

4H

10O) were used in the whoosh bottle demonstration Include a balanced chemical

equationComplete flame lab if not done in classRead molecular model lab to prepare for next class

homework 21 test daycomplete ws 21

Homeworkcheck for homework updates at the chemistryadventure homework page

For credit hand in homework at the beginning of the period on the day it is due Write your answers neatly on loose leaf paper stapled if necessary with your name and period on top You donrsquot have to copy the questions but yoursquoll find it easier to review for tests if you do

Homework 11 Due on day 1 (5 points)

Bring 1 Pencil 2 Scientific Calculator 3 blank or composition book (for lab notebook) 4 1rdquo 3 ring binder with loose leaf paper 5 Signed safety contractRead 1 Introduction ldquoHow I got hooked on chemistryrdquo 2 Syllabus 3 safety contract

periodic table calculator

homework

Introduction

How I got hooked on chemistry

In 1979 I took a course at the University of Connecticut called Advanced Organic Chemistry Our Professor was Sam Huang who gave us instructions on the first day and then we rarely saw him again We were told we had to complete three experiments

1 Identify an unknown pure chemical sample2 Purify and identify 2 unknown chemicals in a mixture

3 Create a new chemical

That was it He then gave each of us a vial with a liquid or a powder in it We had three weeks to identify it Mine was a shiny white solid Under a magnifying glass it appeared as flat white plates It melted sharply at 212 oC A big clue was discovered when I placed it under ultraviolet light- it glowed with a bright blue color I later learned this is a sign of lots of alternating double bonds With this information it seemed likely that these white crystals were anthracene a constituent of coal To confirm this I mades a derivative by reacting it with picric acid (which nobody uses any more since it explodes when dry) and the new compound - anthracene picrate- had a melting point of 170 oC matching the literature value Now I was dead certain it was anthracene

Next he gave each of us another vial We were told it was a mixture of two chemicals We had three weeks to separate and identify them This time the vial had a dull white powder in it I watched as my lab partners set up complex chromatography and distillation devices and began tedious separations of their mixtures

Ugh Under a magnifying glass two distinct crystals could be identified- needles and plates It took a couple days but I was able to separate my mixture using a pair of tweezers and the magnifying glass and identify each sample

Finally we had the rest of the semester to make a new chemical I got so excited about this one that I skipped spring break and spent it at the library Yes I had become a science nerd big time It was my first time reading real accounts of chemical research and I found it fascinating Here people were creating chemicals to treat cancer make bulletproof plastics all sorts of projects hellipbut what really interested me was the field of natural products- the study of natural not man-made chemicals I found a research paper where the individual chemical that creates the main flavor of

pineapples and strawberries was created in the lab It was called furaneol and I decided I would make my own ver-sion of it with a slight chemical change designed to give it a sweeter taste

The initial experiments were a disaster There were chemicals I needed that werenrsquot in the stockroom My lab partners were goofing off while I was working with dangerous chemicals And soon the deadline was approaching but in the end I managed to make a small amount of a white solid and the spectroscopic data matched the chemical structure I realized that with enough effort any chemical one could imagine could eventually be made and it seemed to me this was a powerful tool I changed my major from biology to chemistry and two years later I had my first job making chemicals designed to study cancer

In this class each of you will be given a similar opportunity to explore imagine and create using the chemical skills and knowledge from this class In your first hands-on experiment you will be asked to identify unknown substances by lighting them on fire By the time this class is near complete you will be ready to identify unknown samples and safely perform your own chemical research in a field of your choice

O

OH OH

anthracene a component of coal

furaneol a flavor principle of pineapples

furaneol screencast

periodic table calculator

homework

Syllabus

Welcome to chemistry I look forward to working with you this school year The purpose of this syllabus is to summarize the goals content grading policy and class expectations for this school year

What is everything made out of

That is the essential question for this course- the same question that the we all naturally ask as we look at the world around us It also makes one wonder why some substances are inert while other substances react violently when mixed For a few of you opening your mind to the world of chemistry may change the course of your life as it did for me For all of you this course will help you to understand the world around you

So how to answer this question Certainly the most enjoyable way is to roll up your sleeves and find out for yourself Teachers call this inquiry-based learning and the idea is to figure things out on your own So often in life experts are self-taught and itrsquos no surprise- they discovered rather than memorized and enjoyed it Of course itrsquos always a good idea to get some assistance now and then and that is the way this course is designed We begin each unit by asking a simple question and you and your lab partner then try to find out on your own No not by looking it up on wikipedia- by experiment What you discover you arenrsquot likely to forget It gives you a understanding of things that uses all of your senses And best of all although it usually makes you question your own research there are those rare occasions your own observations may make you question what the ldquoexpertsrdquo say or the way that they say it The best chemist is a skeptical chemist

by having Thus drawn the Chymists Doctrine out oftheir Dark and Smoakie Laboratories and both brought it into the openlight and shewn the weakness of their Proofs that have hithertobeen wont to be brought for it either Judicious Men shall henceforthbe allowed calmly and after due information to disbelieve it or thoseabler Chymists that are zealous for the reputation of it will beobligrsquod to speak plainer then hitherto has been done

Robert Boyle The Skeptical Chymist (1661) praeface introductory page 5

Here are the units we will cover Each chapter will last for 1-2 weeks and most units will be tested individually

At the beginning of each unit you will receive a unit packet These 15 packets include or will direct you to everything you need to know about chemistry Keep them in chronological order in your 3 ring binder and by the end of the year you will have ldquocreatedrdquo the textbook for the class For those that are interested a standard chemistry textbook is available but is not required The paper version includes the core material The online version at chemistryadventurecom includes links and rollovers To get the most out of this class explore these packets deeply by using the links- this is especially important for L1 and honors students who will be tested on their content The latest versions of adobe reader and flash player are necessary to view and play these files Internal

links are brown external links to websites are blue and video links are buttons

1 Introduction to Chemistry2 Data3 Matter4 The Atom5 Electrons6 The Periodic Table7 Chemical Bonding8 Chemical Reactions9 The Mole10 Gases11 Solutions 12 Energy13 Reaction Rates14 Equilibrium15 Acids and Bases

350 years old and still good advice The Skeptical Chymist by Robert Boyle (1661) This is a scanned copy from the

University of Pennsylvania

inquiry-based learning is really just the scientific method in disguise Or to put it another way it is figuring it out on your own

periodic table calculator

homework

Grading Policy

This class uses a ldquopure pointsrdquo system your grade will be determined by the points accumulated from homework tests and lab reports For example you might earn 90 points on a 100 point exam and 5 points on a 10 point quiz Your average at that point would be 95 points out of a possible 110 total points for an ldquoaveragerdquo of 86 Your grade can be accessed on PowerSchool through the GHS website also available on the chemistryadventure website

Test scores usually incorporate a citizenship component arriving late to class or being unprepared results in a minor deduction for each occurrence Assisting others and other meritous behavior can lead to a small increase in your test score

During any type of testing there will be no communications in any form with any other student(s) Should such communications take place the student(s) will receive a grade of zero on the test Be aware that it is a big deal if your cellphone is out for any reason during a test- this can result in severe consequences

What to bring to class

All parents should receive an email a few days before the first day of class outlining what each student should bring on day 1 including homework due on the first day of class Each day students should bring

1 An up to date 3 ring binder with all materials especially the current unit packet ordered by date with no loose papers2 A scientific calculator3 A pen or pencil4 Your lab notebook A blank book is ideal a composition book is acceptable Letter sized works well but smaller sizes may be used5 Your homework6 A sense of humor and a positive attitude

Homework

The homework is available online The homework assignments are normally listed as a series of questions to be answered at home on a separate sheet of paper and handed in the next day Be sure to include your name and class period and the assignment number (hw12 for example) You may find it useful for test reviews to write down the question but this isnrsquot required Neatness is required- points will be taken off it was ripped out of a spiral bound notebook wasnrsquot stapled etc Homework assignments usually also includes some reading to prepare you for the next class When a lecture is scheduled for the next day the homework will include reading and watching the screencasts This is important since it will make the lecture a review Hand in your homework into the class ldquoinrdquo tray at the beginning of class collect any graded material from the ldquooutrdquo tray No credit is given for late homework If you had an excused absence hand in your homework when you return and note your absence on the top of the paper Keep up with the homework and the tests will likely go well

Again each class has an in and out box Place your homework in the in box take out your graded material from the out box at the beginning of class This is also the time to check your long term experiments and make notes in your lab notebook This is also a good time to check in with me if you were absent

Absences and Makeup Tests

If you missed a class itrsquos easy to find out what you missed The best place is to go to the homework page online which shows what was covered each day This should also include your first name and last initial to verify your absence You can also check the tentative schedule in the packet but it may change so your best bet is to check the website or ask a friend You can also email me any time you like Homework can also be accessed indirectly from powerschool

Once you know what you missed you can still stay on top of things online In fact with the exception of the hands-on labs this class is fully set up for distance learning All lectures have screencasts that can be viewed online Use your packet go online Watch the screencasts for each lecture Email me Call

RObert Boyle

periodic table calculator

homework

your friends Please try to avoid asking me ldquoWhat did I missrdquo- check the website first Instead say hello when you return to class and let me know that you are on track Be aware that you will still have to take the test on the day scheduled or soon after your return if you had and excused absence Relax- each student gets two makeup tests per quarter and they arenrsquot averaged the higher score prevails If you need to take a makeup test there is a form to fill out

Fiscal Responsibility

Students are fiscally responsible for instructional equipment including laboratory materials and textbooks which are available for check out

Ipods and Cellphones

The school policy will be enforced- cell phones and ipods are not allowed in the classroom They will be confiscated if they are seen at any time in the classroom including during passing time

Media Privacy

Occasionally there may be photographs or videos taken of us in the classroom Although these are usually popular with the students and are good for class morale it is important for each student to know that their right not to be photographed or videotaped is important and will be respected Additionally any photos or videos that are taken in the classroom will never be shared outside the classroom Each student was mailed a media privacy form at the beginning of the year Please let me know if you prefer not to be photographed or videotaped

In the News

Once the second unit begins we will start presenting ldquoIn the Newsrdquo presentations Irsquoll model it for you at the start- it consists of a presentation of a chemistry related event in the news with all presentation materials placed on the in the news blog Upload it before your presentations begins

Final Note to studentsParentsGuardianWelcome to Chemistry Please email me if you have any questions

Dr B(Harry Brielmann)

Common Issues1 Late to class

Students who are late to class without a pass will receive a minor point deduction on their next test Two tardies results in an email to your parents Three tardies leads to a detention

2 Arriving unpreparedStudents who do not have a binder calculator pencil and lab notebook will receive a minor point deduction on their next test Daily homework is worth 5 points and is due at the beginning of class

3 Ipods and cellphones visible in classIpods and cellphones will be confiscated if seen and delivered to the student affairs center You will be permitted to use internet capable devices such as iphones only when specifically requested by the teacher

4 Lab Groups of more than 2To receive credit for a lab experiment your group must be no more than 2 students

4 Absences

Unexcused absences are treated in accordance with the student-parent handbook Students are responsible for making up lost work and will still have to take each test Two makeups are allowed per quarter higher score prevails

5 Homework from other classesWill be confiscated if students work on it in class unless specifically instructed otherwise

6 Students not seated or not in assigned seatsPlease remain seated in your assigned seat unless instructed otherwise

7 Unsafe laboratory practicesThis is a serious offense and will result in immediate removal from class and detention

periodic table calculator

homework

Flame Lab

Each of you will be given a sample of each of the alcohols shown above in numbered but otherwise unlabelled bottles Your goal is to identify each one It is suggested that you ignite the samples partly because it helps and partly because it is fun To assist you authentic samples of each

are available for comparison

Think about how you will identify each sample and write down your plan Consider things such as the odor flame color and solubility in water of each sample You can use any method you like to identify these samples as long as you work safely goggles must be worn and your instructor is the only one in the lab with matches Tie your hair back and listen carefully to the safety instructions provided by your teacher

1 Data Complete the table below adding your own categories The other categories are up to you They might be flame color solubility in water or any other useful test you can come up with

Final Answersidentify each unknown sample

1__________ 2_____________ 3______________ 4 _____________5 ____________ 6____________

lab 11 flame lab

have this box stamped to earn credit for this lab

an opportunity to safely light things on fire

unknown odor flame color other observations conclusion

1

2

3

4

5

6

C

H

HCC

HH

H

H

H

C O HH

HC O H

H

HH C

H

HC O HH

H

CHH

HH O H C C O

H

H

H

HHH

C

H

H

CC

H

H

H

H

O

H

H

water methanol ethanol propanol isopropanol butanol

flame lab screencast

about these alcohols

periodic table calculator

homework

1 Water has a molecular formula of H2O Ethanol has a formula of C

2H

6O Using the structures on the previous

page provide the formulas for the others

8 Honors only Draw a reasonable chemical structure for the major component of gasoline hexane (C6H

14) Note that if you ldquobranchrdquo the molecule it can

be drawn in more than one way- these are called isomers Draw as many isomers of hexane as you can

7 L1 honors only Based on these formulas provide a hypothesis why all of these substances are water-soluble except butanol

3 There is a saying ldquoHONC if you love chemistryrdquo How many bonds does nitrogen (N) contain

2 Hydrogen always has one chemical bond and oxygen (O) always has 2 How many bonds does carbon contain

questionsComplete these after you have finished the experiment and cleaned up Finish at home if necessary

4 (L1 Honors only) Each of these combustion reactions combines the alcohol with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water We can write a chemical reaction

C2H

6O + O

2

CO

2 + H

2O

Taken literally this says that one molecule of ethanol combines with one molecule of oxygen to make one molecule of carbon dioxide and one molecule of water The problem is this is impossible as written Note for example we started with two carbon atoms and ended with 1 We fix it by balancing it

C2H

6O + 3 O

2 2 CO

2 + 3 H

2O

This is a balanced equation for the combustion of ethanol Note that now that nothing has magically disappeared or appeared- there are the same number of C (2) H(6) and O (7) for reactants and productsFor a more detailed explanation click here5 Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of butanol (C

4H

10O)

6 (Honors only) Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of ethanol (C2H

6O)

9 Honors only Write a balanced chemical equation for the combustion of hexane

have this box stamped to earn credit for this lab

periodic table calculator

homework

C2H

6O

molecular formula skeletal

structural structural formula

with

molecular modelball and stick

molecular model space filling

1 Using the molecular models at your desk assemble a molecule of ethanol (C

2H

6O) Models molecular models using the color conventions

listed Draw it using both structural and skeletal formulas

HONC

Hydrogen white (1 bond)

Oxygen red (2 bonds)

Nitrogen blue (3 bonds

Carbon black (4 bonds)

less common elementssulfur yellowphosphorus orangechlorine or fluorine greenbromine brown

2 There is one other way C2H

6O can be assembled with the proper num-

ber of bonds on each atom (HONC) Assemble it and draw it using both structural and skeletal formulas

What do molecules look likeMolecular Model Activity

To really understand what everything is made out of we need to magnify things down to a molecular level In the flame lab we were shown the molecular structure of ethanol Here are several different ways of representing that molecule

The three most common atoms attached to organic (carbon based) molecules are hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen In the flame lab you observed that these tend to form the same number of bonds H1 O2 N3 and C4 For convenience the same colors are used to assemble these molecules there are also colors for some of the less common elements

Molecular Model Laban opportunity to see what molecules look like

carbon (grey or more often black)

hydrogen (white)

oxygen (red)

bromine (red-brown) chlorine or fluorine (green)

sulfur (yellow)

C2H

6O

isomer 1structural formula skeletal formula

C2H

6O

isomer 2structural formula skeletal formula

CH3CH

2OH

condensed structural

lab12 molecular model lab

have this box stamped to earn credit for this lab

O H C O H

H

CH 3

CH3

C C O

H

H

H

HHH

Visualizing Ethanol

how do these compare

molecular models color guide

hint

periodic table calculator

homework

4 OK complete the table The first one is done for you

molecular formula

C2H

7N

Are there isomers Draw one using shorthand bond notation

skeletal formulastructural formula

C3H

8

3 With your partner assemble molecules with the formulas given below and draw their structural formulas

L1 honors onlyC

3H

6

have these pages stamped when you have completed them

NO

O

OO

skeletal formula of cocaine a tropane alkaloid

ethylamine

ethylene glycola common antifreeze

have this box stamped to earn credit for this lab

C2H

7N C

3H

8L1 honors only C

3H

6C

2H

6O

2

NH

NH2

OHO H

C C N HH

H

H

H

HH

hint

5 What is the molecular formula of cocaine the dangerous addictive alkaloid shown below

Molecular formula

periodic table calculator

homework

It is better to plant seeds than to accuse the earthMerle Shain

One of the most enjoyable aspects of chemistry is that it is a great tool for solving mysteries Each day people use chemistry to solve crimes heal and identify mysterious substances In this lab you will get some seeds and it is your job to identify the species and learn as much as you can about them So

plant them and watch them grow documenting everything carefully By creating an oxygen-rich classroom test scores will increase by 16 Or not

Seed Lablet mother nature synthesize thousands of molecules for you

Here is an example from a lab notebook to give you an idea of how to take good laboratory notes Note the use of endnotes as references to support state-ments- this is the format yoursquoll be using in your final report

ldquoDay 1 Received six seeds As the photo indicates each seed is roughly triangular in shape with rounded points about 1 cm on each edge The are slightly concave and the six had a total mass of 02 grams suggesting a mass of about 35 milligrams per seed They have rough surfaces and look dried out After photographing them they were placed planted in moist soil ldquo

Fast forward one month

ldquoBased on the seeds leaves and flowers this plant is consistent with Aristalochia clematitus commonly known as birthwort A deeper literature search shows that among other things birthwort contains the nephrotoxin aristolochic acid

A literature search on Aristolochic acid shows that although it is still used as a chinese herbal remedy1 it has been placed on the do not consume list by both the US2 and candian3 govenments for its association with cancer and nephrotoxiicity (kidney failure)

Sources

1 Wing-Tat Poon Chi-Kong Lai Albert Yan-Wo Chan 2007 ldquoAristolochic Acid Nephropathy The Hong Kong Perspectiverdquo Hong Kong Journal of Nephrology 9(1)7-14 Full text available online at httpdownloadjournalselsevierhealthcompdfsjournals1561-5413PIIS1561541307600039pdf2 FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic acid April 11 2001 Website httpwwwfdagovFoodDietary-SupplementsAlertsucm096388htm 3 Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia August 2001 Website httpwwwhc-scgccaahc-ascmediaadvisories-avis_20042004_43-engphprdquo

Aristolochia clematitus seeds

Aristolochic acid structural formula

Aristolochic acid molecular model

Aristolochia clematitus botanical artwork

lab 13 seed lab

about the seed lab

periodic table calculator

homework

Instructions

Your goal is to identify the seeds your are given and to learn as much as you can about the plants you are growing including the phytochemicals contained in the plant

For the first week Until your plant sprouts your job is to nurture it and document how you take care of itPhotograph your seeds and print them at home adding them to your lab notebook Describe the seedsMeasure the size and mass of the seedsPlant the seeds in a labelled container in moist soil and monitor them daily Keep the soil moist but do not overwater

Once your plant sprouts

Photograph it daily and describe what you see Perform a literature search to identify it Confirm the identity of the plant with your instructor Perform a literature search to find out what phytochemicals are present in the plant

Further instructions will be provided in later units

This project will continue for at least a month by which time you should have a big healthy plant Once it is complete you will prepare a report on your observations and the identity of

your plant focusing n the natural products it contains

Aristolochia clematitus (Birthwort)

periodic table calculator

homework

Rock Candy Labwatch as a pure substance crystallizes from a mixture

Have you ever noticed on television how clean the scientistrsquos labs are How carefully they work with their solutions their little pipettes or even with their cadavers

Usually Hollywood hopelessly botches any attempt to accurately portray scientists but in this case they got it right Good science requires pure chemicals And to this day one of the best ways to prepare a pure solid sample is by crystallization- the process of

isolating pure crystals from a solidliquid solution

To understand crystallization consider a geode A sphere of molten rock hardens from the outside moving in and the inner solution takes years to slowly cool and crystallize forming beautiful crystals This is the sort of situation wersquoll be creating when we make rock candy

In this lab you will observe a pure substance crystallize from a solution Why does it happen Where does it start How does it happen Could you make it happen again What does this pure substance look like Can we predict the chemical

structure of this substance To answer these questions observe your solution carefully for the next two weeks As your observations become more detailed you may want to research this subject more carefully For the first week or two however it is enough just to observe take notes and consider what is going on

lab 14 rock candy lab

about the rock candy lab

periodic table calculator

homework

Instructions

Your instructor has prepared a hot aqueous solution that is mostly table sugar (glucose) with some water To make it dissolve it has been heated up Each of you will also receive a clear plastic cup

1 Label your cup name and period

2 Grease the inside of your cup Use vegetable shortening (or a substitute) so the sugar will not crystallize on the inner surface of the cup

3 Add a cup of the hot rock candy solution You can add flavorings and coloring but donrsquot make it dark- the crystals will not be visible Two drops of food coloring is enough

4 Cover your cup with foil and punch several sticks through the solution Covering it tightly will help prevent surface crystallization

5 Make daily observations in your lab notebook and take pictures of your solution for the next week or two Print your pictures and add them to you lab notebook

This project will continue for at least a month by which time you should have giant crystals Once it is complete you will prepare a report on your obser-vations and the molecular process of crystallization

Be sure toa describe your initial procedure carefully noting any additives or coloring addeda take pictures regularly with a ruler for comparisonb Take dated notes often to describe what is going onc Note any changes made to the solution

periodic table calculator

homework

Table 3 results

Top

Bottom

1 Table one Density and viscosity of liquidsDensity and viscosity L = low m = medium h = high

substance

viscosity

density

dishwashing soap

honey

karo syrup

lamp oil

rubbing alcohol

water

vegetable oil

water 10

2 Table Two solubilities of liquid mixturessolubilities s = soluble ss = slightly soluble i = insoluble

dish washing soap

honey

karo syrup

lamp oil

rubbing alcohol

vegetable oil

water

dishwashing soap

x x x x x x x

honey x x x x x x

karo syrup x x x x x

lamp oil x x x x

rubbing alcohol x x x

vegetable oil x x

water x

Rainbow Labwatch a single substance crystallize from a mixture

lab 15 rainbow labseal of approval here

Oil and water donrsquot mix they form separate layers with the oil layer on top What is this due to Is it simply due to the density of the liquids Is it due to the thickness (viscosity) of the solutions Or is it something else perhaps

the greasiness of the oil compared to the water In this lab you get to mix all kinds of different liquids to sort it all out

Objective Use the materials listed below to create a seven layer rainbow with a ROYGBIV pattern (red orange yellow green blue indigo violet) While doing this consider how physical properties such as solubility density and viscos-ity affect the layering of this heterogeneous mixture

liquids (may vary)watervegetable oilrubbing alcohollamp oilcorn syruphoneydishwashing liquid

A good place to start is to check out how these liquids behave alone and when mixed together To do that complete the two tables below

3 Based on these physical properties we will first try from bottom to top (use abbreviations like ds w vo ra lo cs h)

If you were incredibly smart (or lucky) you have a 7 layer mixture If not and its probably not you will try a lot of trial and error to work things out Once you have created as many layers possible in the time a lotted record them in table 3 Be persistent

4 Recreate your rainbow by adding food coloring to each in a ROYGBIV pattern Line them up with the others in your class for a nice picture

about the rainbow lab

1_________ 2_________ 3_________ 4_________ 5_________ 6_________ 7_________

Final Result We were able to create ____ layers

periodic table calculator

homework

DiscussionSolubility is the ability of one solution to dissolve in another

Example Oil is insoluble in waterDensity is the mass of a substance for a given volume

Example Water has a density of 1 gram per milliliter air is much less dense (0001 gmL)Viscosity is the resistance of a substance to flow

Example Honey has a greater viscosity than water

1 List your ingredients by increasing viscosity1_________ 2_________ 3_________ 4_________ 5_________ 6_________ 7 __________

least viscous (ldquothinnestrdquo) most viscous (ldquothickestrdquo)2 List your ingredients by increasing density

1_________ 2_________ 3_________ 4_________ 5_________ 6_________ 7 __________ least dense (ldquolightestrdquo) most dense (ldquoheaviestrdquo)

1 Give an example of two substances in your experiment that form an insoluble mixture (2 layers) ______________ and ____________ The sample with greater density is_________2 In this experiment how does the density of your substance affect the results_________________________________________________________________________3 Is it possible for samples with a big difference in density to be soluble in each other_______4 Two samples that are insoluble in each other can be made to form two layers at least for a while if they have a large difference in solubilitydensityviscosity (circle one)

Write a research paper describing the effect of viscosity density and solubility on liquid layeringSuggested title Liquid layering is due to______________

Scoring5 points title is a one sentence summary statement For example Liquid layering requires liquids which are mutually insoluble with large differences in viscosity5 points A summary paragraph which provides a more detail5 Points An introduction which describes what is known in the literature supported with endnote style references5 points References are based only peer reviewed research Any papers with references which are not peer-reviewed will be returned for rewriting with a grade of zero5 Points An experimental section which includes a summary of your own lab results Must include at least one table and one chart6 A conclusion 7 At least 3 references which are based on peer-reviewed research in this area You may start with wikipedia but look up and use the references within wikipedia (these are primary sources and they are generally peer reviewed) Another place to look is Google Scholar- it includes only peer-reviewed sources Lame websites that are not peer reviewed can not be used- how can you trust them

two page typed single spaced minimum no maximum Due_______________

Layering Research Paper

seal of approval here

1_________ 2_________ 3_________ 4_________ 5_________ 6_________ 7 __________ least dense (ldquolightestrdquo) most dense (ldquoheaviestrdquo)

Summarize your data to determine the effects of viscosity and density on liquid layering

1_________ 2_________ 3_________ 4_________ 5_________ 6_________ 7 __________ least viscous (ldquothinnestrdquo) most viscous (ldquothickestrdquo)

periodic table calculator

homework

All of us at one time or another see the world around us and wonderwhat is everything made out of

How is the physical world organized This is the essence of chemistry which is the study of matter For those who make it a career they often consider it to be something else- a hobby a passion an obsession perhaps They get to blow things up Heal Solve any matter based problem Make a lot of money in the process if they want to Most of all they can make a difference for the better by applying their knowledge

What do chemists do Consider the experiments yoursquoll be performing over the next week or two identifying unknown liquids by their flame color growing a plant from seed making rock candy examining molecular models making a seven-layer mixture Chemists study matter

What is a chemical Many think that a chemical is something smelly and probably bad for you and dangerous That is close a chemical is defined as a drug or a substance used in a chemical process Since any substance might be used in a chemical process we will define a chemical as a pure substance

Click on this slide to see the screencast

Introduction to Chemistrylecture 11

What is chemistry all about This is the question that will be addressed in this lecture These slide-based lectures are the core of this unit and the majority of the test questions will be based on this material A great way to master this material is to watch the screencasts and take notes and read the lecture notes

underneath the night before the lesson so that you are watching and listening a second time on the day of the lesson

1

Chemistrychemistry is awesome

bull We blow stuff up

bull Solve matter-based problems

bull Make a difference cancer pain energy

bull $$$

bull Heal

bull Explain the world

chemistry is What I wrote What the experts say

A chemical is

The study of matter

A pure form of matter (a substance)

What I wrote What the experts say

slide 11 chemistry and chemicals

lecture 11

periodic table calculator

homework

Itrsquos not particularly useful to say that chemistry is the study of matter unless we know what matter is Most of us know intuitively what matter is- itrsquos everything around us- the trees the ground chairs Is everything matter then No A conversation is not matter nor is religion What about air And strange examples like

black holes which are believed to have infinite space and no volume Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass Note the ldquoandrdquo in that definition This eliminates perfect vacuums (they have space but nothing is inside- there is no mass) and black holes (they have if youc can believe it infinite mass and noi space As if)And what about air A scale shown no mass even though there is air all around it Imagine however that we take air and cool it way down until it condenses to a liquidthen we could see and mass out that liquid air Wersquod find that every liter of air has more than one gram of mass to it There is matter in air- nitrogen oxygen etc Keep in mind that most of this is academic Matter is stuff- everything around us

There are many types of matter and so it should not surprise us that there are many types of chem-ists Those that study carbon-based substances are organic chemists Those that focus on the hun-dred-plus other elements and the compounds they form are inorganic chemists If you are a chemist but arent interested in chemical reactions you are studying physical chemistry You are interested in the physical properties of a substance not the chemical properties In a physical process the identity of the substance is retained- no chemical reactions take place In a chemical process the substance reacts and is converted to something else There are a number of other branches of chemistry as shown in the table on the right

Types of Chemists

research chemist example

carbon-based organic paint formulator

not carbon-based inorganic gold researcher

physical pro-cesses

physical miner

chemical analysis analytical quality control

chemistry of medicines

medicinal synthesize pain drugs

chemistry of life biochemist enzyme research

plutonium nuclear bomb maker

crime solver forensic blood type analysis

2

OkhellipWhat is matterAnything that has mass and takes up space

Is it matter

A perfect vacuumReligionAnger

An ideaYou AirYes Yes No

No No No

organic

biochemical

analytical

physical

inorganic

medicinal

bullCarbon-basedbullEx plastics

Not Carbon-basedEx mining

bullPhysical changebullEx reaction rates

bullanalysis

bullmedicinesbullEx viagra

forensic Crime solvers

4 What do chemists do They all Study matter

The Branches of chemistry

Chemistry oflife

slide 12 branches of chemistry

periodic table calculator

homework

Chemistry is often referred to as the central science Chemistry uses what is known about mathematics and physics and applies that to matter Take light for example A simple prism will divide sunlight to create a rainbow Light from individual elements on the other hand does something fascinating it creates sharp lines of colored light and a mathematical pattern was eventually observed for this pattern this mathemati-cal formula helped solve the riddle for why atoms behave the way they do It also creates a fundamental understanding of the relationship between light and energy

Just as chemistry is based on math and physics biology relies on chemistry to gain a detailed understanding of living things For example it was known since 1869 that all cells contained a white gooey substance in the nucleus whose function was unknown When the chemical structure of this substance -DNA- was solved in 1953 it led to a revolution in genetics and later medicine

Why were the chimney sweeps dying

Chemistry is used every day to solve issues of life and death High incidences of cancer among the chimney sweeps of the 19th century was eventually solved in detail when it was deter-mined that components of coal tar such as benzo(a)pyrene (in the center of the DNA image shown) bonds irreversibly to this molecule Benzopyrenes also exist in barbecued foods and cigarette smoke

benzo(a)pyrene

3

What kind of chemist am I

Marie Curie1903 1911radioactivity

I make medicines medicinal I make plastics Organic (or polymer)

I analyze I study physical processes

I study fruit flies I study gold

analytical

bio inorganic

Where does chemistry fit in

socialscience

biologyphysics

math

chemistry

Chemistry is the central science

physical

basic applied

slide 13 chemistry in context

periodic table calculator

homework

Chemists like all scientifists apply the scientific method to separate fact from fiction It begins with observations For example it became obvious in the 1940rsquos that many who smoke cigarettes get cancer And cigarette smoke contains big flat molecules like benzo(a)pyrene This leads to a hypothesis these big

flat molecules may be bad news for humans To test this experiments are devised- make these molecules and test them in cell lines to see what happens When it is found that these molecules indeed cause cancer scientists came up with a new hypothesis if cancer is uncontrolled cell growth and DNA plays a big role in it perhaps DNA is interacting in some way with DNA Once it was established that benzo(a)pyrene and similar substances in cigarette smoke react with DNA the conclusion was inescapable smoking is a very bad idea and that these molecules are at least partly to blame

Other times a negative control rather than a positive control is needed Imagine a study where 100 people have a headache Half the people take aspirin while the other half think they are taking aspirin but in fact they are just taking a pill with no medicine at all in it a placebo Now some of those people who took the placebo will inevitably report that they feel better This is an example of a negative control and the people who took it and report that they are feeling better are examples of false positives- they claim to feel better but it canrsquot be due to the aspirin since their pill had no aspirin in it

4

The ldquoOHECrdquo Scientific Method

Oh heck I know that

Controls

StandardsFor comparison

O

HE

CExample

Pain medication studyPositive control

Negative control

aspirin

Placebo(sugar pill)

benchmark

No effectPrevents false positives

slide 14 a brief scientific method

periodic table calculator

homework10

water ethanolin alcoholic beverages

triethylamineodor of rotten fish

acetoneused in nail polish remover

cyclohexanecommon solvent

benzaldehydeodor of almonds

CC

CHH

H

O

HH

H

CC

NC

CH

HH

H HC

CHH

H

HH

H

H

H HH

CO H

CH

HH

HH

HO

HC

CC

C

CC

COH

H

HH

H

HCC

C

CC

CHH

HHH

H

HH

H H

HH

Our essential question is ldquoWhat is everything made out ofrdquo Here are the chemical structures of several common substances

ethanolin alcoholic beverages

triethylamineodor of rotten fish

acetonein fingernail polish

cyclohexanein gasoline

watereverywhere

benzaldehydeodor of almonds

Take a careful look at these molecules looking for patterns

5

What is everything made out ofwater ethanol triethylamine

Note the number of bonds

O N CHONC if you love

chemistryHydrogen peroxide

isobutanen-butane

HO

H

acetone cyclohexane benzaldehyde

CO H

CH

HH

HH

CC

NC

CC

CHH

H

HH

H

H

H HH

H HH

HH

CC

C

OHH

HHH

HC

CC

CC

CHH

HHH

H

HHH

H H H

Some examplesName

Molecularformula

structure

H2O C2H6O C6H15N C6H12 C7H5OC3H6O

H1 2 3 4

C4H10H2O2

OO

HH

C

HH

H CC

CH H

H H

HH

H

Isomers Same formula different structures

C

HH

H CC

H H

C

HH

HHH

butane

End slidesUnit 1

slide 15 organic formulas

Organic Chemical Formulas

periodic table calculator

homework

Note that there are only four elements shown- hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and carbon Count the number of bonds each element contains Yoursquoll find that hydrogen forms one bond oxygen two nitrogen three and carbon four bonds Remember this by using the mnemonic device HONC if you love chemistry (H1 O2 N3 C4) The bonds can be single double (note the two lines together in acetone and benzaldehyde) or even triple The molecules may be chains like ethanol branched like triethylamine or rings like cyclohexane and benzaldehyde With the simple HONC bonding pattern we can assemble all sorts of molecules

Consider cyclohexane for example This molecule contains six carbon and twelve hydrogen atoms per molecule it has a molecular formula of C6H

12 However

there are many other molecules with the same molecular formula- these are called isomers different substances with the same molecular formula Here are two examples

Drawing these molecules showing every carbon and hydrogen can become tedious To simplify drawing these organic (carbon-based) molecules skeletal formulas are used more often

Note that every end or bend in a line implies a carbon atom and the hydrogen atoms are omitted They are implied based on the fact that carbon contains four bonds Atoms other than carbon or hydrogen are called heteroatoms and are explicitly drawn usually with their hydrogens as well All of the skeletal formulas yoursquove been looking at follow these rules check out palytoxin for example

Stereochemistry (L1 only)

A big limitation of these 2-dimensional representations of molecules is that they give us no 3-dimensional informationConsider the molecule shown at right If you assemble it using molecular models you can place the two chlorine atoms adjacent to each other or far away These are clearly different molecules To designate their structure two types of bonds are used Wedges (coming toward you) and hatches (going away from you) Note that molecules that are more spread out tend to be more stable as one might predict

Carbon-based bond angles

Scientists often use molecular models since they are a fairly good representation of what the molecule looks like If you assemble organic structures using single double and triple bonds you can get a good idea of bond angles

single bonds C-C bond angle of 1095o

double bondsC-C bond angle of 120o

triple bonds C-C bond angle of 180o

Two isomers of C6H

12 shown using structural formulas

Numerous other isomers exist- how many can you find

CC

C

CC

C

H HH

HH

HHH

HHHH

CC

CC

C

CH H H

HH

HH

HHH

H

H

Here are the same two isomers of C6H

12 using skeletal formulas

The hydrogens are implied rather than drawn

Cl

Cl

Cl

ClL1 honors only Two stereoisomers of dichlorohexane with the C-Cl bond magnified to show the two chlorine atoms adjacent to

each other (left) or on opposite sides of the rings

Try making these four carbon molecules and the bond angles become readily apparent

ldquowedgerdquo bond coming towards you

ldquohatchrdquo bond going away from you

butane all 1095O single C-C bonds

2-butene 120O double C-C bonds

2-butyne 180O triple C-C bonds

structural and skeletal formulas

Organic Chemical Formulas (continued)

periodic table calculator

homework

Worksheet 11 Introduction to Chemistrylearn an overview of what chemistry is all about

Answer the followin questions based on lecture 11 Introduction to Chemistry

1 What is chemistry 2 What do chemists do

What type of chemist am I

3 I synthezize new experimental drugs for Pfizer in Groton CT I am a ____________________________ chemist

4 I study the molecules in tree frogs I am a ____________________________ chemist

5 I analyze chemical structures with a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrom-eter (NMR) I am a __________________ chemist

6 I study aluminum I am an __________________ chemist

7 I use chemistry to bust the bad guys I am a _____________________ chemist

8 Several high schools in Connecticut have modified their science programs to proceed in the order physics then chemistry then biology then an elec-tive course List one advantage and one disadvantage of this ldquophysics-first program of science

One advantage of this design is _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

One disadvantage of this design is______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9 The four consecutive steps of our simplified scientific method are _____________________ _____________________ _________________ and _______________ The mnemonic device to help remember it is ldquo____________________________________________________rdquo

10 You are conducting experiments designed to create a lightweight bulletproof material Suggest a positive control

11 L1 honors only You are creating synthesizing s new drug that will remove all symptoms of the AIDS retrovirus Suggest a positive and negative control (this may require a quick search)

Positive control________________________Negative control__________________________

periodic table calculator

homework

12 How many bonds are there typically in nitrogen carbon hydrogen and oxygen

13 Draw propanol (C3H

8O) using both structural and skeletal formulas

14 How many isomers of propanol can you draw Use either strucural or skeletal formulas below

15 Because of the 6000 oF (3300 oC) flame it produces acetylene is a common welding gas Draw two additional isomers of C3H

4 Hint consider rings and

double bonds

C C C H

H

H

H

skeletal (left) and structural formulas of acetylene C

3H

4

16 Indicate all C-C bond angles in this molecule

19 (honors only) Using molecular models circle the identical molecules Suggestion make the molecules and take a good look at them

Br

Br Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

17 Convert the molecule on the left into a molecular and a structural formula

18 Convert the structural formula shown into a molecular and skeletal formula

C H3C

O

OC

CC

C

C

CO

OH

C

H

H

HH

Aspirin

help

help

structural formula

molecular formula

molecular formulastructural formula

help

periodic table calculator

homework

Lecture 12 Organic Functional GroupsL1 chemistry classes only

We have found that the 4 major elements of life hydorgen oxygen nitrogen and carbon can create a bewildering assortment of organic compounds They have been classified into functional groups Here are some of the more common ones

The groups shown above contain generally more hydrogen and less oxygen as one reads across they are organized by increasing oxidation state Alkanes contain no double bonds or heteroatoms The molecular formula is C

nH

2n+2 for straight chain or branched molecules each ring removes 2 hydrogens from the

molecular formula

n-butane isobutane cyclobutane

C4H10 C4H8C4H10

CC

C

H

HH

C HH

H

H

HH

H

CC

CC

HH

HH H

H H

H

HH C C

CC

HH

HH

HH

HH

organic functional groups

O OH

O O O

NH

O

O O H

O

NH2

alkane

esteramideketonealdehydeamine

alcoholetheralkynealkene

carboxylic acid

butaneC

4H

10

isobutaneC

4H

10

cyclobutaneC

4H

8

skeletal formula

structural formula

namemolecular formula

Common Organic Functional Groups

Formulas

periodic table calculator

homework

Alkenes can exist as cis or trans isomers Trans-alkenes are in general more spread out and therefore more stable

trans-alkene cis-alkene

When oxygen is in a central position it forms an ether when it is at the end a molecule it forms an alcohol

diethyl ethera common solvent

n-butanolthe smallest water-insoluble alcohol

O HO

amines at the end of a molecule are primary in the middle they may be secondary or tertiary

a primary amine a secondary amine a tertiary amine

NH 2 NH

N

A C=O group is known as a carbonyl group When it is terminal (at the end of the molecule) it is an aldehyde When in the middle it is a ketone Common aldehydes include formaldehye and benzaldehyde acetone and methyl ethyl keotne are common ketones

Carbonyl groups connected to oxygen or nitrogen form amides esters and carboxylic acids

primaryamide

ethyl acetatea common ester

acetic acida common carboxylic acid

secondaryamide

tertiaryamide

O

NH2

O

NH

O

N O

OO H

O

For now your goal is to recognize these functional groups Use the worksheet on the following pages to assist you

cis and trans video

cis and trans alkenes

cistrans

alcoholether

ethers and alcohols

primary secondary and tertiary amines

tertiary aminesecondary amineprimary amine

a primary amine is monosubstitueda secondary amine is disubsititeda tertiary amine is trisubstitued

O

O

carbonyl group

aldehyde ketone

primary amide

primary amide

secondary amide tertiary amide ester carboxylic acid

Aldehydesand Ketones

periodic table calculator

homework

Organic Functional Groups Worksheet Level 1 Honors only

learn the organic functional groups

worksheet 1x stamp of approval

All living things are based primarily on different arrangements of the atoms hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and carbon Less common elements include sulfur prhosphorus and many others for now we will focus on the four most common atoms Use the information from the lecture on the previous page and any notes you may have received from your instructor to become comfortable with these functional groups

The best way to do this is to first learn the functional groups and then complete this worksheet without peeking back at the lesson

Part 1 Draw single functional groups

Part 2 Identify single functional groups

ExampleDraw an amide

ExampleName that functional group

Draw a(n)rdquo1 Ester 2 alkane 3 alkyne 4 alcohol 5 alkene 6 aldehyde 7 carboxylic acid

8 ether 9 ketone 10 cyclic ketone

Name that functional group11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

O

NH

NH2

amine

OH

O

O OH

OH

O

OH

O

O

NH2O

NH

periodic table calculator

homework

Part 3 Identify multiple functional groups

Part 4 Draw multiple functional groupsW

Example Circle and label the ether cis alkene and carboxylic acid

Example Draw a molecule that con-tains a trans-alkene an aldehyde and a cyclic ether

C

H

H

CC

H

H

H

H

O

H

H

OH

O

OH

N

HH

H

CmiddotN

H

C middot

O

O

O

H

O

O

NO

O

OO

Ondash N+

O

O

OOH

O

O

cis alkeneether

carboxylic acid

21 Circle and label the alcohol amine and cis alkene

23 Circle the esters amine and ether

24 Circle the esters amine and a cis alkene

NH

O

O

Trans alkene

aldehyde

25 Draw a molecule that include a ketone a cyclic ether and a secondary amine

22 Circle and label the alcohol and alkane

aristocholic acid a toxic constituent of birthwort

help

help

periodic table calculator

homework

ReviewIrsquom sure you would all like to ace your first chemistry exam Herersquos how

1 Test yourself on the topics below 2 Review this packet in its entirety Be familiar with each of the 10 topics that were covered in the powerpoint presentation3 Write down what you donrsquot know yet If you donrsquot know something ask a friend or ask me 4 If you are missing anything it may be available on the class websitehttpwwwchemadventurecomnote that the in-class material may be more recent than the website This exam is based on in-class material

Here is a conceptiual diagram of this introduction to chemistry unit Fill in the blanks

OC

E H

positive control negative control

Chemistry

organic

formulas

HONC

functional groups(L1 honors only)

isomers _______________________

periodic table calculator

homework

How to Ace the Introductory Chemistry Test Sample questions

question answer

what is chemistry

What is matter

What are the products of the combustion of methanol

What is the structure of ethanol

What is the molecular formula for methanol

What is the shorthand bond notation for isopropanol

Which alcohol burns clear blue

What is the secret to the water into wine demonstra-tion

Is the rock candy experiment based on physical or chemical change

l2 only what is viscosity

l2 only what is solubility

l2 only what is density

Why are some liquids insoluble in others

What is an emulsion

L1 only Draw a carboxylic acid

L1 only Draw an alcohol

L1 only H3COCH

3 is an ______

L1 only What is oxidation state

L1 only What is a trans alkene

L1 only Draw a secondary amide

L1 only List the functional groups by increasing oxida-tion state

Is a perfect vacuum matter

Is a black hole matter

I study the effect of steroids on humans I am a ________ chemist

I study silver I am a ___chemist

periodic table calculator

homework

How to Ace the Introductory Chemistry Test Sample questions

question answer

name a branch of science more basic than chemistry

List the branches of science from most applied to most basic

l1 only What is the bay region theory of chemical carcinogenesis

Why were all the chimney sweeps dying in the early 20th century

What is our simple scientific method

Give an example of a negaitve control for a pain research study

Give an example of a positive control for an experiment designed to produce bubble gum that produces big bubbles

What is a synonym for a negative control

Why are negative controls important for most drug studies

How many bonds does nitrogen typically form

What is a useful mnemonic device for the bonding pat-terns of hydrogen oxygen nitrogen and carbon

Who wrote ldquoThe Skepical Chymistrdquo

l2 only Why are peer reviewed sources important

safety questions

questions that put concepts together

additional topics covered in class

why is chemistry awesome

periodic table calculator

homework periodic table calculator

Supplemental Material

safety contractmakeup request form

homework periodic table calculator

Chemistry Laboratory Safety ContractGuilford High School

Please read this page have it signed by you and your parents print it and bring it to class on the first day

Dear Parents and Students

Welcome to Chemistry For the next 9 months we will be performing hands-on experiments nearly every time we meet We will be lighting things on fire melting heating boiling refluxing subliming and distilling

Nothing is more important than safety

As your teacher you should know I have twenty five years of industrial chemistry experience At one time or another I was an explosives chemist (Ensign-Bickford in Simsbury) cancer research chemist (The American Health Foundation in New York) college lab instructor (UMass and Wayne State University in Detroit) and medicinal chemist (Neurogen Corporation down the hill from the Chowder Pot) I was even a security guard once with a guard dog and everything but thatrsquos another story The point is that yoursquore in good hands

Parents Irsquom sure you are aware that there all sorts of unsafe videos on the internet showing dangerous at-home experiments Please be vigilant to ensure that your student does no experiments at home

Students this is a hands-on course The consequences for safety violations are severe as they must be Letrsquos all have fun and be safe

To be completed by chemistry student

I have read the online Chemistry Course Syllabus I have also read the Lab Notebook Policy and Lab Safety documents I agree to the following1 I recognize that today there are lots of ldquoscience experimentsrdquo on the internet that are unsafe I will never ever try anything unsafe at home2 I am responsible for my own safe conduct in the laboratory I understand this creates a safer working environment for my colleagues2 I will listen carefully at the beginning of the laboratory for additional safety precautions described by the teacher3 I will wear eye protection during all laboratory activities without complaining even if they mess up my hair 4 I will not engage in unsafe behavior in class4 I understand that my grade may be lowered andor I may be suspended from class for safety violations Nothing is more important than my safety

Print Student Name ___________________________________ Period _____________ Date ____________

Student Signature ____________________________________

To be completed by parent or guardian

I the parentguardian of the above individual have read the chemisty syllabus and safety contract I understand the safety rules and will be vigilant to ensure that no unsafe experiments are performed at home

ParentGuardian Signature ___________________________________

Date ______________

homework periodic table calculator

homework periodic table calculator

Did you bomb a chemistry test or miss it due to an excused absence Donrsquot worry- twice per quarter you can take a makeup test and they arenrsquot averaged the higher score prevails

There are a few things to be aware of-The makeup test may be more challenging than the the original This is to make sure you study for the first one- They are only scheduled after school This helps prevent chaos during class-please talk to me at the end of class to schedule it not during Otherwise I go nuts-makeup tests are only available for the previous unit In other words you can take a makeup on the unit 4 test while we are on unit 5 not after This keeps you from falling way behind-If you donrsquot show up after school for the makeup your original grade stands Like forever-please bring this stamped form with you to the after school makeup

There are a lot of rules here but in the end the goal is to give you multiple opportunities to succeed And let me know if yoursquod like to schedule some extra help

Name________________________________________ Date_________

Period__________________________________

Quarter ______ (1234)

Irsquod like to take the makeup test for unit ____

This is my _______ (first second) makeup test this quarter

Irsquod like to take this makeup test after school on _________________________________ (day of week month day)

After talking with Dr B at the end of class we agreed the makeup date after school is _________________________________ (day of week month day)

Please have this form stamped and bring it to the makeup

Good Luck on your makeup )

makeup test request form