chi square interpretation
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Chi Square Interpretation. Examples of Presentations. The following are examples of presentations of chi-square tables and their interpretations. These interpretations target a “non-academic” audience, and would be appropriate for presenting information to those not familiar with statistics. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Chi Square Interpretation
Examples of Presentations
• The following are examples of presentations of chi-square tables and their interpretations.
• These interpretations target a “non-academic” audience, and would be appropriate for presenting information to those not familiar with statistics.
• These examples assume presenters have time constraints, and audiences have limited knowledge about chi-square analysis. The interpretations are succinct and simplified.
• Please note: Slides are to be used only as simplified examples of how chi-square can be used and interpreted. The data is not valid or reliable.
Hypothesis
• People’s attitude towards sacrificing time with family for the sake of their job is contingent on their gender.
Measurement of Indicators
• Attitude towards sacrificing family for job was measured by asking respondents the extent to which they agreed that employees should expect to sacrifice time with their family for the sake of their job.
• Gender was measured by asking respondents to indicate if they were male or female.
Cross Tabulation - Acceptable to Sacrifice Time with Family For Job by Gender
Strongly StronglyGender Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Agree Total____________
Female 22.92 (11) 33.33 (16) 27.08 (13) 10.42 (5) 6.25 (3) 48.00 (48)
Male 1.92 (1) 26.92 (14) 23.08 (12) 46.15 (24) 1.92 (1) 52.00 (52)
Total 12.00 (12) 30.00 (30) 25.00 (25) 29.00 (29) 4.00 (4) 100.00 (100)
Chi Square 21.83****p>.001 _____________________________________________ .Note: Number in parentheses are frequency of agreement in each category
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Per
cen
t R
esp
on
se w
as G
iven
Response
Female Male
Response to statement: It is acceptable to sacrifice time with your family for your job
Conclusions
• With a chi square of 21.83 and a probability of less than .001, we can conclude that there is a relationship between gender and attitudes toward family and work.
• Men are more than 4 times as likely to agree, and females are more than 11 times as likely to disagree that it is okay to sacrifice time with family for work.
Constructed by Tandi McBrideConstructed by Tandi McBride
Modified by Dr. Carol AlbrechtModified by Dr. Carol Albrecht
Texas A&M Students’ Texas A&M Students’ Attitudes on The Death Attitudes on The Death
PenaltyPenalty
Chi Square HypothesisChi Square Hypothesis
The extent to which respondents felt The extent to which respondents felt the legal system is fair is contingent on the legal system is fair is contingent on their political affiliation.their political affiliation.
Students who are politically Students who are politically conservative are more likely to perceive conservative are more likely to perceive the legal system as “fair” compared to the legal system as “fair” compared to students who are not politically students who are not politically conservative.conservative.
Chi Square TableChi Square Table
Table 3. Cross Tabulation of Perception of Legal System by Political Ideology____________________________________________________________________________
The Legal System is Fair Political Strongly Strongly
Ideology Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Agree
Total_______________________________________________________________________________ Conservative 5.17 (5) 18.97 (11) 32.76 (19) 39.66(23) 3.45(2) 60 Not Conservative 18.33 (11) 38.33 (23) 25.00 (15) 18.33 (11) 0.00 (0) 60
Total 11.86 (14) 28.81 (34) 28.81 (34) 28.81 (34) 1.69 (2) 120____________________________________________________________________________________
Chi Square 15.48** *p< 0.05**p<0.01
ConclusionsConclusions
• With a chi square of 15.48 and a probability With a chi square of 15.48 and a probability of less than .001, we can conclude that of less than .001, we can conclude that there is a relationship between political there is a relationship between political ideology and attitudes toward the legal ideology and attitudes toward the legal systemsystem
• Conservatives are more than twice as likely Conservatives are more than twice as likely to agree that the legal system is fair, and to agree that the legal system is fair, and non-conservatives are more than twice as non-conservatives are more than twice as likely to disagree. likely to disagree.
Purpose: To evaluate students’ attitudes
towards physical appearance
Constructed by Natalie SchünModified by Dr. Carol Albrecht
Chi Square Table:Chi Square Table:
Table 1: Cross Tabulations of Gender by Amount of Time Spent
Getting Ready for a Date
Time Spent Getting Ready for a Date
Gender 30 Minutes or Less Greater than 30 Minutes Total
Female 18.18 (10) 81.82 (45) 55
Male 76.19 (32) 23.81 (10) 42
Total 43.30 (42) 56.70 (55)
Chi-Square 32.64***
***p < .0001
Note: Number in parentheses are frequency in each category.
Chi Square: Hypothesis Chi Square: Hypothesis
Whether or not respondents take more than 30 minutes getting ready for a date is contingent on their gender.
Chart 1: Amount of time students take to get
ready for a date by gender
0102030405060708090
30 minutes orless
Greater than30 minutes
Female
Male
Chi Square AnalysisChi Square Analysis
• With a Chi-Square statistic of 32.64, I can reject the null hypothesis at .05 level with a probability of less than .0001. This allows me to state that the amount of time spent getting ready for a date is dependent on gender.
By: Leesa PettusBy: Leesa Pettus
Modified: Carol AlbrechtModified: Carol Albrecht
Attitudes About the War in IraqAttitudes About the War in Iraq
Chi Square HypothesisChi Square Hypothesis
Students’ attitudes regarding what Students’ attitudes regarding what they believe the war in Iraq has they believe the war in Iraq has accomplished is contingent upon accomplished is contingent upon whether or not they are whether or not they are conservative.conservative.
Chi Square MethodologyChi Square MethodologyMeasurement of IndicatorsMeasurement of Indicators
Political IdeologyPolitical Ideology
– Respondents were asked to rank their political ideology Respondents were asked to rank their political ideology from very conservative to very liberal.from very conservative to very liberal.
– Categories were then collapsed into conservative and Categories were then collapsed into conservative and not conservativenot conservative
Attitudes TAttitudes Toward Iraq Waroward Iraq War
– Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which Respondents were asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed that the Iraq War had accomplished nothing they agreed that the Iraq War had accomplished nothing
Chi Square TableChi Square TableTable 1. Cross Tabulations of Political Ideology by Table 1. Cross Tabulations of Political Ideology by
Belief that the War in Iraq Has Accomplished Nothing.Belief that the War in Iraq Has Accomplished Nothing.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Believe That the War in Iraq Has Accomplished NothingBelieve That the War in Iraq Has Accomplished Nothing
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Political Ideology Strongly Political Ideology Strongly Strongly Strongly
Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Agree Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Agree Total Total
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conservative Conservative 58.82 (20)58.82 (20) 35.29 (12) 5.88 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 35.29 (12) 5.88 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 34 34
Not Not
Conservative Conservative 18.18 (12)18.18 (12) 25.76 (17) 28.79 (19) 12.12 (8) 15.15 (10) 25.76 (17) 28.79 (19) 12.12 (8) 15.15 (10) 66 66
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 32.00 (32) 29.00 (29) 21.00 (21) 8.00 (8) 10.00 (10) Total 32.00 (32) 29.00 (29) 21.00 (21) 8.00 (8) 10.00 (10) (100) (100)
Chi Square 27.17***Chi Square 27.17*** ***p<.0001***p<.0001
Chi Square AnalysisChi Square Analysis My chi square statistic is significant and has a probability of My chi square statistic is significant and has a probability of
<.0001, therefore, I can reject the null hypothesis.<.0001, therefore, I can reject the null hypothesis.
Conservatives are almost three times more likely than non-Conservatives are almost three times more likely than non-
conservatives to strongly disagree that the war in Iraq has conservatives to strongly disagree that the war in Iraq has accomplished nothing. accomplished nothing.
None of the conservatives either agreed or strongly agreed None of the conservatives either agreed or strongly agreed that the War in Iraq has accomplished nothing.that the War in Iraq has accomplished nothing.
More than a quarter of the non-conservatives (27.27%)More than a quarter of the non-conservatives (27.27%)
either agreed or strongly agreed that the War in Iraq either agreed or strongly agreed that the War in Iraq
accomplished nothing.accomplished nothing.
Factors Influencing High School Students’ Perception of Current and Future Education
Constructed By: Lorena GarciaModified by Carol Albrecht
Hypothesis• What inspires high school students to be successful in school
is contingent on the respondent’s race.
Measurement of Indicators• Race
• Students were asked to circle their racial classification given a fairly large number of possibilities including “other (specify)”
• Inspiration• Students were asked what inspired or motivated them to be
successful in school• Answers were recorded and categorized into the following:
• Family (i.e. siblings, parents, aunts, uncles, etc.)• Future education (i.e. going to college or other post high school education)• Current Accomplishments (i.e. membership in honor society, etc.)• Fear (i.e. parents would punish them if they did not do well, etc.)• Nothing (i.e. they were not currently motivated to do well)
Cross Tabulations of Race by What Inspires High School Student’s to be Successful
Student’s Inspirations
Race Family Future Current Fear/ Total Education Accomplishments Nothing__________________________________________________________________________________________
White 24.52 (38) 19.35 (30) 47.74 (74) 8.39 (13) 100
AfricanAmerican 34.18 (27) 6.33 (5) 34.18 (27) 25.32 (20) 100
MexicanAmerican 43.24 (32) 2.70 (2) 33.78 (25) 20.27 (15) 100
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Total 31.49 (97) 12.01 (37) 40.91 (126) 15.58 (48) (308)
Chi Square 34.80******p<.0001
Note: Number in parenthesis are frequency of response in each category
In Conclusion…• For my Chi Square analysis, I was able to reject my null
hypothesis (with an chi-square statistic of 34.80 and a p<.001), thus providing support that race does have an impact on what inspires high school students to be successful.
• White students are almost nine times more likely than Mexican Americans and three times more likely than African Americans to indicate that future education inspires them.
• African Americans and Mexican Americans are much more likely to indicate that fear or nothing inspires them than White Americans.
Texas A&M Students’ Texas A&M Students’ Attitudes Towards the Attitudes Towards the
Legalization of Legalization of MarijuanaMarijuana
Constructed by Chelsea Moore
Modified by Dr. Carol Albrecht
HypothesisHypothesis
The level of agreement to the The level of agreement to the statement, “Marijuana should remain statement, “Marijuana should remain illegal” is contingent on the students’ illegal” is contingent on the students’ political views. political views.
Measurement of IndicatorsMeasurement of Indicators
Students were asked to indicate their Students were asked to indicate their level of agreement to the statement, level of agreement to the statement, “Marijuana should remain illegal”.“Marijuana should remain illegal”.
Political views were measured by asking Political views were measured by asking students to rank themselves from very students to rank themselves from very conservative to very liberal. Answers conservative to very liberal. Answers were collapsed into two categories (e.g., were collapsed into two categories (e.g., non-conservative and conservative).non-conservative and conservative).
Chi SquareChi SquareTable 1. Cross Tabulations of Political Views by Support of Keeping Marijuana Illegal
Support of Keeping Marijuana Illegal
Political Views Strongly Disagree
Disagree Undecided Agree Strongly Agree
Total
Non-conservative 24.49 (12) 12.24 (6) 28.57 (14) 14.29 (7) 20.41 (10) 100.00 (49)
Conservative 4.26 (2) 10.64 (5) 14.89 (7) 27.66 (13) 42.55 (20) 100.00 (47)
Total 14.58 (14) 11.46 (11) 21.88 (21) 20.83 (20) 31.25 (30) 100.00 (96)
Chi-square*** p<0.001
14.67***
Chi SquareChi Square
The chi square statistic is 14.67 and The chi square statistic is 14.67 and the probability is less than 0.001, so the probability is less than 0.001, so we can reject the null hypothesis.we can reject the null hypothesis.
Conservatives were twice as likely to Conservatives were twice as likely to strongly agree, and non-strongly agree, and non-conservatives were almost six times conservatives were almost six times as likely to strongly disagree. as likely to strongly disagree.