chennai water stats

7/30/2019 Chennai Water Stats

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Water scarcity in Chennai the winners and

losers: Top let, residents in Chennai carrying

water they have to collect rom the tankers;

top right, water being pumped rom armers

wells or sale in the city; bottom let, women

are oten the worst aected by groundwater

over-exploitation in peri-urban areas; bottom

right tankers waiting to fll up rom private

wells outside the city.


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51

CHaPter 3

Strengthened city, marginalised peri-urban villages:

stakeholder dialogues or inclusive urbanisation inChennai, India

S. Janakarajan, John Butterworth, Patrick Moriarty and Charles Batchelor

Dialogueinawater-stressedcityCh, cy m v m pp tmdu s, hm w-d c id. Wh h ppu kp kyckg5,

h mu w v hm dwdg. sccy ccw Ch (my Md) d p-u 6, whch c vd wh h m g u vcuum. Wh ,c mu-khd dgu hp g h u uuck? T ngwpjc m id uccdd gg my ky khd ud h d cg qu md h pc.

i h chp, w w y hw w cc dvpd w p-uvg Ch, d xp wh x mu-khd ppchc pvd g-m, u u gwg pm mg-c

uch Ch. a ducg h ngw pc h cy, jcvd mhdgy, w w dcu h v u d y wcc Ch d p-u . T w cd h mhdgy,ucm d dcu cud dvpg mu-khd pmd dgu. a uh c u h u w uc udcd u h cx Ch d p-u h hghghdmj dc w c d, h cv wdm d c hgud. y, w umm ky d d pcy p v mv wd d hv m pv mpc.

5 accdg h rg G d Cu Cmm id, h u id ky g up m 27.8% 2001 38.2% 2026. T-qu hppu tmdu s w u h w dcd much m pdchg h h vg h wh cuy.

6 T m p-u ud wd cx, cu Ch w d-md m y - w m my hudd km wy

h Cuvy d Kh b. a u w uc h uycd u h w y, h hv dc mpc w u h .


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Peri-Urban Water Conicts

52

Chennaisragilewaterbalanceaccdg h Ch MW suppy d swg bd (MMWssb),Ch g vg u 1,290 mm, much m h h vg. bu h u y u 5% h cuyp h gud. by w, 80% Ch gudw h dpdd y uh xp cud d uh w u.

able3.1MainwatersourcesorChennai

Water body Depth (m) Normal yield

(mcm)*

Capacity

(mcm)

Poondi reservoir 2.2 76.7 77.91

Cholavaram reservoir 3.4 22.5 25.13

Chembarampakkam 103.03

Red Hills lake 3.8 71 80.65

* mcm: m cuc m

T Ch v 7 c gup m v uch h ay,Kuhy, Cum, d ady rv. T u v c uppd hw h cy8. Cuy hwv, Ch Cy d hv cc

p v d h dpd pmy h mj m gk (v) d m v c v h d y wdy dug h m.

7 T Ch cv 7,282 km2. a gd h qu h ,5,542 km2, ud tmdu s, h md h djc adh Pdhs.

8 c, h ay, whch u gh 132 km, d 1,470km2 whch ughy 50% wh h tmdu. i d h by bg Pzhvkdu vg. T Kuhy j wh h upu m hKvpkkm k (whch p h P acu ym), c whch h Pdrv h cucd 1945 wh vw uppyg dkg w hCh Cy h y 1945. T cpcy h v 77.91 mcm. bw hPd rv, w gu w cucd (my, Tmpkkm acu 1879, d Vu acu 1872) cy wh vw gug w dug d. Wh Cum v k m Kvm acu (cucd c Kh-y v h upm), h ady v cd h upu w h Chm-mkkm k. T w h w cu m-md c cd buckghm

C cucd h y 1806 kg up vu g g h c gh 618 km whch 161 km wh h s tmdu. Dug hp, vd vg pup.


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53

T h- m d uc u- m h ay d hKy v ph h Pd, Chvm d rd H v.T v hw, pd v cchm 3,513 km2.o vg, h hw yd m h h uc 200 m dy (md). t ugm h hg Ch Cy cuy dw u100 md gudw m h ay-Ky (aK b). Tmd u yd m h 100 m cuc m (mcm)p y u h cu xc 300 mcm p y, h m hu yd. T v-xc m h aK b d wu h qu d hg c w u.

a h uc gh uppy u 300 md y wh vg ,whch wh ugh. Dug h dy , h uc hhv uppmd h p w dcd y gudw pumpd m

gcuu w p-u vg nh Ch d pcu M du . T uppy u 125 md w, whch ughyqu h hg m y cy w uppy. tgh wh h 300md m h aK , uppy cm ud 425 md.

bu h cu w d h cy d u ggm mdu h mu, h d 750 md. by 2011, 100 pcd ( pcp p dy), h cy wud qu md 760 md ppuh w hv gw 7.6 m. h h Md (Ch) Uaggm, md 300 md wud qud 3 m

ppu. i h md du qum 2011 ddd(h 250 md), h h qum h cy d xdd u wud h d 1,310 md. i cvyc umd 25%, h w qum h p uppy w h d 1,638md. excudg , h pjcd dmd 2021 gg ud1,763 md (M W bd, Ch, 2006). T y cvvm, u v h gu, h cu uppy m h uc uc wh wh dd.

W ccy h Ch Cy w c.T cy h

hcy w dc ck p v. succv gvm h s tmdu hv p v r. 40 vu dkgw uppy ugm mu h cy. i c m w g-c w uppy chm hv mpmd: h tugu-Gg pjc( - pjc g w m h Kh mh s adh Pdh v dc u 400 km) d h nwVm pjc k w m h Vm k dc v250 km. i dd, g um w d hv dd mh w djc dc tuvu d Kchpum whch hv g uc cc w h M W bd d p-u vg.T mp y h gvm ( y g) d p g 100 md. ( gu 3.1 d 3.2).

Chennai, India


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Andhra Pradesh State

Vellore District

KancheepuramDistrict

TiruvannamalaiDistrict

TiruvallurDistrict

N

Chennai City

Tiruttani District

Arani Reservoir

Tanks and rivers

Roads

Red HillsTank

Cholavarapi

AmbatturTank

AraniyarRiver

PoondiReservoir

KorratalaiyarRiver

ChembarambakkamTank

Figure 3.1 Map o city river basins and reservoirs

Dp h mu, w ccy p. P cp w uppy Ch w hdy 76 dy, whch w h y h cy id (ru, sv d Zh, 2002). bu v h uppy gu d, cvyc k ccu, h p--uppy gu 50 pcd. oy xcpy gd y mhg k 76 pcd uppdwhu up. i d y, whch qu Ch,w hdy w hugh h pp.

a uch m, k dcy p w w m p-u vg h cy. T M W bd d pumpg gudw m p-u

vg uppm h cy w qum y 1965. i ddch qu (w d) h a-K w h P . T wd dd w Mju h a-K , u 40 km h Ch.U cy, much 100 md w pumpd m h a-K w d.ah 40 md w pumpd m h P b. G w h wd w d ud-h-cck pumpg. T cuu pumpgm h w d h dmgd gcuu h c d h quh cm p du w u. Dug pk , hM W bd p 6,000 k d w ch dy h cy m h w d. i dd, umu pv p p w m vu p-u vg uppy my cmmchm, h, cuc d hp.


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acu w ccy cupd wh h cv gvm c hmd h k w u ucv duy v h p m.i Juy 2000, xmp, h ppd w uppy w y pvd 59pcd. i p, h M W auhy d 4,525 k d hd400 uck 9,000-12,000 cpcy mk w dv ud-vd . W m h v 13,000 k mg h uudgmd w (sv, 2005) d vy dy 3,000 k d w g h cy m h d mu-d pm, h,hp, h cmmc hm, cuc cv c. Dugpk umm mh h um h up py.

KannigaiperWell Field

RedhillsReservoir

PoondiReservoir

Poondiregulator

Korratalaiyar River MelsembeduCheckdam

VelliyurCheckdam

Krishna Canal

Uttukotai

Uttukotai Anicut

TamarapakkamAnicut

Lakshmipuram Anicut

Vallur Anicut

Manali IndustrialArea

Madhavaram P.S.

Arratai Eri

Red Hills300 mldtreatmentplant Kilpauk

water works

Anna Poongapumping station

Chennai

Buckingham Canal

Kodaungaiyur STP

Triplicanehead works

Valluvarkottamhead works

Nesapakkam STP

Thiruvanmiyur

Perungudi STP

Southern Coastel Aquifer

Buckingham Canal

Southernhead works

Manali P.S.

Arani River

Lined Canal

Poondi P.S.

Kilanur P.S.

Feeder Canal

Magaral P.S.Koduvalli P.S.

Upper SupplyChannel

Periyapalayam

JaganathapuramCheckdam

Porur Lake

Bangraru Canal

Poonamallee

Ekattuthangalhead works

K.K.Nagarhead works

Adayar River

Link Canal

Cholavaram Tank

Chembarambakkam Tank

Sriperumpudur Tank

Chennai MetropolitanArea Boundary

Flood PlainsWell Field

PanjettyWell Field

MinjurWell Field

TamarapakkamWell Field

PoondiWell Field

Bay of Bengal

AnicutKesavaramCoo

umRive

r

Cooum River

Figure 3.2 Map showing well felds around Chennai Citys peri-urban areas

ivy, d w cmp cg um id.

accdg h buu id sdd, h w 1,200 w gcmp c id, 400 whch tmdu d v 200 dud Ch Cy. T cmp mk hug p, d py c gudw xc. bx 3.1 gv mp h ug wmk h h pug up d ud Ch.

Legalremedies?Chennaisgroundwaterlaws

T hv v g mp gu Ch w uppy dww mgm. T mp w Ch Mp Wsuppy d swg ac, 1978. T h m jcv h ac w: pm d cu h pd dvpm w uppy d

wg vc,

Chennai, India


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56

h c p, mc d gu h w uppy dwg ym Ch Mp a,

pp mmd d g-m mu m uu dmd w d wg vc h Ch Mp a.

Box 3.1 Bottled water markets in Chennai CityTamilnadu accounts or 50 per cent o the total bottled water business in India. There

are more than 400 registered units in this state o which more than 220 are located

in and around Chennai.The water sales gures quoted by the South India Packaged

Drinking Water Manuacturers Association are stunning:

Type o packaging Price per unit No o units sold

per day

Total daily valued o

sale (Rs)

250 ml polythene

sachet

Rs.1 5 million 5.0 million

One litre bottle Rs. 10 to 12 75,000 0.75 to 0.9 million

12 litre cans Rs. 20 to 30 100,000 2.0 to 3.0 million

25 litre bubble top

containers

Rs. 25 to.40 25,000 0.625 to 1.0 million

Water tankers

carrying 10,000 to

12,000 litres

Rs. 600 to 1000* 10,000 6.0 to 10.0 million

Note: *The price variation is due to actors such as water quality, distance transported and season (summer or

monsoon months).

The total spent on bottled water or water rom tankers is thereore:Rs.14.3 million to 19.9 million / day (US$ 0.3 to 0.4 million)Rs.429 million to 597 million / month (US$ 9.5 to 13.3 million)Rs.5.15 billion to 7.16 billion / year (US$110.4 to 159.1 million)This would be enough money or 2.82 million to 3.92 million people to buy 500 grams

o rice a day each (at Rs.10 per kilo o rice) or a whole year (515,000 to 716,000 tonso rice in a year).

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302. ev hugh h m pup w c gudw xc dg p w m h h cy, h ac ppygy vd y y pv dvdu u y h gvm .

M W bd vy much py h v-xp gud w h vg, cug u h vhd. uhm, my vg gudw quy h ud ckh v du w u. Tud uck p vvd cmmcc w h vg d, w, m vg w cmphv v hd. xmp, Mhu, vg d h ac, h w w cmp P d acqu whch pump, puy d w w. T tm ndu Gudw (Dvpm d Mgm) ac 2003 h cd d cvd h h Pd, wh vw pcg gudw m hzd v-xp d u pd

dvpm d pp mgm. bu w h ac mk y dc h w pm h Ch Cy d p-u vg? Wud hac w dd u h gwg cc w u d p-u ? s , w g chg h gud.

SocialconsequencesandconictinChennaiandperi-urbanareas

W p m Ch p-u vg h h d y u dcd c h M W bd d pumpg gudw,

whch h d d gudw dp. bu h cc hd c h y 2000, c wh Ch d p-u vghv cd cuu dugh dg u dc h w dw yd. t mk up h ducd yd, h M W bd dpuchg w m pv gcuu w. ov 180 pv gcuuw w dd m whch w w w puchd pc vyg whh d quy gudw. m ch w 10 18 d w w pumpd (0.1 0.2 md). My h w w ccd h xg M W ym. T md c hg hgcuu w r. 85 m p y cudg h c cv wk,

hg chg d cu cump chg.

W hv h h w uc dg. bu wh uh c pc? t wh x h dc gcuu mpymcmpd y -m j c p-u vg? t wh x h cv h c g gwhu? T d hy v m dpg. T w pd m p-u vg Ch h cd u vhd pm h vg (Jkj,2005). Cuu w p uppm h cy dkg w dh dd w uc p-u vg. T w h dppd uu w d my p gudw h cmpy dd up.exg uc w d h cmpy gcd cchd .

Chennai, India


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My m hv cm hvy dd du g vm h hg dvpg w g whu dqu u. T h uycd gcuu cv h p-u vg ug dcmdgcuu cm d cdy ducd mpym ppu.a cquc, umpym w mgg mj pm hvg. My d gcuu u d mg m hv dmgg h vg d w d c d mpym, cmg ppu, pug x pu h dy d uucu.

Figure 3.3 Pressure building between urban and peri-urban areas: Te vicious circle

Whv -m j ppu hv mgd h p-u vg cd d upd. sm gup hv vuy gd h w h dcd w , h mpyd u , d,d m, ck mucu, ug cy Pyvm (Ps) vg,my g w cmp, chmc u, c. (s bx 3.2). T mjy,

hwv, hv ud m ck ud d gu mpym, whh-m -m. ev w wh d gy y uppyg hM W bd d g h pch h -w d dygup. Qu um w d cucg hu wh uw gd; my h hu m cmp. T dyg up qud h cc cc w h w d h M Wbd. My puchd c u, m c, h m dudcu ck gcuu cvy.

My w hug c d m hv pug up cy Chmp whu dhg y pg u gu.Hphzd u xp h ud v pm mgg cvc


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m uch dkg w uppy, , d w d wgmgm. Hudd cvc c h ugg wh cdm (c Panchayatsd mucp w) g pp ccd uch c m. T c pch wh dd. a u, y h cy u h wy dvpg w ud mp dump h d d qud w p-u c.

a vcu cc h dvpd whch pp mg h cy w mpym, uch h dyg up gudw uc,h dc gcuu mpym d h v dgd hcgy d vm. o h h hd, h cy xpc cgdmgphc pu whch u pu mu pu uucu uch d, hug, dkg w, , d, qud d-mdc w mgm, c. t h ppu pu, h cy

kp xdg m d hu h vcu cc cu (gu 3.3).

T m cc h p-u Ch h u d p-u dg d u ucuch d d w. U m d hug c p-uvg muhmg, cg dkg-w dmd d pg muchgg h m d-w d ww dp (lkhm d Jkj,2005 d 2005). T pm ggvd y u vcuum p-u vg. U ucu uch gd d, dg cy d, d w mgm d h h . T

xg dmccy cd d uch h Panchayatu m ck uc d upp m gvm.

idu c p-u g g cc d d w, hp-u d ugh u u. icg u cv h p-u d pu d dgd u uc.

T vg cmm - d d d w d uch k - cchd u gc. T dmc chg d-u p u d g gcuu mpym p-u , d u

vhd pm. Wm wh gcuu mpym h w h.

Chennai, India


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Box 3.2 Changing occupational characteristics in peri-urban areas

A study in two o Chennais peri-urban villages compared the number o people in

various types o employment in 2005 with the situation in 1985. The results rom this

study are summarised below:

Type o occupation

Magaral Palayaseevaram

Past PresentPresent/

Past (%)Past Present

Present/

Past (%)

Cultivators 71 70 98 87 39 45

Landless agricultural

labourers442 510 115 445 324 73

Total agricultural 443 580 131 532 363 68

Govt. employees 14 20 143 52 62 119

Business 5 25 500 21 81 386Industries and transport 7 39 557 7 132 1886

Other workers 14 61 436 115 338 294

Livestock 2 11 550 4 23 575

Total non-agricultural 42 156 371 199 636 320

Studying 162 382 236 240 598 249

Children below 3 years 182 166 91 351 200 57

House work 76 181 238 65 233 358

UnemployedNot

available71 --- 2 284 14200

Sick, retired and old age Notavailable

95 ---- Notavailable

133 ---

Both villages are severely aected due to over-exploitation o water resources but

there is a major dierence in occupational characteristics between Palayaseevaram

and Magaral villages. In Magaral, agriculture continues to be the major occupation

whereas in Palayaseevaram agriculture as an occupation has reduced in importance.

The main reasons or this dierence are the location o the villages and the dierent

hydrogeological conditions. Palayaseevaram is located close to the national highway

and is well connected by road and train. Since there are major towns on both sides o

the village and since the Chennai City is also easily accessible, people nd it easy tocommute and seek employment elsewhere. In contrast, Magaral is not well connected

by road, which makes it dicult or people to commute.

Another notable eature, which indicates decline in the importance o agricultural

employment, is the increasing number o women reporting housework as their major

occupation at present as compared two decades ago. For instance in Palayaseevaram,

65 women reported housework as their major occupation in 1985 and this number has

gone up to 233 in 2005. In Magaral, this gure has gone up rom 76 to 181. Similarly,

there is a large increase in the number o people reporting to be unemployed in both

villages. Unemployment did not exist in either village two decades ago.

Box 3.2 Changing occupational characteristics in peri-urban areas

A study in two o Chennais peri-urban villages compared the number o people in

various types o employment in 2005 with the situation in 1985. The results rom this

study are summarised below:

Type o occupation

Magaral Palayaseevaram

Past PresentPresent/

Past (%)Past Present

Present/

Past (%)

Cultivators 71 70 98 87 39 45


labourers442 510 115 445 324 73

Total agricultural 443 580 131 532 363 68

Govt. employees 14 20 143 52 62 119

Business 5 25 500 21 81 386Industries and transport 7 39 557 7 132 1886

Other workers 14 61 436 115 338 294

Livestock 2 11 550 4 23 575

Total non-agricultural 42 156 371 199 636 320

Studying 162 382 236 240 598 249

Children below 3 years 182 166 91 351 200 57

House work 76 181 238 65 233 358

UnemployedNot

available71 --- 2 284 14200

Sick, retired and old age Notavailable

95 ---- Notavailable

133 ---

Both villages are severely aected due to over-exploitation o water resources but

there is a major dierence in occupational characteristics between Palayaseevaram

and Magaral villages. In Magaral, agriculture continues to be the major occupation

whereas in Palayaseevaram agriculture as an occupation has reduced in importance.

The main reasons or this dierence are the location o the villages and the dierent

hydrogeological conditions. Palayaseevaram is located close to the national highway

and is well connected by road and train. Since there are major towns on both sides o

the village and since the Chennai City is also easily accessible, people nd it easy tocommute and seek employment elsewhere. In contrast, Magaral is not well connected

by road, which makes it dicult or people to commute.

Another notable eature, which indicates decline in the importance o agricultural

employment, is the increasing number o women reporting housework as their major

occupation at present as compared two decades ago. For instance in Palayaseevaram,

65 women reported housework as their major occupation in 1985 and this number has

gone up to 233 in 2005. In Magaral, this gure has gone up rom 76 to 181. Similarly,

there is a large increase in the number o people reporting to be unemployed in both

villages. Unemployment did not exist in either village two decades ago.


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m wh d m dmd u cv dd p dh h hv gd gudw p g d mk wdp, u h y w hm. a w d gcuu u whmg mpy pmy k j, kw - du wg. bu mjy, ppu ccy v dcvg (Jkj, 2005). T w cd wm d h gd wh cd vg d udk kd dd j mg wg.

i w h w xm h m wh d dmd( u) u cv d wh c g udk uccucuv du ck u c d w, d gu uch k d pg cm duc. T c mc dmm whh y vg d gcuu k dmpym d v h vg. Ppc d ppu dc vg

y v.

rp h pu um. sm vg hv mkyudd h u pu; h u wh h u hd wdpd cc d u. Wh w w xmp, ch m h a-K d h P hwg hw w ccy hpcpd w vg, Vyu d Pyvm. My vgc m u.

VelliyurvillageintheA-Kbasin

Vyu vg9 cd 50 km m Ch h a-K , wh ppu 4,379 (2003 uvy). Cc k u h d k vu cuu pumpg gudw v 30 y. ahughh vg h g k, wh cmmd 804 c, gudwm h pmy uc g pddy d gudu, h mcp.

sc 1990, 60 dug w hv dd du h g w. Wh 1980 h w 280 gcuu w dug dph 50-80, w h 220 w d h dph h g 130-160 . W

quy h dd cmpd 10 y g. lc dmc wupp hv cd. Wh 2000 dkg w w uppdud h cck m u w, y 2004 12 w wqud whch u hv dy ppd uppyg w wh h h cuppy w y w hu dy.

i 1969, 11 w w d pump w m h cmm d h vg uppm w uppy Ch Cy d uppy ydu, pg 16 md. by 2000, hwv, 9 u h 11

9 t d ud g 834 c; -d : 966 c; gvm d200 c.

Chennai, India


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w hd d. sc h w h puchd m 75 m h vg, ccg 40 md, mu h 16.84 md 2004.o 75 w whch gy uppd w, y 55 w wkg y 2004.Mv, h tmdu W suppy d Dg (tWaD) bd10 wpg v m w h cmm d Vyu d uppy w Tuvu w. Du c m m, yu w cuy cmmd.

U 1995, h pp Vyu vg hd qu pv. Ty dd w g pumpd m h cmm d h vg mh 30 y. bu h gudw dcd pgvy, mhd pd u um dpg w. agcuu w vy dyh ug ducd m cm d mpym, pcy cg hvhd m m d d gcuu u. i hud d

h gudw v g vg h uc wuppy Ch. i m c, h u uu gudwxc g.

lc -hp gup (sHG) d pp pg w u hvg 1995. sHG d h h vg Pchy hud p ug w m Vyu vg. bu h Pchy dcd, cgudw pumpd y m gvm d. Wh w puch mm d 2000, h vg ppu g vd. ag h vgPchyud p u g w h gud h

dvdu m w m h w d. sc h ppy gh gudw udd, hg much cud d. sm vg dd cu c w m h vg. Ty w uccu gg y u h w quhd y pp p d y w-uppd y h M W bd. Ud uch du, h y 2003,m h gcuu d w ucuvd d h d ppuh hd k ggm m cmp h m d m h v mg ch mpym.

a cquc xv d mg, w yd m w ducd

cdy11. Wh w-g m pd g , h M bdk up h u wh h gvm d ppd h d mg. T hcd h vhd d gcuu u. T h vcucc whch gcuu u w puhd d mg du hdd gcuu, d wh d mg w d, hy jd h pg m h vg. Tu, v cc k u 15augu 2004. ov 400 pp ghd h M W bd pumpg

10 Wh h M W bd p uppyg w h cy, h tWaD

bd p uppyg w h p h .11 sd mg, whch qu xv h Khy vd, dcy ducd

w yd h vd qu.


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. M W c d hgh c h vu dpmvd h c d d v h u. t m h c, pccmm w md cg w , -, sHG d c.Dug h pc cmm mg, w dcdd h w mm h bd wud p 15 spm 2004. evy cudgh M W c, , - d h vg gd dy h dc.

bu 15 spm 2004, M W c pd h w puchwud ppd, c h hgh uh M W dd gwh h gm. W- w wg cu w, dhd mwh d y m h cu g h dc kdug h pc cmm mg. sc h - upcd h mgh k g pc, hy hd mvd h cu wd y

w . bh mv w uuccu. o 16 spm 2004, h vg ghd h M W bd g w g k mwh w w pumpd, d 11m ckd h d. Wh h hghvu dpm c vd, hy ud g p w puchm pv w. a h p, m pp m h pg gup kh pp ucu, whch gd h M W bd. a h,h pc d 44 pp m Vyu ud h Puc Ppy Dmggac d mdd hm judc cudy 15 dy. T M W bddmdd cmp r. 30,000 m h p. T cu cucd h d m py h cmp u h W bd c

h v whdw. W g d g, d M W c py cg m m cm wd w. T bd puup c d v ccud mg h m g h whv wg w c ppch M W hv -y gm.

PalayaseevaramvillageinthePalarbasin

T vg 5,285 pp (ccdg h 2001 cu) cd 50 km mCh Cy c h hghwy. i c gh h P rvm h h d g d m h v w g. Tud gcuuy ppu vg h hd cc 8 uc uc

g wh cmmd 1,191 c. Gudw ypvdd uppmy g. i 1980, h w 71 w (24 w dd 47 dy d) uppyg w m dph h g 24 27 .nw h 150 w (50 w, 100 p w) wh dph hg 60 100 . a h m h uvy 2004, y 20 h ww u. T quy w h dcd dcy g wh h w. agcuu d w uy cuvd u 1985, u y 1990 h ud pddy d ugc h m cp hd ducd 200 d 100 cpcvy, d y 2004, y 15 d 10 c. Wd d wd vgcuy vd m h . Dkg w vc h vg hvwd h m dg. i 1990, dkg w w uppd 5 hup dy; y 2002 h vc hd ducd hu p dy.

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i 1972, w dcdd pump w m h P vd h vg uppy w djg h cy uch adu, Pvm,Chmp, tmm, akpuhu, Pmm, Chhpkkm, VduZ, c. T pp Pyvm vg ppd h mv hgud h wud c h gudw vy h g. ammdum w umd h Dc Cc d h u wk up dcu h Ch M v. Hwv, h d, hgvm k dc vu h cy d, ccdgy, h my h tWaD bd dug v w d uquy x m w hP vd. h p v y, uppy w h w h dcy. by 2004, h md dmd h g w 45md up m 22 md 1972. sx m w w dug 2004 h hd h v k, whch p h vg cd Pumkkm /Tumukkd. T m h dwdg w uppy m h

w ud-h-cck pumpg v h dcd d u dg d mg h vd yd pm m. a h hvdvy cd h gcuu h vg. Gudw h v cmcc dkg.

n y Pyvm, u vg h ch, cudg Tmmvm,ahu d Pu, w dy h du ud-h-cck pumpg h yh M W bd y h tWaD bd. i c, h vucmp w h w s gc pumpg w uppy h pcv cu ppu. ad whv h gc w

pumpg, pv k uck pumpd w h cy. T ugm, whch w cucd 1987 Pyvm vg, w gyppd y h pp. a p, h m g gd d fud dchg vg k h pvd g 423 c hvg. T ug cy h ckd h w w h mc h vuy upp w h g k h vg. i p h dmg cud y h s gc, h ug cy h um dyg vhd h vg.

sv p d mmdum w h gvm d gup

nGo g gd dm d puc hg.T ju h puc hg cmm ( hm d supmCu Judg) vy cdmd h g d mg d cmpv wpumpg d uggd h h Gvm pp Cmm vgh dmg d h v. bu dp h , h cv cud.

T p h p h pp h vg w wk d pv.Pp h h hck w dp v h vg umpym. My hv d h d d my m pg . ih v cc dp v dmg h cgy d vhd h vg, cu uch h wg: T vg cd h m cd kd Ch.


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sd mg ucv cvy h m m d dgcuu ppu.

T gwg um dd. a vy pwu ug m y h h hgh pc cc d

c pp mdd. T h gwh -m mpym uch h cuc

duy u , wy cc wk, mpym h cug m, vg d u g u , h py u c.,d ccy m u wh d m gu mpym -m cv uch d mg, d cuc.

InterventionobjectivesandmethodologyT ngw pjc Ch md dcum d y h mpc ugud d uchckd hz u xp u uc,

pcu w d mpc pvy, vhd, vm d hhcd pp vg p-u . W dvpd d d d u ucu upp d cv khd-dw uc mgm gg mgg cc d w gh.T md dw up cmpy dvpm igd Wruc Mgm (iWrM), d dc upp mhdg hc dy udd d dpd m h d mu-khdgup. bdy w gm h Ch p-u w dd: ha-K d P cchm.

T mhdgy h udy cmpd vy cmp. bd cuc d, w cducd m-v uvy h djg h cy (cvg 23 vg d 41 vg pcvy m P d a-Kv ) d, 2004-05, dd uvy w vg (Pyvm h P d Mg h a-K ) wh vw ccg m vu pc uch pvy d vhd, cu d p w up, u, x d hy u-u w mk, mpc w gcuu, mpym, cm, cgy d vm d .W cducd w uc ud MaG vg ck d h ChCy. W ud Ggphc im sym (Gis) mp v 2000 uc

w d (k) h w djg dc Ch Cy. uhm,w u g-d md by wk, d cd u khdy d cc y udd d chc mu-khdgup d h ccg . l u , w dvpd mu-khd pm (MPs) d u gup hd g d ud dgu pm khd-d igd W rucMgm. T x c u xpc wh w umhdg: mu-khd dgu d h w uc vy.

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Stakeholderanalysis

a -dph cc y w u d p-u hwg gh chg vwp vu khd. T ummd t 3.2.

able3.2Stakeholderperspectivesonwaterconictinperi-urbanChennai

Type o stakeholder Reasons or confict Challenging whom?

Farmers / well owners

/ water-sellers

Reduction in prot due

to not selling water to

Metro Water Board

Those who protest against

water sales to Metro Water

and TWAD Board

Farmers (non-water

selling well owners and

all others in the village)

Destruction o livelihoods

in villages due to

declining water table and

agriculture

Water sellers, Metro Water

Board and TWAD Board


labourers

Loss o income and

livelihoods

Metro Water Board, TWAD

Board, water- sellers who

protested against sand

mining since their wells do

not recharge due to sand

mining

Metro Water Board Compulsion to

supplement the citys

water needs

Village population protesting

against water sales and

competing with TWAD Board

TWAD Board Compulsion to supply

water to the citys

adjoining areas

Protesting village population

against water sales and

competing with Metro Water

Board

Private tanker

operators

Reduction in prot Those who protest against

water sales to Metro Water

and TWAD Board

Water companies Reduction in prot Those who protest against

water sales and civil society

organisations

City dwellers and

residents welare

associations

Reduction in drinking

water supply

Metro Water and TWAD

Board

Civil society

organisations

Destruction o livelihood

and alling water table

Water sellers, illegal sand

miners, Metro Water and

TWAD Board


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m h khd y, u khd c dd hcx Ch p-u w mk. T : T s ( c gc d pc d) P-u gcuu d -gcuu ppu oh u khd Cv scy

t 3.3 d h d gup h g h cg.

able3.3Inventoryostakeholdersbycategory

State Representatives Peri-urban population Other urban

interests

Civil society

Metro-Water Supplyand Drainage Board

Tamilnadu Water Sup-

ply and Drainage Board

Chennai Metropolitan

Development Authority

Village Administrative

Ocer (VAO)

Block Development

Ocer (BDO)

Thasildar (the RevenueDepartment taluk-level

head)

District Collector

Public Works Depart-

ment (water resources)

State and Central

Groundwater Boards

Chennai City Municipal

Corporation

Departments o Agri-culture, Revenue, For-

est and a ew others

concerned with water

Tamilnadu Pollution

Control Board

Member o Legislative

Assembly (MLA) and

Member o Parliament

(MP)

Farmers: Land and well

owners

o Water sellers

o Non-water sellers

Land owners who

do not own wells

Tenant cultivators

Landless agricul-

tural labourers

Women Sel-HelpGroups

Tanker-truckoperators and

their Association

Water compa-

nies who sell

puried drinking

water

High-prole

hospitals and

hotels

Educational in-stitutions

Commercial

enterprises, in-

dustries, major

educational

institutions and

government

oces. Flat

promoters, Resi-

dents WelareAssociations and

other urban wa-

ter users

Non-Govern-mental Organi-

sations (NGOs)

Activists

Researchers

Media

Non-armers

Village Panchayat

Village-level

inormal

institutions

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68

Relativestrengthsandweaknessesostakeholders

T s h mu pw, c d uhy. oh u khdg hd--hd wh h s h cx xpg uc mp-u vg. T khd dm ugcy d cmgmcy pg w m p-u . i h wd, h sd h u khd gup gh ch h d vuy hgh d pw dvp h hy cm y hg c.Ty cu mk h p-dv h h yhg . Thd khd, cv cy g, cv, ch dmd, dug vgg, wg d cmpgg g dp dpu uc h p-u d u . Ty py cc ,u h khd ck pw d my hv c cucy.

Uk h khd, h p-u ppu d cu g

hmgu gup. T w-g m g hmv wh h sd u khd d mk h-m p. bu vy dcu ywhh hy w vuy. av vdc ugg h w- cugd v cmpd w M W bd. ih c, m ppd g w pv uck p pv cmp. a h m pcv h w m,d umy cd, c h w g dy du ud-h-cckpumpg. Ty vc d pw cmmuy, ug h u w p d h dmg h c cgy d vm. Ty wh w p: y d u h cy. T cd

p gy xcd y w wh ducd d uc-ch. evh dmccy cd vg Pchy bd cm pw. a u, w d vu u vcuum.

Buildingmulti-stakeholderplatormsordialogue

a d u wud whch h Ch Cy d p-uvg c-x d c-p wh ch h ch h ; whc c c g dvpm h cy d p-u , h c cu u dvpm w-w u.

bu hw d yu mv m cc cp? i h y dh ph d h m m h p. a , cc ccu hc pmy cu gup dpd p wh pcy dcmcy pwu c dm dc-mkg. T gup w u hgh dg cp chvd mg khd. o h hhd, h mjy h p-u ppu g u ywy, hy m h hppy pcp dgu d ch v cp.

i h u p h, u ch hhd v c,h wh hv gd my d dgu cu hdvg h p h mk d h upp hy jy mh s. T d m h hud h dgu pc


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c dvp. T pcy wh MsP d mu-khddgu (MsD) c py ky .

i h c Ch Cy d p-u vg, cc hv chd v u y chd h hhd v c uk h u h P d Cuvy b12. nvh, w mgd MsD Ch p-u . a cmm khd wh 64 mmdw m c cy h md d hd mu-khd mg. sc Juy 2004, my ky u hv mdd h pc cu d. T khd cmm h dcud gh, y h vhd p-u vg, u pu h dkg w pm Ch Cy. sv u du w dcud.

y, h w umy mphg h d vmpg w gd uch k p-u vg d uggg wy d m hgvm mdg d ghg hm. Tugh h mu, mpvd gudw v wud y pc c gcuu u h xc ucmd w cu h Cy d. T w py u.

Wh hv w d ? a cd u w 2,600 k w djg dc hv

ccd m gvm cd.

W ghd v pgphc mp g h y 1971 ddgd hm Gis.

a h d cdd h g k cd g d hdgd mp.

Wh w pg d x? T x p g h mg d up mp hm

h 1971 mp. a uvy h cu 2,600 k w d h

d. a uvy 30 k h dy cducd wh h hp

khd. budg up pcu h h k h d m pd

w hp u dy h k h v hp. W wwk u h h c d um d gvm hughh khd cmm.

12 T d uh h d MsD v h cc-dd v P dCuvy suh id. i h v , cc hv chd hhd v c whch v h hgh judc uhy h cuy cud v . Wh

vyhg h d, h MsD mg khd m h y p vg m kd cu d cp.

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scdy, h cmm khd h u h Ch wc d ppchd cuy d wh ad hocmu h p.My khd xpd h p h uchg y mg pjc k gg w m h , uch tugu Gg Vm uy cy xm wh v cy. i u h ChCy h cd h k p v h y g pv m whch w c dw, u c uc xmyv qu. T 70 mp k d pd d p h cy, whch ud dug h m mh. nw m hm d up, d h uppy ch hv dppd ud udg wk.T d h hu h k h g cd d h w /d w hm dug m mh. Tmp wy wud k m w d wh h k; phug mu dw w wg d h cy pud

v.

T mu wud c much, cmpd wh wh p g pjc.T p wud gc. Hwv, h mu c y p u Ch w uppy pm cu h cp ugmg w uc v k h vy m whcmpd cu d pjc dmd. smy, h ppd cuc chck dm g ay d Khy v ky ugmw uc, pcuy dug v vg y, u hv y md mpc m vcmg cu d pjcd mc w

w dmd d w uppy. T mp c h Ch cu duu w uppy c y m y ccg g vum gud duc w (.. u w) m p-u d m d u .

T cy g u 680 md wg w whch p ppy ud. excp 100 150 md, uppd Ch Pumd h pmy m du u, h hcy v h ud pmy m. T hug cp cycg h w, v dmc u. evm ggxp p u h h c wg w m w h w

d.

Multi-stakeholderdialogueinthefnalanalysis

o h wh, hhd v c m cy mk hdgu v m u d u h cv pcp ppg khd. ohw, y khd h wh dy g u w pcp. i h c Ch p-u vg,khd pcp h xpcd d my vg ggwmpd h u pc.


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Box 3.3 Water resource auditsThe rationale behind water audits is that, in the absence o good quality inormation, stakeholder

dialogue is uninormed and stakeholders have no basis to challenge actually incorrect or biased

positions. Similarly, eective cross-sectoral and/or multi-scalar planning is near to impossible i

stakeholders are working with their own diering inormation bases. Hence, the main challenge o

water resource audits is to establish a common inormation base that is acceptable and accessible to

all stakeholders.

The initial steps in perorming a water resource are to:

Speciy initial spatial and temporal boundaries or inormation collection. The spatial boundaries

can be physical or institutional, or example village boundaries, watersheds or aquiers. The

temporal boundaries are the time limits (both past and uture) or considering key trends.

While the ocus o analysis may be primarily at one particular level (e.g. the intermediate level),

it is important to collect sucient inormation at higher and lower levels to be able to make

judgements regarding, or example, upstream and downstream impacts and dependencies.

Speciy the required degree o disaggregation o inormation collection and analysis, the scales

o maps, and levels o precision that are required.

Identiy sources o easily available secondary inormation; and decide what primary data will

have to be collected to ll gaps and to bring existing inormation up to date.

Decide on the level o specialist support (i any) and analytical tools that may be needed.

Although there is no xed ormula or iterative sequence or undertaking a water resource audit, in

generic terms, there are ve main steps:

Awareness raising. This is vital i stakeholders are to become ully involved. Particular attention

has to be given to ensuring that the poor and other marginalised groups are both aware o

what is happening and are able to participate or are suciently represented.

User group analysis. This is critical to ensuring that water resource audits are poverty and

gender ocused. Essentially this step revolves around building a complete understanding o

dierent water-user groups; who has access and who maintains control over water.

Gathering information and quality control. This involves identiying and accessing sources

o secondary inormation, quality controlling and consolidating this inormation into an

inormation-base using the Resource-Inrastructure-Demand-Access (RIDA) ramework*

and, where necessary, collecting and quality controlling additional primary data (primary

data collection will almost invariably be required or access and demand related aspects).

Triangulation between data rom dierent sources and levels is useul in ensuring internal

consistency.

Data analysis. This can involve a whole range o analytical and statistical techniques that

include time series and water balance analysis, structured using the RIDA ramework1. The

aim o data analysis is to urther investigate the causes (and possible solutions) o water-

related problems. This step will require the development o inormation systems, using at least

spreadsheets and GIS, and in more complex cases data-bases and modelling.

Dissemination. Dissemination o inormation to key stakeholders in a ormat that will support

stakeholder dialogue

* The RIDA Framework helps to structure water audits logically in a way that aids and improves analysis and stakeholder

dialogue. The concept o RIDA ramework is simple. It is that users (their demand or and access to water) are linked to water

resources by water supply inrastructure. And, that each o these three components o water systems has its own institutions

and issues.

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Dgu v mh: up d dw hud xpcd. sudch w cv d ud upp h cy cd udkg d cyg wd dgu. i h pc, h MsD d ug c wh c cy wh h j cg d ug pm wh h dgu c cu.

Mu-khd dgu pc; h ucm uc ddcu judg. s, h c v v, h c puhgh dgu v p u ppch v u.

TewaterresourceauditT ngw-id pjc md wd m h cpcy hCh Cy mg h v w uc wh cmmd, h h cu d h xpcd ppu (Jkj et al., 2005). T m

mv hd h xc w : dy d vu py v p ckg Ch wpm,

dvp w-d v wh mgh chvd y 2015, dvp g dmd c h k ccu m h m

mp c h uc dmd, dvp d vu um g chvg h v kg

ccu dmd c d gv mpc p-u .

T m Ch w uppy d w dmd dc h h

mu w h c ccd d ud pccy h d 75pcd gd y ppxmy h h dmd d dmcdmd 150 p cp p dy (pcd). Dmd cg pdy, wh pdy cg ppu, cg uu mg ddu. tk wh, h v vdc ugg h Chw uppy u c p, pcu, h p c gup.

a huhd vy wh h cy pdy ug wv h dy vum w, m h huhd p umuch . T v pm wh d wg m,

d h py vdc h dc h Ch v-cgw p cug hdhp my w u p-uvg. i h udy, md h y 2015 h dmd h Chmp w h g 425 830 mcm/y.

M dmd m d cud pp kg m k.Qu vuy h w h , h w h ucu cpcyqud d h w h pu w uc. em dmdccud h cud 25% wc cvyc .

T g p mgm Ch w vc mu g-m v h k ccu w uc dvpm h


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dc m whch w w uppd h mp . T vhud sMart (spcc, Mu, achv, rc d tm-ud)d h upu cuv pc h h h cv vvm pmy khd.

u c hv dvpd m h w uc ud, d hump h u kd chgg dmd d ppu gwh wcu h mj dv w dmd. My h c w hv mj g dmd u w (uc w gudw) ppd cycd w, d ww dd w.

T ud p wy-w p ckg Ch w pm.n y w; hy hv dd y dvdu dg wh g hy wkg d ud Ch. Wh

h hp dmd c, whch hmv cud p dmdmgm, h p d d w uppy g d hvu h g h v.

i Ch dmd cu c cu d h mj uc uw uppy h mp d djc dc Kchpum d tuvu, w m h vg y dmc d u dmd h m d h w dc w quv 50% h w u w.

Summary,lessonslearnedandmovingorwardW hv d w m udm qu h udy. sc u v pc, hud w h p-u

ppu d u? i h wy whch h pd u cud hd

h dvg h ppu? Why hv m pcy p d d h gd? Wh pcy mu wud y cu vg u d

p-u cc u cu mpvg vhd dvm cd p-u vg?

g m, c-cc hydgy-d ch h cud my u u u. Hwv, p-u pm hv ucd mju, whch pcymk g c g dug h cup dcd, c m h wy h my u xp p hv d du c hw y p-u m13. M ppch wd vg u

13 tw mp pjc h Gvm tmdu cud cd xmp hgd. h pjc whch d hg h s c p-u

vg dc 40 km u 2,000 c. T cd w h cuc - w dc 50 km m Ch v 4,000 c. bh pjc,ucd h s lgv amy, hd dd du ppm h p-u ppu.

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pm d w hv d cu u, p-u d uu w d . T w ug d vw u, p-u d u gm g p g u gd vhdd cym. i h wd, h gm vy much p gd c-cmc dvpm pc cmy, iqud Dch (2000) xp : u, p-u d u m kdym (r-PU-U), whch cu uv mudm cuum. agmd ppch wud y g u u/u d p-u/udvd, d cug h duc cgy, vm dvhd p h u d p-u .

Hz u xp cch up u uc, pcud d w, jyd hh y u d p-u cmmu. a cquc, v cmp d cc up w u d p-

u . Wh Mucp Cp, Hug bd d s MW agc ccvy g cm v d d w gh h u , h p-u pd dvduy d ujc h. T kd g -dd cu huqu gg pw jyd y h agc. T pcy h cx whch ccv mu-khd dgu ppch d pcpypg pc wud uu gd dmcc m.

ahugh u dpy cmmd mkg h m hv d d w uc u d p-u , hdy y s

agc py uc dcumg yg p d vu d h g-m mpc. T p-uppu dpd up d vhd, cmm u wd dw gcuu, m g d dkg. T, h wh g vhd p cd wh w pd u . T dcy, pcu h wh dpd up gcuu h vhd, wh mk up h mjy ppu. T wh m h pv c u dvpm (.g. hcd d vu, w ) cu my. i mp cu hw h mjy,wh vhd cd, cp wh h c. a h y u

mchm cp wh p-u u g u ucmgm? a Pchy d w h d wh cc c hvhy k d wh u xp? T s u d ky cdd c pv h c u uc; d hy pu pp dc du cud u -up. T gmchm pc vhd d h cgy p-u .

T w h cx whch h mu-khd dgu h p-u Ch w gd. i h khd cmm mg, vmu w dcud w cud cm up wh u h w gd h Ch Cy d h p-u . T MsD mg cd Ch, wh h md pg xvy h dgu pc.


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M mpy, h mu-khd dgu v h gd c g w g pc h k w-w m.T pc pvd v cd dc-mkg, whch . bu cy h m h x ch c u h MsDpc. nGo d d cc u. eug khdpcp mu-khd dgu gdu pc h quch d gg khd y.

ReerencesJkj, s. et al. (2005). Water resource audit or Chennai and its Metropolitan

Area. D.Jkj, s. (2005). Dying agriculture, weakening environment and ading

institutions : declining livelihood options and capacity to adaptation or livelihoodresilience in peri-urban villages o Chennai. D.

lkhm, G. d Jkj, s. (2005). Solid waste management in Chennai.D ngw rch Pp.lkhm, G. d Jkj, s. (2005). Problems o biomedical waste

management in Chennai. D ngw rch Pp.ru, J., sv,V.s. d Zh, M. (2002). Water and Sanitation Scenario

in Indian Metropolitan Cities. nw Dh, id, C scc dHum (CsH), ch iu id, ch emy, occPp s n. 6.

sv, r. (2005). sg m w quch Ch g h.i: InoChange News & Features. av : www.chgd.g/

gd3_08.jp

Chennai, India

chennai water stats

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