chi-chen lin, michiko suzawa & manashi bagchi institute of biomedical sciences, national chung...
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Chi-Chen Lin, Michiko Suzawa & Manashi Bagchi
Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taiwan; Miyauchi Citrus Research Center Ltd.,
Japan; Dr. Herbs LLC, Concord, CA
Novel Anti-Cancer Properties of Gold Lotion in Human and Animal Cancer
Cells via Autophagy and Apoptosis
Formulated Extract From Multiple Citrus Peels
Gold lotion (GL), a formulated product made from the peels of six citrus fruits (navel oranges, Citrus hassaku, Citrus limon, Citrus natsudaidai, Citrus miyauchi iyo and Satsuma), was initially marketed as cosmetics in Japan to protect skin from ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation
Chemical Analysis of GL
Abundant existence of Flavonoids:0.45 mg/ml &PolymethoxylatedFlavonoids (PMFs): 0.1 mg/ml
Toxicology & Safety EvaluationBroad spectrum safety studies were conducted by Huntington Research Center in UK demonstrated safety (Reports from Miyauchi Citrus Research Center)
Acute Oral Toxicity Study: > 5,000 mg/kg body weight in male and female Sprague Dawley rats
Primary Eye Irritation Study: No irritation was observed in New Zealand white Albino rabbits
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Albino Guinea Pigs: No evidence of hypersensitivity was observed
Phototoxic Potential: No phototoxicity of GL was observed in animals when exposed to UV lights over a span of 4 hrs following treatment with GL
Anti-Cancer Effects of GLNo carcinogenicity was observed in mice when
they were treated for 30 days with 15 cc of GLNo carcinogenicity was observed in dogs when
they were fed 20 cc of GL over a period of 90 days
Consumer reports indicate that topical and oral treatment of GL demonstrated anti-cancer properties for melanoma, prostate, lung and liver cancers.
Miyauchi, 2013, US Patent No. 8,425,952
Anti-Cancer Effect of GL• Oral administration of GL protects mice against azoxymethane-induced
aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in colonic tissues of mice by decreasing expression of genes associated with inflammation, such as iNOS and COX-2 in colonic tissues of mice.
Effective suppression of azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation in mice with citrus peel flavonoids. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2013, Mar;57(3):551-5
• Topical application of GL prevents 7,12-dimethybenez[a]- anthracene (DMBA)/TPA-induced skin inflammation and tumor formation.
Inhibition of citrus flavonoids on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-induced skin inflammation and tumorigenesis in mice. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2012; 1(1):65-73.
• Lai et al. also demonstrated that potent anti-cancer effects of GL in human prostate xenograft tumors in nude mice
Potent anti-cancer effects of citrus peel flavonoids in human prostate xenograft tumors. Food Funct. 2013 Jun;4(6):944-9.
Materials & MethodsCell viability was performed using MTT assayFlow cytometry analysis: Cells were stained with acridine
orange and analyzed on a FACS Calibur Flow Cytometer and the % of cells in each phase of cell cycle was analyzed with Win MDI software
V/PI Staining: Biovision V-FITC apoptosis kit was used for apoptosis assay. The cells were evaluated immediately by flow cytometry after staining.
Characterization of Autophagy: Biochemical marker of autophagy is LC3, which was monitored here by GFP-LC3 puncta and LC3 lipidation on Western blot.
Accumulation of GFP-LC3 was also visualized by using fluorescence microscope as bright fluorescent puncta.
Present InvestigationPrevious studies demonstrated the anticancer
activites of GL in vivo, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the antitumor activity of GL is still not understood.
Also, there is no report on the antitumor effects of GL against human lung cancer cells.
Hence, the anti-cancer efficacy of GL was evaluated on human NSCLC and other cancer cell lines.
The possible molecular mechanisms responsible for its anticancer activity were also investigated.
GL Reduced Cell Viability in Human Lung Cancer cells
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H322M
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CL1-5
PC-9
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A549
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GL Induced G2/M arrest and Sub-G1 in A549 Lung CancerControl GL 20 %
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr **
24 hr
Sub-G1 G1 S
G2/M
0
20
40
60
80ControlGL 20%
Pe
rce
nt
of
ce
lls
**
**
48 hr
Sub-G1 G1 S
G2/M
0
20
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80ControlGL 20%
Pe
rce
nt
of
ce
lls
*
**
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72 hr
Sub-G1 G1 S
G2/M
0
20
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80ControlGL 20%
Pe
rce
nt
of
ce
lls
**
**
**
*
**
ns
24 hr
Sub-G1 G1 S
G2/M
0
20
40
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Pe
rce
nt
of
ce
lls
GL Induced G2/M arrest and Sub-G1 in CL1-5 Lung Cancer
Control GL 20 %
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
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48 hr
Sub-G1 G1 S
G2/M
0
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60ControlGL 20%
Pe
rce
nt
of
ce
lls
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72 hr
Sub-G1 G1 S
G2/M
0
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Pe
rce
nt
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ce
lls
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GL Induced Apoptosis in CL1-5 Lung CancerControl GL 20 %
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
CL1-5
24 h
r
48 h
r
72 h
r0
10
20
30
40Control20% GL
An
nex
in V
+ %
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**
0%
0%0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
0.1%
0.%0.0%
0.0%
2.0% 5.4%
10.6%
0.1%
0.0%
0.0%
44.2% 14.4%
0.6%
AV
O +
Control GL 20 %
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
GL Induced Late-Autophagy in CL1-5 Lung CancerCL1-5
24 h
r
48 h
r
72 h
r0
20
40
60
80Control20% GL
An
nex
in V
+ %
**
**
0 20%
0 0 (Gold lotion)
24 hr 48 hr 72 hr
20%
20%
LC3
b-actin
GL Induced LC-3 Puncta in CL1-5 Lung CancerGL 20 %Control
24 hr
48 hr
72 hr
GL 20%
Control GL
CL1-5-luc xenograft mice-42 days
GL inhibits growth of CL1-5-lucifease in nude mice. Representative tumors from the control and GL-treated groups (day 28, 48). Mean of tumor volume measured at the day 48 after implant.
GL inhibited CL1-5-luciferase Tumor Growth in vivo
Control
GL 200 ulDay 48
Control
GL 200 ul
Day 28
Control
GL
Average (x103)
24.0 ± 15.5
5.2 ± 2.0
Max 45.3 ± 22.6
10.4 ± 1.6
GL induced Apoptosis and Autophagy in CL1-5 xenograft
ki67
Control GL 200 ul
Caspase-3
LC3b
Major Flavonoids in 20% GLConcentration
GL 20 %
1. Nobiletin 10.16 mg/ml
2. Sinesetin 4.26 mg/ml
3. (3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-Hepta-methoxyflavone 3.84 mg/ml
4. Tangeretin 2.12 mg/ml
5. 3,5,6,7,3′,4′-Hexamethoxy-flavone 0.62 mg/ml
6. (5,6,7,4′-Tetramethoxy-flavone 0.22 mg/ml
7. Naringin 50.72 mg/ml
8. Hesperidin 20.94 mg/ml
Summary & Conclusions• Present studies in conjunction with earlier studies
demonstrated that GL, enriched in flavonoids having a high percentage of polymethoxy flavones, has broad spectrum safety as well as anti-cancer, anti-angiogenic and tumor shrinking properties by inducing apoptosis and cell death in various cell culture system.
• The therapeutic mechanism of GL may be due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative efficacy towards cancer cells and induction of apoptosis.
Acknowledgements
• Yutaka Miyauchi • Michiko Suzawa • (Miyauchi Citrus Citrus Research
Center,Ltd. (Japan)
• Shimming Li, PhD • College of Life Sciences, Huanggang
Normal University, Hubei, China)
• Chi Tang Ho, PhD• (Department of Food Science, Rutgers
University, USA)
• Min Hsiung Pan, PhD• (Department of Food Science,
National Taiwan University, Taiwan)