chicago guides to writing, editing and publishing · 2 chicago guides to writing, editing and...
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Chicago Guides to Writing, Editing and Publishing On writing, Editing and Publishing Jacueqs Barzun Tricks of the Trade Howard S. Becker Writing for Social Scientists Howard S. Becker Permissions, A Survival Guide: Blunt Talk about Art as intellecual Property Susan M. Biestein The Craft of Translation John Biguenet and Rainer Schulte, editors The Craft of Research Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams Glossary of Typesetting Terms Richard Eckersley, Richard Angstadt, Charles M. Ellerston, Richard Hendel, Naomi B. Pascal, and Anita Walker Scott Writing Ethnographic Fieldnotes Robert M. Emerson, Rachel I. Fretz, and Linda L. Shaw Legal Writing in Plain English Bryan A. Garner From Dissertation to Book William Germano Getting it Published William Germano A Poet’s Guide to Poetry Mary Kinzie The Chicago Guide to Collaborative Ethnography Luke Eric Lassiter Doing Honest Work in College Charles Lipson How to Write a BA Thesis Charles Lipson Cite Right Charles Lipson The Chicago Guide to Writing about Multivariate Analysis Jane E. Miller The Chicago Guide to Writing about Numbers Jane E. Miller Mapping It Out Mark Monmonier The Chicago Guide to Communicating Science
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Scott L. Montgomery Indexing Books Nancy C. Mulvany Getting into Print Walter W. Powell Tales of the Field John Van Maanen Style Joseph M. Williams A Handbook of Biological Illustration Frances W. Zwiefel
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saxelmZRvanelo referatebis, Tezisebis da disertaciebis
avtorebisaTvis
“Cikagos stili” studentebisa da mkvlevrebisaTvis meSvide gamocema qeiT l. Turabiani gadamuSavebulia uein s. buTis, gregori j. kolomis, jozef m. uiliamsis, da q. Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobis mier
ამ მასალის მომზადება შესაძლებელი გახდა ამერიკელი ხალხის კეთილი ნებითა და აშშ საერთაშორისო
განვითარების სააგენტოს მხარდაჭერით. მასალის შინაარსზე პასუხისმგებელია კემონიკს ინთერნეშენალი ინკ. და
ლოს ანჯელესის უნივერსიტეტი კალიფორნიაში, და იგი არ წარმოადგენს აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების
სააგენტოსა ან აშშ მთავრობის აზრს. ეს მასალა ითარგმნა და დაიბეჭდა აშშ საერთაშორისო განვითარების
სააგენტოს განათლების მართვის პროექტის ფარგლებში, რომელიც ხორციელდება საქართველოს განათლების და
მეცნიერების სამინისტროსა და ილია ჭავჭავაძის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტთან ერთად.
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am wignis zogierTi nawili adaptirebulia `kvlevis xelovnebis” meore redaqciis mixedviT, romlis avtorebi arian uein s. buTi, gregori j. kolomi, da jozef m. uiliamsi, ©1995, 2003 Cikagos universiteti; da `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos” me-15 redaqciis mixedviT, ©1982, 1993, 2003 Cikagos universiteti. q. Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, q. Cikago 60637 S.p.s. Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, q. londoni ©2007 Cikagos universiteti yvela ufleba daculia. gamocemulia 2007 wels dabeWdilia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 4 5 6 7 8 9 ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82336-2 (cloth) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82337-9 (paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-82336-9 (cloth) ISBN-10: 0-226-82337-7 (paper) kongresis biblioTekis gamocemebis monacemebis katalogizacia qeiT l. Turabiani `saxelmZRvanelo referatebis, Tezisebis da disertaciebis avtorebisaTvis”: `Cikagos stili” studentebisa da mkvlevarebisaTvis/qeiT l. Turabiani; redaqtirebulia uein s. buTis, gregori j. kolomis, jozef m. uiliamsis, da Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobis saredaqcio koilegiis mier – meSvide redaqcia. ~am wignis zogierTi nawili adaptirebulia `kvlevis xelovnebis” meore redaqciis mixedviT, romlis avtorebi arian uein s. buTi, gregori j. kolomi, da jozef m. uiliamsi, ©1995, 2003 Cikagos universiteti; da `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos”, me-15 redaqciis mixedviT, ©1982, 1993, 2003 Cikagos universiteti.” moicavs bibliografias da saZiebels
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82336-2 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-226-82337-9 (pbk.: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-82336-9 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-226-82337-7 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. disertaciebi, samecniero naSromebi – gzamkvlevebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi, da a.S. 2. samecniero naSromebis wera -- gzamkvlevebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi da a.S. I. nawili
LB2369.T8 2007 808.02—dc22 2006025443
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wignis pirvel qarTulenovan gamocemaze muSaobdnen: gamocemis redaqtorebi: nino CubiniZe [email protected] medea kakaCia [email protected] mTargmnelebi: ana adamia
marine TavyeliSvili
irina kvaxaZe
Targmanis redatori:
Sinaarsis redaqtori: naTia andRulaZe [email protected]
grafikuli dizaini da formatireba:
giorgi aleqsiZe [email protected]
nino esebua [email protected]
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sarCevi
SeniSvna studentebisTvis ............................................................................................................... 15
winasityvaoba ......................................................................................................................................... 16
winaTqma ................................................................................................................................................... 19
nawili pirveli .................................................................................................................................... 21
kvleva da wera ..................................................................................................................................... 21
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde ........................................................................................................................ 21
1 ra aris kvleva da ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi mis Sesaxeb .......................................... 24
1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevrebi kvlevis miznebze? ................................................................ 25
1.2 sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen ............................................. 26
2 sakiTxidan SekiTxvaze da SekiTxvidan samuSao hipoTezaze gadasvla .................. 30
2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi ........................................................................................ 31
2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi ........................................................................ 37
2.3 aageT `angariSis dafa”, romlis daxmarebiTac dagegmavT da warmarTavT
muSaobas .............................................................................................................................................. 40
2.4 weraze momuSave mxardamWeri gundis Camoyalibeba .................................................. 42
3. sasargeblo wyaroebis moZieba ................................................................................................. 44
3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan mkiTxveli ... 45
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis
Tanaxmad ............................................................................................................................................... 48
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad .......................................................................................... 50
3.5 sxva resursebis gamoyeneba, garda standartuli saxis wyaroebisa ................. 58
4. wyaroebis gaazreba ........................................................................................................................ 59
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4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,
Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi ......... 60
4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi ................................................................................... 64
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi ......................................................................................... 67
4.4 wereT kiTxvis paralelurad .............................................................................................. 70
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi .................................................................................................... 71
4.6 daZlieT procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi ........................................................ 73
5. argumentis dagegmva ...................................................................................................................... 74
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti ................................................................... 75
5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo ......... 76
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad .............................................................................. 77
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi ....................................................................................... 77
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi ganmartebiT msjelobaze
dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan ................................................................................................... 88
5.6 argumentis Sekvra .................................................................................................................... 89
6. Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva ........................................................................... 91
6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas ............................................................ 92
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs ................................ 93
6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala ............................................................................................... 106
7 naSromis Savi naweris Seqmna ................................................................................................... 107
7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza .................................................. 108
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva ................................................. 109
7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi ............. 110
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume .................... 110
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi ................................................................................................... 112
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7.6. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, gverdoblivi SeniSnvebi da damatebiTi
ganmartebebi ..................................................................................................................................... 114
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faqtobrivi
mtkicebuleba ................................................................................................................................... 115
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi ............................................................... 116
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan ........................................................................... 117
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas ............................................................... 123
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi ..... 124
8 faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebis da suraTebis saxiT ................................................. 126
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba ...... 127
8.2 yvelaze efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis SerCeva .......................................... 128
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna ............................................................... 129
8.4 waradgineT monacemebi eTikurad .................................................................................... 139
9 Savi naweris gadamuSaveba ......................................................................................................... 145
9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba .................................................................. 146
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia ......................... 146
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi ................................................................................................................ 148
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT
perifrazi ......................................................................................................................................... 148
10. Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantis SemuSaveba .............................................. 150
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti .................................................................... 151
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti ........................................................ 156
10.3 saTuri dawereT bolos ..................................................................................................... 156
11 winadadebebis damuSaveba ......................................................................................................... 158
11.1 gaakeTeT aqcenti winadadebis pirvel Svid an rva sityvaze ............................ 159
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala ..................................................................................... 173
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11.3 SearCieT swori sityva ........................................................................................................ 174
11.4 gaaSalaSineT ........................................................................................................................... 175
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT ................................................................................................ 176
12 Sefasebuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli komentarebis gaTvaliswineba ... 178
12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi ....................................... 178
12.2 gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels ................................................................................................. 179
13 kvlevis wardgena sxvadasxva formiT ................................................................................ 181
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba ................................................................................................ 182
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia ........................................................................................ 183
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba .............................................................. 187
13.4 dagegmeT sakonferencio SeTavazeba ............................................................................ 188
14 kvlevis arsis Sesaxeb ............................................................................................................... 190
nawili meore ....................................................................................................................................... 192
wyaroebis miTiTeba .......................................................................................................................... 192
15. zogadi Sesavali wyaros damowmebis wesebis Sesaxeb ................................................ 192
15.1 ratom mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas ........................................................ 192
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi .................................................. 193
15.3 wyaros miTiTebis ori stili .......................................................................................... 195
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba .............................................................................. 197
15.5 wyaros miTiTebis momzadeba ............................................................................................ 199
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb ....................................................................................... 200
16 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: ................................................................................................... 201
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba ................................................................................................. 201
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba ............................................................................................ 201
16.1.5 ricxvebi ...................................................................................................................................... 201
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16.1.7 abzacis Seweva .......................................................................................................................... 201
16.2.1 bibliografiebis saxeebi .................................................................................................... 201
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamotoveba SeiZleba .................................................................... 201
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra ............................................................................................................. 201
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi ....................................................................................................... 201
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi ...................................................................................................... 201
16.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi ...................................................................................... 201
S: 8. qrononi, bunebis megapolisi, 383. .................................................................................... 202
16.1 standartuli sistemebi ...................................................................................................... 203
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi ................................. 203
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba ................................................................................................ 208
16.1.2 punqtuacia ................................................................................................................................. 209
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba .......................................................................................................... 209
16.1.6 abreviaturebi ........................................................................................................................... 210
16.2 bibliografiebi ..................................................................................................................... 210
16.2.1 bibliografiis saxeebi ........................................................................................................ 210
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba ................................................................................................................ 212
16.3 SeniSvnebi .................................................................................................................................. 216
16.3.2 SeniSvnebis miTiTeba teqstSi ........................................................................................... 217
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba ..................................................................................................... 218
16.4 mokle formebi SeniSvnebisTvis ..................................................................................... 221
SeniSvnebi mxolod saTauris miTiTebiT ............................................................................... 225
6.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi ........................................................................................ 226
17 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: specifikuri saxis wyaroebis miTiTeba ................. 230
17.1 wignebi ........................................................................................................................................ 233
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17.2 saJurnalo statiebi ............................................................................................................ 262
17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi ............................................................................... 269
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi ................................................................................................................ 271
17.5 damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi .............................................................. 274
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi ................................................................................................. 282
17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi ............................... 288
17.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi ......................................... 291
17.9 sajaro dokumentebi ............................................................................................................ 300
17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi ................................................................................ 316
18 teqstobrivi miTiTebis stili: .............................................................................................. 318
18.1 standartuli modelebi ..................................................................................................... 319
18.2 bibliografia ......................................................................................................................... 323
18.3 teqstobrivi miTiTebebi ..................................................................................................... 325
19. teqstobrivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis wyaroebis miTiTeba ...... 328
19.1 wignebi .................................................................................................................................... 331
19.2 samecniero Jurnalebis statiebi ............................................................................... 353
19.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi ........................................................................... 359
19.4 sagazeTo statiebi ............................................................................................................ 360
19.5 arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala, romelic
iTvaliswinebs specialur moTxovnebs maTi miTiTebisas. ........................................... 363
19.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi .............................................................................................. 370
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi ............................ 375
19.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi ..................................... 377
19.9 sajaro dokumentebi ......................................................................................................... 386
19.10 erT wyaroSi miTiTebuli meore wyaro ............................................................... 401
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nawili III .............................................................................................................................................. 403
stili ..................................................................................................................................................... 403
20 orTografia (marTlwera) .................................................................................................. 403
20.1 mravlobiTi ricxvi .......................................................................................................... 405
20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva ........................................................................................................ 407
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi ............................................... 410
20.4 striqonis gadatana .......................................................................................................... 417
21 punqtuacia ................................................................................................................................ 420
21.1 wertili ................................................................................................................................. 421
21.2 mZime ......................................................................................................................................... 422
21.3 wertil-mZime ........................................................................................................................ 428
21.4 ori wertili ....................................................................................................................... 430
21.5 kiTxvis niSani ..................................................................................................................... 431
21.6 Zaxilis niSani .................................................................................................................... 432
21.7 defisi da tire .................................................................................................................. 432
21.8 frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi ................................................................... 434
21.9 daxrilixazebi .................................................................................................................... 435
21.10 brWyalebi .......................................................................................................................... 435
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi ................................................................................. 436
22. saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi .............................. 439
22.1 saxelebi ................................................................................................................................ 440
22.2 specialuri terminebi ..................................................................................................... 445
22.3 naSromebis saTaurebi ...................................................................................................... 447
23. ricxvebi ..................................................................................................................................... 454
23.1 sityvebi Tu ricxvebi? ..................................................................................................... 455
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23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia ...................................................... 463
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi ............................................................................................................ 466
23.4 teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi .................................................................... 468
24. abreviaturebi .......................................................................................................................... 472
24.1 zogadi principebi ............................................................................................................ 473
24.2 saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi .................................................................. 476
24.3 geografiuli terminebi .................................................................................................. 481
24.4 dro da TariRebi .............................................................................................................. 484
24.5 sazomi erTeulebi ................................................................................................................ 485
24.6 biblia da misi wignebi ............................................................................................... 486
24.7 abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi ......................... 490
25. citirebebi ................................................................................................................................ 494
25.1 zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba ................................................ 495
25.2 citatebis CarTva teqstSi ............................................................................................ 495
25.3 citatebis Secvla ............................................................................................................. 501
26. cxrilebi da suraTebi ....................................................................................................... 511
26.1 zogadi wesebi ..................................................................................................................... 513
26.2 cxrilebi ............................................................................................................................... 516
26.3 suraTebi ................................................................................................................................ 527
danarTi naSromis formati da misi Cabareba ....................................................................... 532
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi ........................................................ 533
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi ............................................. 538
a.3. Cabarebis moTxovnebi ................................................................................................................ 566
cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTi ......................................................................................... 573
ბიბლიოგრაფია ...................................................................................................................................... 591
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SeniSvna studentebisTvis
es aris wignis, `saxelmZRvanelo samecniero statiebis, dasdiplomo namuSevrebis da disertaciebis avtorebisTvis” meSvide redaqcia. studentebis ukve ramdenime Taoba iyenebs am saxelmZRvanelos kvlevis, werisa da TavianTi naSromebis warsadgenad. yvelaze erTguli momxmarebeli wigns moixseniebs `Turabianis” saxeliT. Turabiani aris Tavdapirveli avtori wignisa `saxelmZRvanelo avtorTaTvis”. es wigni avtoritetuli wyaroa ,,Cikagos stiliT” dainteresebuli studentebisTvis. Tu referatze muSaobT, SesaZloa, gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmeba, aseve, mTavruli asoebis da abreviaturebis gamoyeneba `Cikagos stiliT” mogTxovon. `Cikagos stili” farTod gamoiyeneba studentebis mier yvela disciplinaSi. wyaros damowmebisTvis SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Cikagos mier rekomendebuli ori stilidan erT-erTi. humanitarul mecnierebebSi da zogierT socialur mecnierebaSi, savaraudod, gamoiyenebT sqolioSi miTiTEbis stils, xolo sabunebismetyvelo da fizikur mecnierebebSi (da zogierT socialur mecnierebaSi) SeiZleba, gamoiyenoT e.w. teqstorbrivi miTiTebis – avtori, TariRi - stili. wignSi `saxelmZRvanelo avtorebisTvis” ganmartebulia orive stili da naCvenebia, rogor gamoiyeneba TiToeuli maTgani. `Cikagos stilis” Sesaxeb amomwuravi informaciis garda, mocemul, meSvide redaqciaSi damatebulia axali nawili, romlis avtorebic arian: uein s. buTi, gregori j. kolomi da jozef m. uiliamsi. aRniSnul nawilSi ganxilulia kvlevis da weris procesis yoveli nabiji. aseve, mocemulia praqtikuli rCevebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT swori SekiTxvebis CamoyalibebaSi, kritikulad kiTxvaSi, argumentebis SemuSavebasa da namuSevris Sav versiaSi cvlilebebis SetanaSi.
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winasityvaoba
Tanamedrove universitetebSi studentebi, romlebic weren sakurso,
sadiplomo da sadisertacio naSromebs, muSaoben eleqtronuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT, rac warmoudgeneli iyo 1937 wels, rodesac qeiT l. Turabianma, Cikagos universitetis disertaciebis mdivanma, Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo principebis krebuli studenti avtorebisTvis. internet-resursebis xelmisawvdomobam da teqstebis redaqtirebis programebma Secvala studentebis mier kvlevis warmoebisa da Sedegebis wardgenis meTodebi. magram am teqnologiebs ar Seucvlia avtoris ZiriTadi amocana: kargad dagegmili kvlevis Catareba, Sedegebis mkafiod da akuratulad aRwera da, amavdroulad, naSromebSi wyaroebis miTiTebis, stilisa da formatis akademiuri standartebis dacva. Turabianis mier 1937 wels gamocemul krebulSi mocemuli iyo saxelmZRvanelo principebi, romlebic `stilis saxelmZRvanelos” meaTe redaqciaSia warmodgenili. esaa ukve klasikuri resursi avtorebisa da redaqtorebisTvis, romelic gamocemulia Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobis mier. gamomcemlobam Turabianis krebulis gavrceleba 1947 wels daiwyo da naSromi pirvelad wignis saxiT 1955 wels gamosca saTauriT `saxelmZRvanelo sakurso, sadiplomo da sadisertacio naSromebis avtorebisTvis”. Turabianma naSroms kidev orjer gaukeTa redaqtireba da ganaaxla is, raTa daekmayofilebina studentebis moTxovnilebebi da aesaxa uaxlesi rekomendaciebi `stilis saxelmZRvanelodan”. amasobaSi mTel qveyanaSi Turabianis wigni studentebisTvis standartuli saxelmZRvanelo gaxda universitetebisa da kolejebis yvela doneze. Turabiani 1987 wels, wignis mexuTe redaqciis gamocemidan ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, oTxmocdaToTxmeti wlis asakSi gardaicvala. am redaqciis iseve, rogorc meeqvse (1996) redaqciis gadamuSavebisTvis gamomcemlobam saredaqcio kolegia moiwvia. mocemul, meSvide redaqciaSi uein s. buTma, gregori j. kolomma da jozef m. uiliamsma ganavrces wignis masStabebi. axali I nawili, `kvleva da wera: dagegmvidan Seqmnamde”, adaptirebulia maTi `kvlevis xelovnebis” mixedviT (Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, Cikago, 2003w.). am nawilSi warmodgenilia kvlevis procesis warmarTvisa da kvlevis angariSebis momzadebis detaluri instruqciebi; es Tema aqamde ar yofila CarTuli am saxelmZRvaneloSi. Tumca, igi gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis, weris stilisa da naSromebis momzadebis teqnikuri sakiTxebis ganuyofeli nawilia. ganxilul Temebs Sorisaa kvlevis xasiaTi, wyaroebis moZieba da maTze muSaoba, Canawerebis gakeTeba, argumentis Camoyalibeba, samuSao variantis momzadeba-redaqtireba da faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebisa da cifrebis saxiT. agreTve, aqvea ganxiluli kvlevis alternatiul forumebze warmodgenis gzebi. am nawilSi avtorebi uSualo, kolegiuri toniT weren, raTa mkiTxveli daaintereson am kompleqsuri sakiTxiT. misi wakiTxva sasargeblo iqneba im studentebisTvis, romlebic kvleviT proeqtebs yvela doneze axorcieleben, samecniero naSromebze momuSave mkvlevarebs ki SeuZliaT gamotovon I-IV Tavebi.
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wignis danarCen nawilSi ganxilulia igive sakiTxebi, romlebic wina redaqciebSi iyo warmodgenili. Tumca, wigni mniSvnelovnad aris Secvlili da asaxavs `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvanelos me-15 redaqciaSi (2003) warmodgenil rekomendaciebs. es rekomendaciebi iTvaliswinebs zegavlenas, romelsac Tanamedrove teqnologiebi axdens studentis mier naSromze muSaobis yvela aspeqtze. aseve, warmodgenilia ganaxlebuli magaliTebi da saxelmZRvanelo ufro martivad wasakiTxi da metad praqtikulia. kvlevis processa da saTanado miTiTebis formebs Soris mWidro urTierTkavSiria. swored amitom, `gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTeba” saxelmZRvanelos meore nawilis saxiT aris warmodgenili. am nawilSi, me-15 TavSi mimoxilulia samecniero wyaroebis damowmeba, aseve, misi kavSiri ara mxolod sanimuSo kvleviT aramed kvlevis eTikasTanac. studentebi, romlebic gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebisTvis sqolioSi miTiTebis stils (romelic damaxasiaTebelia humanitaruli da zogierTi socialuri mecnierebisTvis) iyeneben, Semdgom unda gaecnon me-16 Tavs, sadac ganxilulia gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebis ZiriTadi formebi. xolo me-17 TavSi SegiZliaT, ixiloT mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebi. studentebi, romlebic iyeneben teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils (damaxasiaTebelia socialuri mecnierebebis umetesobisa da sabunebismetyvelo-fizikuri mecnierebebisTvis), igive saxis informacias me-18 da me-19 TavebSi ixilaven. aRniSnul TavebSi mocemulia ganaxlebuli magaliTebi internet da sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebis miTiTebaze. mesame nawilSi, romlis saTauria `stili”, ganxilulia sakiTxebi, romlebic saxelmZRvanelos wina gamocemebis pirvel naxevarSi iyo warmodgenili. marTlwera da punqtuacia gayofilia cal-calke Tavebad, ise, rogorc Tavebi, romlebic Seexeba cifrebsa da abreviaturebs. gavrcobilia Tavi, romelSic ganxilulia saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi. am nawilis bolo or TavSi ganxilulia citatebis da grafikuli gamosaxulebebis (cxrilebi da diagramebi) gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli teqnikuri sakiTxebi, romlebic pirvel nawilSi ritorikuli TvalsazrisiT aris moxseniebuli. naSromebis avtor studentebs SeuZliaT, mTlianad waikiTxon es Tavebi an gaecnon maT konkretul sakiTxebze saxelmZRvanelo rekomendaciebis misaRebad. meore da mesame nawilSi warmodgenili rekomendaciebi ramdenime SemTxvevaSi gansxvavdeba im rekomendaciebisgan, romlebic mocemulia `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvaneloSi”. Tumca, es gansxvavebebi arsebiTi ar aris. garkveul SemTxvevebSi am saxelmZRvaneloSi rekomendebulia mxolod erTi saredaqcio stili, xolo `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvaneloSi _ ori an meti formaa mocemuli. zogjer gansxvaveba simartiveSia (rogorc saTauris asomTavruliT daweris wesebSi, romlebic warmodgenilia 22-e TavSi); sxva SemTxvevebSi masSi aRwerilia, ra aris marTebuli studentebis naSromebisTvis, gansxvavebiT gamoqveynebuli samecniero naSromebisgan (agreTve, internet wyaroebidan citirebisas yvela gamoyenebul wyaroze wvdomis TariRebis miTiTebis moTxovna). gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTEbis Sesaxeb TavebSi mocemulia axali saxis wyaroebi, rogoricaa internet blogebi, romlebic 2003 wlidan gamoCnda da, amdenad, ar aris ganxiluli `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvanelos amJamindel redaqciaSi. am rekomendaciebiT logikurad aris gavrcobili `Cikagos stilis” saxelmZRvaneloSi gansazRvruli principebi.
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danarTSi Tavmoyrilia masala nabeWd formatsa da naSromis wardgenis wesebze, rac, faqtobrivad, qeiT Turabianis Tavdapirvel versiaSi ganxilul sakiTxebs warmoadgenda. im periodidan moyolebuli, es masala gaxda ZiriTadi saxelmZRvanelo wyaro mTeli qveynis disertaciebis samsaxurebisTvis. am masalis redaqtirebisas gamomcemlobam moipova da gaiTvaliswina sxvadasxva sajaro da kerZo universitetis disertaciis samsaxurebis warmomadgenelTa, maT Soris, im universitetebis, romlebic CamoTvlilia winaTqmis nawilSi. saxelmZRvanelo principebSi kvlavac xazgasmulia Tanmimdevrulobis mniSvneloba. Tumca, amavdroulad, gaTvaliswinebulia Tanamedrove programebis SesaZleblobebi, eleqtronulad daamuSavon teqsti da daSvebulia meti moqniloba iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa gverdebis danomvra da saTaurebis gaformeba. warmodgenili nimuSebi axalia da amoRebulia Cikagos universitetSi 2000 wlidan dRemde wardgenili sanimuSo disertaciebidan. es danarTi gaTvlilia ZiriTadad im studentebze, romlebic weren sadoqtoro disertaciebs da samagistro da kolejis sadiplomo naSromebs. Tumca, nawilebi, sadac ganxilulia formatis moTxovnebi da eleqtronuli failebis momzadebis wesebi, agreTve, daainteresebs maT, vinc sakurso naSromebze muSaobs.
winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo warmogidgenT im sakiTxebis gadawyvetis gzebs, romelTa winaSec dgebian studenti avtorebi. Tumca, SesaZlebelia, aq mocemul principebs daematos da/an Caenacvlos konkretul disciplinebSi arsebuli wesebi, aseve, calkeulma dawesebulebebma an fakultetebma TavianTi survilisamebr gamoiyenon es principebi. yvela TavSi, sadac saubaria stilisa da formatis Sesaxeb, studentebs SevaxsenebT, gadaxedon sakuTari universitetis, fakultetis an maswavleblis moTxovnebs, romlebic aq warmodgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebze ufro prioritetulia. sagnebis mixedviT dalagebul gavrcobil bibliografiaSi CamoTvlilia literatura kvlevisa da stilis sakiTxebis Sesaxeb calkeuli disciplinebisTvis.
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winaTqma
im wignis redaqtireba, romliTac milionobiT studenti samocdaaTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi sargeblobda, martivi amocana ar aris. qeiT Turabianis naSromis ocdameerTe saukunis realobaze morgebis gamowvevas Tavdapirvelad SeeWida linda j. halvorsoni, romelic maSin Cikagos universitetis gamomcemlobaSi sacnobaro literaturis mTavari redaqtori iyo. is aRiarebda, rom mniSvnelovnad Seicvala studenti-avtoris moTxovnilebebi 1996 wels meeqvse redaqciis gamocemis Semdeg da am cvlilebis asaxvis mizniT gadawyvita wignis gadamuSaveba. am miznis misaRwevi gegmis ZiriTad komponents warmoadgenda redaqtorebis gundis Sekreba, romelsac esmoda, Tu rogor SeiZleboda, moergoT Turabianis meTodika kvlevebsa da Txzulebebze momuSave Tanamedrove, eleqtronuli epoqis studentebisTvis. uein s. buTma, gregori j. kolomma, da jozef m. uiliamsma, maswavleblebma da kvlevisa da weris sakiTxebze araerTi wignis, maT Soris ,,kvlevis xelovnebis” avtorebma didi wvlili Seitanes wignis gadamuSavebaSi. gamomcemlobis saredaqcio kolegia Tavdapirvelad warmodgenili iyo margaret perkinsiT, romelic amJamad “niu inglandis medicinis Jurnalis” xelnawerebis redaqtirebis direqtoria, xolo Semdgom meri i. lauriT, romelic proeqtSi gamoyenebuli literaturis mimarTulebis ufrosi redaqtoria. orive maTganma Zalian mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos” meTxuTmete redaqciis momzadebaSi, romlis mixedviTac adaptirebulia winamdebare wignis meore da mesame nawilebi. redaqtirebis mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi xelnawerTan dakavSirebiT (nawilobriv da srulad) Rirebuli rCevebi mogvawodes redaqtorebma, romlebic kargad icnoben studentebis mier kvlevasa da naSromebze muSaobis sxvadasxva aspeqtebs. es redaqtorebi arian siuzan eleni (sociologiis amerikuli Jurnali), kristofer s. aleni (saerTaSoriso sakiTxebi, jorjiis universiteti), ana nibli beikeri (heltinsaiTi), hauard bekeri (san francisko), pol s. boieri (istoriis kaTedra, viskonsin-medisonis universiteti), kristofer baki (wera, ritorika, da amerikuli kulturebi, miCiganis saxelmwifo universiteti), devid qembeli (politikuri mecnierebebis kaTedra, notrdamis universiteti), erik larsoni (Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba), maikl d. qugani (religiaTmcodneobis kaTedra, sTounhilis koleji), deniel grini (aSS-is holokostis muzeumi), en keli noulsi (geografiis kaTedra, midlburis koleji), liuis lankasteri (aRmosavleT aziis enebisa da kulturis fakulteti, kaliforniis universiteti – berkli), luk erik lasteri (humanitarul mecnierebaTa kaTedra, marSalis universitetis koleji), jeims leludisi (istoriis kaTedra, CrdiloeT karolinas Capel hilis universiteti), kurt moseri (filosofiis kaTedra, deitonis universiteti), jerald mulderigi (inglisuris kaTedra, depolis universiteti), emili s. rozenbergi (istoriis kaTedra, kaliforniis universiteti, irvini), anita seimeni (Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba), pol stroleri (anTropologiis da sociologiis kaTedra, uest Cesteris universiteti), en b. Tisli (biologiuri mecnierebebis
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kaTedra, floridis Statis universiteti) da riCard velma (politikuri mecnierebebis kaTedra, suortmoris koleji).
qeiT Turabianis memkvidreebma sxvadasxva saxelmwifo da kerZo universitetebidan mogvawodes Rirebuli mosazrebebi disertaciebis momzadebisa da wardgenis Sesaxeb. danarTis redaqtirebaze/recenziaze review muSaobdnen filipa k. karteri, pitsburgis universitetidan; meTiu hili, merilendis universitetidan, kolej parki; elena siao-Cings u viskonsin, medisonis universitetidan; jona e.d. parkeri, iliniosis universitetidan urbana-SempenSi da kristin quigli, jorjTaunis universitetidan. kolin malarkma, romelic amJamad Turabianis Tanamdebobaze muSaobs Cikagos universitetSi, mTel xelnawers gaukeTa redaqtireba; is dagvexmara, agreTve, sanimuSo disertaciebis gamovlenaSi, romelTa mixedviTac SemuSavda danarTSi warmodgenili gverdebi. avtorebi, romlebmac mogvces TavianTi disertaciebis gamoyenebis nebarTva, miTiTebuli arian Sesabamis naxatebSi.
xelnaweris wignis saxiT Camoyalibebaze gamomcemlobis kidev erTma gundma imuSava. qerol fiSer selerma redaqtireba gaukeTa xelnawers, randolf petilosma koreqtivebi Seitana naSromSi, xolo viqtoria beikerma moamzada saZiebeli. maikl bremma izruna dizainze, xolo silvi medndoza heCimoviCma zedamxedveloba gauwia momzadebis process. qristofer foudsma saredaqtoro daxmareba gaswia mTeli proeqtis ganmavlobaSi. qerol kasperma, elen gibsonma da laura andersonma ki dasrulebuli wignis bazarze gatanaze izrunes.
proeqtis yvela monawiles guli daswyvita uein buTis am qveynidan wasvlam; is maSin gardaicvala, rodesac xelnaweri TiTqmis dasrulebuli iyo. es proeqti darCeba, rogorc misi bolo namuSevari.
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nawili pirveli
kvleva da wera
dagegmvidan Seqmnamde
uein s. buTi, gregori j. kolomi, jozef m. uiliamsi
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pirveli nawilis zogadi mimoxilva
cnobilia, ramdenad rTulia, daiwyo muSaoba mniSvnelovan kvleviT proeqtze, iqneba es sadoqtoro disertacia, sabakalavro an samagistro Tema Tu, ubralod, sakurso naSromi. Tumca, SegiZliaT nebismier proeqts gaarTvaT Tavi, Tu mas nawilebad dayofT, Semdeg ki Tanmimdevulad imuSavebT am nawilebze. winamdebare nawilSi warmogidgenT am meTods.
Tavdapirvelad ganvixilavT kvlevis miznebs da imas, Tu ras moelis mkiTxveli nebismieri kvleviTi naSromisgan. Semdgom SevCerdebiT imaze, Tu rogor unda miagnoT kvlevis kiTxvas, romelze pasuxis moZiebac imsaxurebs Tqvens drosa da mkiTxvelebis yuradRebas; rogor unda moZebnoT da gamoiyenoT informacia wyaroebidan, raTa gaamyaroT Tqveni pasuxi; Semdeg rogor dagegmoT, SeadginoT da SeitanoT cvlilebebi Tqvens angariSSi, raTa mkiTxvelma ifiqros, rom Tqveni pasuxi emyareba gonivrul msjelobas da sarwmuno faqtebs.
am nawilSi SevCerdebiT ramdenime Temaze: - proeqtis ganxorcielebas daufiqreblad ver SeudgebiT;
Tavdapirvelad unda dagegmoT, Semdgom TiToeuli nabijis gadadgmisas unda gaiazroT mTeli procesi. amdenad, iazrovneT masStaburad, magram, amavdroulad, dayaviT procesi patar-patara amocanebad, romelTa Sesrulebasac etapobrivad SeZlebT.
- idealur SemTxvevaSi, kvleva unda iwyebodes SekiTxviT, romelzec pasuxis gacema gsurT. Tumca, unda warmoidginoT, rom mkiTxvelebic dasvamen SekiTxvas: ra moxdeba, Tu ar gascemT am SekiTxvaze pasuxs? ra Seicvleba amiT?
- imTaviTve unda SeecadoT, weroT yoveldRe; es gulisxmobs ara ubralod Canawerebis gakeTebas wyaroebis Sesaxeb, aramed ganmartebas, Tu ras fiqrobT maT Sesaxeb. agreTve, unda CainiSnoT sakuTari ideebi da Semdeg furcelze gadmoitanoT. Sedegad, SeZlebT, gansazRvroT, marTlac mniSvnelovania Tu ara es ideebi. savaraudod, am nawerebis didi nawili ar Seva naSromis saboloo variantSi; Tumca, misi momzadebis procesSi Zalian mniSvnelovania.
- ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad akuratulebi iqnebiT kvlevis ganaxorcielebisas, mkiTxvelebi mas Seafaseben imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad kargad aRwerT kvlevis Sedegebs. amdenad, unda icodeT, risi naxva surs mkiTxvels kvlevis angariSSi, raTa aRniSnulma naSromma maTi mowoneba daimsaxuros.
Tuki gamocdili mkvlevari xarT, gamotoveT pirveli-meoTxe Tavebi. iq mocemulia iseT sakiTxebi, romlebic TqvenTvis isedac nacnobia. Tumca, Tu leqciebsac kiTxulobT, am TavebSi warmodgenili masala, SesaZloa, dagexmaroT, ufro efeqturad auxsnaT sakiTxi studentebs. (mravali gamocdili mkvlevris TqmiT, V-XII Tavebi maT ara mxolod kvlevis ganxorcielebisa da Sedegebis waradgenis sxvebisTvis axsnaSi, aramed sakuTari moxsenebebis ufro swrafad da efeqturad dagegmvasa da damuSavebaSic daexmara).
Tu axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, TqvenTvis sasargeblo iqneba pirveli nawilis TiToeuli Tavis wakiTxva. iq ixilavT mTeli procesis mimoxilvas;
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Semdeg proeqtze muSaobisas xelaxla waikiTxeT Tavebi, romlebic uSualod Tqvens amocanasTanaa dakavSirebuli.
SesaZloa, mogeCvenoT, rom aq aRwerili nabijebi imdenad bevria, rom rTulia maTi damaxsovreba. Tumca, SegiZliaT, am amocanas Tavi gaarTvaT, Tuki saTiTaod imuSavebT maTze. xolo rodesac met kvlevas CaatarebT, amgvari muSaoba CvevaSi gagijdebaT. nu ifiqrebT, rom es nabijebi zustad iseTi TanmimdevrobiT unda ganaxorcieloT, rogorc amas Cven warmogidgenT. mkvlevrebi yovelTvis gegmaven TavianT samuSaos, magram mainc uxdebaT romelime wertilSi ukan dabruneba da Semdgomi nabijebis Tavidan gaTvla (swored amitom girCevT, procesis momavali etapi windawin gaTvaloT da wina safexurebsac gadaxedoT). yvelaze gegmazomier mkvlevarsac hqonia SemTxveva, rom moulodnelad aRmouCenia raRac, rasac misi muSaoba axali mimarTulebiT warumarTavs. imuSaveT gegmis mixedviT, magram mzad iyaviT gegmidan gadasaxvevad, misi axali gegmiT SecvlisTvisac ki.
Tu Zalian axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, SeiZleba, aseve, ifiqroT, rom zogierTi sakiTxi, romelsac Cven ganvixilavT, scdeba Tqveni uSualo saWiroebebis sferos. viciT, rom aTgverdiani sakurso naSromi gansxvavdeba sadoqtoro disertaciisgan. Tumca, orive maTgani moiTxovs garkveul dafiqrebas, es ki yvelaze gamoucdel mkvlevarsac SeuZlia. Tqvens kompetenturobas maSin srulyofT, rodesac ara mxolod gegmavT samuSaos, aramed iwyebT im praqtikuli unarebis gavarjiSebas, romlebic gamocdilma mkvlevarebma SeiZines, rodesac Tqvens etapze imyofebodnen.
veranairi wigni ver mogamzadebT kvleviTi proeqtis TiToeuli aspeqtisTvis. verc am wignidan miiRebT konkretul meTodologiebs iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa fsiqologia, ekonomika an filosofia, kidev ufro naklebad – fizikaSi, qimiasa an biologiaSi. am wignidan verc imas SeityobT, Tu rogor unda moargoT akademiuri kvlevebis Sesaxeb miRebuli codna Tqvens samuSao an profesiul garemos.
Tumca, am wignSi warmodgenilia im procesebis da azrovnebis yaidis mimoxilva, romlebic safuZvlad udevs yvela kvlevas, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu rodis xorcieldeba is; aq, agreTve, mimoxilulia is gegmebi, romlebic unda moamzadoT naSromis dagegmvis, Sedgenisa da damuSavebisTvis. rodesac SeiZenT am codnas da profesorebis daxmarebiT SeZlebT Tqveni proeqtebis warmarTvas, aRar SeuSindebiT proeqtebTan dakavSirebul gamowvevebs. saboloo jamSi ki iswavliT yvelaze kompleqsuri proeqtebis damoukideblad marTvas, rogorc akademiur, ise profesiul sferoebSi.
pirveli nabiji srulyofili kvlevisTvis saWiro unarebis gamomuSavebisken imis gagebaa, Tu ras fiqroben gamocdili mkvlevrebi kvlevis miznebis Sesaxeb.
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1 ra aris kvleva da ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi mis Sesaxeb
1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevarebi kvlevis miznebze 1.2 sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevarebi svamen: konceptualuri
SekiTxvebi: ra unda vifiqroT? 1.2.1 praqtikuli SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavakeToT? 1.2.2 gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavigoT, vidre gvecodineba, ra
aris gasakeTebeli? 1.2.3 SekiTxvis sworad arCeva 1.2.4 gansakuTrebuli gamowveva konceptualuri SekiTxvebisas: pasuxis
gacema SekiTxvaze: mere ra, rom gvaqvs pasuxi sakvlev kiTxvaze? kvlevas atarebT yovel jerze, rodesac svamT SekiTxvas da eZebT faqtebs
masze pasuxis gasacemad, ganurCevlad imisa, SekiTxva ise martivia, rogorc wyalsadenis SemkeTeblis povna, Tu iseTi rTuli, rogoricaa sicocxlis dasabamis aRmoCena. rodesac pasuxi mxolod Tqven gainteresebT an rodesac sxvebs, ubralod, informaciis swrafad gageba surT, albaT, naSroms ar dawerT. iseT SemTxvevebSi ki, rodesac mkiTxvelebisTvis Tqveni debulebebi mxolod maSin aris sarwmuno, rodesac xedaven, rogor gamoitaneT es daskvnebi, werilobiTi angariSis momzadeba mogiwevT. faqtobrivad, umeteswilad, swored kvleviTi naSromebidan vityobT sarwmuno faqtebs samyaros Sesaxeb: rom erT dros arsebobdnen dinozavrebi, rom daavadebebs baqteriebi iwvevs da Tundac imas, rom dedamiwa mrgvalia.
SesaZloa, ifiqroT, rom Tqveni moxseneba mcireds Tu Sematebs msoflio codnas. SeiZleba, asec aris. Tumca, kargad damuSavebuli naSromi mniSvnelovan codnas da gamocdilebas mainc SegZenT. agreTve, SeiZleba, migaCndeT, rom Tqveni momavali saqmianoba ara samecniero kvleva, aramed biznesi an sxva profesiaa. miuxedavad amisa, kvleva iseve mniSvnelovania akademiuri sferos gareT, rogorc mecnierebaSi. amdenad, akademiuri kvlevis xelovnebis dauflebiT erT dResac SeZlebT, ganaxorcieloT kvleva, romelic mniSvnelovani iqneba sul mcire maTTvis, visTanac muSaobT da SesaZloa, TiToeuli CvenganisTvisac ki. kvlevis Catarebis meTodebis dauflebisas, aseve, swavlobT sxvebis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis gamoyenebasa da Sefasebas. nebismieri profesiis mkvlevarma gadawyvetilebis miRebamde unda waikiTxos da Seafasos kvlevis angariSi; amis ukeT gakeTebas mxolod maSin SeZlebT, rodesac iciT, rogor afaseben sxvebi Tqvens kvleviT moxsenebas. am wignSi aqcenti gakeTebulia mecnierul sferoSi Catarebul kvlevaze. Tumca, Cven yoveldRiurad vkiTxulobT an gvesmis im kvlevebis Sesaxeb, romelsac SeuZlia, zegavlena moaxdinos Cvens cxovrebaze. miuxedavad amisa, vidre virwmunebT am naSromebs, kritikulad unda SevafasoT da ganvsazRvroT, efuZneba Tu ara isini sando faqtebs da sarwmuno msjelobas.
eWvgareSea, rom msjelobisa da faqtebis moyvanis garda, kidev sxva gzebiTac SeiZleba kargi daskvnebis gamotana: SegviZlia, daveyrdnoT tradicias da avtoritets an intuicias, Cvens xedvas, an Tundac Cvens yvelaze primitiul emociebs. magram, rodesac vcdilobT, avuxsnaT sxvebs ara mxolod is, ratom
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gvjera Cveni Sexedulebis, aramed isic, ratom unda irwmunon maTac, saWiroa imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, Cveni azrebis da Sexedulebebis wardgenaa.
swored amiT gansxvavdeba kvleva sxva saxis mtkicebiTi xasiaTis naSromebisgan: is unda emyarebodes faqtebs, romlebsac mkiTxvelebi simarTled CaTvlian, ganurCevlad Tqveni Sexedulebebisa da rwmenisa. maT unda SeZlon, miyvnen Tqvens msjelobas da irwmunon im faqtebis, romelzec es msjeloba aageT. amdenad, Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris warmateba, damokidebulia ara mxolod imaze, ramdenad kargad SeagrovebT da gaaanalizebT monacemebs, aramed imazec, ramdenad mkafiod warudgenT Tqvens msjelobas mkiTxvelebs: maT unda mieceT saSualeba, Seafason da gamoscadon Tqveni daskvnebi, vidre irwmuneben da daeTanxmebian maT.
1.1 ras fiqroben mkvlevrebi kvlevis miznebze?
yvela mkvlevari agrovebs faqtebsa da informacias, rasac monacemebs
vuwodebT. Tumca, kvlevis miznebisa da sakuTari gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, isini am monacemebs sxvadasxvanairad iyeneben. zogierTi mkvlevari agrovebs monacemebs iseT sakiTxze, rogoricaa istoriebi alamos brZolis Sesaxeb da amas, ubralod, piradi interesis dakmayofilebis mizniT (an maswavleblis davalebis Sesasruleblad) akeTebs.
Tumca, mkvlevrebis umetesobas surs, vicodeT Tu icodnen faqtebze meti. amdenad, isini eZeben sxvadasxva Temaze ara nebismier, aramed konkretul monacemebs, romlebsac gamoiyeneben faqtebad Temidan gamomdinare wamoWrili SekiTxvis gamosacdelad da dasasabuTeblad. SekiTxva ki SeiZleba aseTic iyos: `ratom gaxda alamos istoria erovnuli legenda?”
Tumca, gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom imaze meti unda gaakeTon, vidre mkiTxvelebis TavinTi pasuxebis sandoobaSi darwmunebaa. maT, agreTve, unda gviCvenon, ratom aris maTi SekiTxva mniSvnelovani, rogor gvexmareba gacemuli pasuxi ufro masStaburi sakiTxis axleburad gagebaSi. magaliTisTvis, Tuki gamovikvlevT, ratom gaxda alamos istoria erovnuli legenda, SevZlebT pasuxis gacemas ufro masStabur SekiTxvaze: rogor Camoayaliba regionulma miTebma Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi?
SegiZliaT SeafasoT, ramdenad axlos dgas Tqveni azrovneba gamocdili mecnierebis azrovnebasTan, Tuki aRwerT Tqvens proeqts aseTi winadadebiT: 1. me vmuSaob Temaze X [istoriebi alamos brZolis Sesaxeb] 2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y [ratom gaxda misi istoria erovnuli legenda] 3. raTa SevZlo sxvebis daxmareba Z-is gagebaSi [rogor Camoayaliba aseTma regionulma miTebma Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi].
es winadadebebi yuradRebiT ganxilvas imsaxurebs, radgan aRwers ara mxolod Tqveni kvlevis progress, aramed, agreTve, Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris zrdas. 1. `...me vmuSaob Temaze...”: mkvlevrebi xSirad iwyeben iseTi martivi TemiT, rogoricaa alamos brZola, radgan es maTi davalebaa, an am TemaSi aris raRac, ramac gaurkvevlobaSi Caagdo isini, an, ubralod, imitom, rom Tema sainteresoa. Secdoma, romelic mkvlevarma gamoucdelobis gamo SeuZleba dauSvas, sakvlevi sakiTxis CamoyalibebaSi aq gaCerebaa. daaxvaveben aTasobiT SeniSvnas, magram ver
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wyveten, ra monacemebi gamoiyenon da ra _ ara. rodesac weris dro dgeba, yvelafers CarTaven moxsenebaSi, romelic Sedegad SemTxveviTi faqtebis grovis saxe iRebs. Tuki es faqtebi TemiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelebisTvis axalia, SeiZleba, waikiTxon angariSi. Tumca aseT mkiTxvelebsac ki eqnebaT survili, Cawvdnen am faqtebis mniSvnelobas. 2. `...vinaidan msurs, gavigo, rogor da ratom...”: SedarebiT gamocdili mkvlevrebi, rogorc wesi, iwyeben ara ubralod TemiT, aramed kvlevis SekiTxviT, magaliTad, `ratom gaxda alamos istoria erovnuli legenda?” maT ician, rom mkiTxvelebi moyvanil faqtebs mniSvnelovnad CaTvlian mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu es faqtebi pasuxs asabuTebs. marTlac, mkvlevars mxolod SekiTxvis daxmarebiT SeuZlia, gansazRvros, romeli faqtebi moiZios da romeli datovos – mas sWirdeba ara mxolod pasuxis damamtkicebeli faqtebi, aramed isinic, romlebic cdis an sulac eWqveS ayenebs maT. rodesac mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom gaaCnia pasuxis gamyarebisTvis sakmarisi damamtkicebeli sabuTi da SeuZlia, saTanadod gaumklavdes iseT monacemebs, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba mas, pirvel rigSi naSroms sakuTari msjelobis gamosacdelad wers, xolo Semdgom uziarebs sxvebs gamosacdelad. 3. ”... raTa davexmaro sxvebs, gaigon...”: yvelaze warmatebulma mkvlevrebma ician, rom mkiTxvelisTvis ara mxolod pasuxi unda iyos sarwmuno, aramed SekiTxvac _ mniSvnelovani. isini unda elodnen, rom mkiTxvelebic dasvamen SekiTxvas: ,,mere ra? ratom unda maRelvebdes, ratom gaxda alamos istoria legenda?” SekiTxvas `mere ra?” SeuZlia, daabnios yvelaze gamocdili mkvlevaric ki. miuxedavad amisa, yovelma mkvlevarma unda scados am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema: Tu amas Tavs gavarTmevT, SevZlebT, ukeT gavigoT iseTi masStaburi sakiTxi, rogoricaa aseTi istoriebiT Cveni erovnuli xasiaTis Camoyalibeba.
gamWriaxi mkvlevari amazec ar Cerdeba. is elis, rom mkiTxvelebi kvlav dasvamen SekiTxvas `mere ra?” da fiqrobs sxva, kidev ufro masStaburi pasuxis mofiqrebaze: Tuki SevZlebT, gavigoT, ram Camoayaliba Cveni erovnuli xasiaTi, SevZlebT, ukeT gavigoT, vin varT amerikelebi. Tu am SekiTxvis dasmamde viciT pasuxi wina SekiTxvaze, SesaZloa, isic gavigoT, msoflioSi xalxs ratom aqvs Cvenze es Tu is Sexeduleba. Tumca, yvelaze warmatebulma mkvlevrebma ician, rom mkiTxvels ainteresebs SekiTxva mxolod maSin, rodesac hgonia, rom am SekiTxvaze pasuxis Sedegad dasvams ara SekiTxvas - `mere ra?” - aramed ityvis - `amisi gageba mniSvnelovania!”
mokled rom vTqvaT, yvela SekiTxva erTnairad kargi ar aris. SegviZlia, vikiTxoT, ramden katas eZina alamoSi brZolis wina Rames, ras mogvcems amis gageba? rTulia, winaswar ganvWvritoT, aseT kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema rogor dagvexmareba ufro masStaburi da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis kvlevaSi. amdenad, SesaZloa, arc Rirdes msgavsi SekiTxvis dasma (Tumca, rogorc Semdgom vixilavT, SesaZloa, kidec vcdebodeT).
1.2 sami saxis SekiTxva, romlebsac mkvlevrebi svamen
gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom mkiTxveli maTgan sxvadasxva SekiTxvis dasmas da maTze pasuxis gacemas elis. samecniero sferoSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia konceptualuri SekiTxvebi, xolo sxvadasxva profesiul sferoebSi _ praqtikuli.
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1.2.1 konceptualuri SekiTxvebi: ra unda vifiqroT? SekiTxva konceptualuria, Tu pasuxi SekiTxvaze `mere ra?” mkiTxvels ki
ar karnaxobs, ra unda gaakeTos, aramed exmareba garkveuli sakiTxis gagebaSi: 1. me vmuSaob Temaze X 2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo rogor/ratom/Tu Y [mere ra, Tu gaigeb?] 3. raTa SevZlo, sxvebs davexmaro, gaigon, rogor/ratom/Tu Z. vinmesTvis rom mogiwioT Tqveni kvlevis axsna, saubari SeiZleba
Semdegnairad warimarTos: _ me riskis Sefasebis Temaze vmuSaob _ ratom? _ msurs, gavigo, rogor afaseben rigiTi adamianebi terorizmis Sedegad dazaralebis risks. _ ras mogcems amis gageba?? _ rodesac gavigeb, SesaZloa, ukeT gavarkvioT iseTi masStaburi sakiTxi, rogoricaa emociuri da racionaluri faqtorebis urTierTqmedeba da maTi zegavlena rigiTi adamianebis mier riskis aRqmaze.
humanitarul, socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi mkvlevrebi, umeteswilad, iseT konceptualur SekiTxvebze muSaoben, rogoricaa `rogori gavlena moaxdina Seqspiris politikurma garemom mis piesebze? ram gamoiwvia CrdiloeT amerikis yvelaze didi ZuZumwovrebis gadaSeneba? ra Semadgenloba aqvs kometas? am SekiTxvebze pasuxebiT ver gavigebT, rogor unda SevcvaloT samyaro; samagierod,, ukeT gavicnobT mas.
aSkaraa, rom konceptualur SekiTxvaze gacemuli pasuxi xSirad praqtikuli sakiTxis gadaWraSi gvexmareba. swored amitom, vidre mniSvnelovani praqtikuli problemis gadaWras SevudgebodeT, rogorc wesi, mis ukeT gasagebad konceptualuri kvlevis Catarebaa saWiro. Tumca, samecniero sferoSi mkvlevarTa umravlesobis ZiriTadi mizani, metwilad, mxolod Cveni codnis gaumjobesebaa.
1.2.2 praqtikuli SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavakeToT? amjerad sxva saxis SekiTxvas svamT. vuwodoT mas praqtikuli. es is
SemTxvevaa, rodesac Tqveni pasuxiT SekiTxvaze `mere ra?” mkiTxveli igebs, ra unda moimoqmedos, rom Secvalos an gamoasworos problemuri viTareba:
1. me vmuSaob X Temaze 2. vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y [mere ra, Tu gaigeb?] 3. raTa SevZlo mkiTxvelebs vuTxra, ra gaakeTon Z-is
gamosasworeblad/gasaumjobeseblad praqtikul SekiTxvaze muSaobas ase axsnidiT: _ riskis Sesaxeb informaciis efeqtianad miwodebis Temaze vmuSaob. _ ratom? _ msurs, gavigo, ra fsiqologiuri faqtorebis gamo afaseben gadaWarbebiT rigiTi amerikelebi teroristuli Tavdasxmis risks. _ ras mogcems amis gageba? Sedegad SemeZleba, vurCio mTavrobas, rogor unda gaaneitralos es faqtorebi, rodesac sazogadoebas awvdis informacias terorizmis realur safrTxeze.
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praqtikuli SekiTxvebi yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia samecniero sferos farglebs gareT, gansakuTrebiT - biznesSi. iseT akademiur sferoebSi, rogoricaa jandacva da sainJinro saqme, mkvlevrebi zogjer praqtikul SekiTxvebs svamen, Tumca ufro xSirad isini mesame saxisas. is arc wmindad praqtikulia da arc wmindad konceptualuri: mas vuwodebT gamoyenebiTi kvlevis SekiTxvas. 1.2.3 gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi: ra unda gavigoT, vidre gavarkvevT, ra gavakeToT?
xSirad viciT, rom raRac unda movimoqmedoT praqtikuli problemis gadasaWrelad. Tumca, vidre gavarkvevT, ra unda gavakeToT, unda CavataroT kvleva, rom ukeT CavwvdeT problemas. am saxis kvlevas SegviZlia vuwodoT gamoyenebiTi. am Sualeduri saxis SekiTxviT mesame safexurze wamoiWreba SekiTxva, romelze pasuxic aris ara praqtikuli problemis gadaWris gza, aramed mxolod nabiji misi gadaWrisken. _ msurs, gavigo, rogor Secvales amerikelebma TavianTi yoveldRiuri cxovreba 11 seqtembris teroristuli Tavdasxmebis Sedegad.
- ras mogcemT amis gageba? - SegveZleba, gavigoT fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, romlebic ganapirobebs
Cveulebrivi amerikelebis mier teroristuli Tavdasxmis riskis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebas.
- mere ra, Tu amas gaigebT? - Semdeg SevZlebT, gavigoT, rogor SevamciroT am fsiqologiuri
faqtorebis Sedegebi. - Sedegad ras miiRebT? - Sedegad, albaT, mTavroba SeZlebs, ufro efeqturad miawodos
mosaxleobas informacia terorizmis riskis Sesaxeb. gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebi gavrcelebulia iseT akademiur sferoebSi
rogoricaa biznesi, inJineria da medicina, aseve, iseT kompaniebSi da saxelmwifo uwyebebSi, kvlevas ama Tu im problemis gadasaWrelad rom atareben. 1.2.4 swori SekiTxvis SerCeva zogierT axalbeda mkvlevars ar moswons wminda konceptualuri kvlevis SekiTxvebi, radgan miaCniaT, rom isini Zalian `Teoriulia” an ar Seesabameba `realur” samyaros. amdenad, isini gvTavazoben kvlevis Sedegebis praqtikuli gamoyenebis SesaZloblobis mcdar varaudebs: roca gvecodineba, rogor imoqmeda rasam alamos istoriebis politikuri zegavlenis Camoyalibebaze, SevZlebT gavigoT, rogor gamoiyenes rasizmi patriotizmis gasaZliereblad da, amdenad, rogor unda aRmoifxvras patriotizmTan dakavSirebuli rasistuli mowodebebi axlo aRmosavleTis konfliqtebis konteqstSi.
amgvari motivacia gasagebia. Tumca, vidre ar dagavaleben gamoyenebiTi an praqtikuli problemis kvlevas, nu SeeWidebiT mas. savaraudod, mniSvnelovani praqtikuli problemis gadaWras sakurso naSromis farglebSi ver moaxerxebT. Tanac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samecniero sferos warmomadgenelTa umetesoba sakuTar misias xedavs ara msoflio problemebis pirdapir gamosworebaSi,
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aramed maT ukeT gagebaSi (rac SeiZleba, an gamodges, an _ ara am problemebis gadasaWrelad). 1.2.5 gansakuTrebuli sirTule konceptualuri SekiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi: pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze ,,mere ra?”
praqtikul SekiTxvebze metwilad ar aris saWiro pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze `mere ra”, radgan dadebiTi Sedegebi, rogorc wesi, TvalsaCinoa. yvelaze gamoyenebiTi SekiTxvebic ki gulisxmobs, rom maTze pasuxis gacemas praqtikuli dadebiTi mxare aqvs: cota mkiTxvels Tu gauCndeba kiTxva, ratom cdilobs mkvlevari gaigos, ra aris alcaimeri. Tumca, konceptualuri SekiTxvebis SemTxvevaSi, gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki ar aris xSirad cxadi, ras gvaZlevs am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. ,,mere ra, Tu Seqspirma ledi makbeti scenaze ar mokla? mere ra, Tu zogierT kulturaSi religiur ritualebSi gamoiyeneba niRbebi, sxvagan ki ara? ras gvaZlevs da ratom aris mniSvnelovani amis codna?”
Sesaval kursze momzadebul referatSi Tqveni pedagogi SeiZleba, dakmayofildes nebismieri gonivruli pasuxiT SekiTxvaze `mere ra?”. amdenad, warumateblobad nu CaTvliT, Tu kvleviTi karieris dasawyisSi giWirT am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. nurc imas ifiqrebT, rom ar xarT mzad samuSaos Casatareblad. faqtobrivad, SesaZloa, iqamde ver aRmoaCinoT pasuxi SekiTxvaze `mere ra?”, vidre ar SeqmniT naSromis Sav variants; SeiZleba, pasuxis gacema verc mis dasrulebamde SeZloT da maSinac ki SesaZloa, pasuxi sagulisxmo mxolod TqvenTvis iyos.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki Tqveni sadiplomo naSromia Tu sadisertacio, mxolod xelmZRvanelis moTxovnebis dakmayofileba ar mogiwevT. Tqveni pasuxi unda akmayofilebdes Tqveni sferos warmomadgenlebis moTxovnebsac. isini naSromis Sefasebisas gaiTvaliswineben ara mxolod imas, Tu ramdenad xarisxianad gaeciT kiTxvas pasuxi, aramed imasac, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo Tavad SekiTxvac. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom maTi naSromis wakiTxvisas zogierTi, an sulac bevri mkiTxveli gaifiqrebs, `ar veTanxmebi”. mkvlevarebi Tvlian, rom es mniSvnelovan sakiTxebze Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis auditoriisTvis gaziarebis gardauvali nawilia. Tumca, maTTvis miuRebelia damokidebuleba `ar mainteresebs”.
amdenad, rac ar unda rTuli iyos amis gakeTeba, Tu xSirad warmoidgenT, rom sxvebi gisvamen SekiTxvas “mere ra?” da rac ufro xSirad pasuxobT am kiTxvas, ufro didia Sansi imisa, rom saboloo jamSi warmatebulad gaarTmevT Tavs amocanas, daarwmunoT mkiTxveli, rom Tqveni moxsenebis wakiTxvaSi dros fuWad ar kargaven. am amocanis warmatebiT Sesruleba zogjer gamocdil mkvlevarebsac uWirT. (meaTe TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor unda davweroT iseTi Sesavali nawili, romelic mkiTxvels naSromis wakiTxvis survils aRuZravs).
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2 sakiTxidan SekiTxvaze da SekiTxvidan samuSao hipoTezaze gadasvla
2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi 2.1.1 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs 2.1.2 gaxadeT Tema advilad marTvadi 2.1.3 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs 2.1.4 SeafaseT dasmuli SekiTxvebi 2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi 2.2.1 gansazRvreT samuSao hipoTeza 2.2.2 yuradRebiT moekideT samuSao hipoTezasTan dakavSirebul riskebs 2.2.3 Tu pasuxs ver poulobT, daasabuTeT SekiTxvis marTebuloba 2.3 SeimuSaveT angariSis dafa 2.3.1 CamoayalibeT SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTezebi 2.3.2 CamoayalibeT varaudebi 2.3.3 CawereT, ra saxis damamtkicebeli faqtebi unda moiZioT 2.3.4 ganixileT mTliani gegma 2.4 CamoayalibeT momuSave damxmare gundi
kvleviTi proeqti mxolod monacemebis Segrovebas ar gulisxmobs.
proeqtze muSaoba iwyeba internetis an biblioTekis monaxulebamde gacilebiT adre da grZeldeba mas Semdegac, rac yvela saWiro informacia mopovebulia.am procesis ganmavlobaSi Tqven uamravi konkretuli amocanis winaSe dgaxarT. Tumca, yvela maTgani mimarTulia mxolod xuTi zogadi miznisken:
- dasvaT SekiTxva, romelzecpasuxis miReba amarTlebs Tqvens drosa da Sromas da imsaxurebs mkiTxvelis yuradRebas
- ipovoT pasuxi, romelic SegiZliaT, kargi argumentebiT daasabuToT - ipovoTTqveni argumentebisgamamyarebeli sando faqtebi - moamzadoT samuSao varianti, romelic gasagebad gadmoscems Tqvens
versias - gadaamuSavoTsamuSao versiaiqamde, sanam mkiTxveli ar ifiqrebs,
rom pirvel oTx mizans miaRwieT SegiZliaT es xuTi mizani samuSao kabinetSic ki gaikraT.
kvleviTi proeqtebi rTuli ar iqneboda, am nabijebis martivad Sesruleba rom SeiZlebodes. Tumca, rogorc xedavT (an male dainaxavT), kvleva da mis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT angariSis momzadeba arasodesaaadvili.rodesac erT amocanas asrulebT, Semdeg amocanaze unda ifiqroT an winasdaubrundeT. kiTxvis procesSi SecvliT Temebs;samuSao versiis momzadebisas moiZiebT met monacemebs;
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gadamuSavebisas, savaraudod, aRmoaCenT axal SekiTxvas. kvleva aris kompleqsuri, rTuli procesida misi winaswar prognozireba Znelia. Tumca, kvlevis marTva SesaZlebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaqvT gegma.gegmis SemuSaveba marTebulia maSinac ki, Tu iciT, rom am gegmidan gadauxvevT.
2.1 ipoveT SekiTxva sakvlev TemaSi
mkvlevrebi proeqtebs sxvadasxvanairad iwyeben. bevrigamocdili mkvlevari iwyebs SekiTxviT, romelzec pasuxis gacema maTi sferos warmomadgenlebs surT: ram gamoiwvia CrdiloeT amerikis erT-erTi yvelaze didi ZuZumwovrebis gadaSeneba? sxvebimxolod bundovani ideiT iwyeben. maT SeiZleba ar icodnen, ra ainteresebT goliaT zantebsa da mastedontebze, magram surT, dro dauTmon imis garkvevas, SeZleben Tu ara iseT SekiTxvad gardaqmnan TavianTi interesi, romelze pasuxis gacemac mniSvnelovania.
amas garda, ician, rom kvlevis saukeTeso SekiTxva ar aris is, romelic sxvebs konkretul pasuxs aZlevs. maTpasuxis daxmarebiT unda SeZlon, gaerkvnen ufro masStabur sakiTxSi (isev da isev ,,mere ra?”). magaliTad, rom gvcodnoda, ratom gadaSendnen Crdiloamerikeli zantebi, SevZlebdiT pasuxis gacemas ufro masStabur SekiTxvaze, romelic bevr istorikos anTropologs ainteresebs: uZvelesi periodis amerikeli indielebi bunebasTan Sexmatkbilebuladcxovrobdnen, rogorc zogierTs miaCnia, Tu uzarmazar cxovelebze nadirobdnen, vidre es ukanasknelebi gadaSendebodnen? (amas Tu gavigebdiT, Semdeg SevZlebdiT, agreTve, gagvego.....)
garda amisa, aris iseTi SekiTxvebi, romlebic, ubralod, wamotivtivdeba mkvlevris gonebaSi da gaurkvevelia, saiT waiyvans mas.zogjer isini exeba,erTi SexedviT, iseT umniSvnelo sakiTxebs, rom mxolod mkvlevars miaCnia maTze pasuxis miRebasaWirod: ratom rCeba yavis Sxefebis gaSrobis Semdeg rgolisebri formis laqa? am SekiTxvam SesaZloa, arsad migviyvanos.Tumca, amas ver ityviT, vidre pasuxs ar gaigebT.aRsaniSnavia, rom mecnierma, romelic yavis Sxefebisgan datovebuli laqebisformiT iyo dainteresebuli, gaakeTa aRmoCena siTxeebis gardaqmnaze.es aRmoCena mniSvnelovani iyo misi sferosTvis da,aseve, saRebavebis mwarmoebelTaTvisac. amdenad, vin icis, sad migiyvanT iseTi SekiTxva, rogoricaa `ramden katas eZina alamoSi brZolis wina Rames?” es winaswar ver gecodinebaT.
sinamdvileSi, mkvlevrSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Cveulebrivi movlenebisadmi gansakuTrebuli interesisgaCenis unaria.es SeiZleba iyos iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa yavis Sxefebis rgolebis forma; an is, Tu ratom mokla Seqspirma ledi makbeti scenis miRma da ara scenaze; an ratom ar izrdeba warbi iseve grZeli, rogorc Tma Tavze. gamoimuSaveT Cveul garemoSi uCveulos danaxvis unari da arasodes gamogelevaT kvleviTi proeqtebi studentobisas Tu specialistis rangSi.
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Tu Tema arCeuli gaqvT, gadadiT 2.1.3 punqtze, sadac SekiTxvebs ixilavT. Tu ukve momzadebuli gaqvT erTi-ori SekiTxva, gadadiT 2.1.4-ze, raTa isini iq CamoTvlili kriteriumebis mixedviTSeafasoT. Tu jer isev Temis ZiebaSi xarT, es gegma dagexmarebaT. 2.1.1 CaeZieT TqvenTvis saintereso sakiTxebs
Tu aarCevT Tqveni sferos Sesabamis nebismier Temas, dasviT SekiTxvebi: - romel Temebze gaqvT ukve garkveuli warmodgena SeZenili an
SegiZliaT meti gaigoT? - ris Sesaxeb gsurT, icodeT meti? adgilis? adamianis? drois? sagnis?
azris? procesis Sesaxeb? - SegiZliaT,internetSi ipovoT sadiskusio forumebi TqvenTvis
saintereso sakiTxebis Sesaxeb? - Tqvens sferosTan dakavSirebuli ra sakiTxebi gangixilavT sxvebTan
da Semdgom aRmogiCeniaT, rom ver asabuTebT Tqvens Sexedulebebs kargi argumentebiTa da faqtebiT?
- Tqvens sferoSi, romeli sakiTxebis gageba ueWirT im adamianebs romlebic ar miekuTvnebian Tqvens sferos?
- ra sakiTxebze muSaobs Tqveni profesori? surs, rom Tqven gamoikvlioT misi nawili? nu mogeridebaT amis kiTxva.
- aqvsTu ara Tqvens biblioTekas kargi resursebi romelime sferoSi? hkiTxeTTqvens profesors an biblioTekars.
- romeli kursebis gavlas apirebT Tqvens sferoSi an mis gareT? ipoveT?MmoZebneT saxelmZRvanelo da gadaxedeT mas kvlevis SekiTxvebis mosaZebnad.
- Tu samuSaos miReba gsurT, ra saxis kvleviTi moxseneba dagexmarebaT amaSi? damsaqmeblebi xSirad iTxoven kandidatisgan naSromis nimuSebis warmodgenas.
- ideebisTvisSegiZliaT, aseve, mimarToT gamoqveynebul literaturas. - Tvali gadaavleT sakiTxebs Tqveni sferos Sesabamis specialur
saZieblebSi, magaliTad, filosofosis indeqsSi, geografiul abstraqtebSi, qalTa sakiTxebis kvlevasTan dakavSirebulmoxsenebebSi da a.S. (bibliografiaSi Tqveni sferos Sesabamisi sakiTxebi meore kategoriaSia mocemuli).
- gadaxedeT Jurnals, sadac ganxilulia wlis saukeTeso naSromebi Tqvens sferoSi (bibliografiaSi Tqveni sferos Sesabamisi sakiTxebi meore kategoriaSia mocemuli).
akademiuri kvleva gulisxmobs mis gaziarebas.Tumca, codna, romelsac kvlevis saSualebiT iRebT, imavdroulad,mniSvnelovania mxolod TqvenTvis.amdenad, gamoiCineT windaxeduleba: aarCieT iseTi proeqti, romelic erTi wlis Semdeg gamogadgebodaT. Tumca, isic gaiTvaliswineT, rom SesaZloa, didxans mogiwioT proeqtze muSaoba.aseT SemTxvevaSi, Tema sakmaod saintereso unda iyos, rom warmatebiT gaarTvaT Tavi masTan dakavSirebul sirTuleebs.
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2.1.2 gaxadeT Tema advilad marTvadi
Tu SearCevT Temas, romlis saxeli enciklopediis statias hgavs – xidebi, Citebi, niRbebi — imden wyaros ipoviT, rom maT gacnobas, SeiZleba, mTeli cxovreba moandomoT. SerCeuli Temidan unda amoWraT advilad marTvadi nawili.es SegiZliaT gaakeToT biblioTekaSi wasvlamde:daaviwroeT Tema; gansazRvreT, TemaSi konkretulad ra gainteresebT: magaliTad, ris gamo airCieT niRbebis Tema? niRbebTan dakavSirebuli ra konkretuli aspeqti aRZravs TqvenSi interess? ganixileT Tema TqvenTvis cnobil raime konteqstSi, Semdeg daamateT sityvebi da frazebi am codnis asaxvisTvis:
- niRbebi religiur ceremoniebSi - niRbebi, rogorc simbolo hopis tomis religiur ceremoniebSi - kerpTaniRbebi, rogorc ciuri sulebis simbolo hopis tomis
nayofierebis ceremoniebSi
SesaZloa, ver moaxerxoT Temidan konkretuli aspeqtis SerCeva, vidre mis Sesaxeb literaturis gacnobas ar daiwyebT.es dros moiTxovs.amdenad, adre SeudeqiT kiTxvas (am mosamzadebeli samuSaos didi nawilis Sesruleba internetiT SegiZliaT);
- Tavdapirvelad zogad enciklopediaSi moiZieT Temis mimoxilva (bibliografiaSi ixileT punqtebi meore kategoriaSi gamoyenebuli zogadi xasiaTis literaturis Sesaxeb); Semdeg Tematur enciklopediaSi (meore kategoriaSi ixileT punqtebi Tqvens sferoze) gaecaniT masalebs Temis Sesaxeb.
- gadaaTvaliereT Temis Sesaxeb arsebuli kvlevebi (Cveulebriv, kvlevebi miTiTebulia enciklopediis statiebSi).
- yovelwliur bibliografiaSi Tvali gadaavleT Tqveni Temis qvesaTaurebs (bibliografiaSi meoTxe kategoriaSi ixileT punqtebi Tqvens sferoze). es Temis dasamuSaveblad saWiro sakiTxavi literaturis siis SeqmnaSic dagexmarebaT.
- internetSimoiZieT masalebi Temis Sesaxeb (magram yuradRebiT daakvirdiT moZiebul masalebs; ix. punqti 3.4.3). gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa Temebi, romlebic iwvevs diskusias:
fiSeris mtkicebiT, `helouinis” niRbebi gamoxatavs bavSvebis pirvandel SiSebs, magram asea ki es? SesaZloa, ver SeZloT kamaTis gadaWra, magram SeZlebT, gaigoT, rogor warimarTeba amgvari diskusiebi (met informacias am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ixilavT punqtSi 3.1.2). 2.1.3 dasviT SekiTxva Tqvens TemasTan dakavSirebiT
es gaakeTeT ara mxolod erTxel, sawyis etapze, aramed, mTeli proeqtis ganmavlobaSi.dasviT SekiTxvebi kiTxvisas, gansakuTrebiT SekiTxvebi rogor da ratom (ix., agreTve, punqtebi 4.1.1 – 4.1.2). mosinjeTsxva saxis SekiTxvebic (kategoriebi Tavisufalia da nawilobriv emTxveva erTmaneTs. amdenad, nu iRelvebT maT gacalkevebaze).
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1. dasviT SekiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu rogor esadageba Tema ufro farTo konteqsts (istoriul, socialur, kulturul, geografiul, funqciur, ekonomikur da a.S.):
- rogoresadagebaTqvens mier arCeuli Tema ufro vrcel istorias? ra xdeboda niRbebamde? rogor gaCnda isini? ratom? ra cvlilebebi gamoiwvia niRbebma socialuri da geografiuli garemos sxva nawilebSi? rogor da ratom moxda es? ratom daiwyes niRbebis gamoyeneba `helouinze”? rogor da ratom gaxda niRbebis wyalobiT `helouini” amerikaSi Sobis Semdeg udidesi dResaswauli?
- rogorxdeba Tqveni Tema ufro didi sistemis moqmedi nawili? rogor asaxavs niRbebi konkretuli sazogadoebebis da kulturebis Rirebulebebs? ra daniSnuleba aqvs niRabs hopis tomis cekvebSi? saSinelebaTa filmebSi?kostumirebulmejlisebze? SeniRbvis garda, kidev ra mizniT gamoiyeneba niRabi? ra zegavlena moaxdina tradiciul ornamentebze `kaCinebis” niRbebze mzardma moTxovnam?
- riT hgavs da riT gansxvavdeba Tqveni Tema sxva msgavsi Temebisgan?
rogor gansxvavdeba amerikel indielTa ceremoniebSi gamoyenebuli niRbebi im niRbebisgan, romlebsac afrikis mkvidri mosaxleoba iyenebs? ra saerTo aqvs `helouinis” niRabs mardi grasis niRbebTan? ra saerTo aqvs niRabsa da plastikur qirurgias?
2. dasviT SekiTxvebi Tavad sakiTxis, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeulis xasiaTze:
- rogor Seicvala Tqveni Tema droTa ganmavlobaSi? ratom? ra aris misi momavali? rogor Seicvala `helouinis” niRbebi? ratom? rogor Seicvala amerikel indielTa niRbebi? ratom?
- rogor erTiandeba Tqveni Temis nawilebi mTlian sistemad? niRbis ra nawilebia yvelaze mniSvnelovani hopis tomTa ceremoniebSi? ratom? ratom faravs zogierTi niRabi mxolod Tvalebs? ratom aris ase cotais niRabi, romelic mxolod saxis qveda naxevars faravs?
- Tqveni Temis ramdeni gansxvavebuli kategoria arsebobs? `helouinis” niRbebis ra saxeebi arsebobs? ra Tvisebebi aqvs niRbebs? ra funqciebi aqvs `helouinis” niRbebs?
3. aqcieT dadebiTi SekiTxvebi uaryofiTad: ratom ar gaxda niRbebi Sobis dResaswaulis nawili? ratom ar gansxvavdeba amerikel indielTa niRbebi afrikis mkvidri tomebis niRbebisgan? Cveulebriv, niRbis ra nawilebi ar aris mniSvnelovani religiur ceremoniebSi? 4. dasviT diskusiis gamomwvevi SekiTxvebi: ratom aris gavrcelebuli niRbebi afrikis tomTa religiebSi, magram ara - dasavleTSi? ratom moswonT bavSvebs `helouinis” niRbebis tareba zrdasrulebis did
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nawilze metad? ratom ar atareben kamuflaJiT Semosili monadireebi niRbebs? 5. dasviT SekiTxvebi `ra iqneboda, rom?”: ra iqneboda, Tqveni Tema saerTod rom ar arsebuliyo, an gamqraliyo, an axal konteqstSi aRmoCeniliyo? ra iqneboda, usafrTxoebis garda, sxva mizniT niRabi arasodes aravis rom ar gaekeTebina? ra iqneboda, xalxSi yvela niRbebiT rom dadiodes? ra iqneboda, filmebi da televizia berZnuli speqtaklebis msgavsi rom yofiliyo da yvela msaxiobi niRbiT gamosuliyo? ra iqneboda, ucnobTan paemanze niRbebis tareba Cveuleba rom yofiliyo? saqorwino ceremoniebze? dakrZalvebze? 6. dasviT SekiTxvebi, romlebic wyarosgan gansxvavebul azrs gamoxatavs: Tuki gamoyenebul literaturaSi mocemulia mtkiceba, romelic, Tqveni azriT, sustad aris dasabuTebuli an Tundac mcdaria, SekiTxvis saxiTACamoayalibeT sawinaaRmdego azri (ix., agreTve, punqti 4.1.2). martinezi acxadebs, rom sakarnavalo niRbebi SesaniSnav SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamians, daaRwios Tavi sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebul wesebs. Tumca, Cemi azriT, religiuri niRbebi imavdroulad SesaZleblobas aZlevs adamians, gaeridos materialur samyaros da gadainacvlos sulierSi.arsebobsimis ufro naTelimagaliTi, rom yvela niRabi alternatiuli sazogadoebrivi da sulieri cxovrebis SegrZnebas qmnis? 7. dasviT SekiTxvebi, romlebic aZlierebs daskvnebs: Tu wyaroSi warmodgenilia debuleba, romelic Tqveni azriT, damajerebelia, dasviT SekiTxvebi, romlebic afarToebs mis masStabs (ix., agreTve,punqti 4.1.1). eliasi gviCvenebs, rom kostumirebulma mejlisebma popularoba moipova meTvramete saukunis londonSi sazogadoebriv mobilurobasTan dakavSirebuli mRelvarebis sapasuxod. evropis sxva qveynebis dedaqalaqebSic igive mRelvarebiT iyo gamowveuli msgavsi tendencia? SegiZliaT, agreTve, dasvaT SekiTxva, romelic damatebiTi faqtebiT amyarebs imave daskvnas.eliasimTlianad gamoqveynebuli literaturiT amyarebs sakuTar gancxadebas kostumirebuli mejlisebis Sesaxeb. dasturdebaTu ara es gancxadeba iseT gamouqveynebel literaturaSi arsebuli faqtebiT, rogoricaa werilebi da dRiurebi? 8. dasviT im SekiTxvebis analogiuri SekiTxvebi, romlebic sxvebma dasves msgavsi Temebis Sesaxeb. smiTma getisburgis brZola ekonomikur WrilSi gaaanaliza. ras mogvcemda alamos brZolis ekonomikuri analizi? 9. moZebneT SekiTxvebi, romlebic sxva mkvlevrebma dasves, Tumca pasuxi ar gauciaT. Jurnalis araerTi statia sruldeba Ria tipis SekiTxvebiT, romelsac erTi-ori abzaci uWiravs.iq, aseve, ipoviT mosazrebebs Semdgomi kvlevisTvis da a.S. SesaZloa, ver SeZloT yvela rekomendebuli kvlevis Catareba, magram SegiZliaT, iqidan raRac sakiTxi amoiRoT.
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10. ipoveT internet-forumi Tqvens Temaze, Tvali gadaavleT, waikiTxeT dialogebi, raTa gaigoT, ra saxis SekiTxvebze msjeloben forumis monawileebi. Tu ver poulobT forums saZiebo sistemis meSveobiT, mimarTeT profesors an estumreT Tqveni sferos profesiuli organizaciebis internet-gverdebs.moZebneT SekiTxvebi, romlebic sainteresoa TqvenTvis. SegiZliaT, agreTve, SekiTxva dasvaT forumze, Tuki is Zalian konkretuli da viwroa. Tumca,jergaarkvieT, dasaSvebia Tu ara iq studentebis mier SekiTxvis dasma. 2.1.4 SeafaseT dasmuli SekiTxvebi
yvela pasuxi erTnairad gamosadegi ar aris.amdenad, SeafaseT Tqveni SekiTxvebi da gverdze gadadeT isini, romlebiTac, savaraudod,ver miiRebT saintereso pasuxebs. Tu qvemoT mocemuli pirobebi kmayofildeba, kidev erTxel dafiqrdiT.
1. SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Zalian martivad SegiZliaT. - SegiZliaT moiZioT pasuxi: romel niRbebs iyeneben navahos
cekvebSi? - SegiZliaT reziume gaakeToT wyaros mixedviT: ras ambobs fiSeri
niRbebis da SiSebis Sesaxeb? 2. ver poulobT karg faqtebs pasuxis gasamyareblad.
- ar arsebobs Sesabamisi faqtebi: aris Tu ara maias niRbebi ucxoplanetelebis xatis mixedviT aris Seqmnili?
- SekiTxva Seexeba upiratesobis miniWebas an gemovnebas: balis tomTa niRbebi ufro lamazia Tu maias tomis niRbebi?
- unda waikiTxoT Zalian bevri wyaro-literatura: rogor mzaddeba niRbebi? saukeTeso damadasturebeli faqtebis mosaZieblad ar gsurT uTvalavi raodenobis moxsenebis gacnoba (aseT situaciaSi maSin aRmoCndebiT, roca Tqveni kiTxva Zalian zogadia).
- ver poulobT wyaroebs, romlebic Tqveni mkiTxvelis azriT mniSvnelovania. proeqti umaRlesi samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad romc ar iyos ganxorcielebuli, mkiTxveli maincelis, rom imuSavebT arsebuli wyaroebidan saukeTesoebze; Tezisis an sadisertacio naSromis SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli aspeqti wyaroebis Sesaxeb Zalian mniSvnelovania. Tu ver moipovebT am wyaroebs, moifiqreT sxva SekiTxva.
3. ar SegiZliaT pasuxis damajereblad uaryofa - pasuxi TavisTavad cxadia, radgan, faqtebi amyarebs mas. ramdenad
mniSvnelovania niRbebi inuitebis kulturaSi? pasuxi TvalsaCinoa: Zalian mniSvnelovani. Tu ver axerxebT debulebis uaryofas, maSin azri ar aqvs mis damtkicebas (meores mxriv, im mkvlevrebma, romlebmac kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenes erTi SexedviT TavisTavad cxadi mtkiceba – magaliTad, rom mze
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dedamiwis garSemo brunavs – da gabedes,daemtkicebinaT sapirispiro, msoflio aRiareba moipoves).
uarsnu ityviT SekiTxvaze imis gamo, rom, Tqveni azriT, vinmes ukve dausvams is. vidre ar gaigebT, ise eZebeT pasuxi masze, TiTqos pirvelad swored Tqven svamT am SekiTxvas. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki vinmes gacemuli aqvs pasuxi am SekiTxvaze, SesaZloa, ukeTesi moifiqroT, an Tundac axali kuTxiT warmoaCinoT is. faqtobrivad, humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi saukeTeso SekiTxvebze, rogorc wesi, arsebobs erTze meti kargi pasuxi. agreTve, SegiZliaT,proeqtad airCioT sxvadasxva pasuxebis Sedareba da maT Soris gansxvavebebis warmoCena,aseve, saukeTeso pasuxiadaasabuTebac (ix. 6.2.5).
maSasadame, unda ipovoT SekiTxva, romelzecgsurT pasuxis gacema. Zalian bevr students, rogorc sabakalavro doneze, ise,ganaTlebis Semdgom safexurebze miaCnia, rom ganaTlebis mizania, davimaxsovroT sxvebis mier gacemuli pasuxebi.esase ar aris. ganaTleba miznad isaxavs sakuTar SekiTxvebze sakuTari pasuxebis moZiebis unaris gamomuSavebas. amisaTvis unda iswavloT sakiTxebis gamovlena, unda dainteresdeT maTiT, gansakuTrebiT, iseTi sakiTxebiT, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, Zalian Cveulebrivia.
2.2 warmoadgineT ramdenime samuSao pasuxi
vidre proeqtis Semdgom etapebze gadaxvalT, scadeT, gaiaroT kidev erTi nabiji, rasac zogierTi damwyebi mkvlevari erideba, magram, rogorc wesi, gamocdili mkvlevrebi am etaps, Cveulebriv, gadian. SekiTxvis gansazRvris Semdeg, warmoidgineT damajerebeli pasuxebi, ganurCevlad imisa, isini zedapiruli iqneba Tu hipoTeturi.am etapze nu ifiqrebT imaze, aris Tu ara pasuxi swori. amas mogvianebiT gaakeTebT.
magaliTad, vTqvT, svamT SekiTvas: ratom iyeneben zogierT religiur ceremoniaSi niRbebs, sxvebSi ki - ara? SegiZliaT, ivaraudoT,rom: SesaZloa, kulturebSi, sadac bevri sulia, maT gasarCevad niRbebi sWirdebaT. SesaZloa, niRbebi, Cveulebriv, im kulturebSi gamoiyeneba, sadac religia da medicina Serwymulia. SesaZloa, Sua aRmosavleTis qveynebSi warmoSobil religiebze zegavlena moaxdina ebraelebis mier kerpTayvanismcemlobis akrZalvam. zogadi pasuxiTac ki SeiZleba, miviRoT raRac, risi Seswavlac mniSvnelovania:
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SesaZloa, es dakavSirebulia niRbebis daniSnulebasTan kulturis arareligiur sferoebSi.
scadeT, warmoidginoT erTi damajerebeli pasuxi mainc, miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad naadrevi Tu hipoTeturia is. Tu ver SeZlebT mis dasabuTebas xangrZlivi kvlevis Sedegad, SegiZliaT, Tqveni naSromi aawyoT imis garSemo, ratom geCvenebodaT erT dros es pasuxi mizanSewonilad, rom pasuxi mcdari aRmoCnda da ar Rirs am SekiTxvis Seswavlaze sxva mkvlevrebis drois xarjva. es, TavisTavad, SesaZloa, Rirebuli informacia iyos Temis Sesaxeb msjelobisas (ix. punqtebi 10.1.1 – 10.1.2, sadac naxavT, rogor unda gamoiyenoT erT dros aSkarad kargi idea, romelic Semdeg mcdari aRmoCnda).
eZebeT ori an sami damajerebeli pasuxi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu romelime erTs aniWebT upiratesobas, SegiZliaT,is sxva pasuxebs SeadaroT da amiT gaaumjobesoT Tqveni daskvnebi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ver aCvenebT, rom Tqveni pasuxi sworia, Tu ver aCveneT, ratom aris sxva pasuxebi mcdari. proeqtis adreul etapzec ki Tqveni pasuxebi maqsimalurad mkafiod da srulad dawereT. Zalian iolia, ifiqroT, rom rameze mkafio warmodgena gaqvT maSin, rodesac es ase ar aris. bundovani ideis daxvewis saukeTeso gza misi qaRaldze gadatana an sulac imis aRmoCenaa, rom amis gakeTeba ar SegiZliaT. 2.2.1 ganazRvreT samuSao hipoTeza
Tuki erTi pasuxi perspeqtiulia, uwodeT mas Tqveni samuSao hipoTeza da kvlevis ganmavlobaSi am pasuxiT ixelmZRvaneleT. ra Tqma unda, damamtkicebeli faqtebis moZieba mxolod SekiTxviT xelmZRvanelobiTac SegiZliaT, vinaidan nebismieri SekiTxva zRudavs damajerebeli pasuxebis raodenobas. Tumca, yvelaze adreuli samuSao hipoTezac ki gexmarebaT garkveuli sakiTxebis winaswar gansazRvraSi, gansakuTrebiT,hipoTezisdasasabuTeblad saWiro faqtebis xasiaTis gansazRvraSi. cifrebi dagWirdebaT,citatebi, dakvirvebebis Sedegebi, suraTebi Tu istoriuli faqtebi? kidevufro mniSvnelovania, ra saxis faqtebi daamtkicebs Tqveni hipoTezis mcdarobas.gaeciT pasuxebi am SekiTxvebs da gecodinebaT, ra monacemebi moZebnoT da SeinaxoT. faqtobrivad, vidre hipoTezas ar SeqmniT, ar gecodinebaT, Seesabameba Tu ara mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas monacemebi, romlebsac agrovebT.
Tu ver moifiqreT samuSao hipoTeza, scadeT SecvaloT SekiTxva.gadaxedeT sakvlevi SekiTxvebis sias da moZebneT SekiTxva, romelzec SeZlebT pasuxis gacemas. Tu es nabiji gamotoveT, daubrundiT 2.1.3 punqts.SegiZliaT, agreTve, axali Tema aarCioT.moklevadian perspeqtivaSi amiT drosdakargavT, Tumca, SesaZloa, Tavidan aiciloT proeqtis warumatebulad dasruleba. Tu muSaobT Tezisze an disertaciaze, kiTxvis da fiqris procesSi SegiZliaT, moicadoT, rom ufro kargad CamoayaliboT hipoTeza, magram proeqtis Semdgom etapebze
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ar gadaxvideT manam, vidre SesaZlo pasuxis monaxazi mainc ar geqnebaT gansazRvruli.
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gadadoT hipoTezis gansazRvraze fiqri moxsenebis Savi variantis weris, an,kidev uaresi, naSromis TiTqmis dasrulebis etapisTvis. SesaZlebelia, SekiTxvaze saukeTeso pasuxi ver gamonaxoT, vidre moxsenebis bolo gverds ar dawerT: wera, gadamuSavebac ki, TavisTavad aRmoCenas gulisxmobs. ubralod, nu moicdiT moxsenebis srulad damTavrebamde,rom raime pasuxze daiwyoT fiqri. 2.2.2 yuradRebiT moekideT samuSao hipoTezasTan dakavSirebul riskebs
mizanSewoniliar aris saboloo pasuxis Zalian male gansazRvra. Tumca, mravali axalbeda da zogierTi gamocdili mkvlevari Tavs ikavebs proeqtis adreul etapze raime samuSao, Tundac mxolod gonebaSi arsebuli, hipoTezis ganxilvisgan, vinaidan eSiniaT maTi azrovneba mikerZoebuli ar gaxdes. amis garkveuli riski arsebobs.Tumca, samuSao hipoTezam ar unda SegiSaloT xeli ukeTesi hipoTezis gansazRvraSi.yvelaze obieqturi mecnieric ki atarebs eqsperiments, rom gamoscados sul ramdenime mosalodneli Sedegi, xSirad mxolod erTic ki. faqtobrivad, mkvlevrebs mudam aqvT gonebaSi hipoTeza, magram mas sajarod ar acxadeben imis SiSiT, rom mcdari aRmoCndeba.
samuSao hipoTeza mxolod maSinaa riskTan dakavSirebuli, Tu gabrkolebT ukeTesi hipotezis mofiqrebaSi an Tu faqtebis sijiutis gamo ver axerxebT mis ukugdebas. amdenad, rogorc yvela urTierTobaSi, Zalian Zlier nu CaeWidebiT Tqvens pirvel hipoTezas: rac ufro metad mogwonT, miT ufro gagiWirdebaT misi naklovanebebis danaxva. miuxedavad aRniSnuli riskisa, umjobesia,muSaoba xarvezebiani hipoTeziT daiwyoT, vidre mis gareSe. 2.2.3 Tu ver poulobT pasuxs, daasabuTeT SekiTxvis marTebuloba
imdens vmsjelobT SekiTxvebze, SesaZloa, ifiqroT, rom Tqveni proeqti warumatebeli iqneba, Tuki pasuxs ver gascemT Tqvens SekiTxvas. sinamdvileSi
, Zalian mniSvnelovani kvleva ganmartavs, ratom unda daisvas SekiTxva, romelic aravis dausvams, miuxedavad imisa, rom mkvlevari ver pasuxobs mas: xedavs Tu ara ku sizmrebs? ratom aris mTqnareba gadamdebi, Zilis survili ki - ara? an aris ki gadamdebi? aseT moxsenebebSi aqcenti gakeTebulia imaze, Tu ratom aris SekiTxva mniSvnelovani da rogori SeiZleba iyos kargi pasuxi. SesaZloa, aRmoaCinoT, rom viRacas gacemuli aqvs pasuxi Tqvens SekiTxvaze, Tumca arasrulad an sulac, Tu gagimarTlaT, mcdarad. Tu swor pasuxs ver poulobT, mkiTxvels imiT exmarebiT, rom uCvenebT farTod aRiarebuli pasuxis simcdares (ixileT punqti 10.1.2, raTa gaigoT, rogor gamoiyenoT es gegma Tqvens SesavalSi).
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kritikuliazrovneba, romelic nebismier profesiaSi dagWirdebaT, giviTardebaT mxolod maSin, rodesac SekiTxvas SekiTxvaze svamT. faqtobrivad, gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvis cnobilia, rom umetes sakiTxebs an saerTod ar gaaCnia, an Zalian cota saboloo pasuxi aqvs, vinaidan ar arsebobs saboloo SekiTxvebi. maT ician, rom iseve mniSvnelovania axali SekiTxvis dasma, rogorc Zvelze pasuxis gacema da rom erT dRes maTi axali SekiTxvacmoZveldeba da axali mkvlevris kidev ufro axali SekiTxvis safuZveli gaxdeba.
Tqveni saqmea gaxdeT isaxali mkvlevari.
2.3 aageT `angariSis dafa”, romlis daxmarebiTac dagegmavT da
warmarTavT muSaobas
mokle moxsenebisTvis SesaZloa, ar dagWirdeT detaluri gegma da sakmarisi iyos monaxazis gakeTeba. vrceli proeqtisTvis ki, Cveulebriv, dagWirdebaT meti dagegmva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu saqme Teziss an disertacias exeba. Cveulebriv, pirveli gegma, romelic mogafiqrdebaT, aris monaxazi, sadac CawerT I da II da “a” da “b” da a.S.etapebs (ix. 23.4.2). Tu girCevniaT monaxazis gamoyeneba, asec moiqeciT, gansakuTrebiT, Tuki Tqveni proeqti SedarebiT pataraa.saqme imaSia, rom monaxazis daxmarebiT muSaobisas SeiZleba,mogixdeT Zalian bevri ramis Zalian adre dakonkreteba da moxsenebis saboloo saxiT iqamde Camoyalibeba, vidre mas kargad gaiazrebdeT da dafiqrdebodeT.
am riskis Tavidan asacileblad bevri mkvlevari, maT Soris akademiuri sferos gareT moRvawe mkvlevrebi,vrceli moxsenebebis gegmas `dafaze” ageben. `dafa” aris monaxazis msgavsi gegma, romelic ramdenime gverdzea gaSlili da sadac bevri sivrcea datovebuli muSaobis procesSi monacemebis da ideebis dasamateblad. ,,angariSisdafis” gamoyeneba monaxaziT muSaobaze moqnili meTodia: misi daxmarebiT SegiZliaT, dagegmoT faqtebis moZieba, CamoayaliboT argumenti, SeqmnaT Savi naweris pirveli varianti da gamoscadoT saboloo naweri. xazebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic monaxazSi gamoiyeneba, SegiZliaT fizikurad gadaaadgiloT dafis gverdebi da ar mogiwioT yovel jerze axali gegmis amobeWdva, rodesac axal wyobas cdiT. SegiZliaT, misi gverdebi kedelze gaakraT, daajgufoT dakavSirebuli gverdebi da mcire nawilebi did nawilebTan daakraT, rom SeqmnaT Tqveni proeqtis `suraTi”, romelic mTlianobaSi giCvenebT gegmas da asaxavs,rogor midixarT win gegmis ganxorcielebisken. 2.3.1 CamoayalibeT SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTeza
`dafis” dasawyebad pirveli gverdiszeda nawilSi rac SeiZleba zustad dasviT Tqveni SekiTxva da samuSao hipoTeza. Semdeg daamateT damajerebeli variantebi, rac dagexmarebaT, ufro mkafiod dainaxoT misi susti da Zlieri mxareeebi.maTze fiqrisas daamateT axali hipoTeza da gadaxazeT isini, romelTa simcdaresac daadasturebT. uaryofili
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hipoTezebi SeinaxeT, radgan SesaZloa, moaxerxoT erT-erTi maTganis SesavalSi gamoyeneba (ix. 10.1.1). 2.3.2 CamoayalibeT Tqveni mizezebi
TiToeuli gverdis zeda nawilSi CawereT calkeuli mizezi, romelsac SeuZlia Tqveni saukeTeso hipoTezis gamyareba, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuki mxolod erTi an ori hipoTeza gaqvT gansazRvruli (mizezebis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ix. punqtSi 5.4.2). warmoidgineT, TiTqos megobars uxsniT Tqvens proeqts. ambobT, msurs vaCveno, rom alamos istoriebma zegavlena moaxdina texasis individualuri TviTmyofadobis ganviTarebaSi da Tqveni megobari gekiTxebaT, ratom fiqrob ase? Tqveni argumentacia aris zogadi gancxadebebi, romlebsac warmoadgenT Tqveni pasuxis dasasabuTeblad: pirvel rigSi, istoriebma daamaxinja faqtebi, raTa xazi gasmoda imas, rac umniSvnelovanesi gaxda texasis TviTmyofadobaSi; meore, istoriebi pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli imis saCveneblad, rom texasi (da `veluri dasavleTi”) axali saxis sazRvari iyo; mesame, ... da a.S.
Tu mxolod erTi an ori varaudi gafiqrdebaT (rogorc wesi, saWiro iqneba meti varaudis moyvana), gverdebis zeda nawilSi daakariT varaudi 3: raime alamos istoriebis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc texaselebs gansakuTrebulad miaCniaT Tavi. Tu iciT mxolod is, rogor gsurT,varaudmagaamyaros Tqveni pasuxi, moiyvaneTvaraudi 4: raRac imis saCveneblad, rom alamos istoriebi iyo imaze meti, vidre, ubralod, miTi. TiToeuli varaudi, cxadia, unda gamyardes.amdenad, TiToeulisTvis dasviT SekiTxva: ratom vfiqrob ase? ra faqtis moyvana damWirdeba amis dasamtkiceblad? es dagexmarebaT imaSi, rom Tqveni kvlevis procesi faqtebis Ziebaze mimarToT (ix. 2.3.3 da 5.4.2).
Tu TqvenTvis esa Tu is Tema axalia an proeqtis adreul etapze imyofebiT, varaudad SesaZloa, gamoiyenoT codnaze dafuZnebuli daSveba, romelsac Semdgom SecvliT; Tu ase ar moxda, SesaZloa, ar iyaviT sakmarisad TviTkritikuli. miuxedavad amisa, varaudebis sia, ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ramdenad savaraudoa is, kvlevis warmarTvis saukeTeso CarCoa. amasTan, azrovnebis koncentrirebis TvalsazrisiT, danamdvilebiT sjobs varaudebis saerTod arqonas. 2.3.3 CawereT, ra saxis mtkicebulelebiunda moiZioT - TiToeuli sferosTvis sasurvelia konkretuli saxis faqtebi,
cifrebi, citatebi, dakvirvebebi, istoriuli faqtebi, suraTebi, da a.S. amdenad, CainiSneT, ra saxis faqtebi dagWirdebaT TiToeuli argumentis gasamyareblad. isic ki warmoidgineT, rogori iqneboda yvelaze damajerebeli damamtkicebeli sabuTi. Tu ver gansazRvravT, ra saxis faqti dagWirdebaT, carieli datoveT gverdis es nawili, Semdeg gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, rom naxoT, ra saxis faqtebs aniWeben upiratesobas mkvlevrebi Tqvens sferoSi (ix. 3.1.2).
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2.3.4 SexedeT mTlian gegmas ganalageT gverdebi magidaze an gaakariT kedelze. Semdeg dadeqiT
moSorebiT da daakvirdiT Tanmimdevrobas.rodesac gegmavT pirvel Sav nawers, misi nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT unda daalagoT. ase rom, axlave SegiZliaT, daiwyoT masze fiqri. xedavT logikas TanmimdevrobaSi? mizezi da Sedegi? Txrobis dro? fardobiTi mniSvneloba? kompleqsuroba? sigrZe? (TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi principebi ix. punqtSi 6.2.5).mosinjeT sxvadasxva Tanmimdevroba. es `dafa” ar aris Tqveni saboloo gegma; is, ubralod, instrumentia Tqveni azrovnebis warsamarTad da Sedegebis Camosayalibeblad.
rodesac gverds avsebT, scadeT Sesabamisi nawilis Savi piris Seqmna, vinaidan proeqtis TiToeul etapze SesaZlebelia azrebis qaRaldze gadataniT azrovnebis gaumjobeseba.
erT dRes, rodesac Tavisufali dro geqnebaT, SegiZliaT, gadaxedoT wyaroebs, waikiTxoT mxolod is literatura, rac Tqven gainteresebT. aseTi SemTxveviTi daTvalierebiT kvlevis mniSvnelovani kvanZebi gaxsnila. Tumca, Tu moxseneba, daaxloebiT, erTi Tvis vadaSi unda iyos mzad, ideis mosvlas ver daelodebiT; dagegmva unda daiwyoT. `dafa” aris martivi da saimedo xerxi, romelic gegmis SemuSavebaSi dagexmarebaT.
2.4 weraze momuSave mxardamWeri gundis Camoyalibeba
samecniero kvlevis naklovani mxare misi izolirebulobaa. Tu ar CavTvliT jgufur proeqtebs, samecniero kvlevis dros umeteswilad damoukideblad kiTxulobT, azrovnebT da werT. Tumca, aucilebeli ar aris, ase iyos, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTeli procesis ganmavlobaSi mainc.moZebneT vinme, garda Tqveni profesoris an xelmZRvanelisa, romelic gesaubrebaT Tqvens winsvlaze, gadaxedavs Tqvens samuSao variantebs, imasac getyviT, ramdeni dagiweriao. es SeiZleba iyos megobari.Tumca, pirvel rigSi, ecadeT,sxva avtori moZebnoT, rom SeZloT erTmaneTis ideebisa da samuSao versiebisirgvliv msjeloba.
kidev ufro ukeTesia weraze momuSave oTxi an xuTi adamianisgan Semdgari gundi.gundis wevrebi sakuTar proeqtebze muSaoben da regularulad marTaven Sexvedrebs, raTa imsjelon erTmaneTis mier gaweul samuSaoze.adreul etapze yvela Sexvedra daiwyeT TiToeuli piris proeqtis reziumeTi, romelsac CamoayalibebT am samnawiliani winadadebiT: me vmuSaob Temaze X, vinaidan msurs, gavigo Y, raTa me (da Tqven) SevZloT Z–is ukeT gageba. muSaobis procesi daiwyeT `liftSi moyolili istoriiT”, esaa Tqveni kvlevis reziume, romelsac mouyvebiT adamians, romelic Sexvedraze asvlisas liftSi dagemgzavrebaT. reziume unda moicavdes zemoT moyvanil samnawilian winadadebas, samuSao hipoTezas da ZiriTad gamamyarebel varaudebs (ix. 13.4).
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Semdgom etapebze, gundis wevrebi erTmaneTs acnoben monaxazebs da Sav nawerebs, raTa gansazRvron, rogori reaqcia eqneba sabolood mkiTxvels.Tuki Tqvens gunds ar moewona samuSao varianti, saboloo mkiTxvelic imave azrisa iqneba.gundi SeiZleba, dagexmaroT samuSaos erTobliv ganxilvaSi, rodesac gagijanjldebaT procesi. Tumca, avtorTa udidesi nawilisTvis weraze momuSave gundi yvelaze metad Rirebulia im disciplinis gamo, romelsac is awesebs. vadebSi Cateva ufro iolia, roca iciT, rom sxvas unda moaxsenoT Tqveni progresis Sesaxeb.
weraze momuSave jgufebi standartulad gamoiyeneba Tezisebisa an disertaciebisTvis. Tumca, wesebi, SesaZloa, gansxvavdebodes sakurso naSromebisTvis.zogierTpedagogs miaCnia, rom jgufs an weraze momuSave partniors SeuZlia, gagiwioT saTanadoze meti daxmareba, amitom kargad gaagebineT Tqvens profesors, ra funqcia eqneba gunds. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, leqtorma SeiZleba, gadawyvitos, rom daxmareba, romelic miiReT, Seusabamoa (ix. 7.10).
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3. sasargeblo wyaroebis moZieba
3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan mkiTxveli
3.1.1 faqtebis moZiebis mizniT, mimarTeT pirvelwyaroebs
3.1.2 gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, raTa ixiloT sxva mkvlevrebis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi 3.1.3 gaecaniT mesamexarisxovanwyaroebs, raTa zogadi warmodgena SeiqmnaT sakiTxze
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis Tanaxmad
3.2.1 gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis stili 3.2.2 CawereT bibliografiuli monacemebi
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad
3.3.1 moZebneT adamiani, romlisTvisac Tqveni Tema nacnobia 3.3.2 moiZieT masalebi internetSi 3.3.3 gaesaubreT bibliograf-biblioTekars 3.3.4 ganaxorcieleT Zieba Tqveni sferos bibliografiebSi 3.3.5 gadaxedeT Tematur cnobarebs 3.3.6 moiZieT masalebi Tqveni biblioTekis katalogSi 3.3.7 moiZieT masalebi perioduli gamocemebis cnobarebSi 3.3.8 gadaaTvaliereT wignis Taroebi 3.3.9 akademiuri xarisxis dasacavi naSromisTvis, mihyeviT bibliografiul kvals
3.4 wyaroebis Sefaseba Sesabamisobis da sandoobis kuTxiT 3.4.1 SeafaseT wyaroebis Sesabamisoba 3.4.2 SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis sandooba 3.4.3 SeafaseT internetwyaroebis sandooba 3.5 eZebeT standartuli wyaroebis miRma
mas Semdeg, rac geqnebaT SekiTxva da SesaZloa, samuSao hipoTezac ramdenime gamamyarebeli varaudiT, SegiZliaT, SeudgeT monacemebis Ziebas. isini dagWirdebaT varaudis gasamtkiceblad da hipoTezis gamosacdelad. am TavSi agixsniT, rogor unda moiZioT aRniSnuli monacemebi, momdevno TavSi ki monacemebze muSaobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs gagacnobT. Tumca, wyaroebis moZiebasa da maT wakiTxvas cal-calke safexurebad nu ganixilavT. mas Semdeg, rac moiZiebT, savaraudod, gamosadeg wyaros, waikiTxeT is, raTa sxva wyaroebi ipovoT. `dafis” CanawerebiT Sevsebis procesSi aRmoaCenT sxvadasxva xarvezs da axal SekiTxvas da mxolod damatebiTi wyaroebis meSveobiT iqneba SesaZlebeli am napralebis amovseba. amdenad, miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroebis moZieba da gamoyeneba
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cal-calke safexurebad gvaqvs ganxiluli, am or saqmes xSirad araerTxel da erTdroulad gaakeTebT.
3.1 gansazRvreT, ra saxis wyaroebis gamoyenebas moelis Tqvengan
mkiTxveli
Tqveni gamocdilebidan gamomdinare iqmnis mkiTxveli molodins, Tu ra donis wyaroebs gamoiyenebT.es doneebia pirvelwyaro, meoradi wyaro da mesamexarisxovani wyaro. aRniSnuli dayofa ar warmoadgens mkafiod gansazRvrul kategorizacias. Tumca, igi miaxloebiT gamoxatavs, rogor axarisxeben mkvlevrebi wyaroebis umetesobas. 3.1.1 faqtebis moZiebis mizniT mimarTeT pirvelwyaroebs
iseTi dargebisTvis, rogoricaa literaturuli kvleva-Ziebani, xelovneba da istoria pirvelwyaroebs warmoadgens mwerlebis, mxatvrebis, kompozitorebis da sxvaTa mier Seqmnili originali nawarmoebebi – dRiurebi, werilebi, xelnawerebi, suraTebi, filmebi, filmebis scenarebi, Canawerebi da musikaluri gaformebebi. es wyaroebi gvawvdis monacemebs, sityvebs, gamosaxulebebs da bgerebs, romlebsac iyenebT Tqveni varaudis gasamyarebel sabuTad.monacemebi SeiZleba, iyos sagnebic: monetebi, tansacmeli, instrumentebi da sxva nimuSebi im periodis an im piris kuTvnili, romelsac SeiswavliT.
iseT dargebSi, rogoricaa ekonomika, fsiqologia, qimia da sxv., mkvlevrebi, Cveulebriv, monacemebs dakvirvebis da eqsperimentis gziT agroveben. sxva dargebSi isini mtkicebulebebs gamokiTxvis gziT kreben (Sedegiani interviuebis Casatareblad informaciis mopovebisa da Caweris sando meTodebi unda gamoiyenoT). aseT sferoebSi damamtkicebeli sabuTi moicavs monacemebs, romlebsac mkvlevarebi agroveben. Segrovebuli monacemebisTvis pirvelwyaroebs warmoadgens publikaciebi, sadac pirvelad gamoqveynda es monacemebi.aseTi publikaciebi moicavs samTavrobo da kerZo monacemTa bazebsa da samecniero Jurnalebs.
gamocdili mkvlevrebi monacemebs pirvel rigSi pirvelwyaroebSi eZeben. magaliTad, Tqven rom alamos istoriebis Sesaxeb werdeT, SeecdebodiT, mogepovebinaT im periodSi dawerili wyaroebi, werilebi, dRiurebi, TviTmxilvelTa monaTxrobi da a,S.
3.1.2 gaecaniT meorad wyaroebs, raTa ixiloT sxva mkvlevrebis mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Sedegebi
meoradi wyaroebi aris wignebi da statiebi, sadac gaanalizebulia pirvelwyaroebi; isini, rogorc wesi, dawerilia mkvlevrebis mier sxva mkvlevrebisTvis. samecniero JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia, sadac warmodgenilia alamos istoriebis analizi, iqneba meoradi wyaro mkvlevrebisaTvis, romlebic muSaoben am istoriebze. meoradi wyaroebi moicavs agreTve Tematur enciklopediebs da leqsikonebs, romlebSic
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warmodgenilia dargSi moRvawe mecnierTa mier Seqmnili eseebi. meorad wyaros mkvlevari sami daniSnulebiT iyenebs: 1. raTa ar CamorCes Tanamedrove kvlevas. mkvlevrebi meorad wyaroebs ecnobian, raTa miiRon informacia sxvaTa naSromebis Sesaxeb, raTa gaafarToon codna sakiTxis irgvliv da ukeT gaiazron igi.mkvlevrebisTvis, aseve, motivaciis Semqmnelia is azri, rom maTi naSromis saxiT axali masala daemateba ukve gamoqveynebul kvleviT literaturas. 2. gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis gasagebad. kvleviTi naSromi ar aris dasrulebuli, vidre mkvlevari ar gaiTvaliswinebs sxvaTa Tvalsazriss, sakuTari mkiTxvelis mosalodnel SekiTxvebsa da maT gansxvavebul azrs (ix. 5.4.3). gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis udidesi nawili SegiZliaT moiZioT meorad wyaroebSi. rogoria misi alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi? raSi mdgomareobs misi argumentebi? zogierT axalbeda mkvlevars miaCnia, rom Tu sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss aRniSnaven moxsenebaSi, amiT sakuTar Sexedulebas daasusteben. sinamdvileSi piriqiT aris. rodesac moixseniebT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss, mkiTxvels aCvenebT, rom ara mxolod iciT am Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb, aramed SegiZliaT damajereblad gamoexmauroT mas (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 5.4.3).
metic, aRniSnuli gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi unda gamoiyenoT sakuTari Sexedulebebis gasaumjobeseblad. ver SeZlebT Tqveni Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebas, Tu ar gecodinebaT, ratom SeiZleba, gamWriax adamians sxva Sexeduleba hqondes. amdenad, wyaroebis Ziebisas nu moiZiebT mxolod im wyaroebs, romlebSi gamoxatuli Tvalsazrisic Tqvensas emTxveva. eZebeT wyaroebi, romlebSic Tqveni Sexedulebebis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebaa warmodgenili. 3. sakuTari kvlevisa da analizisTvis modelebis mosaZebnad. meoradi wyaroebi SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT, raTa gaarkvioT ara mxolod is, ra daweres sxvebma Tqveni sakvlevi Temis Sesaxeb, aramed, agreTve, rogor daweres. amiT SeityobT ra forma da stili SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT Tqveni naSromisTvis. warmoidgineT, TiTqos meoradi wyaro aris kolega, romelic gesaubrebaT Tqveni sakvlevi Temis irgvliv. masTan saubrisas gendomebaT, sakiTxSi garkveuli adamianis STabeWdileba datovoT. amdenad, SeecdebodiT, gagerkviaT, rogor msjelobs is, ra terminebs iyenebs, ra saxis damamtkicebeli sabuTebi mohyavs da romel mtkicebulebebs iyenebs iSviaTad an saerTod ar iyenebs. es `saubari” werilobiTi iqneboda, amdenad, stilisturi detalebis imitirebasac ki SeZlebdiT. magaliTad, Tqveni kolega did abzacebs iyenebs, Tu gverdebi dayofili aqvs qvesaTaurebad da punqtebad (romelic gavrcelebulia socialur mecnierebebSi, naklebad – humanitarulSi).
meoradi wyaro SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT, agreTve, rogorc konceptualuri analizis modeli. magaliTad, Tqven rom alamos istoriebis analizs awarmoebdeT, albaT, SeiswavlidiT, wyaroSi rogor
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aris ganxiluli kasteris damarcxeba. wyaroSi gamoyenebuli midgoma fsiqologiuri, socialuri, istoriuli Tu politikuria? Tqveni proeqtisaTvis, savaraudod, iq warmodgenili konkretuli varaudi an damamtkicebeli sabuTi aqtualuri ar iqneba.Tumca, pasuxis gamtkiceba msgavsi saxis monacemebiT da logikuri msjelobiT, imave saxis struqturis gamoyenebiT ki SegiZliaT.
amdenad, Tu aRmoaCenT wyaros, romelic konkretulad Tqvens sakvlev Temas ar Seexeba, magram msgavs sakiTxs mimoixilavs, gadaavleT Tvali da daakvirdiT, rogor msjelobs mkvlevari, rogor warmoadgens varaudsa da damamtkicebel sabuTs (Sesabamisi wyaros damowmeba ar aris aucilebeli, Tu am wyarodan mxolod zogad logikas iyenebT, Tumca, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT is, rom Tqvens midgomas meti damajerebloba SesZinoT.)
mkvlevarebi meorad wyaroebSi moyvanil monacemebs mxolod maSin iyeneben, rodesac ver pouloben aRniSnul monacemebs pirvelwyaroebSi. isini sifrTxiliT ekidebian aRniSnuli meoradi wyaroebis gamoyenebas, vinaidan meorad wyaroebSi warmodgenili masala xasiaTdeba cdomilebis maRali maCvenebliT. Tu Tqven maRali akademiuri xarisxis dasacav naSromze muSaobT, SeamowmeT meoradi wyaroebidan moyvanili mniSvnelovani citatebis, faqtebis an cifrebis sizuste. avtoritetul gamocemebSi iSviaTad aqvs adgili mizanmimarTulad daSvebuli uzustobas, magram uyuradRebobiT gamowveul Secdomebis SemTxveva imaze ufro xSiria, vidre es araspecialistebs hgoniaT an vidre amas specialistebi aRiareben.
ra Tqma unda, Tqven rom ikvlevdeT, rogor aris gaanalizebuli alamos istoria, maSin meoradi wyaroebi, sadac es analizia warmodgenili, TqvenTvis pirvelwyaro iqneba.
Tu sferoSi axalbeda xarT, SesaZloa, meoradi wyaroebis wakiTxva rTuli mogeCvenoT: meoradi wyaroebis damuSaveba sakiTxis fonis Rrma codnas moiTxovs da mravali maTgani arc Tu garkveviTaa dawerili (ix. 11.2). Tu muSaobT TqvenTvis axal Temaze, upriani iqneba, Tu jer sakiTxs Tematur enciklopediaSi an sando mesamexarisxovan wyaroSi gaecnobiT. 3.1.3 gaecaniT mesamexarisxovan wyaroebs, raTa zogadi warmodgena SeiqmnaT sakiTxze
mesamexarisxovani wyaroebi efuZneba meorad wyaroebs. Cveulebriv, isini araspecialistebis mier aris dawerili.maT Sorisaa zogadi enciklopediebi da leqsikonebi, agreTve gazeTebi da Jurnalebi, rogoricaa Time da Atlantic Monthly da farTo auditoriaze gaTvlili komerciuli wignebi. kargad redaqtirebul zogad enciklopediebSi warmodgenilia mravali Temis mokle mimoxilva. Tumca, sifrTxiliT moekideT internet-enciklopediebs, rogorica `vikipedia”, vinaidan iq warmodgenilia ucnobi avtorebis mier dawerili da ara aRiarebuli mecnierebis mier Seqmnili, saguldagulod redaqtirebuli statiebi. `vikipediaSi” met-naklebad zusti informaciaa zust da
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sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi.Tumca, zogjer, SeiZleba, Secdomebic aRmoCndes.arasodes moixsenioT `vikipedia”, rogorc avtoritetuli wyaro.
analogiuri sifrTxilis gamoCena gmarTebT saJurnalo da sagazeTo statiebis gamoyenebisas. zogierT statiaSi meorad wyaroSi moyvanili kvleva sandod aris aRwerili. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, kvleva metismetad aris gamartivebuli an metic, arasworad aris gadmocemuli. Tqven, rasakvirvelia, aseT wyaros pirvelwyarod ganixilavdiT, rom ikvlevdeT, rogor aris ganxiluli wyaroSi Tema; magaliTad, rogor aris ganxiluli diskriminacia sqesobrivi niSniT ,,enciklopedia britanikaSi” an xrikebi _ `vikipediaSi”.
mas Semdeg, rac gaerkveviT wyaroebis saxeebSi, SeZlebT, daiwyoT maTi moZieba.
3.2 gamoyenebuli wyaroebi CawereT srulad, zustad da miRebuli wesebis
Tanaxmad
vidre wyaroebis Ziebas daiwyebdeT, unda icodeT, rogor unda miuTiToT gamoyenebuli literatura. mkiTxveli Tqvens naSroms damajereblad CaTvlis mxolod maSin, Tu irwmunebs Tqven mier warmodgenil mtkicebulebebs. Tuki mkiTxveli Tqven mier gamoyenebuli wyaroebis moZebnas ver SeZlebs, Tqvens mtkicebulebebs ar endoba, Tqveni, rogorc mkvlevris upirvelesi movaleobaa gamoyenebuli literaturis zustad da srulad miTiTeba, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos aRniSnuli literaturis moZebna. 3.2.1 gansazRvreT gamoyenebuli wyaroebis miTiTebis stili
dargebis udides nawilSi dadgenilia wyaros miTiTebis konkretuli stili. miTiTebis ori yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli stili detalurad meore nawilSia aRwerili.
- sqolioSi miTiTebis stilifarTod gamoiyeneba humanitarul mecnierebebSi da, rig SemTxvevebSi socialur mecnierebebSi (ix. me-16 da me-17 Tavebi).
- teqstobrivi miTiTebis stili, umetes SemTxvevebSi, gamoiyeneba socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi (ix. me-18 da me-19 Tavebi). Tu ar gaqvT gadawyvetili, romeli stili gamoiyenoT, rCevisTvis
profesors mimarTeT.vidre wyaroebis nusxis Sedgenas daiwyebdeT, waikiTxeT zogadi Sesavali wyaros miTiTebis Sesaxeb me-15 TavSi, Semdeg, imis mixedviT, Tu miTiTEbis romeli stilis gamoyeneba mogeTxovebaT, waikiTxeT sqolioSi miTiTebis stilis (me-16 Tavi) an teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilis (me-18 Tavi) Sesavali.
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3.2.2 CawereT bibliografiuli monacemebi drois dazogvis da Secdomebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, wyaros
povnisTanave CaiwereT wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela informacia. aRniSnuli informaciis udidesi nawili wignis saTauris gverdze an saJurnalo statiis saTaurTan SegiZliaT ixiloT. is, Tu konkretulad ra informacia dagWirdebaT, damokidebulia wyaros saxeze. Tumca, TiToeuli wyarosTvis miuTiTeT, sul mcire, Semdegi:
• vin dawera an Seadgina wyaro? - avtor(eb)i - redaqtor(eb)i - mTargmnel(eb)i
• ra monacemebis mixedviT xdeba wyaros amocnoba? - saTauri da qvesaTauri - ufro vrceli naSromis saTauri da qvesaTauri, sadac wyaroa
CarTuli (rogoricaa krebuli, Jurnali an gazeTi) - gverdis nomrebi, Tuki wyaro ufro vrcel naSromSia CarTuli - tomis nomeri - gamocemis nomeri - redaqciis nomeri - internetmisamarTi da masalis mopovebis TariRi, Tu monacemebi
internetwyaroebis meSveobiT gaqvT mopovebuli
• vin da rodis gamoaqveyna wyaro? - gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba - gamocemis adgili - gamocemis TariRi
SegiZliaT, TqvenTvis CainiSnoT kongresis biblioTekis Sesabamisi
nomrebi.am nomrebs bibliografiis muxlebSi ar SeiyvanT. Tumca, SesaZloa, gamogadgeT momavalSi, rodesac wyaroze muSaoba dagWirdebaT.
garkveul etapze mogiwevT am bibliografiuli informaciis formatireba moTxovnili miTiTebis stilis mixedviT. amdenad, wyaroebi imTaviTve Sesabamis stilSi unda CaweroT. sqolioSi miTiTEbis stilis Sablonebi da nimuSebi SegiZliaT, ixiloT naxatSi 16.1 da me-17 TavSi; teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils naxavT 18.1 naxatsa da me-19 TavSi.
am monacemebis Cawerisas gagiCndebaT teqstis Semoklebis survili, vinaidan es mosawyeni samuSaoa da wertilebis, mZimeebis da brWyalebis gamoyenebis wesebi SeiZleba, odnav pedanturad mogeCvenoT. Tumca, ufro TvalsaCinod araferi mianiSnebs damwyebi mkvlevari rom xarT, vidre gamoyenebuli wyaros Seusabamo, arasruli an arazusti miTiTeba.amdenad, Cvevad gaixadeT bibliografiuli monacemebis srulad, zustad da saTanadod Cawera maTze muSaobisas. arsebobs kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic avtomaturad aformatebs gamoyenebuli wyaroebis miTiTebebs.
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es sasargeblo xerxia, magram ver Caanacvlebs Tqvens codnas saTanado citirebis formebisa da meTodebis Sesaxeb.amasTan, yvela programa srulyofilad ar muSaobs.
3.3 eZebeT wyaroebi regularulad
wyaroebis Ziebis procesSi gonivruli sistemuroba gmarTebT, radgan Tu mniSvnelovani wyaro gamogrCaT, damajereblobas dakargavT. 3.3.1 moZebneT adamiani, romelmac raRac icis Tqveni Temis Sesaxeb
SegiZliaT, Tavdapirvelad gaikiTxoT, vinmem Tu icis raime Tqveni Temisa da masze arsebuli wyaroebis Sesaxeb.SesaZloa, aseTi adamianebi iyvnen universitetis studentebi, profesorebi, akademiuri wreebis gareT moRvawe adamianebic ki.TemasTan dakavSirebiT informacis moZieba satelefono cnobaris yviTel furclebSi SegiZliaT.SeiZleba, yovelTvis ver ipovoT saTanado piri, Tumca, iqneb, gagimarTloT kidec. 3.3.2 moiZieT masalebi internetSi
kolejSi Cabarebamde moswavleebis didi nawili mxolod internetis gamoyenebiT axorcielebs kvlevas, vinaidan saSualo skolebis biblioTekebi mcirea da, amasTanave, mxolod ramdenime wyaros moZebna sWirdebaT. kolejSic SegiZliaT garkveuli mosamzadebeli samuSaos Catareba iseTi samecniero saZieblis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa Google Scholar. amiT SeiqmniT zogad warmodgenas imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis wyaroebi arsebobs. Tu Tqvens biblioTekas onlain katalogi aqvs, iqac SegiZliaT daiwyoT Zieba (ix. 3.3.6 qvemoT). Tumca, Tu masalebs mxolod internetis gamoyenebiT ikvlevT, gamogrCebaT mniSvnelovani wyaroebi, romelTa povnac mxolod biblioTekaSi Ziebis gziT aris SesaZlebeli.kvlavac SegaxsenebT, rom Tqveni samuSao ufro Sedegianad warimarTeba, Tu geqnebaT gegma. 3.3.3 gaesaubreT bibliograf-konsultants
Tu ar iciT, rogor unda ipovoT sasurveli literatura, SeekiTxeT biblioTekars.kolejebis biblioTekebis umetesobaSi studentebs sTavazoben turs samkiTxvelo darbazebSi da aTvalierebineben Tematur krebulebs, agreTve utareben mokle seminarebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor eZebon masalebi katalogSi, monacemTa bazebSi da informaciis sxva wyaroebSi. Tu axalbeda mkvlevari xarT, gamoiyeneT yoveli SesaZlebloba, rom daeufloT Tqvens sferoSi masalebis onlain Zebnis meTodebs.
agreTve, SegiZliaT, gaesaubroT biblioTekarebs, romlebsac am sferoSi aqvT miRebuli specializacia. biblioTekari Tqvens magivrad ver moZebnis wyaros, Tumca daxmarebas gagiwevT moZiebaSi. Tu gaqvT kvlevis SekiTxva, gaacniT is biblioTekars: ,,veZeb monacemebs X sakiTxis Sesaxeb, vinaidan msurs, gavarkvio... Tu gaqvT samuSao hipoTeza da
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varaudi, maT Sesaxebac uTxariT: veZeb monacemebs, raTa vaCveno Y [Tqveni varaudi], vinaidan msurs davamtkico Z [hipoTeza]’’. winaswar moamzadeT SekiTxvebi, raTa ar gaflangoT sakuTari da biblioTekaris dro. 3.3.4 ganaxorcieleT Zieba Tqvens TematursferoSi
yvela sferoSi mkvlevrebs aqvT saerTo Rirebulebebi da azrovnebis yaida, Tumca TiToeul sferos gaaCnia damaxasiaTebeli stili. imis gasarkvevad, Tu muSaobis rogori meTodebi gamoiyeneba Tqvens sferoSi, gadaaTvaliereT Tqveni biblioTekis sacnobaro darbazis Taroebi, sadac mocemulia gzamkvlevebi Tqvens sferoSi konkretuli kvlevis meTodebis, monacemTa bazebis da specialuri resursebis Sesaxeb (bibliografiaSi ixileT mesame kategoriis punqtebi Tqveni sferosaTvis). sul mcire, gaecaniT Semdeg resursebs (Tqvens sferoSi wyaroebis CamonaTvalisTis ixileT meoTxe kategoria bibliografiaSi; mravali wyaro, aseve, internetSia ganTavsebuli):
- Tqvens dargSi wlebis mixedviT gamoqveynebuli naSromebis bibliografias, magaliTad ,,filosofosis indeqsi” an ,,ganaTlebis indeqsi”.
- konkretul Temaze naSromebis bibliografiebis reziumes, Segrovebuls ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi (bibliografiuli indeqsi – bibliografiebis bibliografia).
- mokle mimoxilvebis krebuls, romlebSic Sejamebulia gazeTebsa da profesiul JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi.
- wlis naSromis recenzias; moZebneT saTauri Tqvens sferoSi, romelic iwyeba ase: `recenziebi... sferoSi”.
- axali dargebze informaciis mosapoveblad, vebgverdebs, romlebsac floben kerZo pirebi an samecniero asociaciebi.
Tu odnavi warmodgena mainc gaqvT, ra saxis meoradi literatura
arsebobs Tqvens Temaze, SegiZliaT, daiwyoT ufro mniSvnelovani wyaroebis moZieba (gadadiT 3.3.7—3.3.8); Tu ar iciT, SegiZliaT daiwyoT Tematuri cnobarebiT. 3.3.5 gadaxedeT Tematur cnobarebs
Tavdapirvelad sakvlevi Temis Sesaxeb informacia moiZieT Sesabamis Tematur enciklopediaSi an leqsikonSi, magaliTad, ,,filosofiis enciklopediaSi” an ,,oqsfordis literaturuli terminebis amomwurav leqsikonSi”, sadac SegiZliaT ixiloT sakvlevi Temis mimoxilva da xSirad standartuli pirveladi da meoradi wyaroebis sia (ixileT sakiTxebi Tqveni dargisTvis bibliografiis pirvel da me-2 kategoriebSi).
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3.3.6 moiZieT masalebi Tqveni biblioTekis katalogSi wignebis moZieba sakiTxebis mixedviT. rogorc ki ipoviT Tqvens
TemasTan dakavSirebul erT bolodroindel wigns, moZebneT is Tqveni biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. amgvarad gaigebT, ra Tematur kategorias miekuTvneba is kongresis biblioTekaSi; Tematuri kategoriebi statiis boloSia miTiTebuli. magaliTad, internetSi es wigni Semdegi Tematuri kategoriebiT aris gansazRvruli:
1. disertaciebi, akademiuri. 2. akademiuri wera. SegiZliaT daaWiroT kategoriaze, raTa ipovoT sxva wignebi imave
Temebze.am wyaroebidan mraval maTganSi iqneba sxva kategoriebi, romelTa daxmarebiTac SegiZliaT kidev ufro meti wyaros moZieba; es procesi SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes.
sakvanZo sityva. Tqvens internet-katalogSi masalebi, aseve, moiZieT kvlevis SekiTxvidan an samuSao hipoTezidan sakvanZo sityvebis gamoyenebiT – alamo, texasis damoukidebloba, jeims boui. Tu Zalian bevri masala amovida, daiwyeT im wyaroebiT, romlebic gamoqveynebulia ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi cnobili universitetebis gamomcemlobebis mier.ufro didi arCevania WorldCat –Si, Tu Tqvens biblioTekas gamowerili aqvs es servisi. sxva SemTxvevaSi wyaroebi moiZieT kongresis biblioTekis katalogSi, http://www.loc.gov.aq ixilavT bmulebs msxvili universitetebis katalogebze. Tu gWirdebaT biblioTekaSoriso abonementi, droulad daiwyeT amaze zrunva.
statiebi.Tu Tqvens Temaze arsebuli wyaroebis umetesoba statiebia, moiZieT uaxlesi statiebi Tqveni biblioTekis `onlain” monacemTa bazebSi.monacemTa bazis statiaSi iqneba sakvanZo sityvebis sia. moiZieT isini da SeZlebT damatebiTi statiebis moZebnas. ZiriTadad, amis gakeTeba sakvanZo sityvaze daWeriT SegiZliaT. zogierT monacemTa bazaSi warmodgenilia, agreTve, saJurnalo statiebis mokle mimoxilvebi. gamoiyeneT es sakvanZo sityvebi masalebis biblioTekis katalogSi mosaZebnadac. 3.3.7 moiZieT masalebi perioduli gamocemebis cnobarebSi
Tu kvleva manamdec CagitarebiaT, TqvenTvis, albaT, nacnobi iqneba yovelwliuri gzamkvlevebi, magaliTad, ,,mkiTxvelis megzuri sxvadasxva drois literaturaSi”, sadac moyvanilia iseTi wyaroebi, rogorebicaa Jurnalebi da gazeTebi. umetes dargSi, agreTve, arsebobs yovelwliuri gzamkvlevi meoradi wyaroebisTvis, rogoricaa mokle mimoxilvebi xelovnebis, istoriis, da anTropologiis sferoebSi (bibliografiaSi ix. Tqvens dargSi me-4 kategoriis punqtebi).umetesi maTgani SegiZliaT naxoT internetSi an kompaqtur diskze.
yvela aRniSnuli resursis gamoyenebiT gadaxvalT sxva resursebze, Tumca, verc erTi maTgani ver Caenacvleba Ziebas biblioTekaSi, sadac mkvlevari warmoudgenlad gamosadeg wyaros aRmoaCens xolme.
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3.3.8 gadaaTvaliereT wignis Taroebi SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom internetSi Zieba ufro swrafi gzaa, vidre
biblioTekaSi siaruli. Tumca, SeiZleba es meTodi ufro neli iyos da Tu mxolod internetSi imuSavebT, SesaZloa, gamogrCeT Zalian mniSvnelovani wyaroebi, romlebic mxolod biblioTekaSi SeiZleba, ipovoT. ufro mniSvnelovani ki is aris, rom gamotovebT wyaros moulodnelad Tavad aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba.
Tu gaqvT Sesvlis ufleba wignTsacavSi (sadac inaxeba yvela wigni), ipoveT Taro, sadac ganTavsebulia wignebi Tqveni Temis Sesaxeb.Semdeg gadaxedeT Taroze ganTavsebuli wignebis saTaurebs, agreTve zeda, qveda da gverdiT mdebare Taroebze dawyobil wignebs.Semdeg SemobrundiT da Tqven ukan mdebare wignebis saTaurebi gadaaTvaliereT; ra iciT, ra xdeba. rodesac ipoviT saTaurs, romelic SesaZloa, gamogadgeT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu es aris universitetis gamomcemlobis mier gamoSvebuli wigni axali ydiT. CaikiTxeT misi sarCevi, Semdeg saZiebeli, raTa naxoT Tqvens SekiTxvasTan an pasuxTan dakavSirebuli sakvanZo sityvebi. Semdeg gadaxedeT wignis bibliografias, raTa naxoT saTaurebi, romlebic Tqvens proeqts Seesabameba. Gam yovelives wignebis TarosTan ufro swrafad moaxerxebT, vidre internetSi.
Tu wigni, erTi SexedviT,Tqveni sakvlevi sakiTxidan gamomdinare sasargeblo Cans, Tvali gadaavleT mis winasityvaobas an Sesavals. amis Semdeg, Tu dadasturda wignis gamosadegoba, gadadeT, raTa ufro dakvirvebiT gaecnoT mogvianebiT. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar Cans TqvenTvis sasargeblo, CainiSneT misi kongresis biblioTekis nomeri da bibliografiuli monacemebi (avtori, saTauri, gamomcemloba, gamocemis TariRi da a.S.; detalebi ix. am saxelmZRvanelos me-2 nawilSi) da ramdenime sityviT SeajameT, Tqveni azriT, ris Sesaxeb aris wigni. erTi Tvis Semdeg SesaZloa, mixvdeT, rom es wigni ufro gamosadegia, vidre manamde gegonaT.
internetSi SegiZliaT moZebnoT araerTi Jurnalis sarCevi, Tumca biblioTekaSi Jurnalebis seqciaSi Zebna, SeiZleba, ufro Sedegiani aRmoCndes. moZebneT Jurnalebi, sadac, savaraudod, gamosadegi statiebia gamoqveynebuli. gadaxedeT wina aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamocemuli Jurnalebis sarCevebs. tomebSi ZiriTadad mocemulia yovelwliuri Sejamebuli sarCevebi. Semdeg swrafad gadaxedeT iqve, Taroze dawyobil Jurnalebs.gadaaTvaliereT maTi uaxlesi sarCevebi. gagikvirdebaT, ramdenad xSirad ipoviT saTanado statias, romelic gamogrCebodaT, es muSaoba mTlianad internetiT rom CagetarebinaT.
Tu axalbeda xarT mocemul dargSi, SegiZliaT, warmodgena Jurnalis mecnierul doneze misi garegnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT SeiqmnaT. Tu Jurnali dabeWdilia priala qaRaldze da masSi bevri ilustracia da reklamebic ki SegxvdaT, SesaZloa, is ufro beletristikuli iyos, vidre samecniero. es ar aris utyuari niSnebi imisa, rom Jurnali mecnieruli ar aris, Tumca Rirs maTi gaTvaliswinebac.
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3.3.9 maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas mihyeviT bibliografiul kvals
Tu maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobT, gamoiyeneT wyaroebSi mocemuli bibliografiebi, raTa moZebnoT axali wyaroebi, maTi bibliografiebis meSveobiT ki sxva wyaroebi.gaakeTeT Semdegi:
- gadaavleT Tvali Tqvens sakvlev Temaze arsebuli bolodroindeli wignebis bibliografiebs; gadaxedeT nebismier naSroms, romelic moxseniebulia yvela maTganSi an umetesobaSi da aRniSnuli naSromis avtoris sxva publikaciebs.
- Tu wyaro gamosadegi aRmoCnda, gadaavleT Tvali mis saZiebels, raTa moZebnoT avtorebi, romlebic miTiTebulia oTx an met gverdze.
- moZebneT kvlevis recenziebi saJurnalo statiebis pirvel ramdenime abzacSi.
- moZebneT bolodroindeli sadoqtoro disertaciebi, romlebic odnav mainc aris dakavSirebuli Tqvens sakvlev TemasTan. TiTqmis yvela disertaciaSi kvlevis mimoxilva pirvel da meore TavebSia warmodgenili. axali wyaroebi saukeTesoa, Tumca, SeiZleba, aRmoaCinoT Zveli
wyaro, sadac mocemulia monacemebi, romlebic didi xania yuradRebis miRmaa datovebuli. 3.4 wyaroebis Sefaseba Sesabamisobis da sandoobis kuTxiT
savaraudod, imaze gacilebiT met wyaros ipoviT, vidre gamoyeneba SegiZliaT. amdenad, swrafad gadaxedvisas ori kriteriumis mixedviT unda SeafasoT maTi gamosadegoba. es kriteriumebia sakvlev sakiTxTan Sesabamisoba da sandooba. 3.4.1 SeafaseT wyaroebis Sesabamisoba
mas Semdeg, rac gadawyvetT, rom wigni SeiZleba gamogadgeT, sistemurad gadaxedeT mas:
- Tu wignis saZiebelSi moyvanilia sakvanZo sityvebi, dakavSirebuli sakvlev sakiTxTan an mis pasuxebTan, gadaaTvaliereT gverdebi, romlebzec es sityvebi gxvdebaT.
- TvaligadaavleT Sesavals, gansakuTrebiT mis bolo gverds, sadac avtorebi xSirad warmoadgenen sakuTari teqstis monaxazs.
- gadaxedeT wignis bolo Tavs, gansakuTrebiT, pirvel da bolo eqvs an Svid gverds.
- Tu dro gaqvT, analogiurad moiqeciT im Tavebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac saWirod CaTvliT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maTSi, saZieblis mixedviT, bevri sakvanZo sityvaa.
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- Tu wyaro statiebis krebulia, gadaavleT Tvali redaqtoris winasityvaobas. (darwmundiT, rom xelT gaqvT wignis uaxlesi redaqcia. droTa ganmavlobaSi mkvlevrebi icvlian an srulyofen Sexedulebebs, zogjer uaryofen kidec maT). Tu akademiuri xarisxis dasacav naSroms amzadebT, waikiTxeT savaraudod gamosadegi wyaroebis recenziebi (ix. Tqveni sferos wyaroebis bibliografia meoTxe nawilSi).
Tu Tqveni wyaro saJurnalo statiaa, moiqeciT Semdegnairad:
- waikiTxeT misi mokle mimoxilva, Tu aseTi arsebobs. - gadaxedeT prologis (an sxva Sesavali nawilis) bolo or an sam
abzacs da mTlianad – nebismier nawils, romelsac ewodeba `daskvna”.
- Tu statias ar aqvs calke Sesavali an daskvna, gadaavleT Tvali mis pirvel da bolo ramdenime abzacs.
- gadaavleT Tvali pirvel erT an or abzacs TiToeuli qvesaTauris Semdeg, Tu aseTebi arsebobs.
Tu wyaro internetSia, maSin Semdegnirad moiqeciT:
- Tu wyaros nabeWdi statiis forma aqvs, moiqeciT ise, rogorc saJurnalo statiis SemTxvevaSi.
- gadaavleT Tvali nebismier nawils, romelsac ewodeba `Sesavali”, `mimoxilva”, `Sejameba” da a.S. Tu aseTi nawilebi ar aris, moZebneT bmuli saxelwodebiT `saitis Sesaxeb” an raime msgavsi.
- Tu `saits” aqvs bmuli saxelwodebiT `saitis ruka” an `saZiebeli”, mihyeviT mas da SeamowmeT sia, moZebneT sakvanZo sityvebi, romlebic dakavSirebulia Tqvens SekiTxvasTan an mis pasuxebTan. mihyeviT maT bmulebSi, raTa gadaaTvalieroT Sesabamisi gverdebi.
- Tu saits aqvs `Ziebis” funqcia, CawereT sakvanZo sityvebi Tqveni Temidan.
3.4.2 SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis sandooba
wyaroze ver imsjelebT, vidre ar waikiTxavT mas. Tumca, arsebobs wyaros sandoobis niSnebi, romlebic wakiTxvamdec SegiZliaT amoicnoT:
1. avtori kargi reputaciis mqone mecnieria? publikaciebis
umetesobaSi miTiTebulia avtoris xarisxTan dakavSirebuli monacemebi; saZiebo sistemiT SegiZliaT, moipovoT damatebiTi informacia. aRiarebuli mecnierebis umetesoba sandoa. Tumca, yuradRebiT iyaviT, xom ar aris Tema iseTi sadavo socialuri sakiTxi, rogoricaa iaraRis kontroli an aborti.kargi reputaciis mqone mecnieric ki SeiZleba sakuTar interesebze zrunavdes,
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gansakuTrebiT, Tu mis kvlevas mxars uWers konkretuli interesebis damcveli jgufi.
2. wyaro uaxlesia? mravali avtoritetuli mecnieri wers wignebs da statiebs da axdens sxvaTa kvlevebis popularizacias. im droisTvis, rodesac Tqven maT waikiTxavT, es mesamexarisxovani wyaroebi SesaZloa, moZvelebuli iyos. Tu ramdenad swrafad moZveldeba wyaro, damokidebulia Temaze, amdenad, gadaamowmeT wyaro pirTan, romelic erkveva Tqven sferoSi.socialur mecnierebebSi saJurnalo statiebisTvis aT welze metxniani periodi Zalian bevria. wignebis SemTxvevaSi es vada Seadgens TxuTmetiode weliwads. humanitaruli mecnierebebis sferoSi gamocemuli publikaciebi ki ufro xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSia vargisi.
3. wyaro avtoritetuli gamomcemlobis mier aris gamoqveynebuli? yvelaze metad SegiZliaT endoT sauniversiteto gamomcemlobebs, gansakuTrebiT, cnobili saswavleblebis gamomcemlobebs. es gamomcemlobebi xelnaweris gamocemamde specialistebs sTxoven gadaxedvas (am process ewodeba ganxilva kolegebis mier). SegiZliaT, agreTve, endoT zogierT komerciul gamomcemlobas garkveul sferoebSi, magaliTad ,,nortons” (Norton) literaturaSi, ,,ableqss” (Ablex) mecnierebebSi an ,,uests” (West) samarTalSi. komerciul wigns, sadac gakeTebulia sensaciuri gancxadebebi, miudeqiT skeptikurad im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu misi avtoris saxelis gaswvriv miTiTebulia, rom igi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoria.
4. gadaxedilia statia avtoris kolegebis mier? (umetes samecniero JurnalSi, rogorc beWdur, ise internet-versiebSi, aqveyneben mxolod iseT statiebs, romlebsac kolegebma gadaxedes. komerciuli Jurnalebidan mxolod cota iyenebs kolegebis mier gadaxedvis meTods da kidev ufro cota amowmebs avtoris mier moyvanil faqtebs. Tu naSromi ar aris kolegis mier gadaxedili, sifrTxiliT moekideT mis gamoyenebas.
5. rogori recenzia aqvs wyaros miRebuli? Tu wyaro aris wigni, romelic gamocemulia erT welze meti xnis win, SesaZloa, mis Sesaxeb recenzia daibeWda Sesabamisi dargis JurnalSi.mraval dargSi arsebobs gamoqveynebuli recenziebis saZieblebi, sadac ixilavT, rogor afaseben sxvebi aRniSnul wyaros (ix. bibliografia).
6. xSirad aqvT aRniSnuli wyaro citirebuli sxvebs? imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad xSirad aqvT sxva avtorebs mocemuli wyaro TavianT naSromebSi citirebuli, SegiZliaT, miaxloebiT gansazRvroT, ramdenad mniSvnelovania is. amisTvis mimarTeT gamoyenebuli literaturis saZiebels citirebis indeqsis dasadgenad (Tqveni dargis bibliografiaSi ix. meoTxe nawili). esindikatorebi ar aris imisi garantia, rom wyaro sandoa, Tumca
maT safuZvelze SeiZleba ufro Tamamad gamoiyenoT is. Tu sando
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wyaroebs ver poulobT, gaiTaviseT Tqvens xelT arsebuli literaturis sazRvrebi.ra Tqma unda, SeiZleba, ipovoT saintereso sakvlevi problema, Tu aRmoaCenT, rom wyaro, romelic sandod miiCneoda, sinamdvileSi ar aris sarwmuno. 3.4.3 SeafaseT internetwyaroebis sandooba
onlain wyaroebi SeafaseT nabeWdi wyaroebis msgavsad, Tumca meti dakvirvebiT. sando internetwyaroebis raodenoba dRiTi dRe izrdeba, Tumca, sarwmuno wyaroebi erTeulebia mcdari informaciis morevSi. Tu eZebT masalas, romlis mopovebac mxolod internetSi SeiZleba, moZebneT saitebi an internetpublikaciebi sandoobis Semdegi niSnebis mixedviT:
1. saitis mesveuria sando organizacia. zogierTi saiti, romelsac kerZo piri flobs, sandoa, Tumca, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ase ar aris.
2. dakavSirebulia sando profesiul JurnalTan. 3. warmoadgens damatebiT resurss sando beWduri wyaroebisTvis.
zogierTi Jurnali Semdegi miznebisTvis iyenebs internets: avtorebsa da mkiTxvels Soris diskusiebis gasamarTad; iseTi masalis warmosadgenad, romelic Zalian axaliaimisaTvis, rom biblioTekaSi inaxebodes; iseTi monacemebis dasaarqiveblad, romlebic statiebSi ar aris; auditoriisTvis im ilustraciebis saCveneblad, romelTa dabeWdvac Zalian Zviri jdeba. mravali samTavrobo da akademiuri monacemTa baza mxolod onlain arsebobs.
4. ar eweva aqtiur propagandas raime sadavo socialuri sakiTxis sasargeblod an sawinaaRmdegod.
5. ar Seicavs usafuZvlo gancxadebebs, sxva mkvlevrebis mtrul kritikas, Seuracxmyofel gamoTqmebs an orTografiul, punqtuaciur da gramatikul Secdomebs.
6. mianiSnebs, bolos rodis ganaxlda saiti. Tu TariRi ar aqvs, sifrTxile gamoiCineT.
saiti miiCnieT sarwmunod mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yuradRebiani mkiTxveli endoboda maT, vinc aRniSnul saits emsaxureba. Tu ar iciT,vin emsaxureba vebsaits, es daeWvebis safuZveli unda gaxdes.
onlain momsaxurebebis meSveobiT dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia,mravali SedarebiT Zveli teqstis sando redaqciebis mopoveba. agreTve, mTeli rigi universitetebis saitebze SegiZliaT, ixiloT jerovnad redaqtirebuli teqstebi. es aris `erTi fanjris principi”; Tqven ar mogiwevT adgilidan gasvla. Tumca, internetservisebi srulyofilebiT sakmaod Camouvardeba sauniversiteto biblioTekebis umetesobas da maTi gamoyenebiT verafers iswavliT realur biblioTekaSi kvlevis Catarebis Sesaxeb. erT dRes yvelaferi, rac odesme dabeWdila, internetSi ganTavsdeba (am perspeqtivasTan dakavSirebiT zogierT mkvlevars araerTgvarovani Sexeduleba aqvs). Tumca, manamde, internetSi Zieba ver Caenacvleba wignTsacavSi muSaobas.
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3.5 sxva resursebis gamoyeneba, garda standartuli saxis wyaroebisa
Tu sakurso naSromze muSaobT, rogorc wesi, aqcenti unda
gaakeToT konkretulad im saxis wyaroebze, romlebic, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba Tqvens sferoSi. Tumca, Tu muSaobT iseT proeqtze, rogoricaa samagistro Tezisi an sadoqtoro disertacia, gamonaxeT SesaZlebloba, standartuli wyaroebis garda, sxva resursebic moiZioT. magaliTad, Tqven rom amzadebdeT proeqts Temaze ,,1600 wels soflis meurneobaSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis ekonomikuri Sedegebi londonis marcvleulis bazrisTvis”, SegeZloT, wagekiTxaT dedofal elisabedis epoqis droindeli piesebi, dakvirvebodiT muSaTa klasis cxovrebis suraTebs an mogeZebnaT religiuri pirebis komentarebi socialuri qcevis Sesaxeb. Tqven rom muSaobdeT londonis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis vizualur gamoxatulebaze, SesaZloa, dagemuSavebinaT im periodis da adgilis ekonomikuri istoriis amsaxveli masala.zemoaRniSnulis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia im SezRudul vadaSi, romelic mokle naSromebisTvis geZlevaT, Tumca, rodesac gaqvT Tveebi did proeqtze samuSaod, SeecadeT, SekiTxvasTan dakavSirebuli standartuli wyaroebis garda sxva wyaroebsac gaecnoT. amiT gaaZlierebT ara mxolod konkretul analizs, aramed gaiRrmavebT azrovnebis diapazons da SeiZenT sxvadasxva saxis monacemebis gaerTianebis unars, rac maZiebeli gonebis mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa.
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4. wyaroebis gaazreba
4.1 Tavdapirvelad waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT, Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi 4.1.1 SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyeneT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi, romelsac eTanxmebiT 4.1.2 SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTareT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdego mosazreba 4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi 4.2.1 SeqmeniT Sablonebi CanawerebisTvis 4.2.2 icodeT, rodis unda gaakeToT reziume an perifrazi, an moiyvanoT citata 4.2.3 Tavidan airideT uneblie plagiatizmi 4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi 4.3.1 gakeTeT sakvlevi SekiTxvisa da samuSao hipoTezisTvis aqtualuri da saWiro Canawerebi 4.3.2 gaakeTeT Canawerebi, romlebic Seesabameba sakvlev SekiTxvas da samuSao hipoTezas 4.3.3 CainiSneT saTanado konteqsti 4.3.4 kategoriebad daajgufeT Tqveni Canawerebi daxarisxebis mizniT 4.4 kiTxvis paralelurad wereT 4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi 4.5.1 CanawerebSi moZebneT pasuxi 4.5.2 gamoigoneT SekiTxva 4.5.3 gadaaxarisxeT Tqveni Canawerebi 4.6 daZlieT am procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi
mas Semdeg, rac ipoviT wyaros, romelic Rirebulad migaCniaT, nu waikiTxavT mas meqanikurad, mxolod amosaweri monacemebis moZiebis mizniT. Canawerebis gakeTeba ar aris meqanikuri samuSao. rodesac wyaros Sesaxeb gacnobierebulad akeTebT Canawerebs, yuradRebis koncentrirebas axdenT ara mxolod wyaroSi mocemul sityvebsa da mosazrebebze, aramed mis mniSvnelobaze, Sedegebze, naklovanebebsa da axal potencialze. wyaros miapyariT mTeli yuradReba, TiTqos misi avtori ijdes Tqvens winaSe da mzad iyos saubrisTvis (swored ase unda warmoidginoT mkiTxvelTan komunikaciac).
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4.1 Tavdapirvlead waikiTxeT miukerZoeblad Tqveni wyaro, raTa gaigoT,
Semdeg ki – kritikulad, raTa safuZvlianad gaiazroT da SeafasoT igi
maRali xarisxis samecniero naSromze muSaobisas wyaroebi, romlebic yvelaze gamosadegad geCvenebaT, orjer waikiTxeT, pirvelad swrafad da miukerZoeblad, raTa gaigoT, ra ideaa maTSi gatarebuli. Tu aCqardebiT da ar daeTanxmebiT wyaroSi gamoxatul mosazrebebs maTi kargad gaazrebis gareSe, SeiZleba, arasworad gaigoT raime an gadaWarbebuli yuradReba miaqcioT mis susti mxareebs.
Semdeg kidev erTxel waikiTxeT wyaro, nela da kritikulad, TiTqos megobars keTilganwyobiT, Tumca, mkafiod usvamT SekiTxvebs; warmoidgineT misi pasuxebi, Semdeg SekiTxvebi dausviT. Tu ar eTanxmebiT, wyaro ubralod gverdze ar gadadoT: waikiTxeT is Tqveni Tavdapirveli Tvalsazrisis ganviTarebis mizniT.
savaraudod, wyaroebze srul koncentrirebas ver SeZlebT, vidre ar waikiTxavT da SegeqmnebaT sakuTari mosazrebebi. Tumca, Tavidanve yuradRebiT iyaviT, raTa wyaroebi waikiTxoT ara pasiurad, rogorc Cveulebrivma mkiTxvelma, aramed aqtiurad da safuZvlianad, rogorc dainteresebulma partniorma. garkveul etapze, umjobesia, rac SeiZleba adre moifiqroT, rogor SeiZleba, gascdeT wyaroebis farglebs maSinac ki, roca maT eTanxmebiT. 4.1.1 SemoqmedebiTad gamoiyeneT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi, romelsac eTanxmebiT
Zalian kargia, rodesac wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisi emTxveva Tqvens Sexedulebebs. Tumca, Tu mas ubralod pasiurad daeTanxmebiT, ver ganaviTarebT sakuTar ideebs. amdenad, scadeT, ganavrcoT is, rac wyaroSia mocemuli: ra axal Tvalsazriss SeiZleba moicavdes igi? ra axali ideebi SeuZlia mogvawodos? Seicavs Tu ara is iseT damamtkicebel sabuTs, romelic Tqvens wyaroSi ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli? qvemoT giCvenebT, rogor SegiZliaT SemoqmedebiTad miudgeT wyaroSi warmodgenil Tvalsazriss. warmoadgineT damatebiTi mtkicebulebebi. Tqven gaqvT axali mtkicebuleba wyaroSi warmodgenili varaudis gasamyareblad. smiti iyenebs dakvirvebaze dafuZnebul mtkicebulebebs imis saCveneblad, rom alamos istorias texasis gareT miTis statusi hqonda. Tumca, didi qalaqebis gazeTebis kvlevis Sedegad ukeTes mtkicebulebebs viRebT.
1. wyaro varauds Zveli monacemebiT amyarebs, xolo Tqven SesaZloa, axali damatkicebeli sabuTebi warmoadginoT.
2. wyaro varaudis gasamyareblad sust damamtkicebel sabuTs iSveliebs, Tqven ki SesaZloa, ufro Zlieri monacemebi warmoadginoT.
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daadastureT debuleba, romelic ar aris gamyarebuli. Tqven SegiZliaT, daamtkicoT raRac, rac wyaroSi mxolod daSvebis an varaudis donezea warmodgenili. sportSi Sedegebis gasaumjobeseblad smiti gvirCevs vizualizaciis gamoyenebas, xolo sportsmenebis gonebrivi muSaobis kvleva gviCvenebs, ratom aris smitis rCeva sasargeblo.
1. wyaroSi mxolod navaraudevia, rom X sworia, Tqven ki SeiZleba, daamtkicoT, rom namdvilad asea.
2. wyaroSi warmodgenilia daSveba, rom X sworia, Tqven ki SeiZleba, es daamtkicoT.
ganavrceT debuleba. Tvalsazrisi SegiZliaT, axali mimarTulebebiT ganavrcoT. smitma gamoavlina, rom samedicino institutis studentebi fiziologiur procesebs ukeT swavloben, rodesac maT sakiTxs uxsnian bevri metaforis gamoyenebiT, vidre maSin, rodesac mxolod erTi metaforiT Semoifarglebian. rogorc Cans, igive xdeba inJinrebis mier fizikuri procesebis Seswavlisasac.
1. wyaroSi sworad aris gamoyenebuli debuleba erTi situaciisTvis, Tumca, SesaZloa, is sxva situaciebzec gavrceldes.
2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X sworia konkretul situaciaSi, Tumca, SesaZloa, sazogadodac asea.
4.1.2 SemoqmedebiTad ganaviTareT wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdego mosazreba
naSromis momzadebisas kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, aRniSnoT, rom ar eTanxmebiT wyaros, radgan aman SesaZloa, aRmogaCeninoT mTeli Tqveni naSromis samuSao hipoteza. amdenad, gamoiyeneT gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi Tqveni msjelobis gasaviTareblad da ar SemoifargloT mxolod aRniSvniT, rom wyaroSi warmodgenil Tvalsazriss ar eTanxmebiT. qvemoT moyvanilia sawinaaRmdego poziciis gamoxatvis magaliTebi (moyvanili variantebi ar miekuTvneba mkafiod gamijnul kategoriebs; bevri maTgani nawilobriv emTxveva erTmaneTs). wyaroSi warmodgenili Tvalsazrisis uaryofa raimes bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. wyaroSi naTqvamia, rom raRac garkveuli bunebisaa, Tumca SesaZloa, is sxva xasiaTis aris. smiti ambobs, rom garkveuli religiuri jgufebi miiCnevian e.w. “kultebis religiad” maTi ucnauri rwmena-Sexedulebebis gamo. Tumca, am rwmena-Sexedulebebis buneba ar gansxvavdeba standartuli religiebisgan.
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1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X miekuTvneba Y-is saxeobas (an misi msgavsia),
Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris. 2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X yovelTvis xasiaTdeba Y-iT, rogorc erT-erT
TvisebiT an atributiT, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris. 3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X aris
Cveulebrivi/kargi/mniSvnelovani/gamosadegi/ zneobrivi/saintereso/..., Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
(SegiZliaT, SeabrunoT es varaudebi da ganacxadoT sapirispiro: miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaros TqmiT, X ar aris Y-is bunebis, Tqven SegiZliaT, aCvenoT, rom es asea.) sawinaaRmdego Sexedulebis gamoTqma nawilebisa da mTelis urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb. SegiZliaT aCvenoT, rom wyaro cdeba imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor aris erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli raimes nawilebi. smiti acxadebs, rom sportuli momzadeba Zalian mniSvnelovania ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis, Tumca, sinamdvileSi mZleosnobis adgili kolejSi ar aris. 1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X aris Y-is Semadgeneli nawili, magram, SesaZloa,
ase ar aris. 2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X-is erTi nawili garkveuli saxiT dakavSirebulia
mis sxva nawilebTan, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris. 3. wyaros mtkicebiT, yoveli X-is erT-erTi nawilia Y, Tumca, SesaZloa,
ase ar aris. sakiTxis ganviTarebasTan an istoriasTan dakavSirebuli sawinaaRmdego mosazreba. SegiZliaT, aCvenoT, rom sakiTxis sawyisebi da ganviTareba arasworad aris warmodgenili wyaroSi. smiti acxadebs, rom msoflios mosaxleobis zrda gagrZeldeba, Tumca, ase ar moxdeba.
1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X icvleba, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris. 2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X momdinareobs Y-dan, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar
aris. 3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X ganviTardeba garkveuli saxiT, Tumca,
SesaZloa, ase ar aris.
gareSe mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli Tvalsazrisis uaryofa. SegiZliaT aCvenoT, rom wyaro mcdarad ganixilavs mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs:
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smiti acxadebs, rom SesaZlebelia arasrulwlovanTa damnaSaveebad qcevis prevencia mozardTa gamosasworebeli dawesebulebebis daxmarebiT. Tumca, faqtebi gviCvenebs, rom aseTi dawesebulebebi zrdis arasrulwlovnebis damnaSaveebad Camoyalibebis albaTobas. 1. wyaros mtkicebiT, X iwvevs Y-s, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris. 2. wyaros mtkicebiT, X iwvevs Y-s, Tumca, SesaZloa, orive maTgans iwvevs Z. 3. wyaros mtkicebiT, X sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom gamoiwvios Y, Tumca, SesaZloa, ase ar aris. 4. wyaros mtkicebiT, X mxolod Y-s iwvevs, Tumca, SesaZloa, is iwvevs agreTve Z-sac. gabatonebuli Sexedulebis sawinaaRmdego poziciis gamoxatva. uaryofis umetesi nawili ar cvlis sakiTxis konceptualur struqturas, Tumca, raime sakiTze standartuli Sexedulebis uaryofiT sxvebs axali Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibebisken ubiZgebT. smiti varaudobs, rom reklamireba wminda ekonomikuri saqmianobaa, Tumca reklamireba, agreTve, xelovnebis axali formebis laboratoriac aris. 1. wyaro ganixilavs X–s Y-is konteqstSi. Tumca, SesaZloa, axalma konteqstma an Tvalsazrisma axali WeSmariteba gamoavlinos (axali an Zveli konteqsti SeiZleba, iyos socialuri, politikuri, filosofiuri, istoriuli, ekonomikuri, eTikuri, genderul sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli da a.S.) 2. wyaroSi X gaanalizebulia Y-is Teoriis/Rirebulebebis sistemis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, SesaZloa, moaxerxoT X-is axleburad gaanalizeba da danaxva.
rogorc aRvniSneT, ver SeZlebT wyaroebis ase gamoyenebas, vidre sakuTari Sexedulebis Camosayalibeblad sakmarisi masala ar geqnebaT wakiTxuli. Tumca, Tu kiTxvis dawyebisas msjelobis am gzebs gaiTvaliswinebT, ufro swrafad da Sedegianad SeZlebT wyaroebze koncentrirebas.
rasakvirvelia, mas Semdeg, rac mixvdebiT, rom SegiZliaT, efeqturad daeTanxmoT an ar daeTanxmoT wyaros, unda dasvaT SekiTxva `mere ra?” risi momcemia imis Cveneba, rom smiti cdeboda, rodesac amtkicebda, rom aSS-is Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilis mosaxleoba enTuziazmiT ar Sexvda alamos istorias, rom es sinamdvileSi piriqiT moxda?
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4.2 sistematurad gaakeTeT Canawerebi
iseve, rogorc proeqtis sxva etapebisTvis, Canawerebis
sawarmoebladac umjobesia, gqondeT winaswar SemuSavebuli gegma.
- yoveli axali gverdis zeda nawilSi gamoyaviT adgili bibliografiuli monacemebisTvis (avtori, mokle saxelwodeba, gverdis nomeri).
Sarmani, skabrezoba, gv. 133. istoria/ekonomika (genderuli sakiTxebi?) debuleba: skabrezoba me-18 saukuneSi ekonomikuri problema gaxda faqtebi: `jentlmenz magazin” 1751 wlis ivliss (gverdi ar aris miTiTebuli) iuwyeba: qals miusajes mZime Sroma aTi dRis ganmavlobaSi, vinaidan ver SeZlo uSveri sityvebis gamoyenebisTvis dakisrebuli jarimis, erTi Silingis gadaxda. `... erTma xistma ekonomistma gamoTqva mosazreba, gaezardaT erovnuli resursebi uSveri sityvebiT molaparake SeZlebuli klasis winaaRmdeg kampaniis mowyobiT.” Cemi SekiTxvebi: mamakacebs iseve xSirad ajarimebdnen, rogorc qalebs? aqtualuria dRes ekonomikasa da skabrezobas Soris kavSiri? uSveri sityvebiT molaparake komikosebi ufro popularulebi arian? skabrezuli sityvebis Semcveli filmebi ufro realisturia?
nax. 4.1. Canawerebis baraTis nimuSi 4.2.1 SeqmeniT Sabloni CanawerebisTvis
Canawerebi ufro sando iqneba, Tu maT iseTi sistemis mixedviT gaakeTebT, romelic dagexmarebaT ara mxolod daufiqrdeT wyaroebis Sinaarss, aramed gaaanalizoT da daalagoT isini gamosadeg kategoriebad. zogierTi profesori dResac urCevs studentebs, gaakeTon Canawerebi 3X5 baraTebze, rogorc es 4.1 naxatzea naCvenebi. aseTi baraTi SeiZleba, Zvelmodurad mogeCvenoT, magram is efeqtiani Canawerebis warmoebis nimuSia da gamosadegia maSinac, roca Canawerebs kompiuterSi akeTebT. (wyarodan amowerili TiToeuli zogadi Tvalsazrisi an debuleba calke gverdze moaTavseT.) Sablonis Seqmnis gegma aseTia:
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- zeda nawilSi gamoyaviT kidev erTi adgili sakvanZo sityvebisTvis (ix. zeda marjvena mxare). mogvianebiT es sityvebi dagexmarebaT Canawerebis sakiTxis mixedviT daxarisxebaSi (sakvanZo sityvebis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 4.3.4).
- sxvadasxva SeniSvnisTvis calke adgili gamoyaviT Sablonis gverdze. SegiZliaT, es adgilebi daasaTauroT kidec (ix. naxati 4.1, sadac gamoyofili da dasaTaurebulia adgilebi: debuleba, monacemebi da Cemi SekiTxvebi).
- gamoyaviT nawili, romelic daeTmoba Tqvens pasuxebs, Tanxmobas, sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss, msjelobas da sxva Temebs. Sedegad, ubralod, wakiTxulis Sinaarsis CaniSvnaze mets miiRebT.
- rodesac wyarodan citata mogyavT, CawereT is gansxvavebuli feriT an sxva zomisa da stilis SriftiT, raTa erTi SexedviT SeZloT misi amocnoba. moaTavseT citatebi did brWyalebSi, rom mainc SeZloT maTi swrafad SeniSvna, Tu failis formati daikarga,
- rodesac nawyvetis perifrazs akeTebT (ix. 4.2.2), CawereT is gansxvavebuli feriT an SriftiT, raTa ar agerioT sakuTar ideebSi da CasviT mrgval frCxilebSi (gamogadgebaT, Tu failis formati daikarga),
Tu pirdapir kompiuterSi ver akeTebT Canawerebs, gadaiReT Sablonis aslebi. 4.2.2 icodeT, rodis unda gaakeToT reziume an perifrazi, an moiyvanoT citata
teqstebis sityva-sityviT amowera yvela wyarodan, romlis gamoyenebac gsurT, usasrulod gagigrZeldebaT, amitom unda icodeT, rodis sjobs citirebas reziume an perifrazi.
reziume gaakeTeT maSin, rodesac gWirdebaT nawyvetis, nawilis an, Tundac, mTliani statiis an wignis mxolod zogadi azri. reziume gamosadegia zogadi konteqstisTvis an Tqveni kvlevisTvis aqtualuri, magram ara pirdapir dakavSirebuli faqtebisa da SexedulebebisTvis. wyaros reziume arasodes gamodgeba karg mtkicebulebad (damatebiT damamtkicebeli sabuTebis Sesaxeb ix. 5.4.2).
perifrazi gaakeTeT maSin, roca wyaroSi mocemuli azri SegiZliaT ufro mkafiod an xazgasmiT warmoadginoT, vidre es wyaroSia mocemuli. perifrazi ar niSnavs mxolod erTi-ori sityvis Secvlas. perifrazis dros unda gamoiyenoT sakuTari sityvebi da frazebi, da SecvaloT nawyvetSi arsebuli sityvebis da frazebis umetesoba (ix. 7.9.2). perifrazi arasodes gamodgeba iseTive karg damamtkicebel sabuTad, rogoric zusti citataa.
zusti citatebi gamoiyeneT Semdeg SemTxvevebSi: - citirebuli sityvebi warmoadgens mtkicebulebas, romelic amyarebs
Tqvens varauds. Tu, magaliTad, gsurT, ganacxadoT, rom sxvadasxva
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regionSi alamos brZolas gansxvavebuli gamoxmaureba hqonda, moiyvaneT zusti citatebi sxvadasxva gazeTebidan. xolo maTi perifrazi gaakeTeT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Tqveni mizania zogadi ganwyobis Cveneba.
- sityvebi ekuTvnis avtoritetul wyaros, romelic emxroba Tqvens Tvalsazriss.
- citata saocrad originaluria. - citata gamoxatavs Tqvens ideebs ise sainteresod, rom Semdgomi
msjelobisTvis karg struqturas qmnis. - citata gamoxatavs Tvalsazriss, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT da,
obieqturobis mizniT, gsurT, is zustad warmoadginoT. Tu Tavidanve ar CaiwerT mniSvnelovan sityvebs, mogvianebiT ver moaxerxebT maT citirebas. amdenad, gadawereT nawyvetebi an gadaiReT maTi aslebi, isini imaze xSirad dagWirdebaT, vidre ggoniaT (aslebis gadaRebis Sesaxeb damatebiT ix. 4.3.1). arasodes SeamokloT citata im imediT, rom mogvianebiT SeZlebT mis aRdgenas. Tu citatas arasworad warmoadgenT, zians miayenebT Tqveni naSromis sandoobas. amdenad, gadaamowmeT citata originalTan. Semdeg kidev erTxel SeamowmeT. 4.2.3 Tavidan airideT uneblie plagiati Canawerebis daudevrad gakeTebis gamo araerTi studenti da specialisti aRmoCenila savalalo mdgomareobaSi _ umniSvnelo sagnis gamo dacinvis obieqtebi gamxdaran an uneblie plagiatis gamo samecniero wreebidan gauricxavT. amgvari riskis Tavidan asacileblad, kargad daimaxsovreT CanawerebSi informaciis CaniSvnis ori ZiriTadi wesi:
- yovelTvis mkafiod gamoyaviT wyarodan moyvanili citatebi da ideebi, raTa kvirebis an Tveebis Semdeg ar SegeSaloT da sakuTari ar gegonoT. rogorc zemoT girCieT, brWyalebSi CasviT citatebi da perifrazebi, agreTve, gamoiyeneT Srifti, romelic mkafiod gamoarCevs maT Tqveni ideebisgan.
- arasodes gaakeToT teqstTan ise miaxloebuli perifrazi, rom mkiTxvelma originalad CaTvalos (ix. 7.9.2).
amasTanave, nacvlad imisa, rom xeliT akrifoT is citatebi, romlebsac ramdenime xazze meti adgili ukavia, CamotvirTeT maTi eleqtronuli versia an gadaiReT maTi asli. CamotvirTuli an gadaRebuli gverdis zeda nawilSi daamateT wyaros dasaxeleba da daxarisxebisTvis saWiro sakvanZo sityva.
mniSvnelovania: arasodes ivaraudoT, rom SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT internetSi moZiebuli masala wyaros miTiTebis gareSe, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is ufaso da sajarod xelmisawvdomia. araferi ganTavisuflebT valdebulebisgan, miuTiToT nebismieri iseTi masalis wyaro, romelic
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piradad ar SegiqmniaT (plagiatis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ix. 7.9.)
4.3 gaakeTeT gamosadegi Canawerebi
mkiTxveli Seafasebs Tqvens naSroms ara mxolod wyaroebis xarisxisa da maTi zustad miTiTebis mixedviT, aramed, agreTve, imiT, Tu ramdenad efeqturad iyenebT wyaroebs. amisaTvis Canawerebi ise unda awarmooT, rom ara mxolod asaxavdes wyaros, aramed gexmarebodeT kidec proeqtis ukeT gaazrebaSi. 4.3.1 awarmoeT Canawerebi, raTa ukeT warmarToT msjelobis procesi mraval gamoucdel mkvlevars miaCnia, rom Canawerebis gakeTeba mxolod monacemebis Caweraa. wyaros moZiebis Semdeg isini CamotvirTaven masalas, gadaiReben gverdebis aslebs, an zustad gadaweren wyarodan teqsts. teqstis amowera da aslis gadaReba dagexmarebaT zust citirebasa da perifrazirebaSi, Tumca, Tu mxolod amiT SemoifarglebiT, Tu wyaroebs Rrmad ar gaaanalizebT, ubralod, daagrovebT uamrav usargeblo monacems, romelsac naSromSi ver gamoiyenebT.
Tu mravali teqstis asls iRebT, gaukeTeT maT anotaciebi ise, rom dagexmaroT maT kritikulad gaazrebaSi. Tavdapirvelad SearCieT is winadadebebi, romlebic romelime TavSi an statiaSi gamoxatavs mniSvnelovan elementebs (debulebas, ZiriTad varauds da a.S.). moniSneT isini an mindorze gaukeTeT SeniSvna. Semdeg moniSneT ideebi an informacia, romelTa CarTvasac apirebT naSromSi. (Tu iyenebT markers, gamoiyeneT sxvadasxva feri gansxvavebuli elementebis gamosayofad.)
Semdeg, gadaRebuli gverdebis ukana mxares SeajameT, rac moniSneT an CainiSneT maTze pasuxis monaxazi, an kideze gaakeTeT Canawerebi, romlebic dagexmarebaT moniSnuli teqstis ganmartebaSi. rac ufro met informacias CainiSnavT wyaros Sesaxeb Tavidanve, miT ukeT gaigebT da gaixsenebT mas mogvianebiT. 4.3.2 gakeTeT sakvlevi SekiTxvisa da samuSao hipoTezisTvis aqtualuri da saWiro Canawerebi maqsimalurad gamosadegi Canawerebis gasakeTeblad amowereT ara mxolod faqtebi, romelTac, Tqveni azriT, damamtkicebel sabuTad gamoiyenebT, aramed is monacemebic, romlebic dagexmarebaT ganmartoT es faqtebi da maTi kavSiri Tqvens debulebasTan. SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT Canawerebis Sabloni, rac gagaxsenebT, rom unda moiZioT gansxvavebuli saxis monacemebi (ix. 4.2.1). es sami elementi pirdapir kavSirSia Tqvens samuSao hipoTezasTan:
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- varaudi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens hipoTezas an mianiSnebs, rom saWiroa axali hipoTeza;
- damamtkicebeli sabuTi, romelic amyarebs Tqvens varauds; - Sexedulebebi, romlebic asustebs an, Tundac, ewinaaRmdegeba Tqvens
hipoTezas; CanawerebSi mxolod damamtkicebel faqtebs nu CainiSnavT. Tqveni hipoTezis damtkicebisas dagWirdebaT im monacemebis ganxilva, romlebic asustebs an Tundac ewinaRmdegeba mas (ix. 5.4.3).
qvemoT warmodgenili elementebi SeiZleba, ar asabuTebdes an ewinaaRmdegebodes Tqvens hipoTezas, magram SesaZloa, gamogadgeT misi konteqstis ganmartebisTvis an, ubralod, naSromis ukeT gamarTvaSi:
- Tqveni SekiTxvis istoriuli foni: ras amboben avtoritetuli pirebi am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT, adreul kvlevebSi (ix. 6.2.2 da 10.1.1);
- istoriuli an Tanamedrove konteqsti, romliTac aixsneba Tqveni SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba;
- mniSvnelovani ganmartebebi da analizis principebi; - analogiebi, Sedarebebi da istoriebi, romlebic SeiZleba, pirdapir
ar amtkicebdes Tqvens hipoTezas, magram ganmartavdes an ukeT warmoaCendes rTul sakiTxebs an, ubralod, ufro sainteresos xdides Tqvens analizs;
- Tqvens TemasTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebulad originaluri teqsti
4.3.3 CaiwereT saTanado konteqsti
isini, vinc Segnebulad arasworad gadmoscems wyaroebidan informacias, arakeTilsindisieria, magram keTilsindisierma mkvlevarmac SeiZleba, dauSvas uneblie Secdoma, Tu sityvebs ubralod Caiwers da yuradRebas ar miaqcevs maT mniSvnelobas an gamosadegobas. mkiTxveli rom SecdomaSi ar SeiyvanoT, misdieT Semdeg saxelmZRvanelo principebs:
1. nu ivaraudebT, rom wyaro eTanxmeba mwerals, rodesac wyaroSi
Sejamebulia mwerlis msjelobა. citatis saxiT moitaneT mxolod is, rasac wyaro eTanxmeba da ara wyaroSi warmodgenili sxvaTa Sexedulebebi, Tu, raRa Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli saWiro ar aris Tqveni naSromisTvis.
2. CawereT, ratom eTanxmeba wyaro aRniSnul Sexedulebas, radgan Tanxmobis mizezi SeiZleba, iseve mniSvnelovani iyos, rogorc gansxvvebuli azrisa. ori fsiqologi SeiZleba Tanxmdebodes imaze, rom mozardebSi alkoholizmi gamowveulia socialuri garemos zegavleniT, Tumca, erTma SeiZleba, daimowmos ojaxuri garemo, meorem ki _ Tanatolebis zegavlena.
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3. CainiSneT citatis konteqsti. rodesac CaiwerT mniSvnelovan daskvnas, miuTiTeT avtoris msjelobac:
arasworia: bartoli (gv. 123): omi gamoiwvia.... Z-ma. sworia: bartoli: omi gamoiwvia Y-ma da Z-ma (gv. 123), magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Z (gv. 123), ori mizeziT: pirveli, ....(gv. 124-26); meore, ...(gv. 126) im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac mxolod daskvna gainteresebT, ufro zustad gamoiyenebT mas, Tu CainiSnavT, rogor gamoitana avtorma es daskvna.
4. CainiSneT, ra CarCoebSia moqceuli da ramdenad mtkiced aris warmodgenili TiToeuli debuleba. ar warmoaCinoT is ufro Zlierad da vrclad, vidre es wyaroSia mocemuli. qvemoT warmodgenil meore winadadebaSi pirvelis Sinaarsi saTanadod da zustad ar aris gadmocemuli.
riskis aRqmis Sesaxeb Catarebuli erTi kvleva (uilsoni 1988) ambobs, rom arsebobs urTerTkavSiri did fsonebze azartul TamaSebSi Cabmasa da arasrul ojaxebs Soris. uilsonis (1988) TqmiT, arasruli ojaxi iwvevs did fsonebze azartul TamaSebSi Cabmas.
5. CaiwereT, rogor aris warmodgenili wyaroSi Tvalsazrisi. aRniSneT, es mniSvnelovani varaudia, umniSvnelo sakiTxi, Sesworeba Tu aRiareba da a.S. aseTi gansxvavebebis gakeTebiT SeZlebT Semdegi saxis Secdomis Tavidan acilebas:
originali jounsis mier: “is, rom erTi movlena meores Semdeg xdeba, ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom pirveli meores iwvevs. arc statistikur korelacias SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgena. Tumca, visac Seuswavlia saTanado monacemebi, eWvi ar Seaqvs imaSi, rom moweva filtvis kibos gamomwvevi faqtoria.” SecdomaSi Semyvani gadmocema: jounsi acxadebs, `is, rom erTi movlena meoris Semdeg xdeba, ar gvaZlevs safuZvels, davaskvnaT, rom pirveli meores iwvevs. arc statistikur korelacias SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris dadgena.” amdenad, statistikuri monacemebi ar aris sarwmuno maCvenebeli imis, rom moweva filtvis kibos iwvevs.
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4.3.4 kategoriebad daajgufeT Tqveni Canawerebi daxarisxebis mizniT dabolos, konceptualurad Sromatevadi amocana: Canawerebis warmoebisas TiToeulis Sinaarsi moaqcieT ori an ramdenime gansxvavebuli sakvanZo sityvis qveS, kategoriebSi (ix. naxati 4.1, baraTis zeda marjvena kuTxe). Canawerebidan sityvebi meqanikurad ar gamoiyenoT: Canaweris kategoria gansazRvreT imis mixedviT, rac masSi igulisxmeba. kategoria unda moicavdes ufro vrcel Temas, vidre Canaweris specifikuri Sinaarsi. SeqmeniT gamoyenebuli sakvanZo sityvebis sia da dakavSirebuli CanawerebisTvis gamoiyeneT erTi da igive sakvanZo sityvebi. yoveli axali CanawerisTvis axal sakvanZo sityvas nu SeqmniT.
es safexuri Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan gibiZgebT, Canaweris Sinaarsi erT an or sityvaSi daatioT. Tu Canawerebs kompiuterSi akeTebT, sakvanZo sityvebi dagexmarebaT brZaneba ,,Zebnis” gamoyenebiT momentalurad daajgufoT dakavSirebuli Canawerebi. Tu erTze met sakvanZo sityvas iyenebT, SegiZliaT, gadaajgufoT Canawerebi sxvadasxvanairad, raTa maT Soris axali kavSirebi aRmoaCinoT (es gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania maSin, roca grZnobT, rom swrafad miiwevT win; ix. 4.5.3).
4.4 wereT kiTxvis paralelurad
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT (da kvlavac gavimeorebT), wera fiqrisken gibiZgebT. ase rom, nu daelodebiT azris gonebaSi daxvewas, rom is furcelze gadaitanoT. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician, rom rac ufro mets daweren, miT ufro male da ukeT Cawvdebian sakiTxs. sarwmuno wyaroebis Tanaxmad, warmatebuli mkvlevrebis umetesobas yoveldRiurad sawerad gansazRvruli dro aqvs gamoyofili – TxuTmeti wuTidan erT saaTze meti. maT SesaZloa, mxolod erTi abzaci daweron, sadac warmodgenili iqneba mosazreba wyaroSi gamoTqmuli Sexedulebis Sesaxeb, msjelobis Sefaseba an msjeloba axali varaudis Taobaze. Tumca, mniSvnelovani is aris, rom isini raRacas weren ara naSromis Savi naweris pirveli variantis Sesaqmnelad, aramed sakuTari azrebis dasalageblad da, albaT, axali ideebis aRmosaCenad. Tu kvlevis miznebs acdebiT xolme, gaikariT grafiki kompiuterTan.
Tu dawerT raimes, rac, Tqveni azriT, gamogadgebaT, daamateT is `dafaze”. am Canawers TiTqmis yovelTvis SeasworebT Savi naweris saboloo variantSi Setanamde, an SeiZleba saerTodac ar gamoiyenoT. Tumca, misi mxolod mcire nawilic rom gamoiyenoT, rac mets dawerT, Tundac mxolod monaxazis saxiT, miT metad gagiadvildebaT Savi naweris Seqmna. werisTvis momzadeba da Savi naweris Seqmna erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebuli procesi ar aris, Tumca, sasurvelia, isini gancalkevebul safexurebad ganixiloT.
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Tu Temaze axlaxans daiwyeT muSaoba, weris adreul etapze, ZiriTadad, SeiZleba, mxolod reziumeebi da perifrazebi akeToT. rodesac Tqvens Canawerebs Tvals gadaavlebT, masSi maincdamainc bevr Tqvens mosazrebas ver ipoviT da SeiZleba, gulic dagwydeT, rom originaluri ideebi ar gaqvT. aman ar unda dagabrkoloT. swored reziumesa da perifrazis gakeTebiT vamuSavebT axal monacemebs, axal da rTul ideebs. es msjelobis axali gzebis aRmoCenaSic ki gvexmareba. TiTqmis nebismieri adamianisTvis, romelic codnis gaRrmavebas eswrafvis, imis amowera, ris gagebasac cdilobs, standartuli da, albaT, aucilebeli etapic kia.
4.5 SeafaseT Tqveni progresi
gamudmebiT gadaxedeT Canawerebs da `dafas”, raTa naxoT, ra etapze xarT da ra unda gaakeToT. Sevsebuli gverdebi faqtebiT gamyarebul varaudebze mianiSnebs; carieli gverdebi mianiSnebs, rom win samuSao gaqvT. SeamowmeT, isev vargisia Tu ara Tqveni samuSao hipoTeza, saR msjelobazea is agebuli? am msjelobis gamamyarebeli kargi sabuTebi gaqvT? SegiZliaT axali varaudis an damamtkicebeli monacemebis damateba? 4.5.1 pasuxi moZebneT CanawerebSi rogorc adre girCieT, unda gansazRvroT samuSao hipoTeza an is SekiTxva mainc, romelsac kvlevis warmarTvisTvis gamoiyenebT. Tumca, zogierTi avtori kvlevas iseTi bundovani SekiTxviT iwyebs, rom pasuxis ZiebaSi is saerTod qreba. Tu aseT situaciaSi aRmoCndiT, moZebneT Tqvens CanawerebSi ganzogadeba, romelic samuSao hipoTezad gamodgeba, Semdeg ki sapirispirod moiqeciT da moZebneT SekiTxva, romelsac es ganzogadeba pasuxobs.
pirvel rigSi, wyaroebSi eZieT SekiTxvebi, sawinaaRmdego azrebi, Tavsatexebi, daukvirdiT, ra reaqcia gaqvT maTze (ix. 2.1.3 da 4.1). TqvenTvis moulodneli ram SesaZloa, sxvebisTvisac siurprizi iyos. CamoayalibeT, Tqveni aRmoCenebi: megona, rom alamos pirveli miTiuri istoriebi warmoiqmna texasSi, Tumca ase ar aRmoCnda. isini momdinareobs... es winaswari hipoTeza gveubneba, rom alamos miTi Tavdapirvelad erovnuli movlena iyo da ara regionuli mniSvnelobis — mokrZalebuli, Tumca, imedis momcemi dasawyisia.
Tu sakuTar CanawerebSi hipoTezas ver poulobT, moZebneT ideebi, romlebmac SeiZleba, migiyvanoT hipoTezamde. Tu monacemebi bundovani SekiTxvis garSemo SeagroveT, isini, albaT, savaraudo sakvanZo sityvebis
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mixedviT daaxarisxeT. niRbebze rom gqonodaT monacemebi, kategoriebi SesaZloa, yofiliyo maTi warmomavloba (afrikuli, indielTa, iaponuri...), daniSnuleba (dramaturgia, religia, karnavali...), masala (oqro, bumbuli, xe, ...), da a.S. magaliTad: egviptelebi – warCinebul pirTaTvis oqrosgan damzadebuli mumiis niRbebi, xis masalisgan _ sxvebisTvis. actekebi – oqros da nefritis niRbebi, Camarxuli mxolod warCinebulTa saflavebSi. axali gvineis tomebi – iSviaTi frinvelis bumbulisgan damzadebuli niRbebi gardacvlilTaTvis. am faqtebiT SesaZlebelia Semdegnairi zogadi debulebis gamyareba: is xalxebi, romelTa kulturaSic gavrcelebulia niRbebi, religiur niRbebs yvelaze Zvirfasi masalisgan akeTeben. aseT niRbebs ufro gardacvlilTaTvis amzadeben.
mas Semdeg, rac SeqmniT aseT or an sam Tvalsazriss, scadeT,
CamoayaliboT kidev ufro vrceli ganzogadeba, romelic SeiZleba, yvela Tqvens Tvalsazriss moicavdes: mravali kultura uzarmazar materialur da adamianur resurss axmars iseTi niRbebis damzadebas, romlebic maT yvelaze saTuT faseulobebs
gamoxatavs. ganzogadeba
zemoT moyvanili magaliTis SemTxvevaSi, es procesi ase gamoiyureba: `ra niSnebi metyvelebs niRbebis mniSvnelobaze im sazogadoebebSi, sadac maT amzadeben da iyeneben? rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, gamocdili
egviptelebma, actekebma da okeaneTis xalxebma religiuri niRbebi uiSviaTesi da uZvirfasesi masalebisgan Seqmnes. okeaneTis xalxebis kulturebSi niRbebis damzadebaSi CarTulia mamakacebis umetesoba. Tumca, egviptelebi da actekebi am saqmisTvis gamoyofen yvelaze niWier mxatvrebsa da ostatebs. Tu TvliT, rom zogierTi mkiTxveli SeiZleba, ar daeTanxmos am ganzogadebas, SegiZliaT, is warmoadginoT iseT debulebad, romelic mkiTxvelis mcdar warmodgenas Secvlis. 4.5.2 gamoigoneT SekiTxva es rTuli nawilia da moiTxovs procesis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT warmarTvas: Tqven ipoveT pasuxi SekiTxvaze, romelic ar dagisvamT. amdenad, msjeloba sapirispiro mimarTulebiT unda warmarToT, raTa gansazRvroT SekiTxva, romelze pasuxic axali ganzogadeba iqneba.
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mkvlevrebi xSirad aRmoaCenen SekiTxvas mas Semdeg, rac pasuxs gascemen mas, xolo problemas, romelic unda wamoeyenebinaT, aRmoaCenen mas Semdeg, rac mas gadaWrian. 4.5.3 xelaxla daaxarisxeT Tqveni Canawerebi Tu zemoaRniSnuli rCevebi SeasruleT, magram mainc araferi gamogividaT, scadeT Canawerebis xelaxla daxarisxeba. rodesac CanawerebisTvis pirvelad SearCieT sakvanZo sityvebi, gansazRvreT zogadi ideebi, romelTa mixedviTac daaxarisxebdiT ara marto mtkicebulebebs, aramed Tqvens azrebsac. Tu am ideebis amsaxveli sakvanZo sityvebi yuradRebiT SearCieT, SegiZliaT, sxvadasxvanairad daajgufoT Canawerebi, rom masala axal WrilSi dainaxoT. Tu geCvenebaT, rom sakvanZo sityvebi aRar aris aqtualuri, gadaxedeT Canawerebs, rom axali sakvanZo sityvebi SeqmnaT. Semdeg kvlav gadaaxarisxeT isini.
4.6 daZlieT procesisTvis Cveuli panikis Setevebi
axla ki droa, SevexoT problemas, romelsac wawydomia gamocdili
mkvlevaric ki da raRac momentSi Tqvenc SegexebaT. rodesac Tvals gadaavlebT asobiT Canawers da sxvadasxva Tvalsazriss, gaurkvevloba da SeSfoTeba dageuflebaT. mogeCvenebaT, rom amocana sul ufro rTuldeba da ver axerxebT mis amoxsnas.
saqme imaSia, rom ar arsebobs aseTi situaciis Tavidan acilebis garantirebuli gza. Tumca, damaimedebelia is, rom umetesi Cvengani vardeba aseT mdgomareobaSi da, rogorc wesi, Tavs arTmevs mas. Tqvenc daZlevT mas, Tu gaagrZelebT muSaobas, misdevT gegmas, amoxsniT mcire da marTvad amocanebs, nacvlad imisa, rom mTlian proeqts erTbaSad SeeWidoT. es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom ujobesia droulad daiwyoT proeqtze muSaoba, dayoT didi proeqti umcires nawilebad da dasaxoT gonivruli gegmebi, magaliTad, gansazRvroT, ramdeni gverdi unda daweroT yoveldRiurad.
mravali mwerali cdilobs, kvleviT miRebuli gamocdilebiT gaimdidros codna. amisTvis awarmoeben Jurnals; esaa dRiuri, sadac iniSnaven, ra gaakeTes da aRmoaCines, ra msjeloba da Tvalsazrisi ganaviTares, ratom daasabuTes an ar daasabuTes debuleba. wera kargi meTodia imisaTvis, rom ufro mkafiod gaaanalizoT wakiTxuli masala da, amavdroulad, ukeT gaerkveT sakuTar azrebSi.
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5. argumentis dagegmva
5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti 5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo 5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad 5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi
5.4.1 CamoayalibeT da SeafaseT debuleba 5.4.2 gaamyareT debuleba varaudiT da mtkicebulebebiT 5.4.3 gaiTvaliswineT da upasuxeT mkiTxvelebis Tvalsazriss 5.4.4 daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisoba
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi msjelobaze dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan 5.6 argumentis Sekvra
adamianebis umetesobas weras kiTxva urCevnia. yovelTvis moiZebneba kidev erTi wasakiTxi statia, morigi mosaZiebeli wyaro, damatebiT Sesagrovebeli monacemebi. Tumca, kvlevis Catarebaze bevrad adre dgeba momenti, rodesac unda daiwyoT fiqri naSromis Savi naweris pirvel variantze. amisTvis, albaT, mzad iqnebiT maSin, rodesac Tqveni `dafa” Seivseba da misi sisrule dagakmayofilebT. gecodinebaT, rom mzad xarT Savi naweris Sesaqmnelad, rodesac CaTvliT, rom SegiZliaT, gaakeToT samuSao hipoTezis damasabuTebeli varaudis monaxazi (ix. 2.3). Tu Tqveni `dafa” gavsebulia, magram jer ver agebT sakmarisad Zlier varauds Savi naweris dasagegmad, albaT, unda gadaxedoT hipoTezas, SesaZloa, Tqvens SekiTxvasac ki. magram zustad ver gaigebT, ra etapze xarT, vidre ar cdiT pirveli Savi naweris dagegmvas.
Tu naSromebis weraSi gamocdileba ar gaqvT, girCevT, Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva or safexurad ganaxorcieloT:
- daaxarisxeT Canawerebi kvlevis argumentis elementebad; - daawyveT es elementebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT;
am TavSi agixsniT, rogor unda aawyoT argumenti; momdevno TavSi ganvixilavT, rogor unda CamoayaliboT is. gamocdilebis miRebasTan erTad, iswavliT am ori safexuris erT safexurSi gaerTianebas.
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5.1 ra aris da ra ar aris kvlevis argumenti
sityva argumenti dResdReobiT cud asociacias iwvevs, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom radiosa da televiziebSi isini aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sadavo situaciebSi. Tumca, kvleviT naSromSi argumentis daniSnuleba ar aris oponentis daSineba, gaCumeba an damorCileba. realurad, kvleviTi naSromis SemTxvevaSi, `oponenti” TiTqmis saerTod ar arsebobs. nebismieri kargi argumentis msgavsad, kvlevis argumenti hgavs gulRia saubars, romlis drosac Tqven da warmosaxviTi mkiTxveli msjelobT, raTa gadaWraT problema, romlis gadaWris gzac mkiTxvelisTvis, jer-jerobiT, misaRebi ar aris. es ar niSnavs, rom mkiTxveli ewinaaRmdegeba Tqvens debulebas (Tumca, SesaZloa, asec iyos). es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom is ar aRiarebs debulebas, vidre ar ixilavs karg, sando mtkicebulebbeze dafuZnebul varaudebs, vidre ar upasuxebT mis gonivrul SekiTxvebsa da sawinaaRmdego azrs.
pirispir saubrisas saerTo argumentis Seqmna (da ara qona) martivia: Tqven ganacxadebT sakuTar varauds da mis mtkicebulebebs ara ise, rogorc amas leqtori gaakeTebda mdumare auditoriis winaSe, aramed ise, TiTqos, TqvenTan erTad magidis garSemo msxdom megobrebs esaubrebodeT: maT warudgenT debulebas da ramdenime varauds, ris gamoc megobrebma unda irwmunon am debulebis marTebuloba; msmenelebi arkveven detalebs, gamoTqvamen sawinaaRmdego azrs an warmoadgenen sakuTar Tvalsazriss; Tqven maT pasuxobT, albaT, usvamT SekiTxvebsac; isinic kvlav gisvamen SekiTxvebs. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, esaa megobruli, magram gaazrebuli ormxrivi urTierToba, romlis drosac ualibdeba da gamoicdeba saukeTeso Tvalsazrisi, romlis Seqmnac erToblivad SegiZliaT.
weris dros aseTi TanamSromloba ufro rTulia, vinaidan, rogorc wesi, Tqven damoukideblad werT (Tu ar werT gundurad; ix. 2.4) da, amdenad, ara mxolod unda upasuxoT warmosaxviTi mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebs, aramed, agreTve, mis magivradac dasvaT SekiTxvebi – ise xSirad da mwvaved, rogorc mkiTxvelebi dasvamdnen. Tumca, Tqveni mizani ar aris mxolod gonivruli ritorikuli strategiebis mofiqreba, romlebic daarwmunebs mkiTxvels, daeTanxmos Tqvens debulebas imis miuxedavad, Tu ramdenad kargia is. Tqveni mizania debulebis, gansakuTrebiT, misi gamamyarebeli varaudis gamocda, raTa, rodesac naSroms mkiTxvels warudgenT, mas saukeTeso Tvalsazrisi SesTavazoT. karg kvleviT naSromSi mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos am warmosaxviTi saubris niSnis danaxva.
rogorc aRvniSneT, faqtebze dafuZnebuli logikuri msjeloba ar warmoadgens gonivruli daskvnis gamotanis erTaderT gzas; zogjer is arc aris saukeTeso gza. karg gadawyvetilebebs xSirad viRebT intuiciaze, grZnobebze an Sinagan gamWriaxobaze dayrdnobiT. Tumca,
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rodesac vcdilobT avxsnaT, ratom migvaCnia Cveni Tvalsazrisi marTebulad da ratom unda irwmunon es sxvebmac, ver vaxerxebT, warmovaCinoT, rogor Camogviyalibda aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisi, vinidan ver moviyvanT mtkicebulebad intuicias an grZnobebs, rom mkiTxvelma maTi Sefaseba SeZlos. Cven mxolod SegviZlia, movuTxroT mkiTxvels intuiciis an ganwyobis Sesaxeb da vTxovoT, irwmunos Cveni Sexeduleba. es aris Txovna, romelsac sazriani mkiTxveli iSviaTad asrulebs.
Tumca, kvlevis argumentis Seqmnisas unda warmoadginoT Tqveni varaudebi da mtkicebulebebi ise, rom mkiTxvelma SeZlos maTi gaTvaliswineba; Semdeg unda warmoidginoT mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebi da Tqveni pasuxebi. es ufro rTuli Cans, vidre sinamdvileSia.
5.2 aageT argumenti mkiTxvelis SekiTxvebze gacemuli pasuxebis garSemo
martivia, warmoidginoT, ra saxis saubari unda gamarToT
mkiTxvelTan, vinaidan amas yoveldRe akeTebT: a: gavige, rom gasul semestrSi sirTuleebs waawydi. rogor fiqrob, rogor Caivlis es semestri? [a wamoWris problemas SekiTxvis formiT.] b: vimedovneb, rom ukeTesad. [b pasuxobs SekiTxvas.] a: ratom fiqrob ase? [a sTxovs, warmoadginos varaudi, raTa daijeros b-s pasuxi.] b: me gavdivar kursebs mTavar saganSi. [b warmoadgens varauds.] a: ra kursebs? [a sTxovs b-s, warmoadginos mtkicebulebebi varaudis gasamyareblad.] b: xelovnebis istoria, Sesavali kursi dizainSi. [b warmoadgens mtkicebulebebs sakuTari varaudis gasamyareblad.] a: ra icvleba imiT, rom gadixar kursebs mTavar saganSi? [a ver xedavs b-s mier warmodgenili varaudis kavSirs mis SexedulebasTan, rom ukeTesi Sedegebi eqneba] b: rodesac gavdivar kursebs, romlebic mainteresebs, ufro bejiTad vmecadineob. [b warmoadgens zogad princips, romelic exeba mis varauds im SexedulebasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ukeTesi Sedegebi eqneba.] a: ras ityvi maTematikis kursze, romelic savaldebuloa? [a ewinaaRmdegeba b-s mier warmodgenil varauds.]
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b: bolos, rodesac maTematikaSi momzadeba daviwye, Tavis danebeba momixda. Tumca, kargi kerZo maswavlebeli movnaxe. [b aRiarebs a-s mier gamoTqmul sawinaaRmdego azrs da pasuxobs mas.]
Tu SegiZliaT, sakuTari Tavi warmoidginoT a-s an b-s rolSi, axals verafers ipoviT kvlevis moxsenebis argumentSi, vinaidan Tqven qmniT mas igive xuTi saxis SekiTxvebze pasuxebis gacemiT:
- ra aris Tqveni debuleba? - ra varaudi amyarebs mas? - ra mtkicebulebebi amyarebs am varaudebs? - rogor pasuxobT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss da alternatiul
Sexedulebebs? - rogor Seesabameba Tqveni varaudebi debulebas? Tu am xuT SekiTxvas dasvamT da pasuxs gascemT, ver iqnebiT
darwmunebuli, rom mkiTxveli daeTanxmeba Tqvens Tvalsazriss. Tumca, ufro gazrdiT albaTobas, rom mkiTxveli Tqvens debulebas da Tavad Tqven seriozulad aRgiqvamT.
5.3 aqcieT samuSao hipoTeza debulebad
Cven aRvwereT, rom kvlevis adreuli etapebi moicavs SekiTxvis gansazRvras da winaswari pasuxis warmodgenas. aRniSnul pasuxs samuSao hipoTeza vuwodeT. axla, rodesac ganvixilavT am hipoTezis gamamyarebeli argumentis Seqmnas, bolojer vcvliT terminologias. rodesac fiqrobT, rom SegiZliaT, daweroT moxseneba, romelic amyarebs hipoTezas kargi debulebebiT da damamtkicebeli sabuTiT, am hipoTezas warmoadgenT, rogorc argumentis debulebas. debuleba aris Tqveni argumentis birTvi, Tqveni moxsenebis dedaarsi (zogierTi pedagogi mas Tezas uwodebs).
5.4 SekribeT argumentis elementebi
argumentis birTvi Sedgeba sami elementisgan: debuleba, mis
misaRebad saWiro varaudebi da mtkicebulebebi, romlebic amyarebs am varauds. am birTvs amatebT erT, SesaZloa, or elements: erTi pasuxobs SekiTxvebze, sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisze da alternatiul Tvalsazrisze; meore pasuxobs maT, visac ar esmis, rogor Seesabameba Tqveni varaudi debulebas.
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5.4.1 CamoayalibeT da SeafaseT debuleba
daiwyeT `dafis” (an monaxazis) axali pirveli gverdi. ZirSi dawereT debuleba erTi an ori winadadebiT. CamoayalibeT is maqsimalurad konkretulad, vinaidan am debulebaSi gamoyenebuli sityvebi dagexmarebaT Savi naweris dagegmvasa da SeqmnaSi. moerideT bundovan, mniSvnelovnebis ganmsazRvrel sityvebs, rogoricaa mniSvnelovani, saintereso, sayuradRebo, da a.S. SeadareT: niRbebs mniSvnelovani daniSnuleba aqvs mraval religiur ritualSi. kolumbis periodamdeli amerikis, agreTve, afrikisa da aziis kulturebSi niRbebi iZleoda religiur dResaswaulebze RvTaebebis gacocxlebis SesaZleblobas, raTa Tayvanismcemlebs SeqmnodaT maTTan uSualo Sexebis gancda.
axla SeafaseT Tqveni debulebis mniSvneloba (kvlav SekiTxva ,,mere ra?”). mniSvnelovani debuleba mkiTxvels ar afiqrebinebs _ ,,me es vici”, aramed – ,,marTla? ra sainteresoa. ratom migaCnia ase?” (gadaxedeT 2.1.4.) es momdevno ori debuleba Zalian trivialuria imisaTvis, rom Rirdes moxsenebis mosamzadeblad maT Sesaxeb damatebiTi wyaroebis kiTxva da miT umetes, raimes dawera: am moxsenebaSi ganxilulia xalxuri legendebis, magaliTad, alamos brZolis istoriis, swavleba dawyebiTi skolis moswavleebisTvis. [mere ra, Tu asea?] dawyebiT ganaTlebaSi, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba Cveni qveynis istoriis swavleba iseTi xalxuri legendebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa alamos brZola. [mere ra, Tu asea?]
ra Tqma unda, is, Tu ras CaTvlis Tqveni mkiTxveli sainteresod, damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra codna aqvs mas. Tu kvleviTi karieris adreul etapze imyofebiT, amis winaswar gaTvlas ver SeZlebT. Tu muSaobT erT-erT pirvel kvleviT proeqtze, dauSviT, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovani mkiTxveli Tavad xarT. Tumca, Tu fiqrobT, rom Tqvenive debuleba bundovani an umniSvneloa, ese igi ar xarT mzad misi dasasabuTebeli argumentis Sesakrebad, radgan ar gaqvT am argumentis Sesaqmnelad saWiro varaudi.
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5.4.2 gaamyareT debuleba varaudiT da faqtebiT SesaZloa, cxadia, rom unda daasabuToT debuleba varaudiTa da
faqtebiT. Tumca, es ori sityva iolad SeiZleba, agerioT erTmaneTSi, vinaidan maT xSirad viyenebT erTi da imave ramis gamosaxatad: ra varaudebze afuZnebT Tqvens debulebas? ra faqtebze afuZnebT Tqvens debulebas? Tumca, maT sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvT:
- Cven vayalibebT logikur varaudebs, Tumca, vagrovebT Zlier faqtebs; ar vagrovebT mtkice varaudebs da vigonebT logikur damamtkicebel faqtebs. vafuZnebT varaudebs damamtkicebel faqtebze; Cven ar vafuZnebT faqtebs varaudebze.
- varaudi aris abstraqtuli da ar unda daimowmoT misi wyaro (Tu
ase apirebdiT). faqti, rogorc wesi, Tqveni mogonili an mofiqrebuli ar aris; amdenad, yovelTvis unda miuTiToT wyaro, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu is sakuTari dakvirvebis an eqsperimentis Sedegad moipoveT; Semdeg unda aCvenoT, ra gaakeTeT mis sapovnelad.
- varaudi unda myardebodes faqtebiT; faqtebs ar unda sWirdebodes
sxva saxiT gamyareba sando wyaros miTiTebis garda.
problema is aris, rom rac utyuar faqtad da, Sesabamisad, mtkice sabuTad migaCniaT, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelisTvis ar iyos utyuari faqti da mtkice sabuTi. magaliTad, davuSvaT, mkvlevari warmoadgens Semdeg debulebas da varauds: alamos istoriebi asaxavda Rirebulebebs, romlebic ukve arsebobda
amerikul xasiaTSi. debuleba. istoria TiTqmis maSinve gadaiqca legendad
amerikelTa sagmiro Tavganwirvis Sesaxeb. varaudi am varaudis gasamyarebld, is gvTavazobs `mtkice” faqtebs: brZolidan mokle xanSi, mravalma gazeTma gamoiyena istoria, raTa
warmoeCina Cveni gmiruli nacionaluri xasiaTi.
Tu mkiTxveli aRiarebs am debulebas, rogorc faqts, man SesaZloa, aRiaros is, rogorc damamtkicebeli sabuTi. Tumca, skeptikurad ganwyobili mkiTxveli, iseTi, rogorsac unda moelodeT (unda imedovnebdeT kidec, rom aseTi SegxvdebaT), savaraudod, dasvams
damamtkicebeli faqti.
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SekiTxvebs: ras niSnavs male? ramdenia bevri? romeli naSromebi? axal ambebSi Tu saredaqcio statiebSi? konkretulad ra iyo naTqvami? ramdenma gazeTma ar dawera amis Sesaxeb?
ra Tqma unda, mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, mxolod varaudis safuZvelze aRiaros mtkiceba, Tu es varaudi TavisTavad cxadia an momdinareobs sando wyarodan:
Cven yvelani Tanasworebi varT varaudi, amdenad, aravis aqvs bunebrivi
ufleba, gvmarTos.
1. pirveli saxis SekiTxva mimarTulia argumentSi arsebul problemaze, Cveulebriv, mis faqtze. warmoidgineT, rom mkiTxveli gamoTqvams
debuleba
faqtobrivad, Sesavali kursebis pedagogebi xSirad aRiareben varaudebs, romlebic gamyarebulia mxolod sando wyaroebis saSualebiT:
uilsoni ambobs X-s religiuri niRbebis Sesaxeb, iangi ambobs Y-ს, Smidti – Z-ს. Tumca, samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad Seqmnili naSromisgan mkiTxveli mets moelis. mkiTxvels sWirdeba faqti, romelic mopovebulia ara meoradi wyarodan, aramed pirvelwyarodan an sakuTari dakvirvebis Sedegad.
gadaxedeT Tqvens `dafas”: SegiZliaT, gaamyaroT TiToeuli varaudi iseTiT, romelsac Tqveni mkiTxveli CaTvlis swori saxis, raodenobis da xarisxis mtkicebulebad da, romelic Seesabameba mis sferos? SesaZlebelia, mkiTxvelma ifiqros, rom Tqveni mtkicebuleba met dasabuTebas moiTxovs? an ukeTesi wyaroa saWiro? Tu asea, unda moiZioT meti monacemi an aRiaroT arsebuli monacemebis zRvrebi.
argumentis birTvia debuleba, varaudebi da faqtebi; Tumca, arguments sWirdeba sul mcire kidev erTi elementi, SesaZloa, oric. 5.4.3 gaiTvaliswineT da upasuxeT mkiTxvelebis Tvalsazriss
SesaZloa, gindodeT, rom ase ar iyos, magram Tqveni saukeTeso mkiTxveli yvelaze kritikuli mkiTxvelia; is waikiTxavs miukerZoeblad, Tumca, TavisTavad ar daeTanxmeba yvelafers, rasac werT. mkiTxveli moifiqrebs SekiTxvebs, wamoWris sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss da alternatiul variantebs. saubris dros SegiZliaT, SekiTxvebs dasmisTanave gasceT pasuxi. weris SemTxvevaSi ki ara mxolod pasuxi unda gasceT maT, aramed Tavad unda dasvaT isini. Tu ase ar gaakeTeT, Seiqmneba STabeWdileba, rom ar iciT an, kidev ufro uaresi, ar gainteresebT mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisi. mkiTxvelebi wamoWrian ori saxis SekiTxvas; scadeT, warmoidginoT da pasuxi gasceT orive maTgans.
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romelime saxis kritikul SeniSvnas, Semdeg sapasuxod qmnis mini-arguments:
- Tqveni mtkicebuleba momdinareobs arasarwmuno an moZvelebuli wyarodan.
- is ar aris zusti. - ar aris sakmarisi. - saTanadod ar warmoadgens yvela arsebul faqts. - es mcdari saxis mtkicebulebaa Cveni sferosTvis. - ar aris marTebuli, vinaidan ar iTvleba mtkicebulebad.
Semdeg warmoidgineT Tqveni varaudebisa da pasuxebis Semdegi saxis
sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisi da is, Tu rogor gascemdiT maT pasuxs: - Tqveni varaudebi araTanmimdevruli an winaaRmdegobrivia. - isini Zalian sustia an Zalian cotaa, raTa daasabuTos Tqveni
debuleba. - isini ar Seesabameba Tqvens debulebas (Cven am sakiTxs ganvixilavT
5.4.4-Si). 2. meore saxis SekiTxviT problemebi argumentis gareT wamoiWreba. isini, vinc sxvagvarad uyurebs samyaros, savaraudod, pirobebs sxvanairad gansazRvravs, sxvagvarad msjelobs, iseT faqtsac ki SemogvTavazebs, romelic Tqven Seusabamod migaCniaT. Tu Tqveni da Tqveni mkiTxvelebis msoflmxedveloba ar emTxveva, es unda aRiaroT da am sakiTxebzec unda imsjeloT. nu moepyrobiT gansxvavebul Tvalsazriss rogorc, ubralod, sawinaaRmdego azrs. Tu imis mtkicebas daiwyebT, rom Tqveni Tvalsazrisi sworia, maTi ki – mcdari, mkiTxvels dakargavT. amis nacvlad, aRiareT gansxvavebebi, Semdgom SeadareT isini, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos, gaigos Tqveni argumenti ise, rogorc is warmodgenilia. maT SeiZleba, mainc ar gaiziaron Tqveni Sexeduleba, magram uCvenebT, rom gesmiT da pativs scemT maT Tvalsazriss; Sedegad ufro savaraudoa, rom mkiTxveli Seecdeba, gaigos da moiwonos Tqveni Sexeduleba.
Tu damwyebi mkvlevari xarT, gagiWirdebaT am SekiTxvebis warmodgena, vinaidan SesaZloa, ar icodeT, rogor gansxvavdeba mkiTxvelis Tvalsazrisi Tqveni Sexedulebebisgan. miuxedavad amisa, scadeT, moifiqroT ramdenime SesaZlo SekiTxva da sawinaaRmdego azri; mniSvnelovania sakuTari TavisTvis Semdegi SekiTxvis dasma: ris gamo SeiZleba, eWvqveS daayenon Cemi debuleba? Tumca, Tu sadiplomo an sadisertacio naSroms werT, unda icodeT sakiTxebi, romlebsac, savaraudod, wamoWrian Tqveni sferos warmomadgenlebi. amdenad, rac ar unda gamocdili iyoT, ivarjiSeT sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazrisis warmodgenasa da masze pasuxis gacemaSi. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu amas mxolod meqanikuradac ki gaakeTebT, gamoimuSavebT azrovnebis yaidas, romelic daimsaxurebs mkiTxvelis mowonebas da romlis wyalobiTac SeiZleba, Tavidan airidoT saeWvo daskvnebis naCqarevad gamotana.
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daamateT Tvalsazrisebi da pasuxebi `dafaze”, Tu fiqrobT, rom mkiTxveli maT wamoWris. 5.4.4 daasabuTeT Tqveni varaudis Sesabamisoba Tqvens debulebasTan gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki rTulia argumentis am bolo elementis gageba, ufro rTuli _ gamoyeneba da kidev ufro rTuli _ axsna. es aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba. arguments ganmartebiT msjelobas umatebT maSin, rodesac fiqrobT, rom mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, uaryos Tqveni debuleba ara imis gamo, rom misi gamamyarebeli varaudi faqtobrivad mcdaria an efuZneba arasakmaris faqtebs, aramed imitom, rom is Seusabamoa da amdenad, arc ki iTvleba varaudad. magaliTad, warmoidgineT, rom mkvlevari wers:
alamos istoriebi swrafad gavrcelda, debuleba vinaidan 1836 wels es qveyana jer kidev ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze.
varaudi
warmoidgineT, TiTqos is eWvobs, rom mkiTxveli, savaraudod, sawinaaRmdego azrisa iqneba: marTalia, rom alamos istoriebi swrafad gavrcelda da 1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze. magram ver vxedav, ra kavSiri aqvs Tavdajerebulobas istoriis swrafad gavrcelebasTan. avtori amaze pasuxs ver gascems mxolod im damatebiTi faqtebis warmodgeniT, rom misi qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze an rom istoriebi, sinamdvileSi, swrafad gavrcelda: mkiTxveli maT eTanxmeba, rogorc namdvils. amis nacvlad, mkvlevarma unda axsnas aRniSnuli varaudis Sesabamisoba – ratom amyarebs maTi sinamdvile debulebis marTebulobas.
amisTvis mas sWirdeba ganmartebiTi msjeloba. ganmartebiTi msjeloba Zalian rTuli gasagebia. Tumca, yvela, vinc wers kvleviT arguments, unda Cawvdes maT princips Semdegi mizezis gamo: mkiTxveli xSirad ar eTanxmeba warmodgenil Sexedulebas, miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba, sjerodes mkvlevris varaudisa an moyvanili damamtkicebeli sabuTis suzustisa. is ar eTanxmeba debulebas, radgan varaudi an faqti ar Seesabameba debulebas. rogor gamoiyeneba ganmatebiTi msjeloba araoficialur saubarSi. vTqvaT, axalSeZenil megobars Soreuli qveynidan eubnebiT Semdeg mcire arguments:
minus xuTi gradusia, varaudi amdenad, qudi unda daixuroT. debuleba
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zogierTi CvenganisTvis, varaudi ise naTlad amyarebs debulebas, rom saWiro ar aris misi Sesabamisobis ganmarteba. Tumca, Tu, davuSvaT, Tqveni megobari svams am ucnaur SekiTxvas: mere ra, Tu 5 gradusi yinvaa? ratom unda davixuro qudi? es SekiTxva eWvqveS ayenebs ara am varaudis (rom 5 gradusi yinvaa) WeSmaritebas, aramed mis Sesabamisobas debulebasTan (rom qudi unda daixuro). SeiZleba, ucnaurad mogeCvenoT am SekiTxvis dasma, Tumca, zogadi principiT SeZlebT, pasuxi gasceT mas: roca sicivea, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan. es winadadeba aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba. masSi warmodgenilia zogadi principi, romelic Cveni gamocdilebidan momdinareobs: gvaqvs imis Tqmis safuZveli, rom garkveul zogad pirobebs (sicivea), Cveulebriv, garkveuli zogadi Sedegi (adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan) mosdevs. vfiqrobT, rom zogadi ganmartebiTi msjeloba warmodgenili konkretuli varaudis safuZvelze (rom 5 gradusi yinvaa) asabuTebs konkretul debulebas (rom Cvenma megobrma unda daixuros qudi), vinaidan vmsjelobT aseTi logikiT: Tu zogadi piroba da misi Sedegi marTalia, maSin maTi konkretuli SemTxvevebic namdvili unda iyos. ufro detalurad, es asea (gafrTxileba: qvemoT warmodgenili SeiZleba, mogeCvenoT logikis morig gakveTilad):
- ganmarTebiTi msjeloba: zogadi piroba aris is, rom sicivea. Cveulebriv, amiT mivdivarT zogad Sedegamde: adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan. Cven vacxadebT amas, rogorc namdvil da zogad princips, roca sicivea, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan.
- konkretuli mizezi, minus 5 gradusi, aris namdvili garemoeba zogadi pirobisa _ sicivea.
- konkretul debulebas _ qudi unda daixuroT, aqvs zogadi Sedegis namdvili garemoeba – adamianebma unda Caicvan Tbilad.
- imis gamo, rom ganmartebiT msjelobaSi warmodgenili zogadi principi marTalia da varaudi da debuleba misi namdvili garemoebebia, Cven SegviZlia, vamtkicoT, rom debuleba ,,qudi unda daixuro” namdvili da marTebulia.
Tumca, axla davuSvaT, rom eqvsi Tvis Semdeg estumreT megobars da
is geubnebaT, rom:
dRes 80 gradusze maRali temperaturaa, varaudi amdenad, Caicvi
grZelsaxeloebiani perangi. debuleba
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aman SeiZleba, dagabnioT: rogor SeiZleba, varaudi (rom 80 gradusze maRali temperaturaa) Seesabamebodes debulebas (Caicvi grZelsaxeloebiani perangi)? SegeZloT, warmogedginaT es zogadi principi rogorc ganmartebiTi msjeloba roca Tbili saRamoa, adamianebma Tbilad unda Caicvan. Tumca, es ar Seesabameba simarTles da Tu fiqrobT, rom ganmartebiTi msjeloba ar aris swori, ar aRiarebT, rom varaudi amyarebs debulebas, vinaidan is Seusabamoa. Tumca, vTqvaT, Tqveni megobari dasZens Semdegs: am adgilebSi, roca Tbili saRamoa, unda daicvaT mklavebi mwerebis kbenisgan. axla argumenti, SesaZloa, gasagebia, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am yvelafris gjeraT:
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba aris swori (roca Tbili saRamoa, unda daicvaT mklavebi mwerebisgan).
- varaudi aris swori (am saRamos temperatura 80 gradusze maRalia) - varaudi warmoadgens zogadi pirobis namdvil garemoebas (80
gradusi namdvilad aris siTbos piroba). - debuleba aris zogadi Sedegis namdvili garemoeba
(grZelsaxeloebiani perangis tareba namdvili garemoebaa mwerebis kbenisgan Tavis dasacavad).
- ar vrceldeba aranairi ganucxadebeli SezRudvebi an gamonaklisebi (wina saRamos uecrad aciebam ar daxoca yvela mweri, adamiani ver gamoiyenebs mwerebisgan damcav saSualebas da a.S.).
Tu am yovelivesi gjerT, unda irwmunoT argumenti, rom rodesac 80
gradusia RamiT, mizanSewonilia grZelsaxeloebiani peragis Cacma, yovel SemTxvevaSi, im konkretul dros da adgilas.
yvelam viciT uamravi aseTi principi da yoveldRiurad sul ufro mets vswavlobT. ase rom ar iyos, ver gavuZRvebodiT yoveldRiur cxovrebas. faqtobrivad, ganmartebiTi msjelobis formiT gamovxatavT xalxur sibrZnes, Tumca, maT andazebs vuwodebT: RamiT yvela kata nacrisferiao; Tvali Tvals rom daSordeba, gulic gadasxvaferdebao. rogor gamoiyeneba ganmartebiTi msjeloba samecniero argumentSi. qvemoT moyvanilia SedarebiT samecniero magaliTi, Tumca mtkiceba aqac igivenairad gamoiyeneba:
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mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis amerikaSi enciklopediebi bevrs ar unda
hqonoda kerZo mflobelobaSi, debuleba vinaidan anderZebSi isini
iSviaTad aris naxsenebi. varaudi davuSvaT, varaudi aris marTali: uamravi damamtkicebeli faqtia, rom enciklopediebi marTlac iSviaTad iyo aRniSnuli mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis periodis anderZebSi. amis miuxedavad, mkiTxvels SesaZloa, gauCndes kiTxva, ratom Seesabameba es varaudi debulebas: SeiZleba, marTali xarT da aseTi anderZebis udides nawilSi ar aris moxseniebuli enciklopediebi, magram mere ra? ar mesmis, ratom Seesabameba es Tqvens debulebas, rom enciklopedia mcire raodenobiT iyo kerZo mflobelobaSi. Tu avtori moelis am SekiTxvas, man unda warmoadginos ganmartebiTi msjeloba, zogadi principi, romelic aCvenebs, rogor Seesabameba varaudi debulebas. es ganmartebiTi msjeloba SeiZleba, ase Camoyalibdes: Tu faseuli nivTi ar iyo miTiTebuli mecxramete saukunis dasawyisis periodis anderZebSi, is, Cveulebriv, ar iyo moZravi qonebis nawili
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. im periodis anderZebSi iSviaTad aris aRniSnuli
enciklopediebi, varaudi amdenad, cota adamiani flobda enciklopedias.
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba marTalia.
debuleba CvenTvis debuleba misaRebi iqneboda mxolod da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu davijerebdiT Semdegs:
- varaudi aris rogorc marTali, ise ganmartebiTi msjelobis zogadi pirobis (enciklopediebi miiCneoda faseul nivTad) namdvili garemoeba.
- debuleba aris ganmartebiTi msjelobis zogadi Sedegis namdvili garemoeba (rom enciklopediis uqonloba aris raRac Rirebulis, moZravi qonebis nawilis ar qonis namdvili garemoeba).
Tu mkvlevars eSinia, rom mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayenos romelime es piroba, man unda Seqmnas argumenti mis dasasabuTeblad. Tumca, amiT problema ar iwureba: ganmartebiTi msjeloba yovelTvis, gamonaklisebis gareSe, marTalia? mkiTxveli SeiZleba, dainteresdes, iyo Tu ara qveynis zogierT nawilSi anderZebSi moxseniebuli mxolod miwa da Senobebi, Tu saerTod cota adamiani adgenda anderZs. Tu mwerals miaCnia, rom mkiTxveli SesaZloa, dainteresdes aseTi detalebiT, mas, albaT, mouwevs kidev erTi argumentis warmodgena, imis saCveneblad, rom gamonaklisebi ar arsebobda.
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Tqven ixileT, ratom veTanxmebiT ase iSviaTad argumentebs rTuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb: maSinac ki, rodesac misaRebia moyvanili faqtebi, mainc SeiZleba, ver virwmunoT msjeloba, romelzec agebulia debuleba.
varaudis debulebasTan Sesabamisobis gamocda. varaudis debulebasTan Sesabamisobis gamosacdelad SeqmeniT maTi damakavSirebeli ganmartebiTi msjeloba. pirvel rigSi, warmoadgineT varaudi da debuleba am TanmimdevrobiT. ixileT am nawilis dasawyisidan moyvanili Tavdapirveli varaudi da debuleba:
1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio arenaze.
varaudi amdenad, alamos istoriebi swrafad gavrcelda
roca es zogadi piroba arsebobs
debuleba axla aageT zogadi principi, romelic moicavs am varauds da debulebas. ganmrtebiTi msjeloba uamravi sxvadasxva saxis da formisaa, Tumca, yvelaze metad gamosadegia rodesac-maSin modelebi. es ganmartebiTi msjeloba `moicavs” varauds da debulebas. roca qveyana ar aris Tavdajerebuli, maSin iq swrafad vrceldeba ambebi istoriuli samxedro movlenebis Sesaxeb.
es zogadi Sedegi momdinareobs ganmartebiTi msjeloba
roca qveyana ar aris
Tavdajerebuli,
masSi swrafad vrceldeba istoriebi sagmiro samxedro
movlenebis Sesaxeb zogadi piroba
zogadi Sedegi 1836 wels es qveyana ar iyo Tavdajerebuli moTamaSe msoflio
arenaze
Amdenad, alamos istoria swrafad
gavrcelda
konkretuli varaudi konkretuli debuleba
es konkretuli piroba arsebobs amdenad, es konkretuli Sedegi
gamomdinareobs varaudi debuleba suraTi 5.1 argumentis struqtura SegviZlia, formalurad warmovadginoT es urTierTkavSiri, rogorc 5.1 suraTSia mocemuli. am debulebis aRiarebisTvis mkiTxvelma unda aRiaros Semdegi:
- ganmartebiTi msjeloba aris swori - konkretuli varaudi aris swori. - konkretuli varaudi aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba zogadi pirobis
nawilis namdvili garemoeba.
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- konkretuli debuleba aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba zogadi Sedegis nawilis namdvili garemoeba.
- ar arsebobs ganmartebiTi msjelobis gamoyenebis raime SemzRudveli pirobebi.
avtors rom efiqra, rom mkiTxvels SeiZleba, ar eRiarebina ganmartebiTi msjelobis an varaudis simarTle, mas unda Seeqmna argumenti maT gasamyareblad. avtori Tu CaTvlida, rom mkiTxvels SesaZloa, varaudi da debuleba ar CaeTvala ganmartebiTi msjelobis namdvil SemTxvevad, mas mouwevda kidev erTi argumentis Seqmna imis dasasabuTeblad, rom es asea. gamocdilebis miRebasTan erTad iswavliT argumentebis gonebaSi Semowmebas; Tumca, manamde SegiZliaT, scadoT ganmartebiTi msjelobis monaxazis gakeTeba yvelaze ufro sadavo varaudebisTvis. ganmartebiTi msjelobis gamocdis Semdeg daamateT is `dafaze” iq, sadac fiqrobT, rom mkiTxvelebs dasWirdebaT. Tu gWirdebaT ganmartebiTi msjelobis argumentiT dasabuTeba, misi monaxazic iqve gaakeTeT. ratom aris ganmartebiTi msjeloba gansakuTrebiT rTuli axalbeda mkvlevrebisTvis? Tqven rom axali dawyebuli gqondeT dargSi moRvaweoba, Semdegi mizezebis gamo gagirTuldebodaT ganmartebiTi msjelobis gamoyeneba:
- gamocdili mkvlevari iSviaTad ganmartavs msjelobis principebs, vinaidan miiCnevs, rom kolegebma zemoaRniSnuli isedac ician. axalbeda mkvlevrebma isini TavisiT unda moifiqron (imis msgavsad, rodesac viRac ambobs, `grZelsaxeloebiani perangi Caicvi, vinaidan dRes saRamos temperatura 80 gradusze metia).
- ganmartebiT msjelobas, Cveulebriv, aqvs gamonaklisebi, rac gamocdilma mkvlevrebma isedac ician da, amdenad, iSviaTad moixsenieben maT, amis gamo axalbeda mkvlevrebi iZulebulni xdebian, Tavad mividnen am gamonaklisebamde.
- eqspertebma, agreTve, ician, rodis ar unda daurTon aSkara ganmartebiTi msjeloba an misi SemzRudveli garemoebebi, kidev erTi ram, rac axalbeda mkvlevarma damoukideblad unda iswavlos. magaliTad, gamocdil mkvlevars rom daewera, ivnisis dasawyisia, amdenad mosalodnelia, rom male benzinSi met fuls gadavixdiT, is ar aRniSnavda TvalsaCino ganmartebiT msjelobas: roca zafxuli axlovdeba, benzinze fasebi matulobs.
Tu warmoadgenT yvelasTvis gasageb msjelobaze ganmartebas, Zalian qedmaRali an gulubryvilo gamoCndebiT. Tumca, Tu ver warmoaCenT im ganmartebiTi msjelobas, romelic mkiTxvels sWirdeba, datovebT alogikuri specialistis STabeWdilebas. unda gaiwafoT, rom
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gansazRvroT, rodis sWirdeba mkiTxvels ganmartebis damateba, da rodis _ ara. es gamocdilebas moaqvs. amdenad, nu SeSindebiT, Tu ganmartebiTi msjelobis miTiTebis saWiroba gaurkvevlobaSi gagdebT; masze muSaoba gamocdili mkvlevrebisTvisac ki rTulia. Tumca, ganmartebiTi msjelobis Sesaxeb codna gibiZgebT, dasvaT es sakvanZo SekiTxva: Tqveni varaudis da damamtkicebeli faqtebis sisworesTan erTad mkiTxveli dainaxavs maT Sesabamisobas debulebasTan? Tu SesaZloa, rom ver dainaxavs, amis demonstirebisTvis argumenti unda SeqmnaT.
5.5 ganasxvaveT faqtebze dafuZnebuli argumentebi ganmartebiT
msjelobaze dafuZnebuli argumentebisgan
dabolos, mniSvnelovania, aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs ori saxis argumenti, romlebsac mkiTxvelebi sxvadasxvanairad afaseben:
- pirveli varaudidan da ganmartebiTi msjelobidan askvnis debulebas. miiCneva, rom debuleba am saxis argumentSi udavod namdvilia.
- meoreSi ki debuleba efuZneba faqtebze damyarebul varauds. am saxis argumentSi debuleba miiCneva, rogorc savaraudod namdvili.
rac ar unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, mkvlevrebi ufro endobian ara pirveli, aramed meore saxis arguments, romelic faqtebs emyareba. es argumenti warmoadgens debulebas, romelic emyareba faqtebze damyarebul varauds: saineqcio nemsis gacvlis programebi xels uwyobs narkotikebis moxmarebis gazrdas. debuleba rodesac misi monawileebi gaacnobiereben, rom dainficirebuli nemsebiT SeZenili daavadebis riskis Tavidan arideba SeuZliaT, meti narkotikis moxmarebis stimuli eZlevaT. varaudi im pirTa kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT, vinc monawileoba miiRo aseT programaSi, monawileebis 34%-ma narkotikebis moxmareba gazarda kviraSi 1.7-idan 2.1-mde, vinaidan ganacxada, rom nemsiT gadamdebi daavadebebisgan daculad grZnobda Tavs. faqti Tu miviCnevT, rom mocemuli mtkicebuleba marTebuli da sakmarisia (SesaZloa, ase ar vTvlideT), maSin debuleba gveCveneba gonivruli, Tumca, aranairad _ udavo, vinaidan vinmes SesaZloa, aRmoeCina axali da ukeTesi faqtobrivi mtkicebuleba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba ukve warmodgenils.
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momdevno argumentSi warmodgenilia igive debuleba igive varaudis safuZvelze, Tumca, debuleba dasabuTebulia ara fatobrivi mtkicebulebiT, aramed logikiT. debuleba unda iyos marTali, Tu msjelobis ganmarteba da varaudi marTalia da Tu varaudi da debuleba msjelobis ganmartebis namdvili garemoebebia: saineqcio nemsis gacvlis programebi xels uwyobs narkotikebis moxmarebis gazrdas. debuleba rodesac monawileebi gaiazreben, rom maT SeuZliaT dainficirebuli nemsebiT SeZenili daavadebis Tavidan acileba, eZlevaT meti narkotikebis gamoyenebis stimuli. varaudi rodesac riskis Semcveli qcevis Sedegebi mcirdeba, adamianebi ufro xSirad mimarTaven aseT qcevas.
5.6 argumentis Sekvra
msjelobis ganmarteba Tumca, is, rom unda davijeroT, rom msjelobis ganmarteba yovelTvis marTalia yvela SemTxvevaSi da yvelgan, aris debuleba, romelsac Cveni umetesoba ar daeTanxmeboda, an ar unda daeTanxmos. cota Cvengani atarebs manqanas gaufrTxileblad mxolod imis gamo, rom manqanebSi usafrTxoebis Rvedebi da moqnili saWis RerZebia. yvela argumenti emyareba ganmartebiT msjelobas, Tumca, kvlevis argumentis mkiTxvelisTvis, ufro savaraudoa, rom sarwmuno iqneba debuleba, romelic emyareba ara princips, aramed _ faqtobriv mtkicebulebas, vinaidan miuxedavad imisa, Tu ramdenad damajerebeli Cans zogadi principi, mas aqvs Zalian bevri gamonaklisi, done da SemzRudveli garemoeba. is, vinc debulebas agebs, misi azriT, udavo principze, Zalian xSirad ar iTvaliswinebs am sirTuleebs, radgan darwmunebulia, rom misi principebi marTalia, miuxedavad imisa, rom faqtebi sapirispiroze mianiSnebs. xolo Tu misi principebi sworia, aseve sworia misi daskvnebic. aseTi argumentebi ufro ideologiuria, vidre faqtobrivi. amdenad, daasabuTeT debulebebi maqsimalurad bevri faqtobrivi mtkicebulebiT im SemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac fiqrobT, rom logika Tqvens mxarezea. daamateT ganmartebiTi msjeloba, raTa gamarToT daskvna, magram, amasTanave, aageT daskvna mtkicebulebaze.
ai, mcire argumenti, romelic aerTianebs xuTive nawils: bavSvebze orientirebul televizias SeuZlia, xeli Seuwyos maT inteleqtualur ganviTarebas. Tumca, am wvlils aneitralebs faqtori, romelmac SeiZleba, ziani miayenos bavSvebis emociur ganviTarebas –
metismeti Zaladoba. debuleba mSoblebi Tanxmdebian, rom magaliTi warmoadgens mniSvnelovan zegavlenas bavSvis ganviTarebaze. swored
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amitom, mSoblebi bavSvebs mouTxroben gmirebis Sesaxeb. maSin damajerebeli Cans, rom rodesac bavSvebi xedaven arasasurvel saqciels,
maTze isic moaxdens zegavlenas. ganmartebiTi msjeloba. erTi dRis
ganmavlobaSi bavSvebi xedaven Zaladobis uamrav magliTs. varaudi. yoveldRiurad bavSvi televizors uyurebs, saSualod, TiTqmis oTxi saaTis ganmavlobaSi da xedavs Zaladobis daaxloebiT Tormet
moqmedebas [smiTi 1992]. faqti. tarnovma gviCvena, rom bavSvebi ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisgan Zaladobas naxat filmebSi da realur cxovrebaSi [2003].
alternatiuli Tvalsazrisis aRiareba. magram aseTi moqmedebebis yurebiT bavSvebi SeiZleba, ufro daucvelni gaxdnen sxva programebSi naCvenebi Zaladobis winaSe. Tu isini mxolod naxat filmebs da adamianebs ganasxvaveben, maT SeiZleba, ifiqron, rom realuri msaxiobebi grafikul
ZaladobaSi warmoadgenen realur cxovrebas. pasuxi. Cven ver ugulebelvyofT im albaTobas, rom televiziiT naCvenebi Zaladoba xels
uwyobs Zaladobisken midrekili zrdasrulebis Camoyalibebas.
- ras amtkicebT?
debulebis
xelaxla warmodgena. am elementebis udidesi nawili SeiZleba, gaivrcos mraval abzacze. sxvadasxva sferoSi argumentebi gansxvavebulad gamoiyureba, magram yvela maTgani warmoadgens pasuxs Semdeg xuT SekiTxvaze:
- ra aris Tqveni varaudebi? - ra faqtebi amyarebs Tqvens varauds? - ras ityviT gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisis Sesaxeb? - rogor Seesabameba Tqveni varaudi Tqvens debulebas?
Tqvens mier Seqmnil `dafaze” araerTxel unda gaeces pasuxi zemoaRniSnul SekiTxvebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni moxseneba arasrulyofili da aradamajerebeli iqneba.
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6. Savi naweris pirveli variantis dagegmva
6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs
6.21 gardaqmeniT `dafa” monaxazad
6.2.2 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis samuSao variantis monaxazi
6.2.3 gansazRvreT im cnebebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic
aerTianebs naSroms da ganasxvavebs mis nawilebs
6.2.4 gamoiyeneT konkretuli ZiriTadi terminebi qveTavebis
dasasaTaureblad
6.2.5 daalageT varaudebi
6.2.6 gardamavali sityvebis gamoyenebiT asaxeT Tanmimdevroba
6.2.7 gaakeTeT Sesavlis mokle monaxazi TiToeuli nawilisa da
qvenawilisTvis
6.2.8 TiToeuli nawilisTvis gaakeTeT damamtkicebeli faqtebis,
alternatiuli mosazrebis, msjelobis ganmartebisa da reziumeebis
monaxazi
6.2.9 SeqmeniT daskvnis samuSao variantis monaxazi
6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala
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mas Semdeg, rac arguments mouyriT Tavs, mzad iqnebiT Savi naweris
Sesaqmnelad. gamocdilma avtorebma ician, raoden efeqturi strategiaa
Savi naweris dagegmva. Tumca, Savi naweris efeqturad Sesaqmnelad ufro
metia saWiro, vidre ubralod argumentis elementebi. amisTvis gWirdebaT
gegma, raTa argumentis elementebis gamoyenebiT SeqmnaT logikurad
Tanmimdevruli naSromi. unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva
saxis gegma da zogi maTganis gamoyeneba ufro mizanSewonilia.
6.1 moerideT gamousadegari gegmebis gamoyenebas
moerideT garkveuli saxis midgomebs.
1. nu aagebT Tqvens naSroms naratiul stilSi. gansakuTrebiT, nu
daamsgavsebT mas deteqtiur moTxrobas, sadac debuleba bolos
mxolod Cans. rogorc wesi, mkiTxvels, pirvel rigSi, ainteresebs,
ra aRmoaCineT, Semdeg ra problemebi gadaWeriT, ra nabijebi
gadadgiT da a.S. bolomde. amis magaliTia Semdegi frazebi: pirvel
rigSi..., Semdeg Sevadare..., dasasrul, davaskveni.
2. naSromSi ar unda iyos didi raodenobiT citata, wyaroebis
perifrazi an internetidan CamotvirTul masala. maswavleblebs
surT, ixilon Tqveni azrovneba da ara sxvaTa naazrevi. maT,
gansakuTrebiT ar moswonT naSromlebi, romlebic internet-
gverdebis kolaJs waagavs. Tu am rCevas ar gaiTvaliswinebT,
datovebT diletantis an, uaresi, plagiatoris STabeWdilebas (ix.
7.9).
3. nu aagebT naSroms meqanikurad davalebis an Temis terminebis
garSemo. Tu davalebaSi CamoTvlilia Sesaswavli sakiTxebi, nu
ifiqrebT, rom TiToeuli maTgani mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT unda
ganixiloT. TqvenTvis rom daevlebinaT an, rom gadagewyvitaT
froidis da iungis SemoqmedebiTi warmosaxvis analizis Sedareba
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da Sepirispireba, ar mogiwevdaT moxsenebis or nawilad organizeba
da pirvel nawilSi froidis Sesaxeb, meoreSi ki iungis Sesaxeb
msjeloba. ufro Sedegiani iqneboda am ori didi Temis nawilebad
dayofa da Semdeg moxsenebis maT garSemo ageba (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
vrclad ix. 6.2.5-6.2.6).
6.2 SeqmeniT gegma, romelic pasuxobs mkiTxvelis saWiroebebs
zogierT dargSi gaTvaliswinebulia naSromis gegmis SemuSaveba.
magaliTad, eqsperimentuli kvlevis Catarebis SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxveli
moelis, rom moxsenebas eqneba Semdegnairi agebuleba:
Sesavali – meTodebi da masalebi – Sedegebi – msjeloba _ daskvna
Tu winaswar gansazRvruli gegmis mixedviT unda imuSaoT, mimarTeT
profesors an moZebneT meoradi wyaro, raTa moipovoT nimuSi. xolo Tu
sakuTari gegma unda SeqmnaT, is gasagebi unda iyos ara mxolod
TqvenTvis, aramed aucileblad mkiTxvelisTvisac. am gasagebi formis
Sesaqmnelad, daubrundiT `dafas” an monaxazs.
6.2.1 `dafis” gardaqmna monaxazad
Tu upiratesobas monaxazis mixedviT muSaobas aniWebT, `dafa” unda
gardaqmnaT monaxazad:
- daiwyeT `I”-iT danomrili winadadebiT, sadac warmodgenilia
debuleba.
- am winadadebis qveS daamateT sruli winadadebebi, romlebic
danomrili iqneba: II, III, ..., TiToeul maTganSi warmoadgineT
varaudi, romelic asabuTebs Tqvens debulebas.
I. Sesavali: gaurkvevelia, ra mniSvneloba aqvs klasebSi kompiuterebis
qonas.
II. gansxvavebuli gamoyeneba gansxvavebul Sedegebs gvaZlevs.
a. yvela gamoyeneba zrdis Seqmnili sityvebis raodenobas.
1. kvleva 1: 950 780-is nacvlad;
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2. kvleva 2: 1,103 nacvlad 922-isa;
b. laboratoriebi studentebs urTierTobis saSualebas aZlevs.
III. kvlevebis Sedegebis mixedviT gadamuSavebisas naklebad gamosadegia.
a. kvleva a: kompiuterze momuSave avtorebis nawerebi gamoirCeva meti
WarbsityvaobiT.
1. saSualod 2.3-iT meti sityva TiTo winadadebaSi;
2. saSualod 20%-iT meti sityva TiTo eseSi;
b. kvleva b: avtorebs nabeWdi varianti efeqtianad gadamuSavebisTvis
sWirdebaT.
1. 22%-iT naklebi meqanikuri Secdoma nabeWd variantze muSaobisas,
vidre kompiuteris daxmarebiT gadamuSavebisas;
2. 2.26%-iT naklebi orTografiuli Secdoma;
IV. daskvna: Zalian naadrevia imis Tqma, Tu ramdenad aumjobesebs
kompiuterebis gamoyeneba swavlas.
a. sando empiriuli kvlevebis mcire raodenoba;
b. istoria mcirea, vinaidan mravali programa gardamaval etapzea;
Savi monaxazis yvelaze martivi variantia mxolod frazebi, sadac ar
xdeba oficialuri dayofa I-iT, a-iT, 1-iT da a.S.
Sesavali: dadebiTi mxareebi gaurkvevelia
gansxvavebuli gamoyeneba/gansxvavebuli Sedegebi
meti sityvebi
meti urTierToba
namuSevaris gadaxedvis kvlevebi
kvleva a ufro grZeli winadadebebi
kvleva b ufro moculobiTi eseebi
daskvna: jer Zalian naadrevia Sedegebze msjeloba
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proeqtis dawyebis etapze SeiZleba, mxolod monaxazis gakeTeba SeZloT,
mokle proeqtis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, mxolod monaxazi iyos saWiro, Tu
TiToeuli sakiTxis arsi iciT. Tumca, rogorc wesi, ufro gamosadegia
mTliani winadadebebis monaxazi. kidev ufro gamosadegia `dafa”,
gansakuTrebiT, didi proeqtis SemTxvevaSi.
6.2.2 Sesavlis samuSao variantis monaxazis Seqmna
mzad unda iyoT imisTvis, rom mogiwevT Sesavlis orjer dawera,
pirvelad, monaxazis saxiT _ TqvenTvis; mas Semdeg, rac gadaamuSavebT Sav
nawers da dagakmayofilebT misi Sinaarsi, saboloo variantis saxiT _
mkiTxvelebisTvis. Sesavlis saboloo varianti, rogorc wesi, oTxi
nawilisgan Sedgeba. amdenad, SegiZliaT, aagoT Sesavlis samuSao varianti
am nawilebis gaTvaliswinebiT (ix. me-9 Tavi).
1. gaakeTeT mokle monaxazi Tqvens mier wakiTxuli kvlevisa, romelic
konkretulad Seesabameba Temas. punqtSi 5.4.1 girCieT, rom daweroT
debuleba yoveli axali gverdis bolos, `dafaze”. axla, zeda
nawilSi mokled CamoayalibeT wina kvleva, romlis gavrcobas,
Secvlas an Sesworebasac apirebT. nu CamoTvliT yvela kvlevas,
romelic mxolod umniSvnelod Seesabameba Tqvens Temas. bevri arc
Tu ise gamocdili mkvlevari aTobiT kvlevas CamoTvlis, radgan
miaCnia, rom misi mondomeba mkiTxvelze STabeWdilebas moaxdens.
Tumca, arasaTanado literaturis usasrulo CamonaTvali
mosabezrebeli ufroa, vidre STambeWdavi. alamos istoriebze rom
muSaobdeT, magaliTad, ar miuTiTebdiT brZolis TiToeul
istoriul analizs, aramed moiyvandiT mxolod konkretul kvlevas,
romlis gavrcobas, Secvlas an Sesworebasac apirebT.
CamoTvaleT wyaroebi mkiTxvelisTvis mosaxerxebeli TanmimdevrobiT. Tu
mniSvnelovani maTi istoriuli Tanmimdevrobaa, CamoTvaleT wyaroebi
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qronologiurad. Tu ara, daajgufeT raime sxva principis - xarisxis,
mniSvnelovnebis, Tvalsazrisis - mixedviT. Semdeg daalageT es jgufebi
iseTi saxiT, romelic yvelaze metad daexmareba mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi
(ix. 6.2.5 Tanmimdevrobis principebisTvis). araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
CamoTvaloT wyaroebi im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac isini
waikiTxeT an gaxsovT.
2. SecvaleT SekiTxvis formulireba da CamoayalibeT ise, rom
exebodes sakiTxis codnis an sakiTxSi Caxedulobis simwires.
zemoaRniSnuli kvlevis monaxazis gakeTebis Semdeg uTxariT
mkiTxvels, mis romel nawils ganavrcobT, SecvliT an gaasworebT.
es gaakeTeT Semdegnairad: SekiTxva xelaxla CamoayalibeT ise, rom
man moicvas is, rac kvlevaSi SecdomiT iyo warmodgenili, cudad
axsnili an ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
ratom aris alamos istoria ase mniSvnelovani Cvens erovnul
miTologiaSi?
_ cota istorikosma scada, aexsna, ratom gaxda alamos itoria ase
mniSvnelovani Cvens erovnul miTologiaSi.
avtorebi amas TiTqmis yovelTvis da mravali gziT akeTeben. amdenad,
kiTxvis paralelurad, CainiSneT, rogor aris es gakeTebuli
wyaroebSi.
3. Tu SegiZliaT, gaakeTeT pasuxis monaxazi SekiTxvaze - mere ra, Tu
ver gavarkvevT? romel ufro masStabur sakiTxs ver gaigebs
mkiTxveli, Tu ar gascemT pasuxs Tqveni kvlevis SekiTxvaze?
Tu gavigebT, es istoriebi rogor iqca erovnul legendebad, ukeT
gavigebdiT Cvens erovnul Rirebulebebs, albaT, imasac, riTi varT
gamorCeuli.
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am etapze SeiZleba, aRmoaCinoT sakiTxis ufro didi, rTulad
warmosadgeni mniSvneloba. daamateT is, Tu SegiZliaT, Tumca, did dros
nu daxarjavT amaze; Cven mas mogvianebiT davubrundebiT (ix. 10.1.3).
4. gadaamuSaveT da mounaxeT adgili debulebas. debuleba dawereT
`dafis” pirvel gverdze. axla gansazRvreT, sad gsurT debulebis
datoveba. moxsenebaSi debulebis aRsaniSnad ori varianti gaqvT:
- Sesavlis bolos da ganmeorebiT, daskvnis dasawyisTan axlos;
- mxolod daskvnaSi, msjelobis kulminaciis saxiT;
Tu kvleviTi proeqtebis weraSi mwiri gamocdileba gaqvT,
mogiwodebT, CaweroT debuleba Sesavlis bolos da ganmeorebiT, daskvnis
dasawyisTan. rodesac mkiTxveli debulebas dasawyisSive naxavs, Sesavlis
bolos ecodineba, ris Sesaxeb aris kvleva da amdenad, Semdgomi
nawilebis ufro swrafad wakiTxvas, ukeT gagebas SeZlebs da is didxans
daamaxsovrdeba. rodesac pirvel rigSi werT debulebas, es, agreTve,
gexmarebaT weris procesis sworad warmarTvaSi.
zogierTi axalbeda mkvlevari SiSobs, rom Tu SesavalSi
gaamJRavnebs debulebas, mkiTxvels daekargeba interesi da aRar
ganagrZobs kiTxvas. sxvebi SiSoben, rom erTi da igives gameoreba ar
mouwioT. orive SiSi usafuZvloa. Tu saintereso SekiTxvas dasvamT,
mkiTxvels gauCndeba survili, ixilos, ramdenad kargad SeZlebT masze
pasuxis dasabuTebas.
Tu debulebas datovebT Sesavali gverdis qveda nawilSi, xelaxla
CamoayalibeT misi varianti `dafis” boloSi, daskvnis axali furclis
zeda nawilSi. Tu SegiZliaT, daskvnis nawilSi CarTuli debuleba
SesavalSi mocemul debulebasTan SedarebiT ufro konkretulad
CamoayalibeT.
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zogierT sferoSi avtorebi debulebas, rogorc wesi, amJRavneben
mxolod daskvniT nawilSi, romlis saTauria msjeloba an daskvna. aseT
SemTxvevebSi mravali mkiTxveli Tvals gadaavlebs Sesavals da pirdapir
daskvnaze gadadis. amdenad, am tipis mkiTxvelisTvis Sesavali ise
dawereT, rom iq warmodgenili iyos ara mxolod naSromis ZiriTadi
nawili, aramed daskvnac.
Tu gadawyvetT, rom debuleba mxolod daskvnaSi CarToT, aitaneT
is axali daskvnis gverdis zeda nawilSi. Tumca, Tu ase moiqceviT,
dagWirdebaT kidev erTi winadadeba, romelic debulebis nacvlad unda
CasvaT Sesavlis bolo nawilSi, raTa mkiTxveli sainteresod gadaiyvanoT
moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilze. es winadadeba und moicavdes ZiriTad
terminebs, romlebsac gamoiyenebT mTel moxsenebaSi (ix. 6.2.3).
Cveni rCevaa, daweroT es warmdgeni winadadeba Savi naweris
Sesavlis saboloo variantis Seqmnisas (ix. 10.1.4). amdenad, manamde
gamoyaviT adgili am winadadebisTvis `dafaze”, Sesavlis gverdis qveda
nawilSi, an gaakeTeT winadadebis monaxazi an Canaweri, romelsac
mogvianebiT daamatebT.
zogierTi avtori Sesavlis bolos amatebs `sqemas”, sadac
warmoadgens moxsenebis struqturas:
pirvel nawilSi ganvixile... meore nawilSi SevexeT... mesame nawilSi
ganxilulia..
mkiTxvelebis damokidebuleba am meTodis mimarT gansxvavdeba. mas
farTod iyeneben socialur mecnierebebSi, xolo humanitarul
mecnierebebSi is aramarTebulad miiCneva. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu fiqrobT,
rom sqema mkiTxvels ar moewoneba, SegiZliaT is daamatoT `dafaze”. es
dagexmarebaT Savi naweris Seqmnisas. Semdeg amoWeriT is Savi naweris
saboloo variantidan. Tu datovebT, darwmundiT, rom moklea.
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6.2.3 gansazRvreT im cnebebis gamomxatveli ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic
aerTianebs naSroms da ganasxvavebs mis nawilebs erTmaneTisgan
moxsenebis logikuri Tanmimdevrulobis aRsaqmelad, mkiTxvelma
unda dainaxos, rom mis yvela nawils gasdevs mTavari Temebi. Tumca,
mkiTxveli ver SeniSnavs am gameorebul cnebebs, Tu maT sxvadasxva
terminiT gamoxatavT. mkiTxvels sWirdeba, ixilos konkretuli terminebi,
romliTac aRwerT am cnebebs. ar aris savaldebulo yovel jerze
terminebi ixmaroT, magram es imdenad xSirad unda gaakeToT, rom
mkiTxvels ar gamorCes ZiriTadi cnebebi. is terminebi, romlebic gasdevs
mTel moxsenebas SesaZloa, moicavdes sityvebs, romlebic gamoiyeneT
SeniSvnebis kategorizaciisTvis, Tumca, isini unda moicavdes
mniSvnelovan sityvebs Tqveni SekiTxvidan da debulebidan. mkiTxvelma,
agreTve, TiToeul nawilSi unda dainaxos ufro meti konkretuli cneba,
rac mocemul nawils sxva danarCeni nawilebisgan ganasxvavebs.
amdenad, Savi naweris Seqmnis dawyebamde gansazRvreT ZiriTadi
cnebebi, romelTa gamoyenebasac apirebT mTel moxsenebaSi da SearCieT
termini, romelsac gamoiyenebT yvelaze ufro xSirad TiToeulis
aRsaniSnavad. Semdeg igivenairad moiqeciT cnebebisTvis, romlebic
gamoarCevs TiToeul nawils sxva nawilebisgan. Savi naweris Seqmnis
procesSi aRmoaCenT axal terminebs da amoiRebT Zvelebs, Tumca, Tu
umniSvnelovanes terminebs da cnebebs gaiTvaliswinebT, ufro logikurad
Tanmimdevruli naSromi gamogivaT,.
ai, konkretuli meTodi im zogadi cnebebis gamosavlenad, romlebic
aerTianebs mTel moxsenebas:
1. `dafaze” Sesavlis da daskvnis gverdebze SemoxazeT oTxi an
xuTi sityva, romlebic gamoxatavs yvelaze mniSvnelovan cnebebs. es
sityvebi unda iyos debulebis yvelaze detalur variantSi.
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- nu gamoiyenebT iseT sityvebs, romlebic aSkarad aris
dakavSirebuli TemasTan: alamo, brZola, damarcxeba.
- aqcenti gaakeTeT cnebebze, romlebsac CarTavT argumentSi da
romelTa gavrcobasac apirebT: damarcxebis Semdeg, triumfi
marcxSi, sagmiro idealebi, Tavganwirva, erovnuli
suliskveTeba, da a.S.
2. TiToeuli cnebisTvis SearCieT sakvanZo termini, romelsac
gaimeorebT naSromis teqstSi. es SeiZleba, iyos erT-erTi
Semoxazuli sityva an axali sityva. CamoTvaleT es ZiriTadi
terminebi calke gverdze. Tu ramdenime sityva naxeT, romlebic
ZiriTad terminebad gamodgeba, ese igi, SesaZloa, debuleba Zalian
zogadia (gadaxedeT 5.4.1).
SegiZliaT, igive procedura ganaxorcieloT im ZiriTadi terminebis
gamosavlenad, romlebic TiToeul nawils aerTianebs. SexedeT varauds,
romelic gansazRvreT varaudis TiToeuli gverdis zeda nawilSi da
SemoxazeT misi mniSvnelovani sityvebi. am sityvebidan zogi maTgani
dakavSirebuli unda iyos sityvebTan, romlebic Semoxazulia Sesavalsa
da daskvnaSi. danarCenebi unda gamoxatavdes cnebebs, romlebic
gamoarCevs mocemul nawils sxva nawilebisgan. SearCieT ZiriTadi termini
TiToeuli ZiriTadi cnebisTvis.
axla, Savi naweris weris procesSi, gamoiyeneT rogorc zogadi
terminebi, romlebic unda gasdevdes mTlian moxsenebas, ise konkretuli
terminebi, romlebic ganasxvavebs TiToeul nawils sxva danarCeni
nawilebisgan. maTi daxmarebiT uzrunvelyofT sakuTari muSaobis da,
Sesabamisad, mkiTxvelis swori mimarTulebiT wayvanas. Tu mogvianebiT
ixilavT, rom naSromSi es terminebi mwirad aris gamoyenebuli, nu
daubrundebiT maT maSinve. Savi naweris Seqmnis procesSi SesaZloa, raime
axali aRmoaCinoT.
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6.2.4 gamoiyeneT konkretuli ZiriTadi terminebi qveTavebis
dasasaTaureblad
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqvens sferoSi naSromebSi qvesaTaurebi ar
gamoiyeneba (ix. A2.2 danarTSi), Cveni rCevaa, gamoiyenoT isini Sav nawerSi.
SeqmeniT qvesaTaurebi ZiriTadi terminebisgan, romlebic gansazRvreT
6.2.3-Si. Tu ver poulobT ZiriTad terminebs nawilis gansxvavebis
warmosaCenad, yuradRebiT daakvirdiT da gansazRvreT, ra daniSnulebas
asrulebs is. mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, is gameorebad an Seusabamod
CaTvalos.
Tu Tqvens sferoSi qvesaTaurebi maincdamainc ar gamoiyeneba,
gamoiyeneT isini muSaobis procesSi, Semdeg ki Savi naweris saboloo
variantidan amoiReT.
6.2.5. daalageT varaudebi
naSromis nawilebisTvis kargi Tanmimdevrobis moZebna SeiZleba,
dagegmvis yvelaze rTuli nawili aRmoCndes. argumentis Tavmoyris dros,
SesaZloa, ar dagilagebiaT varaudebi raime konkretuli TanmimdevrobiT
(`dafis” gamoyenebis erT-erTi dadebiTi mxare). Tumca Savi naweris
dagegmvisas rogorRac unda daalagoT iseTi TanmimdevrobiT, romelic
yvelaze ukeT pasuxobs mkiTxvelis moTxovnilebebs. es ar aris ioli,
gansakuTrebiT, roca werT axal Temaze axal sferoSi.
rodesac ar xarT darwmunebuli, saukeTeso TanmimdevrobiT rogor
daalagoT varaudebi, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi:
- Sedareba da Sepirispireba. es aris forma, romelsac
SearCevdiT ori an meti subieqtis, cnebis an sagnis Sedarebis
SemTxvevaSi.
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Tumca, arsebobs Sedarebis da Sepirispirebis ori xerxi,
romelTagan erTi, Cveulebriv, meoreze ukeTesia. magaliTad, rom
adarebdeT, hopis tomTa niRbebs ufro meti religiuri simbolizmi
axasiaTebs Tu inuitebis niRbebs, SesaZloa, gadagewyvitaT naSromis
pirvel nawilSi inuitebis niRbebis Sesaxeb msjeloba, meoreSi ki _ hopis
niRbebze. Tumca, am saxis wyobis Sedegad Zalian xSirad viRebT or,
erTmaneTTan daukavSirebel reziumes. scadeT Temebis dayofa
konceptualur nawilebad. niRbebis SemTxvevSi es iqneboda maTi
simboluri gamoxatuleba, dizainis elementebi, ganviTarebis etapebi, da
a.S.
arsebobs azrebis dalagebis ramdenime sxva standartuli xerxi.
ori maTgani aqcents akeTebs saganze:
- qronologiuri. es aris yvelaze martivi meTodi: yvelaze
adreulidan uaxlesisken an mizezidan Sedegisken.
- nawilebis mixedviT. SegiZliaT Tema dayoT Semadgenel
nawilebad, TiToeul maTganze imuSaoT rig-rigobiT, Tumca,
mainc unda daalagoT es nawilebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiT,
raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvels maT gagebaSi.
SegiZliaT, agreTve, daalagoT imis mixedviT, Tu rogor gaigebs maT
mkiTxveli:
- mokledan grZelamde, martividan rTulamde. mkiTxvelebis
did nawils urCevnia gaecnos nakleb kompleqsur sakiTxebs,
vidre ufro kompleqsur nawilebze gadava.
- SedarebiT nacnobi sakiTxidan nakleb nacnob sakiTxamde.
mkiTxvelebis umetesobas urCevnia, axali sakiTxis wakiTxvamde
waikiTxos is, rac misTvis nacnobia.
- nakleb sadavodan ufro sadavomde. mkiTxvelebis umravlesoba
ufro martivad gadainacvlebs im Temidan, romelsac
eTanxmeba, im Temaze, romelsac ar eTanxmeba.
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- nakleb mniSvnelovnidan ufro mniSvnelovnamde (an piriqiT).
mkiTxvels urCevnia, waikiTxos ufro mniSvnelovani varaudebi
pirvel rigSi, Tumca, SesaZloa, am varaudebs meti zegavlena
hqondes, rodesac isini bolos aris warmodgenili.
- sabaziso codna momdevno sakiTxebis ukeT gasagebad.
mkiTxvels SesaZloa, dasWirdes garkveuli movlenebis,
principebis, gansazRvrebebis da a.S. gageba, vidre sxva rames
gaigeben.
xSirad, es principebi urTierTqmedeben: is, rasac mkiTxveli
eTanxmeba da yvelaze martivad esmis, SesaZloa, imavdroulad, iyos
yvelaze mokle da nacnobi. Tumca, SesaZloa, isini, agreTve, erTmaneTTan
winaaRmdegobaSi modiodnen: varaudebi, romlebic mkiTxvels esmis,
savsebiT SesaZlebelia, iyos is varaudebi, romlebsac yvelaze male
ukuagdeben; is, rac migaCniaT yvelaze gadamwyvet mizezad, SesaZloa,
mkiTxvels moeCvenos yvelaze naklebad nacnobad. aq ar moqmedebs wesebi,
mxolod arCevnis principebi.
ra Tanmimdevrobac ar unda SearCioT, is unda asaxavdes mkiTxvelis
saWiroebebs da ara im Tanmimdevrobas, romelic masalidan
gamomdinareobs (rogorc aSkara Sedareba–Sepirispirebis wyobaSia) da
yvelaze naklebad – im Tanmimdevrobas, romliTac azrebi mogdiodaT.
6.2.6 gardamavali sityvebis gamoyenebiT asaxeT Tanmimdevroba
darwmundiT, rom mkiTxveli SeZlebs, SeniSnos Tqvens mier arCeuli
Tanmimdevroba. `dafaze” varaudebis yoveli gverdi daiwyeT sityvebiT,
romlebic mkafiod gamoxatavs Tanmimdevrobis princips: pirvel rigSi,
amas garda, Semdgom, dabolos, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, ufro
kompleqsuri sakiTxia, Sedegad. nu CaTvliT, rom am sityvebis gamoyeneba
uadgiloa da nurc idardebT amas, am etapze isini ufro metad TqvenTvis
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aris sasargeblo, vidre mkiTxvelisTvis. Savi naweris saboloo variantSi
maTi Secvla an amoReba SegiZliaT.
6.2.7 gaakeTeT Sesavlis mokle monaxazi TiToeuli nawilisa da
qvenaTavisTvis
mTliani moxsenebisTvis, rogorc iciT, saWiroa Sesavali, sadac
mimoxilulia momdevno nawilebis Sinaarsi. amis msgavsad, Sesavali
saWiroa, aseve, TiToeuli nawilisTvis. Tu nawili mxolod erT an
orgverdiania, SesavlisTvis mxolod mokle abzaci iqneba sakmarisi; Tu
nawili ramdenime gverdisgan Sedgeba, dagWirdebaT monaxazi, romelsac
ori an ramdenime abzaciT warmoadgenT. aRniSnuli Sesavlis nawilSi
unda warmoadginoT ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia
Sesabamisi nawilisTvis. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, es unda gaakeToT
boloSi, erTi winadadebiT ZiriTadi arsis gamoxatviT. es arsi SeiZleba
iyos varaudi, pasuxi sxvadasxva Tvalsazrisze an ganmartebiT
msjelobaze, romelic unda axsnaT. nawilSi, romelic, Tqveni azriT,
daaxloebiT, xuT gverdze meti moculobisa iqneba, SesaZloa, nawilis
arsi warmoadginoT rogorc Sesavlis bolos, aseve, ganmeorebiT,
daskvnaSi.
6.2.8 TiToeuli nawilisTvis gaakeTeT faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis,
alternatiuli mosazrebis, ganmartebiTi msjelobis da reziumeebis
monaxazi
Sesabamis nawilebSi gaakeTeT argumentis nawilebis monaxazi.
gaxsovdeT, rom am nawilebidan bevrSi TavisTavad iqneba warmodgenili
arsi, romelic unda gamyardes SedarebiT mcire argumentebiT.
faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebi. umetesi nawilebi, upiratesad, Sedgeba
faqtebisgan, romlebic amyarebs varauds. faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis
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monaxazi SeqmeniT im varaudis Semdeg, romelsac is amyarebs. Tu erTi da
igive varaudisTvis gansxvavebuli saxis faqtebi gaqvT moyvanili,
daajgufeT da daalageT isini mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.
faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis ganmarteba. Tqven unda warmoadginoT
ganmarteba moyvanil faqtebTan dakavSirebiT – saidan moipoveT, ratom
aris sando da zustad rogor amyareben isini Tqvens varauds. rogorc
wesi, es ganmartebebi faqtobriv mtkicebulebebs mosdevs, Tumca,
SegiZliaT gaakeToT maTi monaxazi manamdec, Tu es ufro logikurad
geCvenebaT.
alternatiurli mosazrebebi da pasuxebi. warmoidgineT, mkiTxveli ras
ar daeTanxmeba da sad, Semdeg gaakeTeT pasuxis monaxazi. pasuxi,
Cveulebriv, warmoadgens qvearguments, romelic unda Seicavdes, sul
mcire debulebas da varaudebs, is xSirad moicavs faqtebs da Tqveni
pasuxis warmosaxviT sawinaaRmdego mosazrebaze pasuxsac ki.
ganmartebiTi msjeloba. Tu fiqrobT, rom dagWirdebaT msjelobis
ganmarteba varaudis Sesabamisobis dasasabuTeblad, SeimuSaveT is
varaudis warmodgenamde. (Tu ganmartebiT msjelobas mxolod
aqcentisTvis iyenebT, CasviT is varaudis Semdeg). Tu fiqrobT, rom
mkiTxveli eWvqveS daayenebs ganmartebiTi msjelobis sinamdviles,
gaakeTeT miniargumentis monaxazi mis dasasabuTeblad. Tu mkiTxvelma
SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom Tqveni varaudi an debuleba ar aris ganmartebiTi
msjelobis namdvili garemoeba, gaakeTeT sawinaaRmdegos damamtkicebeli
argumentis monaxazi
reziumeebi. Tu naSromi oc gverdze meti moculobisaa, SegiZliaT,
argumentis ganviTarebis etapi TiToeuli didi nawilis boloSi mokled
SeajamoT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu naSromSi mravlad aris gamoyenebuli
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faqtebi, TariRebi, saxelebi, movlenebi an cifrebi. amdeni faqtebis
warmodgeniT SeiZleba, bundovani gaxdes argumentis ganviTarebis
procesi. ra daadgineT am nawilSi? ra etapzea argumenti am droisTvis?
Tu Savi naweris saboloo variantSi es reziumeebi Zalian TvalsaCinoa,
amoWeriT isini.
sxvadasxva sferoebSi momuSave avtorebma SesaZloa, es elementebi
odnav gansxvavebulad daalagon, Tumca, Tavad elementebi da maTi
organizebis principebi igivea nebismier sferosa da profesiaSi. sferos
miuxedavad, TiToeul naSromSi Zalian mniSvnelovnia, rom argumentis
nawilebi daalagoT ara, ubralod, sakuTari Tvalsazrisis asaxvis
mizniT, aramed mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi saxiT.
6.2.9 SeqmeniT daskvnis samuSao variantis monaxazi
daskvniTi debuleba `dafaze” daskvnis gverdis zeda nawilSi unda
gqondeT dawerili. Tu SegiZliaT am debulebis mniSvnelobis gaZliereba
(morigi pasuxi SekiTxvaze _ mere ra?), gakeTeT misi monaxazi debulebis
Semdeg (ufro vrclad daskvnebis Sesaxeb ix. 10.3).
6.3 SeinaxeT darCenili masala
gegmis pirveli samuSao variantis Seqmnis Semdeg SesaZloa,
aRmoaCinoT, rom dagrCaT bevri masala, romelic ar gamogiyenebiaT gegmis
SemuSavebisas. daZlieT survili, CarToT darCenili masala moxsenebaSi
mxolod im mizeziT, rom radgan moiZieT, mkiTxvelmac unda waikiTxos.
faqtobrivad, Tu masalebis umetesoba gamoiyeneT da narCeni masala
cotaa, albaT, sakmarisi kvleva ar CagitarebiaT. SeinaxeT darCenili
masala samomavlod. SesaZloa, iq inaxebodes sxva proeqtisTvis
gamosadegi marcvlebi.
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7 naSromis Savi naweris Seqmna
7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva
7.3 gamoiyeneT ZiriTadi terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi
7.6 gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, SeniSvnebi da damatebiTi
ganmartebebi
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faqtobrivi
mtkicebuleba
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan
7.9.1 gamoyaviT TiToeuli citata, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu miTiTebuli
gaqvT wyaro
7.9.2 nu gaakeTebT perifrazs original teqstTan Zalian axlos
7.9.3 im azrebisTvis, romlebic Tqven ar gekuTvniT, rogorc wesi,
gaakeTeT wyaros citireba
7.9.4 Tavs nu gaimarTlebT arcodniT, gaugebrobiT an keTili ganzraxviT
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi
zogierT avtors miaCnia, rom mas Semdeg, rac `dafaze” dawers
monaxazs, SeZlebs Savi naweris daweras, ubralod, winadadebebis
gaSalaSinebis gziT. Tu vrceli monaxazi gaqvT gakeTebuli, albaT,
imasac fiqrobT, rom es mosamzadebeli Canawerebi SegiZliaT, Sav nawerSi
gadaitanoT. gamocdilma avtorebma ician, rom es ar aris gamarTlebuli
gza. maT ician ori ram: kvlevis procesSi monaxazebis gakeTeba Zalian
mniSvnelovania. Tumca, xSirad es mosamzadebeli naweri ar gamodgeba Sav
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nawerSi CasarTavad; amasTanave, samuSao variantis Seqmnis procesi
SeiZleba, iyos aRmoCena, romlisTvisac mkvlevari emzadeba
mosamzadebeli, dagegmvis da `dafaze” datanis etapebis dros, Tumca, es
nawerebi samuSao variantisTvis ar gamodgeba. faqtobrivad, avtorebis
umravlesobam ar icis, ra azri SeiZleba, mouvideT, vidre ar ixilaven
mas dawerils, sityvebiT gamoxatuls. marTlac, kvlevis dros erT-erT
yvelaze amaRelvebeli momentia, rodesac aRmoaCenT, rom gamoxatavT
ideebs, romlebic im wuTamde ar icodiT, Tu gqondaT.
amdenad, nu SexedavT Savi naweris Seqmnas rogorc. ubralod,
`dafaze” Camowerili debulebebis an monaxazis TxrobiT formaSi
gadatanas. Tu Sav nawers obieqturad qmniT, SeiZleba, mogivideT azrebi,
romlebsac, vidre weras daiwyebdiT, verc ki warmoidgendiT, Tumca,
procesis sxva nabijebis msgavsad, gegmis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
moulodnelobebsac ki ukeT gaarTmevT Tavs.
7.1 SearCieT weris maqsimalurad mosaxerxebeli gza
avtorebi Savi naweris Sesaqmnelad sxvadasxva gzas iyeneben. zogi
wers nela da dakvirvebiT: momdevno abzacze gadasvlamde sabolood
unda Camoayalibon wina abzaci. amisTvis sWirdebaT detaluri gegma.
amdenad, Tu nela werT, dagegmeT dakvirvebiT. sxva avtorebi weren
swrafad, Tu SemoqmedebiT CixSi aRmoCndebian, gadainacvleben Semdeg
nawilebze, gamotoveben citatebs, statistikas da a.S. da mogvianebiT
Caamateben am nawilebs. Tu SeCereba mouwevT stilisturi sakiTxis gamo,
rogoricaa sakiTxi cifrebi sityvebiT gamoxaton Tu cifrebiT, isini im
adgilze Caweren [?] da ganagrZoben weras energiis gamoclamde. Semdeg
daubrundebian am adgilebs da gaasworeben. Tumca, iseT avtorebs,
romlebic swrafad weren, didi dro sWirdebaT naweris
gadasamuSaveblad. amdenad, Tu swrafad werT, adre SeudeqiT muSaobas.
wereT TqvenTvis mosaxerxebeli gziT; unda aRiniSnos, rom gamocdili
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avtorebi, rogorc wesi, weren swrafad, Semdgom ki seriozulad
amuSaveben nawers.
7.2 gamoimuSaveT Sedegiani Savi naweris Seqmnis Cveva
adamianebis udidesi nawili yvelaze naklebad efeqtur garemoebebSi
swavleobs weras _ zewolis qveS, roca Cqaroben vadaSi Catevas, swrafad
qmnian Sav nawers wina RamiT da albaT, momdevno dilas ramdenime wuTSi
gadaavleben mas Tvals. es meTodi iSviaTad amarTlebs mokle moxsenebis
weris SemTxvevaSi da TiTqmis arasodes _ didi naSromis SemTxvevaSi.
Tqven gWirdebaT dro da gegma, romelSic gawerili iqneba mcire,
miRwevadi miznebi, magram romelic orientirebuli iqneba didi, ZiriTadi
miznis miRwevaze.
rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, wereT regularulad da xSirad; nu
dawerT naCqarevad, raTa ar SeaferxoT azrovnebis procesi da ar
CaixSoT interesi. weris TiToeuli sesiisTvis dasaxeT mcire mizani da
sityvebis gonivruli raodenoba, misdieT am gegmas. roca weras
ganaaxlebT, ar aris aucilebeli im monakveTidan gaagrZeloT, sadac
SewyviteT. gadaxedeT `dafas”, raTa gansazRvroT, risi werisTvis xarT
mzad mocemul dRes. gadaxedeT, rogor jdeba sakiTxi Sesabamis nawilSi
da mTel moxsenebaSi: ra varauds amyarebs nawili? ra adgili ukavia
mTlian logikur msjelobaSi? romeli ZiriTadi terminebi gamoxatavs
cnebebs, romlebic gamoarCevs aRniSnul nawils? Tu giWirT nawilis
dasruleba, gadadiT sxva nawilze. rac ar unda gaakeToT, nu
CaanacvlebT weras meti kiTxviT. adamians, romelic qronikulad
momavlisTvis debs saqmis keTebas, Cveulebriv, ise afrTxobs proeqtis
moculoba, rom moqmedebis unari erTmeva da agrZelebs saqmis dawyebis
samomavlod gadadebas. am mavne Cvevis daZleva proeqtis mcire, miRwevad
miznebad dayofis gziT SegiZliaT (ix. 7.11).
110
7.3 gamoiyeneT saorientacio terminebi, rom SeinarCunoT swori kursi
naweris Seqmnisas xelT iqonieT zogadi cnebebis Sesabamisi
saorientacio terminebis calke sia; es is terminebia, romlebic mTels
naSromSi unda gamoiyenoT. drodadro SeamowmeT, ramdenad xSirad gaqvT
gamoyenebuli es sityvebi _ isini, romlebic mTlian naSroms gasdevs da
isini, romlebic erT nawils meorisgan gamoarCevs. Tumca, am sityvebma ar
unda gamoiwvios originaluri azrovnebis SezRudva. Tu SeniSnavT, rom
yuradReba gadagerToT sxva rameze, ar SeaferxoT es procesi. SeiZleba,
saintereso idea mogivideT. gaagrZeleT, vidre ar mixvdebiT, ra axali
azri mogivaT.
7.4 saTanadod moiyvaneT citatebi, gaakeTeT perifrazi da reziume
am Temas SevexeT, rodesac ganvixileT Canawerebis gakeTebasTan
dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi (4.2.2). naSromis udidesi nawili unda daweroT
sakuTari sityvebiT, romlebic gamoxatavs Tqvens Tvalsazriss. aRniSnul
Tvalsazrissa da mosazrebebs ZiriTadad gaamyarebT citatebis,
perifrazis da reziumeebis gamoyenebiT. Tumca, sxvadasxva sferoSi isini
sxvadasxva doziT gamoiyeneba. sazogadod, humanitarul mecnierebebSi
mkvlevrebi yvelaze xSirad iyeneben citatebs; socialur da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi Cveulebriv perifrazs an reziumes
mimarTaven. Tumca, es Tqven unda gadawyvitoT, gamomdinare iqidan, rogor
iyenebT informacias argumentSi kerZo SemTxvevebisas. qvemoT
warmodgenilia ramdenime principi:
- reziume warmoadgineT maSin, roca detalebi ar aris mniSvnelovani
an rodesac wyaro ar aris sakmarisad mniSvnelovani saimisod, rom
meti adgili daeTmos naSromSi.
- gaakeTeT perifrazi maSin, rodesac SegiZliaT wyaroSi mocemuli
monakveTis ufro mkafiod an mokled gadmocema an roca argumenti
111
damokidebulia wyaroSi arsebul detalebze, magram ara konkretul
sityvebze (Tumca, perifrazs vidre gaakeTebdeT, waikiTxeT 7.9.)
- moyvaneT citata Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
o sityvebi warmoadgens damamtkicebel faqtebs, romelic
amyarebs Tqvens varaudebs.
o nawyvetSi mocemulia Tvalsazrisi, romelsac ar eTanxmebiT
da obieqturobis mizniT gsurT. zustad warmoadginoT is.
o citirebuli sityvebi ekuTvnis avtoritetul pirs, romelic
emxroba Tqvens Tvalsazriss.
o citata saocrad originaluria.
o is gamoxatavs Tqvens ZiriTad cnebebs ise sainteresod, rom
citatis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba Semdgomi msjelobisTvis CarCos
Seqmna.
citatebi, perifrazebi da reziumeebi sakuTari axali ideebiT unda
daabalansoT. ubralod, nu gaimeorebT, an uaresi, nu gadmoitanT sxvebis
sityvebs da ideebs, romlebsac teqstSi CarTavT da warmoadgenT, rogorc
sakuTars. yvela pedagogs aRizianebs aseTi naSromebi, vinaidan maTSi
igrZnoba originaluri azrovnebis simwire. samecniero xarisxis
mosapoveblad gamiznuli proeqtis SemTxvevaSi, rogorica Tezisi an
sadisertacio naSromi, mkiTxveli imTaviTve miuReblad CaTvlis aseT,
literaturidan amoRebuli ideebiT Sekowiwebul naSroms.
mkiTxveli afasebs kvlevas mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac endoba
masSi moyvanil wyaroebs. amdenad, TiToeuli reziumes, perifrazis, an
citatis SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT misi bibliografiuli monacemebi wyaros
damowmebis Sesabamisi stilis gamoyenebiT (ix. nawili 2).
112
7.5 teqstSi CarTeT citatebi
teqstSi citatebi SegiZliaT ori gziT CarToT:
- moiyvaneT oTxi an naklebi xazis moculobis citata ZiriTad
teqstSi.
- gamoyaviT xuT an metxaziani citata Seweul-striqonebiani abzacis
saxiT.
orive saxis citata teqstSi SegiZliaT, ori gziT CarToT:
1. CarTeT citata damoukidebeli winadadebis an nawyvetis saxiT,
romelsac waumZRvarebT ramdenime sityvisgan Semdgar ganmartebas.
Tumca, Sesaval winadadebaSi moerideT Semdegi sityvebis
gamudmebiT gamoyenebas: ambobs, mixedviT, TqmiT da a.S.:
daiamondis TqmiT, `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da CineTis istoriebi ... yuradsaRebi
gakveTilia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis: garemoebebi icvleba da warsuli dideba ar
aris momavali sidiadis garanti” (417].
amis nacvlad, warmoadgineT garkveuli interpretacia:
daiamondis mixedviT, erTi gakveTili, rac SegviZlia warsulidan viswavloT, aris is,
rom ar unda velodeT warsulis ganmeorebas.. `nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da CineTis
istoriebi... yuradsaRebi gakveTilia Tanamedrove msofliosTvis...”
2. citatis struqtura Tqvens winadadebaSi CaaqsoveT:
politikurma moRvaweebma unda iswavlon istoriis magaliTze, Tumca daiamondi
aRniSnavs, rom `Tanamedrove msofliosTvis gakveTili” nayofieri naxevarmTvaris da
CineTis istoriidan aris is, rom `garemoebebi icvleba da warsuli dideba ar aris
momavali sidiadis garanti” [417]. amdenad, erTi gakveTili istoriidan aris is, rom
warsuli gameorebis imedad ver viqnebiT.
113
imisaTvis, rom citirebuli winadadeba kargad Seerwyas Tqvensas,
SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citata, Tuki amiT ar Seicvleba misi mniSvneloba
da mkafiod miuTiTebT damatebul an Secvlil sityvebs kvadratuli
frCxilebiT, gamotovebul teqsts ki _ mravalwertiliT. am winadadebaSi
originali teqsti ucvlelad aris motanili:
pozneri aqcents akeTebs religiaze ara sulieri, aramed socialuri daniSnulebis gamo:
`amerikis sazogadoebis aRsaniSnavi elementi religiuri pluralizmia da Cven unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rogor ukavSirdeba is socialuri normebis meSveobiT marTvis
efeqtianobas imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda religias,
romelic imavdroulad am normebis wyaro da damamkvidrebeli iyo.” [299].
am versiaSi ki citata Secvlilia, avtoris winadadebis sturqturasTan
SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT:
religiuri pluralizmis am ganxilvaSi pozneri amerikis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb ambobs,
rom `aRsaniSnavi elementi... aris [misi] religiuri pluralizmi.” Cven unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rogor zegavlenas axdens misi socialuri normebi `marTvis
efeqtianobaze... imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu ra istoriuli mniSvneloba hqonda religias,
romelic imavdroulad am normebis wyaro da damamkvidrebeli iyo.”[299]
(vrclad citatebis teqstSi CarTvis Sesaxeb ix. 25-e TavSi.)
rodesac pirvelad miuTiTebT wyaroze, gamoiyeneT misi sruli
dasaxeleba. nu daurTavT b-ni, q-ni, an profesori (`b-nis’’, `pativcemulis”,
`senatoris” da a.S. gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix. 24.2.2). wyaros Semdgomi
moxseniebisas gamoiyeneT mxolod gvari:
stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `gancxadebebs enis instinqtis Sesaxeb... faqtobrivad araferi aqvs
saerTo adamianebs Soris SesaZlo genetikur gansxvavebebTan.” pinkeri agrZelebs da
acxadebs, rom...
garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac miTiTebaa mefeebze, dedoflebze da
papebze, arasodes moixsenioT wyaro saxeliT:
114
stiven pinkeris TqmiT, `mtkicebebi enis instinqtis Sesaxeb...” stiveni ganagrZobs, ...
7.6. gonivrulad gamoiyeneT sqolioebi, gverdoblivi SeniSnvebi da
damatebiTi ganmartebebi
Tu iyenebT gamoyenebuli literaturis damowmebis sqolioSi miTiTebis
stils (ix. 3.2.1), Savi naweris Seqmnisas unda gadawyvitoT, rogor
gamoiyenoT sqolioebi, SeniSvnebi da naSromis boloSi mocemuli
damatebiTi ganmartebebi (maT Sesaxeb standartuli moTxovnebi ix. me-16
TavSi). ra Tqma unda, TiToeuli wyaro unda miuTiToT sqolioSi, Tumca,
agreTve, unda gadawyvitoT, rogor gamoiyenoT gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da
damatebiTi ganmartebebi Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebisTvis, romlis arc
teqstis ZiriTad nawilSi CarTva gsurT da arc gamotoveba. (aseTi
Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebi, aseve, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT teqstSi CarTul
miTiTebebTan erTad roca teqstobriv miTiTebis stils iyenebT; ix. 18.3.3.)
- Tu wyaroebs imave gverdze, sqolioSi miuTiTebT, Sinaarsobrivi
masala naSromis boloSi mocemul damatebiT ganmartebebSi
gadaitaneT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mkiTxvels mouwevs naSromis
boloSi gadasvla, raTa Seamowmos, Sinaarsobrivia SeniSvna Tu
bibliografiuli.
- gonivrulad gamoiyeneT Sinaarsobrivi sqolioebi. Tu Zalian bevrs
gaakeTebT, iqmneba imis saSiSroeba, rom gverdebi wyvetili da
danawevrebuli gamovides.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi gaxsovdeT, rom Zalian bevri mkiTxveli ar aqcevs
yuradRebas Sinaarsobriv sqolioebs im principiT, rom Tu es informacia
ar iyo sakmarisad mniSvnelovani teqstSi CasarTavad, Sesabamisad,
maTTvis ar aris sakmarisad mniSvnelovani, rom waikiTxon is sqolioSi.
115
7.7 wardgenamde ganmarteT kompleqsuri an detaluri faqtobrivi
mtkicebuleba
am etapisTvis SesaZloa, mtkiced darwmunebulma CaTvaloT, rom Tqveni
faqti amyarebs varauds da mkiTxveli aucileblad SeniSnavs mis
Sesabamisobas. Tumca, faqtobriv mtkicebulebas sWirdeba warmodgena,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu es didi citata, suraTi, cxrili an diagramaa da a.S.;
mas unda waumZRvaroT winadadeba, sadac miuTiTebT moyvanili faqtis
daniSnulebas.
magaliTad, rTulia danaxva, rogor amyarebs Sesaval winadadebas citata
qvemoT moyvanil monakveTSi:
rodesac hamleti Semodis misi maminacvlis klaudiusis locvis dros, is civad
da logikurad fiqrobs, moklas Tu ara maminacvali iqve.
roca klaudiusi loculobs, hamleti Semodis da civad, logikurad
fiqrobs, iqve moklas Tu ara igi.
debuleba
ager loculobs!
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:
movklav da zecas ava igi.
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?
mofiqreba aris saWiro.
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!
am striqonebSi araferi mianiSnebs aSkarad civ racionalurobaze.
SeadareT:
debuleba. hamlets Tavidan surs, iqve
moklas maminacvali, Tumca, Semdeg dafiqrdeba: locvis dros rom
gamoasalmos sicocxles, is mis suls zecaSi gagzavnis. mas ki surs, rom
116
klaudiusi dawyevlili iyos. amdenad, iRebs racionalur
gadawyvetilebas, rom sxva dros moklas:
7.8 gaiTvaliswineT SesaZlo moulodnelobebi
varaudi
ager loculobs!
marjve dro aris da marjvedac movixmar am dros:
movklav da zecas ava igi.
amiTi viTom mere javrs viyri?
mofiqreba aris saWiro.
mama momikla avazakma da me ki, nacvlad,
mis mkvidri Svili zecas vgzavni imav avazaks.
es xom jildoa, sad aris aq SurisZieba!
am saxis ganmartebiTi Sesavali kidev ufro mniSvnelovania, rodesac
waradgenT raodenobriv mtkicebulebas cxrilis an suraTis saxiT (ix.
8.3.1).
Tu wyaroebze muSaobis paralelurad werT da Savi naweris Seqmnamde
gegmasac adgenT, nakleb savaraudoa, Savi naweris ganviTarebis procesi
TqvenTvis moulodneli aRmoCndes. miuxedavad amisa, mTliani procesis
ganmavlobaSi mzad iyaviT axali mimarTulebebisTvis:
- rodesac Sav nawerze muSaoba gegmiT gaTvaliswinebul kurss
gascdeba, daakvirdiT, iqneb dagegmilze ukeTesi gziT warmarToT
muSaoba.
- rodesac damamtkicebeli sabuTis warmodgenis Semdeg eWvqveS dgeba
varaudi, nu ugulebelyofT am grZnobas. gadaamowmeT.
- roca varaudebis Tanmimdevroba bolomde ar mogwonT, scadeT
axali varaudebis gamoyeneba, maSinac ki, Tu gegonaT, rom TiTqmis
dasrulebuli gqondaT muSaoba.
117
- maSinac ki, roca saboloo daskvnas gamoitanT, unda naxoT, rogor
ganacxadoT debuleba xelaxla, ufro mkafiod da
erTmniSvnelovnad.
Tu naSromis dasrulebis vadaze sagrZnoblad adre ukeTesi azrebi
mogividaT, gamoiyeneT darCenili dro cvlilebebis Sesatanad. es
naSromis seriozulad daxvewis martivi gzaa.
7.9 Tavi daicaviT uneblie plagiatisgan
swored Sav nawerze muSaobisas dgebiT riskis winaSe, dauSvaT erT-erTi
yvelaze uxeSi Secdoma, romelic ki SeiZleba, dauSvas mkvlevarma:
mkiTxvels Seeqmnas STabeWdileba, rom cdilobT, sxva avtoris naSromi
sakuTar naSromad warmoaCinoT. aseT SemTxvevaSi dadgebiT plagiatSi
dadanaSaulebis riskis winaSe. es aris braldeba, romelmac, Tu
dadasturda, SeiZleba, Tqveni CaWra an garicxvac ki gamoiwvios.
mravali instruqtori gvafrTxilebs plagiatis Sesaxeb. Tumca, ar
ganmartaven, ras niSnavs is, radgan miaCniaT, rom plagiati, rogorc wesi,
ganzrax Cadenili arakeTilsindisieri qmedebaa da ganmartebas ar
saWiroebs. marTlac, studentebma ician, rom cruoben, roca sakuTar
saxels aweren naSroms, romelic internetiT SeiZines an studentTa
klubis failidan gadmoweres. maTma umetesobam isic icis, rom
arakeTilsindisierad iqcevian, rodesac sakuTar naSromad asaReben
wyarodan zedmiwevniT gadaweril an internetidan CamotvirTul naSroms.
aseTi SemTxvevebisTvis sxvas verafers vityviT, garda imisa, rom `ar
moiqceT ase”.
Tumca, mravali studenti ver acnobierebs, rom isini dgebian plagiatSi
dadanaSaulebis riskis winaSe im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ganzrax ar
moqceulan arakeTilsindisierad, ubralod, arcodniT an daudevrobiT
118
mouvidaT ase. riskis zRvarze xarT, rodesac aZlevT mkiTxvels sababs,
ifiqros, rom gaakeTeT erT-erTi an meti Semdegidan:
- gaakeTeT wyaros citireba, Tumca, zustad wyaroSi moyvanili
sityvebi gamoiyeneT da fragmenti ar CasviT brWyalebSi an ar
gamoyaviT citatis aRmniSnveli abzaciT.
- gaakeTeT wyaros perifrazi da miuTiTeT wyaro, magram sityvebi ise
axlos aris wyarosTan, rom TiTqmis citataa: Zalian TvalSi
sacemia, rom wyaros teqsti sityvasityviT gaimeoreT perifrazis
dros.
- wyarodan gamoiyeneT ideebi an meTodebi, wyaro ki ar miuTiTeT.
7.9.1 gamoyaviT TiToeuli citata, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu moxseniebuli
gaqvT wyaro
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu wyaros miuTiTebT, mkiTxvelma unda icodes,
romeli sityvebia Tqveni da romeli _ citatis. Tqven dgebiT plagiatis
braldebis riskis winaSe, Tu ar gamoiyenebT brWyalebs an citatis
aRmniSvnel abzacs, raTa mianiSnoT, rom sul raRac erTi striqoni gaqvT
amowerili.
sakiTxi ufro rTuldeba, rodesac mxolod ramdenime sityvis citata
mogyavT. waikiTxeT:
imis gamo, rom teqnologia warmoSobs kidev ufro met teqnologias, gamogonebis
gavrcelebis mniSvneloba, Teoriulad, aWarbebs Tavdapirveli gamogonebis mniSvnelobas.
teqnologiis istoria warmoadgens imis ilustracias, rasac avtokatalizur process
uwodeben: anu, esaa procesi, romelic Cqardeba siCqariT, romelic izrdeba droTa
ganmvlobaSi, vinaidan procesi sakuTar Tavs aaqtiurebs [Diamond, 1998, 301]
jared daiamondis ideebis Sesaxeb rom werdeT, savaraudod, mogiwevdaT
misi sityvebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa, magaliTad, gamogonebis
119
mniSvneloba. Tumca, am frazas brWyalebSi ar CasvamdiT, vinaidan is ar
aCvenebs azris an gamoxatvis originalurobas. Tumca, daiamondis ori
fraza imdenad originaluria, rom moiTxovs brWyalebs: “teqnologia
warmoSobs met teqnologias” da “avtokatalizuri procesi”. magaliTad:
teqnologiis Zala scdeba individualuri gamogonebebis farglebs, vinaidan teqnologia
`met teqnologias warmoSobs.” daiamondis TqmiT, Ees aris `avtokatalizuri procesi”
[301].
citatis saxiT am sityvebis pirvelad moyvanis Semdeg SegiZliaT, kvlav
gamoiyenoT isini brWyalebis an citirebis gareSe:
rodesac erTi gamogoneba warmoSobs meores da meore _ kidev sxva gamogonebas, procesi
xdeba katalizatori, romelic geometriuli progresiiT vrceldeba erovnuli
sazRvrebis masStabiT.
es bundovani zRvaria: sityvebi, romlebic zogierTi mkiTxvelisTvis
originaluria, sxvebisTvis gansakuTrebuli ar aris. Tu brWyalebs
gamoiyenebT Zalian bevri standartuli frazisTvis, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba,
ifiqros, rom gamoucdeli an sakuTar TavSi darwmunebuli xarT, magram
Tu ar gamoiyenebT brWyalebs maSin, roca, mkiTxvelis azriT, unda
gamogeyenebinaT, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma CaTvalos, rom cdilobT, sakuTar
azrebad warmoadginoT sityvebi da ideebi, romlebic Tqven ar gekuTvniT.
vinaidan umjobesia datovoT gamoucdelis STabeWdileba, vidre
arakeTilsindisieri avtorisa, gansakuTrebiT kvleviTi karieris adreul
etapze, SeuzRudavad gamoiyeneT brWyalebi. (Tumca, unda daicvaT Tqveni
sferos standartuli praqtikis principebi. magaliTad, iuristebi xSirad
iyeneben zust enas kanonidan an sasamarTlo daskvnidan brWyalebis
gareSe.)
120
7.9.2 nu gaakeTebT iseT perifrazs, romelic original teqstTan Zalian
axlos dgasD
perifrazs akeTebT saTanadod, roca sakuTari sityvebiT ideas
warmoadgenT ufro garkveviT an xazgasmiT, vidre wyaroSia. Tumca,
mkiTxveli ifiqrebs, rom gascdiT obieqturi perifrazis zRvrebs da
plagiatorobT, Tu SeZleben, Seusabamon Tqveni sityvebi da frazebi
wyaroSi mocemul winadadebebs da frazebs. magaliTisTvis, momdevno
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia im ori winadadebis plagiatebi, romlebsac
Tqven axla waikiTxavT:
buTi, kolombi da uiliamsi acxadeben, rom saTanado perifrazi aris sakuTari sityvebis
gamoyeneba ideis warmosadgenad, raTa monakveTi wyarodan ufro mkafio an ufro aSkara
gaxdes. Tumca, mkiTxvels SeuZlia daabralos students plagiati, Tu misi perifrazi
ise hgavs wyaros, rom adamians SeuZlia, Seusabamos misi sityvebi da frazebi wyaroSi
warmodgenil winadadebebs da frazebs.
momdevno perifrazi plagiatTan Zalian axlos aris:
saTanado perifrazi gulisxmobs wyarodan amonaridis xelaxla daweras sakuTari
sityvebiT, raTa azri ufro mkafio an ufro xazgasmuli iyos. mkiTxveli CaTvlis, rom
es plagiatia, Tuki wyaros perifrazi ise axloa original teqstTan, rom mas SeuZlia
paralelebis danaxva sityvebsa da frazebs Soris. [Booth, Colomb, and Williams, 2007].
es perifrazi ar aris plagiatis nimuSi:
buTis, kolombis da uiliamsis mixedviT [2007], perifrazi aris sakuTari sityvebis
gamoyenebiT ideebis ufro garkveviT warmodgena. plagiatis magaliTia, roca mkiTxvels
SeuZlia sityvasityviT dainaxos msgavseba perifrazsa da wyaroSi arsebul teqsts
Soris.
121
imisaTvis, rom perifrazi ar daemsgavsos plagiats, nu waikiTxavT wyaros
perifrazirebis dros. waikiTxeT nawyveti, dafiqrdiT masze ramdenime
wuTiT; Semdeg, wyaroSi Caxedvis gareSe gaakeTeT perifrazi sakuTari
sityvebiT. Semdeg SeamowmeT, SegiZliaT Tu ara winadadebas gaayoloT
TiTi da ipovoT wyaroSi igive ideebi imave TanmimdevrobiT. Tu asea,
mkiTxvelic SeZlebs amas. scadeT, xelaxla gaakeToT perifrazi.
7.9.3 im azrebisTvis, romlebic Tqven ar gekuTvniT, rogorc wesi,
gaakeTeT wyaros citireba
es wesi ufro rTulia, vidre Cans, vinaidan Cveni ideebis umetesoba
emyareba an momdinareobs ama Tu im wyarodan. mkiTxveli ar moelis, rom
Tqven ipoviT TiToeul Znelad misawvdom wyaros yoveli nacnobi
ideisTvis. Tumca, igi moelis, rom moaxdenT wyaros citirebas, roca (1)
idea dakavSirebulia konkretul pirTan da (2) sakmarisad axalia
saimisod, rom ar iyos sferoSi arsebuli standartuli codnis nawili.
magaliTad, fsiqologebi acxadeben, rom Cveni azrebi da grZnobebi tvinis
sxvadasxva nawilSi muSavdeba. Tumca, arc erT mkiTxvels ar eqneba imis
molodini, rom moaxdenT am ideis citirebas, vinaidan is ukve aRar aris
dakavSirebuli konkretul wyarosTan da imdenad nacnobia, rom aravin
ifiqrebs, rom es idea Tqvenad warmoaCineT. meores mxriv, zogierT
fsiqologs miaCnia, rom emociebi Zalian mniSvnelovania
gadawyvetilebebis racionalurad misaRebad. es idea imdenad axalia da
imdenad mWidrod ukavSirdeba konkretul mkvlevrebs, rom maTi citireba
mogiwevdaT.
unda ixelmZRvaneloT Semdegi principiT: moaxdineT wyaros citireba
ideisTvis, romelic Tqven ar gekuTvniT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakiTxSi
garkveulma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom ideas Tqvenad warmoaCenT.
es Zalian erTmniSvnelovani Cans. Tumca, arsebobs zRvari, romelic
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bundovanobas iwvevs. roca ar xarT darwmunebuli, gadaamowmeT
instruqtorTan.
7.9.4 Tavs nu gaimarTlebT arcodniT, gaugebrobiT an keTili ganzraxviT
aSkaraa, rom is, rac plagiats waagavs, xSirad, ubralod,
keTilsindisieri specialistis arcodnaa im principebisa, Tu rogor unda
gamoiyenos da citatad moiyvanos wyaroebi. zogierT students
gulwrfelad sjera, rom ar unda moaxdinos im masalis citireba,
romelic internetidan CamotvirTa, Tu es masala internetSi ufaso da
sajarod xelmisawvdomia. es mcdari Sexedulebaa. mniSvneloba ar aqvs
imas, rom masala sajarod xelmisawvdomi da ufasoa. Tqven unda
moaxdinoT nebismieri sxva piris mier Seqmnili teqstis citireba,
romelsac iyenebT Tqvens naSromSi.
mravali studenti Tavs icavs, roca acxadebs, rom ar hqonda ganzraxuli
mkiTxvelis SecdomaSi Seyvana. magram saqme imaSia, rom Cven sityvebs
vkiTxulobT da ara azrebs. amdenad, ifiqreT plagiatze ara rogorc
gamiznul moqmedebaze, aramed aRqmuli moqmedebaze, moerideT nebismier
niSans, ramac SeiZleba, mkiTxvels gauCinos sababi, eWvi Seitanos
plagiatSi. rodesac waradgenT naSroms, romelzec Tqveni saxelia
miTiTebuli, es gulisxmobs, rom Tqven gekuTvniT yvela is sityva,
romelzec mkafiod da konkretulad ar gaqvT gakeTebuli miTiTeba sxva
wyaroze.
plagiatis arsebobis gansazRvris saukeTeso gzaa dasvaT kiTxva: piri,
romlis naSromsac iyenebT, Tqveni Txzulebis kiTxvisas icnobs Tu ara
iq warmodgenil ideebs da winadadebebs rogorc sakuTars, maT Soris,
perifrazebs da reziumeebs, an, Tundac, zogad ideebs an meTodebs? Tu
asea, unda gaakeToT im wyaros citireba da CarToT misi zusti sityvebis
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Tanmimdevroba brWyalebSi an CarToT isini abzaciT gamoyofili citatis
saxiT.
7.10 moerideT arasaTanado daxmarebis miRebas
gamocdili avtorebi sistematurad aCveneben sakuTar Sav nawerebs sxvebs
kritikuli SeniSvnebis da rCevebis misaRebad; Tqvenc ase unda moiqceT.
Tumca, gansxvavdeba instruqtorebis azri imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra
dozis daxmarebaa mizanSewonili da ra daxmarebis miReba unda miuTiTos
studentma naSromSi, roca daxmarebisTvis mimarTavT specialists, dasviT
ori SekiTxva:
1. ra moculobis daxmarebaa marTebuli?
- sakurso naSromisTvis instruqtorebis didi nawili
mouwodebs studentebs, moipovon zogadi kritikuli
SeniSvnebi da mcire doziT mimarTon daxmarebas
redaqtirebaSi; daxmareba ar unda moicavdes xelaxla
detalurad daweras an safuZvlian rCevebs.
- Tezisis, sadisertacio naSromis an publikaciisTvis
wardgenili TxzulebisTvis avtorebi iReben maqsimalur
SesaZlo daxmarebas pedagogebisgan, recenzentebisgan da sxva
pirebisgan, Tu es ar gulisxmobs am pirebis mier naSromis maT
magivrad daweras.
am ukiduresobebs Soris zRvari bundovania. SeekiTxeT instruqtors, sad
gaavlebda zRvars. Semdeg maqsimalurad miiReT dasaSvebi daxmareba.
2. ra saxis daxmareba unda miuTiToT TxzulebaSi?
- sakurso naSromis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, ar mogeTxovebaT
zogadi kritikuli SeniSvnebis mopoveba; SegiZliaT, mcire
redaqtirebis gakeTeba sTxovoT vinmes an daxmareba moipovoT
skolis instruqtorisgan weris sakiTxebSi. Tumca, unda
miuTiToT, rom es daxmareba iyo arastandartuli da
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safuZvliani. am wesebs Tqveni pedagogi gansazRvravs. amdenad,
mas mimarTeT rCevis misaRebad.
- Tezisis, sadisertacio naSromis an publikaciis SemTxvevaSi,
ar mogeTxovebaT standartuli saxis daxmarebis miTiTeba.
Tumca, Tavaziani Jestia, da xSirad diplomatiuri, miRebuli
daxmarebis Sesaxeb SesavalSi miTiTeba (ix. A.2.1). rac Seexeba
arastandartul an safuZvlian redaqtirebas, unda miuTiToT
is, agreTve, moaxdinoT sxvebis mier mowodebuli ZiriTadi
ideebis an frazebis citireba SeniSvnis saxiT.
7.11 gadalaxeT saqmis qronikulad gadadebis etapi da SemoqmedebiTi Cixi
Tu giWirT Savi naweris pirveli variantis dawyeba an Tu ramdenime
sityvaze mets ver uyriT Tavs, SeiZleba, SemoqmedebiT CixSi aRmoCndiT.
zogjer es skolis da misi zewolis gamoa gamowveuli; Tu asea,
konsultaciisTvis specialists mimarTeT. Tumca, umetes SemTxvevebSi, es
gamowveulia mizezebiT, romelTa gadaWra Tavadac SegiZliaT:
- SesaZloa, wera giWirT imitom, rom ar gaqvT miznebi an Zalian
rTulad misaRwevi miznebi gaqvT dasaxuli. Tu asea, SeqmeniT
grafiki da dasaxeT mcire, miRwevadi miznebi. nu moeridebiT
iseTi xerxebis gamoyenebas, romlebic gaiZulebT weroT; maT
Sorisaa winsvlis amsaxveli diagrama an regularuli
Sexvedrebi weraze momuSave partniorTan.
- SeiZleba, ise SegaSinaT davalebis moculobam, rom ar iciT,
saidan daiwyoT. Tu asea, SeasruleT Cveni rCevebi procesis
mcire, miRwevad amocanebad dayofasTan dakavSirebiT; Semdeg
saTiTaod imuSaveT TiTo mcire nabijis Sesrulebaze. mTliani
amocanis Sesrulebaze nu gadaxvalT, vidre ar daasrulebT
ramdenime mcire nawils.
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- SeiZleba, grZnobT, rom srulyofilad unda CamoayaliboT
yoveli winadadeba an paragrafi, vidre momdevnoze gadaxvalT.
Tu asea, sakuTar Tavs uTxariT, rom Sav nawers ki ar werT,
aramed, ubralod, ramdenime ideis monaxazs akeTebT. moikribeT
nebisyofa da swrafad SeudeqiT samuSao variantis weras.
SegiZliaT, Tavi daaRwioT srulyofili naweris Seqmnis
survils, Tu pirdapir weras SeudgebiT da gecodinebaT, rom
Savi naweris pirvel variants ar werT. nebismier SemTxvevaSi,
yvelas gviwevs srulyofili variantis weraze uaris Tqma
naweris Seqmnis sasargeblod.
Tu msgavs problemebs xSirad waawydiT naSromze muSaobis procesSi,
mimarTeT studentTa saswavlo centrs. iq muSaoben adamianebi, romlebsac
unaxavT mravali dRemexvalia da SemoqmedebiT CixSi myofi avtori da
SeZleben problemis Sesabamisi rCevis gawevas.
meore mxriv, zogjer avtoris SemoqmedebiT CixSi Sesvlis zogierTi
SemTxveva SeiZleba, marTlac warmoadgendes azrebis qvecnobierSi
daleqvis SesaZleblobas, rac raRac axali da moulodneli ideis
Seqmnas iwvevs. Tu ver agrZelebT weras, magram dro sakmarisi gaqvT
(kidev erTi mizezi saqmis naadrevad dasawyebad) erTi-ori dRis
ganmavlobaSi raime sxva saqmianobiT dakavdiT. Semdeg daubrundiT weras,
raTa naxoT, SegiZliaT Tu ara muSaobis gagrZeleba.
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8 faqtebis warmodgena cxrilebis da suraTebis saxiT
8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba 8.2 efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis Seqmnis xerxebi 8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna
8.3.1 TiToeuli grafiki struqturulad aawyveT, rom ukeT gasagebi iyos mkiTxvelisTvis 8.3.2 ecadeT, gamosaxuleba imdenad martivi iyos, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZleva teqstis Sinaarsi 8.3.3 misdieT cxrilebis, svetovani da xazovani diagramebisTvis dadgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebs
8.4 monacemebis eTikurad warmodgena mkiTxvelTa umetesoba ufro iolad aRiqvams grafikulad gamoxatul ricxobriv monacemebs. monacemTa grafikulad gamosaxvis mravali varianti arsebobs. Tumca, zogi maTgani ukeT Seesabameba konkretul monacemebs da ideas, vidre sxva. am TavSi warmogidgenT, rogor unda aarCioT grafikuli forma da modeli ise, rom mkiTxvelma maTi meSveobiT naxos monacemebic da isic, Tu rogor amyarebs Tqvens arguments es monacemebi. (grafikebis Seqmnis da gamoyenebis wesebi ixileT bibliografiaSi vrclad grafikuli gamosaxulebis formatirebis Sesaxeb ix. 26-e Tavi.)1
1 SeniSvna terminebTan dakavSirebiT: grafikebis gamosaxatavad sxvadasxva termini
gamoiyeneba. amdenad, Cven warmogidgenT gamoyenebuli terminebis ganmartebas. am TavSi
gamoyenebuli termini grafiki aRniSnavs faqtebis yvela vizualur gamosaxulebas. meore
termini, romelic zogjer gamoiyeneba aseTi gamosaxulebis aRsaniSnavad, aris
ilustracia. rogorc wesi, grafikuli gamosaxulebebi iyofa cxrilebad da suraTebad
cxrili aris bade, romelsac aqvs svetebi da striqonebi, sadac mocemulia monacemebi
ricxvebis saxiT an sityvierad da dalagebulia kategoriebad. suraTi _ esaa yvela sxva
saxis grafikuli gamosaxuleba, maT Soris, grafikebi, diagrაmebi, fotoebi, naxazebi da
tabulebi. raodenobrivi monacemebis amsaxveli suraTebi iyofa diagramebad, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, Sedgeba svetovani, wriuli an sxva formis mqone diagramebisgan da
grafikebad, romlebic, rogorc wesi, Sedgeba uwyveti xazebisgan. suraTebis
standartuli variantebi ix. cxrilSi 8.7.
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8.1 sityvebiT da grafikulad azris gadmocemas Soris arCevanis gakeTeba
Tu mcirericxovani raodenobrivi monacemebi gaqvT, warmoadgineT isini sityvierad. (ricxvebis sityvierad warmodgenis Sesaxeb ixileT 23-e Tavi.) monacemebi warmoadgineT grafikuli gamosaxulebis saxiT, rodesac faqtebis umetesi nawili raodenobrivia an, roca bevri monacemi unda warmoadginoT. Tumca, rodesac monacemebi cota da martivia, mkiTxvels SeuZlia, advilad aRiqvas isini rogorc winadadebis, ise, 8.1 suraTSi moyvanili cxrilis msgavsi gamosaxulebis saxiT: saSualod, 1996 wels mamakacebi gamoimuSavebdnen 32,144 aSS dolars weliwadSi, qalebi _ 23,710 dolars, sxvaoba Seadgens 8,434 dolars. cxrili 8.1 mamakacebis da qalebis xelfasebi ($), 1996 mamakacebi 32,144 qalebi 23 710 sxvaoba 8,434 cxrili 8.2 cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000 ojaxebis saerTo raodenobis procentuli wili ojaxis tipi 2 mSobeli deda mama zrdasrulis gareSe Tumca, Tu oTx an xuT ricxvze mets warmoadgenT nawyvetSi, mkiTxvels gauWirdeba maTi gageba, gansakuTrebiT, Tu maTi Sedarebaa saWiro, magaliTad: 1970 da 2000 wlebs Soris ojaxebis struqtura orgvarad Seicvala. 1970 wels ojaxebis 85 procents hyavda ori mSobeli, xolo 1980 wels es maCvenebeli Semcirda 77 procentamde, 1990 wels _ 73 procentamde, 2000 wels ki _ 68 procentamde. arasruli ojaxebis raodenoba gaizarda, gansakuTrebiT, iseTi ojaxebis, sadac marCenali dedaa. 1970 wels ojaxebis 11 procentSi ojaxis ufrosi martoxela deda iyo. 1980 wels es ricxvi gaizarda 18 procentamde, 1990 wels _ 22 procentamde, 2000 wels ki _ 23 procentamde. martoxela mamebis ufrosobiT ojaxebi 1970 wels Seadgenda 1 procents, 1980 wels maTi wili 2 procenti iyo, 1990 wels _ 3
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procenti, 2000 wels ki 4 procenti Seadgina. zrdasruli wevris gareSe mcxovrebi ojaxebis raodenoba ucvleli darCa, 3-4 procentis farglebSi. am monacemebis ufro efeqturad gamosaxva SeiZleba grafikuli formiT, rogorc es 8.2 cxrilSia naCvenebi.
8.2 yvelaze efeqturi grafikuli gamosaxulebis SerCeva
mravali varianti arsebobs iseTi kompleqsuri monacemebis grafikulad gamosaxvisTvis, rogoric zemoT abzacSi iyo moyvanili. umartivesi da yvelaze gavrcelebulia cxrilebi, svetovani diagramebi da xazovani grafikebi. TiToeul maTgans damaxasiaTebeli ritorikuli efeqti aqvs.
- konkretuli mniSvnelobebis xazgasasmelad gamoiyeneT 8.2 cxrilis msgavsi cxrili.
- monacemTa Sesadareblad gamoiyeneT cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTSi 8.1 suraTSi warmodgenili diagramis msgavsi svetovani diagrama.
- tendenciebis gamosakveTad gamoiyeneT 8.2 suraTSi warmodgenili diagramis msgavsi xazovani diagrama.
zemoT naxsenebi TiToeuli diagrama erTi da imave monacemebs gviCvenebs. Tumca, mkiTxvelebs sxvadasxva reaqcia aqvT maTze: - cxrili zusti da obieqturia. masSi xazgasmulia konkretuli ricxvebi da mkiTxvels ubiZgebs, dainaxos urTierTkavSiri da tendeciebi (Tu mis Sesaxeb SesavalSi ar gixsenebiaT). ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli 2 mSobeli deda mama zrdasrulis gareSe suraTi 8.1. cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000 ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli 2 mSobeli deda mama zrdasrulis gareSe
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- rogorc grafikebi, ise xazovani diagramebi xazs usvams vizualur gamosaxulebas. misi meSveobiT maCveneblebi naklebad zustad, magram ufro swrafad gadmoicema, vidre cxrilSi mocemuli zusti ricxvebis saSualebiT. Tumca, es grafikebic:
suraTi 8.2. cvlilebebi ojaxis struqturaSi, 1970-2000 ojaxebis saerTo procentuli maCvenebeli
svetovani diagramiT erTmaneTs adarebs gansxvavebul monacemebs. xazovani diagramiT aCvenebs tendencias drois garkveul
periodSi. iseTi grafikuli forma SearCieT, romliTac maqsimalurad miaRwevT gaTvaliswinebul efeqts da ara is, rac pirvelad mogafiqrdebaT. is, Tu ramden variants ganixilavT, damokidebulia Tqvens gamocdilebaze. Tu axali dawyebuli gaqvT raodenobrivi kvlevebis sferoSi muSaoba, ZiriTad cxrilebze, svetovan da xazovan diagramebze SeCerdiT. kompiuterul programaSi SesaZloa, meti varianti iyos, magram ar miaqcioT yuradReba TqvenTvis ucnob variantebs. Tu samecniero xarisxis dasacavad atarebT kvlevas, mkiTxvels eqneba molodini, rom gamoiyenebT grafikul gamosaxulebas, romelic maqsimalurad Seesabameba naSromSi moyvanil Tvalsazrissa da faqtebs. aseve, isini elian, rom grafikul gamosaxulebas SearCevT variantebis ufro farTo arCevnidan. aseT dros ixileT cxrili 8.7, sadac aRwerilia sxva standartuli formebi. Tumca, SeiZleba, monacemebis gamosaxvis ufro SemoqmedebiTi gzebis gamoyeneba dagWirdeT, Tu iseT sferoSi werT sadisertacio naSroms an statias, sadac, Cveulebriv, mocemulia kompleqsuri kavSiri vrcel monacemebs Soris.
8.3 cxrilebis da suraTebis modelebis Seqmna
kompiuteruli programebiT dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia, SeqmnaT iseTi TvalismomWreli grafikuli gamosaxulebebi, rom SeiZleba cdunebam SegipyroT da programas miandoT grafikis dizaini. magram mkiTxvels ar aRelvebs, ramdenad daxvewilia grafiki, Tu is damabneveli da SecdomaSi Semyvania an ar Seesabameba sakiTxs. unda gadawyvitoT, rogor SeqmnaT mkafio, mizanmimarTuli da sakiTxis Sesabamisi grafikebi. Semdeg ki programaSi unda SeiyvanoT iseTi parametrebi, rom Tqveni moTxovnilebebi dakmayofildes. (ix. A.3.1, cxrilebis da suraTebis Seqmna da maTi naSromSi CarTva.)
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8.3.1 TiToeuli grafiki struqturulad aawyveT, rom ukeT gasagebi iyos mkiTxvelisTvis grafiki, romelic asaxavs kompleqsur ricxvebs, iSviaTad aris imTaviTve gasagebi. monacemebi unda ganalagoT ise, rom mkiTxvelma icodes, ras miaqcios yuradReba da rogor gaigos, ra kavSiri aqvs monacemebs Tqvens argumentTan. 1. cxrilebs da suraTebs teqstSi waumZRvareT winadadeba, sadac
ganacxadebT, rogor amyarebs monacemebi Tqvens Tvalsazriss. CarTeT am winadadebaSi raime konkretuli ricxvi, romelzec gsurT mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba (es ricxvi cxrilSi an suraTSic unda gamoCndes).
2. TiToeul cxrils da suraTs gaukeTeT warwera, romelic aRwers
monacemebs da, Tu SesaZlebelia, maT Soris mniSvnelovan kavSirs. cxrilis warweras ewodeba saTauri. saTauri iwereba zeviT, marcxniv sworebiT. suraTze darTul warweras ewodeba warwera. warwera iwereba qveviT, marjvniv sworebiT. (saTaurebis da warwerebis Sesaxeb ix. 26-e TavSi). saTaurebi da warwerebi unda iyos mokle, magram unda mianiSnebdes monacemebis konkretul xasiaTze da erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebdes grafikebs.
SeecadeT, rom saTauri an warwera ar iyos zogadi: arasworia: ojaxis ufrosebi sworia: cvlileba ojaxebSi, sadac erTi da ori mSobelia ojaxis ufrosi, 1970-2000 wlebSi gamoiyeneT arsebiTi saxelis frazebi; moerideT mimarTebiT
winadadebebs; umjobesia, gamoiyenoT mimReoba: arasworia: im ojaxebis raodenoba, romlebsac gamowerili aqvT yovelkvireuli Jurnalebi sworia: yovelkvireul Jurnalebze xelmoweris mqone ojaxebis raodenoba raionebis xelaxali gadanawileba axali saSualo skolis gaxnisas maTematika zepiri damatebiTi programebis danergva maTematikasa da kiTxvaSi suraTi 8.3 akademiuri unaris gamosavlen (SAT) gamocdaze miRebuli qulebi, 1990-2005
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nu moiyvanT damatebiTi informacias da nu daaxasiaTebT monacemebis mniSvnelobas:
arasworia: TanamSromlebis kvalifikaciis amaRlebamde depresiaSi myofi bavSvebisTvis konsultaciebis susti Sedegebi, 1995-2004 wlebi sworia: depresiaSi myofi bavSvebisTvis gaweuli konsultaciebis Sedegebi, 1995-2004 wlebi grafikebs, romlebSic msgavsi monacemebia warmodgenili,
gansxvavebuli warwerebi unda hqondes: iliniosis Statis q. meivudSi mcxovreb mamakacebSi sisxlis maRali wnevis gamomwvevi riskfaqtorebi kingstonis dedaqalaq iamaikaSi mcxovreb mamakacebSi sisxlis maRali wnevis gamomwvevi riskfaqtorebi 3. cxrilSi an suraTSi CarTeT informacia, romelic daexmareba
mkiTxvels, dainaxos, rogor amyarebs monacemebi Tqvens Tvalsazriss. magaliTad, Tu cxrilSi warmodgenili ricxvebi asaxavs tendencias da Tu cvlileba mniSvnelovania, daamateT is bolo svetSi, an Tu grafikis xazi icvleba zegavlenis Sedegad, romelic ar aris aRniSnuli grafikSi, rogorc 8.3 suraTis SemTxvevaSia, daamateT teqsti am zegavlenis ganmartebis mizniT:
miuxedavad imisa, rom raionebis xelaxali gadanawilebis Semdeg kiTxvasa da maTematikaSi miRebuli qulebi Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis 100 erTeuliT Semcirda, tendencia mniSvnelovnad gamosworda maTematikis da kiTxvis damatebiTi programebis danergvis Sedegad. 4. xazi gausviT cxrilis an suraTis im nawils, romelzec mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba gsurT, gansakuTrebiT cifrs an kavSirs, romelic aRniSnulia cxrilis an suraTis warmdgen winadadebaSi. magaliTad, 8.3 cxrili dakvirvebiT unda SeviswavloT, raTa davinaxoT, rogor amyarebs is Sesaval winadadebs: benzinis moxmarebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli prognozebis udidesi nawili mcdari aRmoCnda. cxrili 8.3 benzinis moxmareba wliuri milebSi (000) wliuri moxmareba (galonebSi) cxrili 8.4 gavlili milebis raodenoba da benzinis moxmareba erT sulze 1970-2000 wlebi wliuri milebis raodenoba (000)
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(% cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT) wliuri moxmareba (galonebSi) (%^ cvlileba 1970 welTan SedarebiT) saWiroa kidev erTi, ufro informaciuli winadadeba, romelSic aRvwerT, rogor ukavSirdeba ricxvebi debulebas. aseve, saWiroa vizualuri xerxi, romlis daxmarebiTac yuradRebas mivapyrobT aRniSnul gansxvavebas (cxrili 8.4): benzinis moxmareba ise ar gazrdila, rogorc varaudobdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikelebma 2000 wels 1970 welTan SedarebiT 23 procentiT meti mili gaiares, maT 32 procentiT naklebi sawvavi moixmares. damatebiTi winadadebiT vigebT, rogor unda ganvmartoT ZiriTadi monacemebi 8.4 cxrilSi, kursiviT gamoyofili nawili ki migviTiTebs, sad SegviZlia am monacemebis naxva. 8.3.2 ecadeT gamosaxuleba imdenad martivi iyos, ramdenadac amis saSualebas iZleva teqstis Sinaarsi
zogierT saxelmZRvanelo gvirCevs, TiToeul grafikSi maqsimalurad bevri monacemi CavrToT. Tumca, mkiTxvels surs, mxolod Pis monacemebi ixilos, romlebic Tqvens Tvalsazriss Seesabameba da romlebic warmodgenilia TvalsaCinod: 1. SeiyvaneT mxolod Sesabamisi monacemebi. Tu mxolod informaciisTvis gsurT monacemebis CarTva, daurTeT saTanado saTauri da CarTeT danarTSi (ix. A.2.3). 2. bade martivi unda iyos. grafikebi grafiki CasviT CarCoSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu or an met suraTs ajgufebT nu gaaferadebT an gaamuqebT fons. arasodes SeqmnaT samganzomilebiani foni organzomilebiani
grafikisTvis. es arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod SefasebaSi.
monacemebi samganzomilebian fonze daitaneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT sxva gziT ver warmoadgenT da Tu mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobia aseTi grafikebi.
cxrilebi arasodes gamoiyenoT erTdroulad horizontaluri da
vertikaluri xazebi svetebis da striqonebis dasayofad. Tu monacemebis Sedarebis mizniT mkiTxvelis yuradRebis mipyroba erTi mimarTulebaze gsurT an Tu cxrili uCveulod kompleqsuria, gamoiyeneT Ria nacrisferi xazebi. moerideT nacrisferi xazebis
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gamoyenebas an iseTi suraTis gamuqebas, romelic Semdgom gadava mikrofirze, vinaidan foto bundovani gamova.
mravalstriqoniani cxrilebisTvis odnav gaamuqeT yoveli mexuTe striqoni.
nu gamoiyenebT cxra kegelze naklebi zomis Srifts iseTi dokumentisTvis, romelic mikrofirze unda gadaitanon. am zomaze nakleb Sriftebs fotoze ver gaarCeven.
grafikebi da diagramebi badis xazebi gamoiyeneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu diagrama
kompleqsuria an Tu mkiTxvels sWirdeba zusti cifrebis naxva. yvela badis xazi unda iyos Ria nacrisferi, Tu teqstis mikrofirze ar unda gadaitanon.
gaaferadeT da gaamuqeT xazebi an svetebi mxolod kontrastis saCveneblad. feri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneT, Tu teqsti daibeWdeba feradad da, mogvianebiT, mis aslebs ar gadaiReben (Sav-TeTr fotoaslze sxvadasxva feri erTmaneTs emsgavseba).
arasodes SeqmnaT samganzomilebiani grafiki an diagrama, Tu SegiZliaT igive monacemebi or ganzomilebaSi warmoadginoT. damatebuli siRrme arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi.
arasodes gamoiyenoT gamosaxulebiani svetebi (magaliTad, manqanebis gamosaxulebebi avtomobilebis warmoebis gamosaxatavad). es arafers gaaumjobesebs da SesaZloa, xeli SeuSalos mkiTxvels mniSvnelobebis saTanadod gagebaSi. amasTan, aseTi xerxisTvis mimarTva moyvarulis STabeWdilebas tovebs.
3. gamoiyeneT mkafio warwerebi. cxrilebSi striqonebs da svetebs, aseve, diagramebsa da grafikebSi
orive RerZs, gaukeTeT warwerebi (warwerebTan dakavSirebuli punqtuaciis da marTlweris Sesaxeb ixileT 26-e Tavi).
gamoiyeneT tiresmagvari aRniSvnebi da warwerebi grafikis vertikalur RerZze intervalebis gamosayofad (ix. nax. 8.4).
Tu SesaZlebelia, warwerebi gaakeTeT striqonebze, svetebis segmentebze da a.S., da ara gverdiT gamotanili SeniSvnis saxiT. warwerebi gamoiyeneT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saTaurebis gamoyeneba Zalian gaarTulebs gamosaxulebis wakiTxvas.
rodesac konkretul ricxvebs mniSvnelovani datvirTva aqvs,
daamateT isini svetebze, segmentebze an xazebis wertileბze.
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8.3.3 misdieT cxrilebis, svetovani da xazovani diagramebisTvis dadgenil saxelmZRvanelo principebs cxrilebi. Zalian bevri monacemis Semcveli cxrili SeiZleba, gadatvirTulad mogeCvenoT. amdenad, SeecadeT, maqsimalurad martivi iyos misi gamosaxuleba da Sinaarsi. - daalageT striqonebi da svetebi ise, rom mkiTxvelma swrafad ipovos
is, risi Cvenebac gsurT. avtomaturad nu aarCevT anbanur Tanmimdevrobas.
- daamrgvaleT ricxvebi Sesabamis mniSvnelobebamde. Tu 1,000-ze naklebi gansxvaveba misaRebia, maSin 2,123,499 da 2,124,886 metismetad zustia.
- svetebis an striqonebis mniSvnelobebi daajameT svetebis an striqonebis ZirSi an bolos da ara zeviT an marcxniv. SeadareT cxrili 8.5 da 8.6. cxrili 8.5 uwesrigoa da masSi informacia mouxerxeblad aris dalagebuli. cxrili 8.6 ki, piriqiT, ufro mkafioa, vinidan misi saTauri met informacias Seicavs, cxrili ukeT aris dalagebuli da mniSvnelobebi isea organizebuli, rom SesaZlebelia struqturis ufro iolad danaxva.
cxrili 8.5. umuSevroba ZiriTad industriul qveynebSi, 1990-2000 wlebi cvlileba avstralia kanada safrangeTi germania italia iaponia SvedeTi gaerTianebuli samefo aSS cxrili 8.6. umuSevrobis donis cvlilebebi industriul qveynebSi, 1990-2000 wlebi inglisurenovani qveynebis Sedareba arainglisurenovan qveynebTan cvlileba avstralia aSS kanada gaerTianebuli samefo safrangeTi iaponia italia germania
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SvedeTi svetovani diagramebi. svetovani diagramebi imdenive informacias gvawvdis gamosaxulebis saSualebiT, ramdensac konkretuli ricxvebis meSveobiT. svetebi, romlebic struqturis gareSea dalagebuli, azrs ver gadmoscems. amdenad, Tu SesaZlebelia, daajgufeT da daalageT svetebi, raTa mkiTxvelma dainaxos Tqveni Tvalsazrisis Seesabamisi Tanmimdevroba. magaliTad, ix. suraTi 8.4 im ganmartebiTi winadadebis konteqstSi, romelic mas uZRvis win. iq punqtebi CamoTvlilia anbanuri
TanmimdevrobiT, rac ar exmareba mkiTxvels arsiს danaxvaSi. da, piriqiT, ixileT 8.5 suraTi, sadac debuleba gamyarebulia logikurad Tanmimdevruli gamosaxulebiT. standartul svetovan diagramebSi TiToeuli sveti warmoadgens mTelis 100%-s. Tumca, mkiTxvelisTvis zogjer mosaxerxebelia, Tu miuTiTebT konkretul mniSvnelobebs mTelis nawilebisTvis. amis gakeTeba ori gziT SegiZliaT: - `Sedgenili svetebis” mqone diagramaSi sveti dayofilia proporciul
nawilebad, rogorc 8.6 suraTis marcxena nawilSi moTavsebul diagramaze vxedavT.
- `dajgufebuli svetebis” mqone diagramaSi mTelis TiToeuli nawilisTvis gamoyenebulia calke sveti. Tumca, isini dajgufebulia, rogorc es 8.6 suraTis marjvena nawilSi mocemul diagramaSia.
Sedgenili svetebi gamoiyeneT mxolod maSin, rodesac segmentebis Sedarebaze ufro mniSvnelovani mTliani mniSvnelobebis Sedarebaa. Tumca, mkiTxveli proporciebs mxolod TvaliT ver gansazRvravs. amdenad, Tu iyenebT Sedgenil svetebs, moiqeciT Semdegnairad: msoflioSi udabnoebis farTobis udidesi nawili koncentrirebulia CrdiloeT afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi. arabeTis (ax. aRm.) avstraliis (avst.) Cihuahuas (Crd. afrika) didi qviSiani udabno (avst.) gobis (azia) viqtoriis didi udabno (avst.) kalaharis (samx. afr.) libiis (Crd. afr.) rub-al-xalis (axlo aRm.) saharis (Crd. afr.)
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suraTi 8.4. msoflios aTi udidesi udabno msoflios udabnoebis udidesi nawili koncentrirebulia CrdiloeT afrikasa da Sua aRmosavleTSi. Crd. afrika Sua aRmosavleTi avstralia samx. afrika Crd. amer. kvadratuli milebi (aTasi) saharis libiis arabeTis rub al xalis avstraliis didi qviSiani udabno viqtoriis didi udabno gobis kalaharis Cihuahuas suraTi 8.5 msoflios msxvili udabnoebis ganawileba - daalageT segmentebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT. Tu SesaZlebelia,
yvelaze didi segmenti yvelaze metad gaamuqeT. - daasaTaureT segmentebi, miuTiTeT konkretuli raodenobebi da
proporciebis ukeT aRsaqmelad daakavSireT Sesabamisi segmentebi ruxi xazebiT.
aRmosavleTi dasavleTi CrdiloeTi I kvart. II kvart. III kvart. IV kvart. aRmosavleTi dasavleTi CrdiloeTi I kvart. II kvart. III kvart. IV kvart. suraTi 8.6. Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramis Sedareba dajgufebuli svetebis mqone diagramasTan
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kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi) Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania afrika Sua aRmosavleTi aRm. evropa das. evropa centr/samxr. amerika Crd. amerika kilovat/saaTi (miliardebSi) aRm. evropa Soreuli aRmosavleTi/okeania Crd. amerika das. evropa suraTi 8.7. Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramebiT warmodgenilia birTvuli energiis mwarmoeblebi, 1980-1999 wlebi suraTidan 8.7. vxedavT, ramdenad ufro iolia Sedgenili svetebis mqone diagramis garCeva; am SemTxvevaSi, is segmentebi, romlebic Seusabamoa, amoRebulia, darCenili svetebi ki logikurad aris dalagebuli da mTlianad warwerebi aqvs gakeTebuli. dajgufebuli svetebis mqone diagramebis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels uadvildeba mTelis nawilebis Sedareba, Tumca, rTulia sxvadasxva mTelis Sedareba, vinaidan maT gonebaSi ariTmetikuli gaangariSebis gakeTeba mouwevT. Tu svetebs ajgufebT im mizeziT, rom segmentebi ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mTeli, gaakeTeT Semdegi: - daalageT svetebis jgufebi logikuri TanmimdevrobiT; Tu
SesaZlebelia, msgavsi zomis svetebi erTmaneTis gverdze ganalageT (jgufebSi svetebi erTnairad daalageT).
- jgufebs gaukeTeT warwerebi, mTelis amsaxveli ricxviT an TiToeuli jgufis zemoT an qvemoT gaukeTeT warwerebi.
monacemebis umetesi nawili, romelTa warmodgena SesaZlebelia svetovani diagramiT, SeiZleba, agreTve, warmovadginoT wriuli diagramis saxiT. aseTi saxis diagramas xSirad mimarTaven Jurnalebi, tabloidebi, gamoiyeneba, agreTve, yovelwliuri angariSebisTvis. Tumca, wriuli diagramis wakiTxva ufro rTulia, vidre svetovani diagramis; misi wakiTxvisas iolia informaciis arasworad gageba, vinaidan mkiTxvels gonebaSi uwevs segmentebis proporciebis Sedareba, maTi moculobis diagramidan gansazRvra ki rTulia. mkvlevrebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom wriuli diagramebis gamoyeneba araprofesionalizmis maCvenebelia. maT nacvlad svetovani diagramebi gamoiyeneT.
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xazovani diagramebi. xazovani diagrama xazs usvams tendencias, amitom mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos mkafio suraTis danaxva, raTa sworad gaigos is. mkafio gamosaxulebis Sesaqmnelad, gaakeTeT Semdegi:
- aarCieT cvladi, romlis Sedegadac xazi miemarTeba garkveuli mimarTulebiT, zeviT an qveviT da romelic asabuTebs Tqvens Tvalsazriss. Tu saSualo skolis mitovebis maCveneblis Semcireba (daRmavali mimarTuleba) dadebiTi tendenciaa, ufro efeqtianad SegiZliaT, warmoadginoT igive monacemebi, rogorc swavlis gagrZelebis maCveneblis zrda (aRmavali).
- eqvsze meti xazi erT diagramaSi CarTeT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva gziT ver gamoxatavT sakiTxs.
evropa azia afrika okeania laTinuri amerika CrdiloeT amerika suraTi 8.8. ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi SeerTebul StatebSi, 1870-1990 wlebi ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi (milioni) evropa CrdiloeT amerika laTinuri amerika azia afrika okeania suraTi 8.9. ucxoeTSi dabadebuli rezidentebi SeerTebul StatebSi, 1870-1990 wlebi
- xazebis gamosarCevad, nu gamoiyenebT ruxis sxvadasxva tonalobas, rogorc es 8.8 suraTzea warmodgenili.
- roca qmniT xazovan diagramas mxolod ramdenime mniSvnelobis
gamoyenebiT, xazebi nakleb zusti iqneba. amdenad, Tu daitanT aTze nakleb mniSvnelobas (uwodeben wertils), aRniSneT is TiToeul maTganTan damatebiTi wertilis CarTviT, rogorc es 8.9 suraTSia naCvenebi. Tu es mniSvnelobebi marTebulia, SegiZliaT, wertilebis zemoT daamatoT ricxvebi. nu daamatebT wertilebs im xazebze, romlebic Sedgenilia aTi an meti wertilisgan.
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SeadareT 8.8 da 8.9 suraTebi. zogad informacias Tu ar CavTvliT, 8.8 suraTi ufro rTuli wasakiTxia, vinaidan ruxis tonalobebi ar ganasxvavebs xazebs kargad da, vinaidan unda SevxedoT mniSvnelobebs, xazebs, raTa davakavSiroT xazebi cvladebTan da maT cifrebTan. 8.9 suraTSi es kavSirebi ufro mkafiod aris warmodgenili. erTi da igive monacemebis warmodgenis es gansxvavebuli gzebi SesaZloa damabneveli iyos. SegiZliaT, es problema gadaWraT, Tu jer erTi da igive monacemebs sxvadasxva gziT (kompiuteruli programa, Ceulebriv, amis swrafad gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT) warmoadgenT; Semdeg sTxovT vinmes, vinc ar icnobs monacemebs, Seafasos, ramdenad mkafioa gamosaxuleba da ramdenad asxavs Sedegebs. diagramebs da sqemebs aucileblad waumZRvareT winadadeba, sadac ganacxadebT debulebas, romlis dasabuTebac gsurT cxrilis an diagramis gamoyenebiT. suraTi 8.10 dabinZurebis indeqsi kapitoliumSi, 1982-1994 wlebi profkavSiris wevroba % profkavSiris wevroba umuSevrobis maCvenebeli umuSevrobis maCvenebeli % suraTi 8.11. profkavSiris wevroba da umuSevrobis maCvenebeli, 1993-1999 wlebi
8.4 waradgineT monacemebi eTikurad
diagrama unda iyos ara mxolod mkafio, zusti da Sesabamisi, aramed, agreTve, obieqturi. arsis gadmosacemad ar unda damaxinjdes monacemebi an maTi urTierTkavSiri. magaliTad, ori svetovani diagrama suraTSi 8.10 warmoadgens identur monacemebs, Tumca, sxvadasxva aqcents akeTebs. marcxena mxares ganTavsebul suraTze sruli masStabiT warmodgenil diagramaze daqaneba sakmaod umniSvneloa, ris gamoc dabinZurebis maCvneblis Semcireba umniSvnelo Cans. marjvena nawilSi ganTavsebuli suraTis vertikaluri Skala ki iwyeba ara 0-iT, aramed 80-iT. rodesac Skala Seikveceba, misi wagrZelebuli daxra ufro mkafiod warmoaCens mcire gansxvavebebs. diagramebma, agreTve, SeiZleba, SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mkiTxveli, Tu mcdar samxreT olqi aRmosavleT olqi dasavleT olqi
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CrdiloeT olqi CrdiloeT olqi samxreT olqi aRmosavleT olqi dasavleT olqi suraTi 8.12 umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebis ganawileba (mTelis procenti) erT-erT Statis olqebis mixedviT korelaciias gamoxatavs. vinmem SesaZloa, amtkicos, rom umuSevrobis done mcirdeba, rodesac profkavSiris wevroba mcirdeba da mtkicebulebis saxiT suraTi 8.11 warmoadginos. marTlac, am suraTis mixedviT, profkavSiris wevrobis da umuSevrobis maCvenebeli, TiTqos, ise pirdapir aris dakavSirebuli, mkiTxvelma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom maT Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiria. Tumca, marcxena RerZis (profkavSirebis wevroba) Skala gansxvavebulia marjvena RerZis (umuSevrobis maCvenebeli) Skalisgan. ori Skala Segnebulad aris damaxinjebuli, raTa ori maCveneblis Semcireba paraleluri gamoCndes. es maCveneblebi SeiZleba, dakavSirebuli iyos. Tumca, es damaxinjebuli gamosaxuleba amas ar adasturebs. grafikma SeiZleba, SecdomaSi Segviyvanos maSinac, roca suraTi ubiZgebs mkiTxvels, arasworad Seafasos mniSvnelobebi. ori sqema 8.12 suraTze, TiTqos, sxvadasxva tendencias gadmogvcems, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi zustad erTi da igive monacemebia warmodgenili. diagrama 8.12 suraTze aris `Sedgenili ubnebis” mqone diagramebi. miuxedvad maTi vizualuri gansxvavebebisa, isini warmoadgens erTsa da imave monacemebs. Sedgenili diagramebi gansxvavebebs mniSvnelobebSi warmoadgens ara xazebis kuTxeebiT, aramed xazebs Soris arsebuli sivrciT. orive grafikis SemTxvevaSi, samxreTis, aRmosavleTis da dasavleTis jgufebi met-naklebad erTnairi siganisaa, rac mianiSnebs imaze, rom maT mniSvnelobebSi cvlileba mcirea. Tumca, CrdiloeTis nawili mkveTrad farTovdeba, rac aRniSnavs Sesabamisi mniSvnelobis did zrdas. marcxena mxares ganTavsebul grafikSi mkiTxveli, savaraudod, zeda sam ubans arasworad Seafasebs, vinaidan isini mdebareobs zrdadi CrdiloeTis nawilis zeviT da es qmnis iseT efeqts, TiTqos zemoT ganlagebuli nawilebic aseve farTovdeba. marjvena mxares ganTavsebul grafikze ki es sami nawili ar farTovdeba, vinaidan isini ZirSia moTavsebuli. axla farTovdeba mxolod CrdiloeTis Sesabamisi nawili. qvemoT warmogidgenT oTx saxelmZRvanelo princips, romlebic dagexmarebaT, Tavidan aiciloT SecdomaSi Semyvani vizualuri gamosaxulebis Seqmna:
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- nu isargeblebT masStabiT kontrastis gasazrdelad an Sesamcireblad.
- nu gamoiyenebT suraTs, romlis gamosaxuleba amaxinjebs mniSvnelobebs.
- cxrili an suraTi ar unda iyos metismetad kompleqsuri an imdenad martivi, rom SecdomaSi Seiyvanos mkiTxveli.
- Tu cxrili an suraTi amyarebs debulebas, miuTiTeT amis Sesaxeb. cxrili 8.7. grafikebis standartuli formebi da maTi gamoyeneba monacemebi ritorikuli gamoyeneba svetovani diagramebi erTi cvladis
mniSvnelobis calkeuli obieqtebis mixedviT (mag., momsaxurebis dargSi muSakebis saSualo xelfasi cvladi eqvsi kompaniis mixedviT
nimuSi
qmnis Zlier vizualur kontrasts calkeul nimuSebs Soris, xazs usvams gansxvavebas. konkretuli mniSvnelobebis miTiTebisTvis svetebs daumateT ricxvebi. am saxis diagramis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia donis an tendenciebis Cveneba. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia vertikaluri svetebi, Tumca, SeiZleba, svetebi iyos horizontaluri, Tu nimuSebi mravalia an rTuli warwerebi aqvs. ix. nawili 8.3.3
).
svetovani diagramebi, dajgufebuli an gayofili
qvejgufebad dayofili erTi cvladis mniSvnelobis Sedareba nimuSebis seriebis mixedviT (mag., momsaxurebis sferoSi momuSave qali da mamakaci muSakebis
qvejgufebi saSualo xelfasi eqvsi kompaniis mixedviT nimuSebi
xdeba qvejgufebs Soris gansxvavebis warmoCena calkeuli nimuSebis SigniT da maT Soris; ar aris gamosadegi mTeli mniSvnelobebis mqone nimuSebis SedarebisTvis. konkretuli mniSvnelobebis misaTiTeblad svetebs daawereT ricxvebi. dajgufebuli svetebi cudad asaxavs dones an tendenciebs; gamosadegia drois seriebisTvis mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu tendenciebi ar aris mniSvnelovani. ix. nawili 8.3.3.
).
svetovani diagramebi, Sedarebulia erTi saukeTesoa mTliani
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Sedgenili cvladis mniSvneloba, dayofili or an met qvejgufad, nimuSebis seriebis mixedviT (mag., Seviwroebis Sesaxeb saCivrebi cvladi dayofili regionis da
qvejgufebi eqvi sferos mixedviT nimuSebi
mniSvnelobebis Sesadareblad mTelis nimuSebs Soris da nimuSebis qvejgufebSi; rTulia qvejgufebis Sedareba nimuSebis SigniT (amisTvis gamoiyeneT dajgufebuli svetebi). konkretuli mniSvnelobebis misaTiTeblad svetebs da segmentebs daawereT ricxvebi. gamosadegia droiTi mwkrivebisTvis. misi saSualebiT doneebis an tendenciebis Cveneba SesaZlebelia mxolod mTliani mniSvnelobebis mixedviT ix. nawili 8.3.3
)
histograma Sedarebulia ori cvladi, romelTagan erTi dayofilia seriebad, romlebic igive datvirTvas atarebs, rasac nimuSebi svetovan diagramaSi (mag., momsaxurebis sferos muSakebi mudmivi cvladi romelTa xelfasi Seadgens 0-5,000 dolars, 5-10,000 dolars, 10-15,000 dolars da a.S. dayofili
cvladi
saukeTesoa mudmivi monacemebis segmentebis Sesadareblad. aCvenebs tendenciebs, Tumca, aqcenti gakeTebulia segmentebze (mag., $ 5-10,000 xelfasis mqone arasrul ganakveTze momuSave muSakebis uecari zrda). konkretuli mniSvnelobebis aRsaniSnad svetebs daawereT ricxvebi.
) gamosaxulebiani diagrama
aCvenebs mniSvnelobas erTi an meti cvladis nimuSebisTvis, romlebic mocemulia rukaze, diagramaze an sxva gamosaxulebaze (mag., Statebi nimuSebi gaferadebuli wiTlad an cisfrad, raTa gviCvenos amomrCevelTa xmebis ganawilebis xasiaTi cvladi
aCvenebs monacemebis ganawilebas winaswar arsebul kategoriebTan mimarTebaSi; konkretuli mniSvnelobebis roli Semcirebulia. rogorc rukis an procesis diagramis SemTxvevaSi, saukeTesoa, rodesac gamosaxuleba nacnobia,.
). wriuli diagrama aCvenebs erTi cvladis
proporcias nimuSebis seriebisTvis (mag., biujetis wili cvladi
saukeTesoa erTi segmentis mTelTan SedarebisTvis. gamosadegia mxolod maSin, roca gvaqvs ramdenime
143
aSS-is kabinetis departamentebis mixedviT nimuSebi
segmenti an segmentebi, romlebic Zalian gansxvavebuli moculobisaa; sxvagvarad rTulia segmentebis Sedareba. konkretuli mniSvnelobebis asaxvisTvis segmentebSi CawereT ricxvebi. gavrcelebulia arasamecniero wreebSi, specialistebSi didi popularobiT ar sargeblobs. ix. 8.3.3.
).
xazovani diagrama Sedarebulia uwyveti cvladebi erTi an meti nimuSisTvis (mag., temperatura cvladi da siblante cvladi ori siTxis mixedviT nimuSebi
saukeTesoa tendenciebis saCveneblad; naklebi aqcentia gakeTebuli konkretul mniSvnelobebze. gamosadegia droiTi mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad wertilebTan daawereT ricxvebi. tendenciis mniSvnelovnebis saCveneblad bade dayaviT nawilebad (mag., saSualo Sedegebze dabali an maRali). ix. 8.3.3
)
diagrama ubnebiT Sedarebulia ori uwyveti cvladi erTi an meti nimuSisTvis (mag., kiTxvis testis qulebi cvladi drois ganmavlobaSi saskolo olqSi nimuSi
aCvenebs tendenciebs; konkretuli mniSvnelobebis roli Semcirebulia. SeiZleba am saxis diagramis gamoyeneba droiTi mwkrivebisTvis. konkretuli mniSvnelobebis saCveneblad monacemebis wertilebTan miuTiTeT ricxvebi. xazebis qvemoT ubani informacias ar zrdis, Tumca zogierTma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, arasworad Seafasos mniSvnelobebi. damabnevelia mravali xazis/ubnis SemTxvevaSi.
).
diagrama ubnebiT, Sedgenili
Sedarebulia ori mudmivi cvladi ori an orze meti nimuSisTvis (mag., Semosavlebi
cvladi
naCvenebia tendencia yvela nimuSis mTelisTvis, amasTanave, aCvenebs, ramdenia TiToeuli nimuSis wili mTelSi. savaraudod, drois periodSi
144
cvladi ramdenime produqtisTvis mixedviT nimuSebi
mkiTxveli arasworad gaigebs individualuri nimuSis mniSvnelobas an tendencias, rogorc es nawilSi 8.4 iyo ganmartebuli
).
wertilovani diagrama Sedarebulia ori cvladi mraval wertilSi erTi nimuSisAmixedviT (mag., binebis gayidvebi cvladi da manZili qalaqis centridan cvladi erT qalaqSi nimuSi) an erT wertilSi mravali nimuSis mixedviT (mag., brendisadmi erTguleba
cvladi da SekeTebis sixSire cvladi aTi mwarmoeblisTvis
nimuSebi
saukeTesoa monacemebis ganawilebis saCveneblad, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac ar aris mkafio tendencia an rodesac aqcenti keTdeba centridan moSorebul mniSvnelobebze. Tu mxolod ramdenime wertilis datana xdeba, es SesaZleblobas iZleva aqcenti konkretul mniSvnelobebze gakeTdes.
) burTulovani diagramebi
Sedarebulia sami cvladi mraval wertilze erTi nimuSisTvis (mag., binebis gayidva cvladi daSoreba qalaqis centridan cvladi da fasebi cvladi erT qalaqSi nimuSi) an erT wertilSi mravali nimuSisTvis (mag., prestiJulobis reklamireba cvladi SekeTebis sixSire
cvladi da brendisadmi erTguleba cvladi aTi mwarmoeblis mixedviT
nimuSebi
aqcenti keTdeba mesame (burTulebi) da pirvel or cvlads Soris kavSirze; yvelaze gamosadegia, rodesac gvainteresebs aris Tu ara mesame cvladi sxvebis produqti. mkiTxvels SeiZleba, martivad SeeSalos burTulebiT gamoxatuli fardobiTi mniSvnelobebi; Tu daawerT ricxvebs, es problema gadaiWreba.
).
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9 Savi naweris gadamuSaveba
9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba 9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia 9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi 9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT perifrazi zogierT damwyeb mkvlevars miaCnia, rom naSromze muSaoba Savi naweris SeqmniT sruldeba. gamocdilma avtorebma ki ician, rom samuSao amiT ar mTavrdeba. isini Savi naweris pirvel variants qmnian ara mkiTxvelisTvis, aramed TavianTTvis, raTa naxon, SeuZliaT Tu ara, daasabuTon debuleba (an gansazRvron ukeTesi). Semdeg iqamde gadaamuSaveben Sav nawers, vidre ar CaTvlian, rom is Seesabameba mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs da molodins. es rTulia, vinaidan ise kargad vicnobT Cvens naSroms, rom gviWirs sxvisi TvaliT SevxedoT. efeqtianad gadamuSavebisTvis unda icodeT, ras moelis mkiTxveli da SeZlebs Tu ara amis povnas Sav nawerSi. amisTvis, Cveni rCeva SeiZleba, zereled mogeCvenoT. magram mxolod naSromis obieqturad gaanalizebis meSveobiT SeZlebT, Tavidan aiciloT naSromis mikerZoebulad wakiTxva, anu misi ise aRqma, rogorc gsurT, rom Tqvenma mkiTxvelma dainaxos. Cveni rCevaa, gadamuSaveba daiwyoT zogadi nawilebidan da Semdeg gadaxvideT konkretulze: pirvel rigSi, gadaamuSaveT Sesavali da daskvna, Semdeg mTliani agebuleba, Semdeg nawilebi, abzacebi, winadadebebi, bolos ki stilisturi aspeqtebi, rogoricaa marTlwera da punqtuacia (am sakiTxebze rCevebi ixileT mesame nawilSi). ra Tqma unda, aravin amuSavebs nawers ase zedmiwevniT. Cven gadavaadgilebT abzacebs da gadavawyobT sityvebs winadadebis Secvlisas. Tumca, savaraudod, yvelaze Sedegiani iqneba, Tu gadamuSavebas daviwyebT mTeliT da Semdeg nawilebze gadavalT. es im SemTxvevaSic amarTlebs, Tu Tqvens xelT arsebuli ,,mTeli” mxolod naSromis nawilia. araerTma gamocdilma mkvlevarma SeniSna, rom ufro saimedoa nabeWdi variantis redaqtireba, vidre teqstis kompiuteris ekranze gadamuSaveba. eleqtronuli varianti SegiZliaT, gadaamuSaoT, roca naweris pirveli variantebs xvewT; Tumca, mkiTxveli nabeWd variants ecnoba; Tqvenc, Tu Savi naweris Semdgomi variantebis amonabeWds gadaxedavT, SesaZloa, meti Secdoma aRmoaCinoT da ukeTesad gaerkveT namuSevaris zogad struqturaSi.
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9.1 SeamowmeT Sesavali, daskvna da debuleba
mkiTxvelma swrafad da garkveviT unda dainaxos sami ram: - sad mTavrdeba Sesavali - sad iwyeba daskvna - ra winadadebebiT aris warmodgenili debuleba Sesavalsa da
daskvnaSi Sesavali da daskvna rom mkafiod iyos gamoyofili, SegiZliaT, Sesavals da ZiriTad teqsts Soris CarToT qvesaTauri an datovoT carieli adgili, analogiurad gamoyoT ZiriTadi nawili daskvnidan. (meaTe TavSi dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli, rogor gadaamuSaoT Savi naweris saboloo variantis Sesavali da daskvna, gansakuTrebiT, rogor da sad unda SemoitanoT debuleba.)
9.2 darwmundiT, rom naSromis ZiriTadi nawili Tanmimdevrulia
moxsenebis struqturis mkafiod Camoyalibebis Semdeg, SeamowmeT ZiriTadi nawili. mkiTxveli Tqvens naSroms miiCnevs Tanmimdevrulad, rodesac SeeZleba dainaxos: - ra ZiriTadi terminebi gasdevs naSromis yvela nawils - sad sruldeba TiToeuli Tavi da qveTavi da iwyeba momdevno - rogor aris yoveli nawili dakavSirebuli winasTan - ra rols asrulebs TiToeuli nawili mTelSi - romeli winadadebiT aris warmodgenili TiToeuli nawilis da
qvenawilis arsi yovel maTganSi - ra ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli terminebi gasdevs TiToeul nawils mkiTxvelma es elementebi rom dainaxos, gadaxedeT moxsenebas da SeamowmeT: 1. gasdevs Tu ara ZiriTadi terminebi mTel moxsenebas? - SemoxazeT ZiriTadi terminebi SesavalSi da daskvnaSi warmodgenil
debulebaSi (gadaxedeT 7.3-s). - SemoxazeT igive terminebi moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilSi. - xazi gausviT sityvebs, dakavSirebuls im cnebebTan, romlebic
gamoxatulia Semoxazuli terminebiT. Tu mkiTxveli ver dainaxavs Tqvens ZiriTad terminebs abzacebis umetesobaSi, SeiZleba, ifiqros, rom naSromi ar aris Tanmimdevruli. gadaamuSaveT, SeitaneT es terminebi im nawilebSi, sadac ar aris sakmarisad gamoyenebuli. Tu xazi gausviT ufro met sityvas, vidre Semoxazuli gaqvT, SegiZliaT, darwmunebuli iyoT, rom mkiTxveli SeniSnavs, rogor ukavSirdeba xazgasmuli sityvebi ZiriTad terminebs. Tu mosalodnelia, rom mkiTxveli ver SeniSnavs kavSirs, SecvaleT
147
dakavSirebuli sityvebi. Tu Tqven gadauxvieT Tqveni logikis ZiriTadi xazidan, mogiwevT naweris seriozuli gadamuSaveba. 2. mkafiod aris Tu ara gamoyofili TiToeuli nawilis da qvenawilis dasawyisi? qvesaTaurebis gamoyenebiT SegiZliaT, mianiSnoT erTi mTavari nawilidan momdevnoze gadasvla (gadaxedeT 6.2.4-s). ufro did naSromSi SegiZliaT, daamatoT adgili ZiriTadi gadasvlis adgilebSi. Tu ver gadawyvetT, ra sityvebi gamoiyenoT qvesaTaurebSi an sad CarToT isini, mkiTxveli saerTod ver dainaxavs wyobas. (sxvadasxva donis saTaurebis stilebis Sesaxeb ix. A2.2). 3. iwyeba Tu ara TiToeuli didi nawili sityvebiT, romlebic mianiSnebs, rogor ukavSirdeba aRniSnuli nawili winas? mkiTxvelma unda SeZlos danaxva, sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba nawilebi; amas garda, maT unda gaigon, ratom daalageT isini mocemuli TanmimdevrobiT (ix. 6.2.5-6.2.6). Tanmimdevrobis logika aRniSneT iseTi sityvebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa pirvel rigSi, amas garda, ufro mniSvnelovania, momdevno sakiTxi, zogi ar eTanxmeba am mosazrebas da a.S. 4. Cans Tu ara mkafiod, rogor Seesabameba TiToeuli nawili mTels? TiToeul nawils dausviT SekiTxva: ras pasuxobs es nawili? Tu kiTxvis saSualebiT ver axerxebT, upasuxoT im xuTi SekiTxvidan erT-erTs romelzec pasuxi arguments warmoadgens (ix. 5.2), dafiqrdiT, ramdenad Sesabamisia es nawili: ramdenad Sinaarsobrivia is, ganmartavs Tu ara cnebis an sakiTxs winaistorias an sxvagvarad Tu exmareba mkiTxvels? Tu ver ganmartavT, rogor aris nawili dakavSirebuli debulebasTan, dafiqrdiT, umjobesi xom ar aris misi amoReba naSromidan. 5. warmodgenilia Tu ara TiToeuli nawilis arsi misi mcire Sesavlis bolos (an nawilis boloSi) mocemul winadadebaSi? Tu SesaZlebelia, nawilis arsi Sesavlis boloSi CarTeT. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar moaTavsoT is nawilis SuaSi. Tu nawili oTx an xuT gverdze metia, SegiZliaT, arsi am nawilis bolos kidev erTxel gaimeoroT. 6. gamoyenebulia Tu ara nawilSi konkretuli terminebi, romlebic mas gamoarCevs? ise, rogorc ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic aerTianebs mTel moxsenebas da gamoarCevs mas sxva moxsenebebisgan, ZiriTadi terminebic, romlebic
148
ganasxvavebs TiToeul nawils da qvenawils, unda gasdevdes da aerTianebdes mas. gaimeoreT safexuri (1) TiToeuli nawilisTvis: ipoveT winadadeba, romelic gamoxatavs mis arss da gansazRvreT ZiriTadi terminebi, romlebic gamoarCevs mocemul nawils sxva nawilebisgan. Semdeg SeamowmeT, gasdevs Tu ara es terminebi am nawils. Tu terminebi ver aRmoaCineT, mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ver dainaxos, ra gansxvavebuli ideebia warmodgenili masSi.
9.3 SeamowmeT abzacebi
TiToeuli abzaci unda Seesabmebodes misi nawilis arss. nawilebis msgavsad, TiToeul abzacs unda waumZRvaroT erTi an ori Sesavali winadadeba, romelSic, rogorc wesi, warmodgenili iqneba misi arsi da CarTuli iqneba ZiriTadi cnebebi, romlebic gaivrcoba abzacis danarCen nawilSi. Tu abzacis Sesaval winadadebebSi ar aris warmodgenili misi arsi, maSin is bolo winadadebaSi unda miuTiToT. daalageT winadadebebi garkveuli principiT da SeusabameT isini abzacis arss (Tanmimdevrobis principis Sesaxeb ix. 6.2.5). moerideT mcire abzcebis wyebas (sadac xuTze naklebi striqonia) an Zalian did abzacebs (sferoebis umetesobisTvis naxevar gverdze meti). or an samwinadadebiani abzacebi gamoiyeneT CamonaTvlisTvis, gadasasvleli nawilis, Sesavlis da daskvniTi nawilebisTvis, agreTve, im debulebebisTvis, romelTa xazgasmac gsurT. (am wignSi viyenebT mcire abzacebs, raTa mkiTxvels gauioldes Tvalis gadavleba; moxsenebebis werisas amgvari gaioleba, rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro.)
9.4 ramdenime dRis Semdeg gadaxedeT samuSao variants, Semdeg gaakeTeT
perifrazi
Tu proeqts adre daiwyebT, geqnebaT dro, rom gadamuSavebul Sav nawers ramdenime dRis Semdeg kidev gadaxedoT. is, rac erT dRes mogwonT, meore dRes SeiZleba, sxvagvarad SeafasoT. roca Sav nawers daubrundebiT, nu waikiTxavT mas Tavidan bolomde; gadaavleT Tvali did nawilebs: Sesavals, TiToeuli ZiriTadi nawilis pirvel abzacs da daskvnas. Semdeg, wakiTxulis safuZvelze, gaakeTeT misi perifrazi im adamianisTvis, visac ar waukiTxavs. gamogividaT perifrazi? aris masSi Sejamebuli argumenti? umjobesia, Tu vinme sxvas sTxovT, gadaavlos Tvali Tqvens moxsenebas, waikiTxos mxolod Sesavali da ZiriTadi nawilebis Sesavlebi: is, Tu ramdenad kargad Seajamebs aRniSnuli piri Tqven naSroms, mianiSnebs, ramdenad kargad gaigebs mas mkiTxveli.
149
dabolos, naweri yovelTvis gadaamuSaveT profesoris an xelmZRvanelis rCevis gaTvaliswinebiT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, awyeninebT im specialistebs, romlebic xarjaven dros da kiTxuloben Tqvens moxsenebas, raTa rCevebi mogcen; amasTanave, xelidan gauSvebT moxsenebis daxvewis SesaZleblobas. es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiToeuli rCeva unda SeasruloT; ubralod, dakvirvebiT awon-dawoneT isini.
150
10. Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantis SemuSaveba
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti 10.1.1 mokled warmoadgineT manamde Catarebuli kvlevebi 10.1.2 xelaxla waradgineT SekiTxva rogorc sakiTxi, romelic ar aris cnobili an kargad Seswavlili 10.1.3 warmoadgineT Tqveni SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba 10.1.4 warmoadgineT debuleba 10.1.5 SeqmeniT axali pirveli winadadebis samuSao varianti
10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti
10.2.1 xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba 10.2.2 aRniSneT axali mniSvnelovneba, praqtikuli gamoyeneba an axali kvleva (samivesTvis)
10.3 saTauris mofiqreba bolosTvis moitoveT mas Semdeg, rac Savi naweris saboloo variants SeqmniT da naxavT, ra gaqvT dawerili, SegiZliaT, daweroT Sesavlis da daskvnis saboloo variantebi. moxsenebis es ori nawili mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs imaSi, Tu rogor waikiTxavs da daimaxsovrebs mkiTxveli moxsenebis danarCen nawilebs. amdenad, sasurvelia, dro dauTmoT am nawilebis damuSavebas, raTa isini maqsimalurad mkafio da saintereso iyos. Sesavali sam mizans emsaxureba. misi daniSnulebaa:
- moaqcios kvleva sxva kvlevis konteqstSi - gaagebinos mkiTxvels, ratom unda waikiTxos moxseneba - gaxados moxseneba gasagebi
Sesavlebis umravlesoba mTeli moxsenebis daaxloebiT 10 procents Seadgens (zust da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi xSirad ufro mcires). daskvnac sam mizans emsaxureba. daskvnis daniSnulebaa:
- mkafiod gaagebinos mkiTxvels debuleba - gaagebinos mkiTxvels misi mniSvnelovneba - warmoadginos Semdgomi kvlevis ganxorcielebis rekomendacia
daskvna, rogorc wesi, Sesavalze mokle unda iyos. Tezisis da sadisertacio naSromis SemTxvevaSi, Sesavali da daskvna, Cveulebriv, calke Tavebia.
151
10.1 SeimuSaveT Sesavlis saboloo varianti
moxsenebebis Sesavlebi gansxvavdeba sferoebis mixedviT. Tumca, maT umravlesobas safuZvlad udevs oTxi nawilisgan Semdgari modeli, romelic aRwerili iyo 6.2.2.-Si:
1. sawyisi konteqsti an winaistoria. rodesac am nawilSi Sejamebulia Sesabamisi kvleva, mas ewodeba literaturis mimoxilva; is Tqvens proeqts sxva kvlevis konteqstSi aqcevs da momdevno safexurisTvis gvamzadebs. es nawili mokle unda iyos.
2. kvlevis SekiTxvis warmodgena. es, Cveulebriv, moicavs imis warmodgenas, rac ar aris cnobili an Seswavlili, an rac mcdaria im kvlevaSi, romelic miuTiTeT pirvel punqtSi aRniSnul safexurSi. aRniSnuli nawili xSirad iwyeba sityvebiT Tumca, miuxedavad amisa an dazustebis aRmniSvneli sxva sityvebiT.
3. SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba. gacemulia pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra? is Zalian mniSvnelovania mkiTxvelis dasaintereseblad.
4. debuleba. aq pasuxi gaecema kvlevis SekiTxvaze, romelic mocemulia meore safexurSi. qvemoT warmodgenilia Semoklebuli magaliTi (TiToeuli winadadeba SeiZleba gaiSalos erT an met abzacze):
saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, riskis analitikosebi Seiswavlian risks, rogorc statistikur problemas da albaTobis Teoriis racionalur gamoyenebas.
konteqsti Tumca, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom rigiTi adamianebis mier riskis Sefaseba ar Cans dakavSirebuli statistikaze dafuZnebul albaTobebTan. SekiTxva. vidre ar gavigebT, rogor aRiqvamen araspecialistebi risks, gamoucnobi darCeba adamianis Semecnebis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. mniSvnelovneba. rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks afaseben yvelaze cudi variantebis vizualizaciiT, Semdeg afaseben imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad saSiSia warmosaxuli suraTi. debuleba 10.1.1 mokled warmoadgineT manamde Catarebuli kvlevebi yvela moxseneba ar iwyeba kvlevis mimoxilviT. zogierTi maTgani iwyeba uSualod kvlevis SekiTxviT, romelic warmodgenilia rogorc raRac, rac ar ician an ar aris Seswavlili. Semdeg mosdevs Sesabamisi literaturis mimoxilva. es gavrcelebuli strategiaa im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom raRac ar aris garkveuli: pasiur mwevelobasa da gulis daavadebebs Soris urTierTkavSiris Sesaxeb SeTanxmebuli azri jer ar arsebobs. Tumca, Tu bevrisTvis ucnobia amgvari Ria sakiTxis arseboba, misi ase wardgena SeiZleba, Zalian mkveTrad moxvdes mkiTxvelis Tvals, rogorc, magaliTad, qvemoT moyvanili winadadeba: mkvlevrebs ar esmiT, rogor afaseben risks rigiTi adamianebi.
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rogorc wesi, avtori mkiTxvels amzadebs manamde ganxorcielebuli im kvlevis aRweriT, romelsac maTi kvleva gaafarToebs, Secvlis, an Seasworebs. Tumca, Tu moxseneba gamiznulia zogadi kategoriisMmkiTxvelze, konteqsti SeiZleba, mokle iyos: Cven vriskavT yoveldRe - roca vWriT quCas, mivirTmevT zedmetad cximian sakvebs, maSinac ki, rodesac Sxaps viRebT. riskis Seswavla daiwyo azartuli TamaSebis SemoRebasTan erTad. amdenad, didi xania, mas maTematikurad afaseben. meoce saukuneSi mkvlevrebi iyenebdnen maTematikur xerxebs riskis Sesaswavlad mraval sferoSi: investiciebSi, samomxmareblo produqciaSi, omSic ki. Sedegad, mkvlevrebis udides nawils miaCnia, rom SesaZlebelia riskis statistikurad gamoTvla da rom masTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebi racionalurobis princips unda efuZnebodes. sxva mkvlevrebisTvis gamiznul moxsenebaSi es Sesavali konteqsti, Cveulebriv, aRwers konkretul kvlevas, romelsac gaafarToebs an Secvlis mocemuli moxseneba. mniSvnelovania manamde ganxorcielebuli kvlevis obieqturad warmodgena. amdenad, ise aRwereT is, rogorc misi ganmaxorcielebeli mkvlevrebi aRwerdnen. mas Semdeg, rac meTeqvsmete saukuneSi girolamo kardanom daiwyo azartuli TamaSebis raodenobrivad gaanalizeba (Cardano 1545), riskis ganxilvas miudgnen, rogorc wminda maTematikur amocanas; riskis analizi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesda meCvidmete saukuneSi, rodesac paskalma, laibnicma da sxvebma kalkulusi Semoitanes (Bernstein 1996). meoce saukuneSi mkvlevrebma gaafarToes mimarTuleba da daiwyes riskis Seswavla cxovrebis yvela sferoSi: investiciebSi, samomxmareblo saqonelSi, garemosa da omSic ki (Stimson 1990, 1998). es problemebic, TiTqmis mxolod maTematikuri poziciidan aris ganxiluli. (mogvianebiT warmodgenilia Tanamedrove kvlevis detaluri ganxilva.) zogierT moxsenebaSi, gansakuTrebiT Tezisebsa da sadisertacio naSromebSi, msgavsi aRwera iSleba ramdenime gverdze, citirebulia aTobiT wigni da statia, romlebic mxolod met-naklebad Seesabameba sakiTxs, Cveulebriv, amis mizania, aCvenos, rom mkvlevari bevr literaturas gaecno. am saxis kvlevebidan SesaZlebelia sasargeblo bibliografia moipovon sxva, gansakuTrebiT, damwyebma mkvlevrebma, magram mkiTxvels, romelsac bevri dro ar aqvs, surs, Seityos mxolod konkretuli kvlevis Sesaxeb, romlis gafarToebas, Secvlas an Sesworebasac apirebs mkvlevari. mniSvnelovania zemoaRniSnuli manamde Catarebuli kvlevis obieqturad da srulad warmodgena: aRwereT is, rogorc amas gaakeTebda Tqvens mier citirebuli mkvlevari, citatebi ki moiyvaneT ara SerCeviT an konteqstidan amovardnilad, aramed ise, rogorc avtors hqonda warmodgenili Tavis naSromSi. karieris adreul etapze SeiZleba, ver moaxerxoT manamde ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis Tavdajerebulad mimoxilva, vinaidan, savaraudod, ar gecodinebaT maTi umetesoba. Tu asea, warmoidgineT, rom Tqveni mkiTxveli imave mdgomareobaSia, rogorSic Tqven iyaviT kvlevis dawyebamde. ra ar icodiT
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maSin? ra SegeSalaT maSin, rac kvleviT gamoasworeT? rogor gaaumjobesa kvlevam Tqveni mcdari warmodgena? aq SegiZliaT im samuSao hipoTezis gamoyeneba, romelic uaryaviT: SeiZleba Canda, rom X asea, Tumca,... (ix., agreTve, 4.1.2). 10.1.2 xelaxla waradgineT SekiTxva, rogorc sakiTxi, romelic ar aris cnobili an kargad Seswavlili Sesavali konteqstis SemuSavebis Semdeg aRniSneT, manamde ganxorcielebul kvlevaSi ra ar gakeTebula an ratom aris is arasrulyofili, an, Tundac, mcdari. warmoadgineT es dazusteba an uaryofa Semdegi sityvebiT: Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, an romelime sxva terminiT, romelic mianiSnebs, rom Tqven SecvliT miRebul codnas da Seswavlis Sedegs, romelic axlaxans gamoikvlieT: mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom.... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti. Tumca, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom rigiTi adamianebi risks afaseben iracionalurad da maT mier riskis Sefaseba ar ukavSirdeba statistikurad realur albaTobebs. gaurkvevelia, aseT araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba, Tu gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli. 10.1.3 warmoadgineT Tqveni SekiTxvis mniSvnelovneba axla mkiTxvels unda daanaxoT, ratom aris mniSvnelovani kvlevis SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. warmoidgineT, rom mkiTxveli svams yvelaze gamaRizianebel SekiTxvas _ mere ra? Semdeg pasuxi gaeciT am SekiTxvas. pasuxi ise unda CamoayaliboT, rom TvalsaCino iyos, ra uaryofiTi Sedegebi eqneboda kvlevis SekiTxvaze pasuxis arqonas: mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom... gaurkvevelia, aseT araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba, Tu gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli. (mere ra?) vidre ar gavigebT, araspecialistebi risks rogor afaseben, adamianis msjelobis mniSvnelovani aspeqti amoucnobi darCeba: SemecnebiTi procesis saxeoba, romelic gegmazomieri Cans, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars gareT, rasac ewodeba `racionaluri azrovneba”. mniSvnelovneba SegiZliaT, piriqiT, xazi gausvaT kvlevis SekiTxvaze pasuxis mopovebis mniSvnelovnebas: mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom... gaurkvevelia, aseT araspecialistTa mier riskis Sefaseba SemTxveviT gamocnobas efuZneba Tu gegmazomieri maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. SekiTxva xelaxla aris Camoyalibebuli. (mere ra?) Cven rom gavigoT, rogor iReben Cveulebrivi adamianebi riskebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebebs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi, SevZlebdiT, ukeT CavwvdomodiT SemecnebiT process, romelic Cans gegmazomieri, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars gareT, rasac ewodeba `racionaluri azrovneba” mniSvnelovneba
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SesaZloa, gagiWirdeT pasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze mere ra? es is problemaa, romelsac mxolod gamocdilebis Sedegad gadaWriT. Tumca, man SesaZloa, gamocdili mkvlevrebic ki gaaRizianos. 10.1.4 warmoadgineT debuleba mas Semdeg, rac ganacxadebT iseT rames, rac ar aris cnobili an Seswavlili da imas, Tu ratom unda moxdes misi Seswavla, saWiro iqneba, mkiTxvels warmoudginoT debuleba, pasuxi kvlevis SekiTxvaze (momdevno abzaci sagrZnoblad aris Semoklebuli): mas Semdeg, rac giloramo kardanom... maTematikuri kuTxiT. konteqsti Tumca, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma aRmoaCines, rom rigiTi adamianebi risks aRiqvamen gegmazomieri, Tumca, iracionaluri da statistikurad realur albaTobebTan kavSiris armqone gzebiT... SekiTxva (mere ra?) vidre ar gavarkvevT, araspecialistebi rogor aRiqvamen risks, amoucnobi darCeba adamianis msjelobis mniSvnelovani saxe: SemecnebiTi procesi, romelic Cans gegmazomieri, Tumca, mdebareobs im zRvars gareT, rasac ewodeba `racionaluri azrovneba” mniSvnelovneba rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks afaseben ara SesaZlo movlenebisTvis raodenobrivi albaTobebis miniWebiT, aramed yvelaze cudi variantebis vizualizaciiT, Semdeg risks aniWeben doneebs imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad mkafio da saSiSia warmosaxuli suraTi. debuleba Tu gaqvT safuZveli, rom debuleba naSromis bolomde ar warmoadginoT, Sesavlis bolos dawereT daskvniTi winadadeba, sadac gamoyenebuli iqneba ZiriTadi terminebi aRniSnuli debulebidan da romelic miuTiTebs Semdgom nawilebze: rogorc Cans, araspecialistebi risks afaseben ara raodenobrivi albaTobebis miniWebiT, aramed vizualuri warmosaxvis Tvisebebis sistematurad gamoyenebiT.
- nu gaimeorebT davalebaSi mocemul sityvas
mkiTxveli xedavs, rom debuleba mogvianebiT iqneba warmodgenili es oTxi safexuri SesaZloa, meqanikurad mogeCvenoT. Tumca, nebismier sferoSi isini warmoadgens Sesavals kvleviTi naSromebis udidesi nawilisTvis, rogorc samecniero samyaroSi, ise mis gareT. rodesac wyaroebs gaecnobiT, gansakuTrebiT, saJurnalo statiebs, yuradRebiT daakvirdiT am oTxnawilian CarCos. Tqven ara mxolod iswavliT Sesavlebis weris mTel rig strategiebs, aramed ukeT gaigebT im moxsenebebs, romlebsac kiTxulobT. 10.1.5 SeqmeniT axali pirveli winadadebis samuSao varianti zogierT avtors ise uWirs naSromis pirveli winadadebis dawera, rom kliSeebs mimarTvs xolme. moerideT Semdegi saxis kliSeebs:
- nu moiyvanT citatas leqsikonidan: vebsterSi riski ganmartebulia, rogorc ...
- gadaWarbebiT nu SeafasebT mniSvnelovnebas: saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi filosofosebi davoben ... mwvave sakiTxze... O(kargi SekiTxvebi Tavad metyvelebs mniSvnelovnebaze)
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Tu gsurT daiwyoT rame ufro saxaliso sakiTxiT, vidre manamde ganxorcielebuli kvlevaa, scadeT qvemoT mocemuli sawyisi winadadebidan erT-erTis (Tumca, gaiTvaliswineT gafrTxileba, romelic maT mosdevs) gamoyeneba:
1. STambeWdavi citata: naTqvamia, rom riskis gamoTvla silamazis Sefasebas hgavs: amas iracionaluri mayureblis Tvali wyvets. 2. STambeWdavi faqti: mraval adamians manqaniT mgzavroba urCevnia TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas, vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio suraTi maTSi SiSs aRZravs miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT didia trasaze manqaniT mgzavrobisas daRupvis albaToba, vidre aviakatastrofis Sedegad. 3. Sesabamisi magaliTi: jorj mileri klientebTan Sesaxvedrad Sor manZilebze yovelTvis manqaniT miemgzavreboda, radgan sjeroda, rom TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis riski Zalian didi iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac avtokatastrofis Sedegad xerxemali daiziana, mainc Tvlida, rom swori gaTvla gaakeTa. `yovel SemTxvevaSi, gadavrCi. TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis SemTxvevSi gadarCenis Sansebi nuls udris!” SegiZliaT SeajamoT samive: naTqvamia, rom riskis gamoTvla silamazis Sefasebas hgavs: masze iracionaluri mayurebeli msjelobs. mraval adamians manqaniT mgzavroba urCevnia TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas, vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio suraTi maTSi SiSs aRZravs, miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT didia trasaze manqaniT mgzavrobisas daRupvis albaToba, vidre aviakatastrofis Sedegad. jorj mileri klientebTan Sesaxvedrad Sor manZilebze yovelTvis manqaniT miemgzavreboda, radgan sjeroda, rom TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis riski Zalian didi iyo. maSinac ki, rodesac avtokatastrofis Sedegad xerxemali daiziana, mainc Tvlida, rom swori gaTvla gaakeTa. `yovel SemTxvevaSi, gadavrCi. TviTmfrinavis Camovardnis SemTxvevaSi gadarCenis Sansebi nuls udris!” mraval adamians manqaniT mgzavroba urCevnia TviTmfrinaviT mgzavrobas, vinaidan aviakatastrofis mkafio suraTi maTSi SiSs aRZravs, miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT didia trasaze manqaniT mgzavrobisas daRupvis albaToba, vidre aviakatastrofis Sedegad. aucileblad gamoiyeneT terminebi, romlebic Seexeba ZiriTad cnebebs da romlebsac gamoiyenebT Sesavlis danarCen nawilSi (naSromis danarCen nawilSic). am SemTxvevaSi aseTi terminebia: gamoTvla, riski, mkafio suraTi, iracionaluri, ufro mosalodneli. axla ki gafrTxileba: vidre saxaliso Sesavals dawerT, aucileblad gadaamowmeT, Tu iyeneben Tqvens sferoSi aseTi saxis Sesavlebs. zogierT sferoSi isini miiCneva zedmetad Jurnalisturad da seriozuli mecnierebisTvis Seufereblad.
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10.2 SeqmeniT daskvnis saboloo samuSao varianti
Tu ukeTesi gegma ar gaqvT, daskvna aageT Sesavlis elementebze, sapirispiro wyobiT. 10.2.1 xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba xelaxla warmoadgineT debuleba daskvnis dasawyisSive, ufro srulad, vidre SesavalSia: rigiTi adamianebi riskTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebs iReben ara racionalur an raodenobriv safuZvelze, aramed, sul mcire, eqvsi fsiqologiuri faqtoris safuZvelze, romlebic ara mxolod moicavs emocias, aramed sistematurad iyenebs vizualuri warmosaxvis Zalas. am etapze Tqven, savaraudod, zustad iciT, ra aris Tqveni debuleba. Tumca, mainc, gamoiyeneT bolo Sansi, rom xelaxla, maqsimalurad konkretulad da srulad CamoayaliboT is. 10.2. aRniSneT axali mniSvnelovneba, praqtikuli gamoyeneba an axali kvleva (samivesTvis) debulebis warmodgenis Semdeg SeaxseneT mkiTxvels misi mniSvnelovneba. umjobesia, Tu warmoadgenT debulebis axal mniSvnelovnebas an praqtikul gamoyenebas: es Sedegebi mianiSnebs adamianis Semecnebis manamde ucnob aspeqtze – esaa gamoTvliTi logika, romelic damoukidebelia statistikuri albaTobebisgan da moicavs sizustis doneebs an realizms vizualizaciaSi. mas Semdeg, rac gavigebT riskis am warmosaxviT, magram gegmazomier Sefasebas, riskis Sesaxeb informaciis gadamcemma pirebma unda SeZlon axsnan, rogor miiReba gadawyvetileba riskis Sesaxeb yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. dabolos, SesTavazeT Semdgomi kvleva. es Jesti mianiSnebs imaze, Tu rogor SeuZliaT mkvlevrebs gaagrZelon am sakiTxze msjeloba. masSi asaxulia Sesavlis konteqsti: miuxedavad imisa, rom es faqtorebi aumjobesebs Cvens codnas riskis Sesaxeb, isini ar amowuravs riskis Sefasebis `adamianur” faqtorebs. Cven unda gamovikvlioT, agreTve, asakis, sqesis, ganaTlebis da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis faqtorebis moqmedeba. magaliTad,...
10.3 saTuri dawereT bolos
pirveli, rasac mkiTxveli waikiTxavs saTauria; is yvelaze bolos unda daweroT. masSi unda aisaxos naSromis Tema da konceptualuri CarCo, amdenad, aageT is ZiriTadi terminebidan, romlebic manamde SemoxazeT da xazi gausviT (gadaxedeT 9.2). SeadareT es sami saTauri
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riski riskis Sefaseba iracionaluri, Tumca gegmazomieri riskis Sefaseba: vizualuri warmosaxvis roli fardobiTi riskis gamoTvlaSi pirveli saTauri aris zusti, Tumca, Zalian zogadi imisTvis, rom mogvces informacia, ris Sesaxeb aris naSromi. meore aris SedarebiT konkretuli, mesameSi ki gamoyenebulia rogorc saTauri, ise qvesaTauri; Sesabamisad, mkiTxveli winaswar igebs, ra sakvanZo sityvebi gamoCndeba naSromSi. rodesac mkiTxveli xedavs, rom saTaurSi mocemuli ZiriTadi sityvebi kvlav meordeba SesavalSi da Semdeg naSromSi, ufro mosalodnelia, igrZnon, rom naSromis nawilebi urTierTdakavSirebulia. ori nawilisgan Semdgari saTaurebi yvelaze gamosadegia: isini gaZlevT karg SesaZleblobas, gamoiyenoT ZiriTadi sityvebi ZiriTadi cnebebis warmosadgenad. am etapze SeiZleba, ise daiRaleT moxsenebaze muSaobiT, rom araferi gsurT, garda imisa, rom droulad daasruloT is. cotac moiTmineT; win kidev erTi mniSvnelovani amocana gaqvT.
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11 winadadebebis damuSaveba
11.1 gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT winadadebis pirvel Svid an
rva sityvas
11.1.1 moerideT grZeli Sesavali frazebis da winadadebebis
gamoyenebas
11.1.2 qvemdebare unda iyos mokle da konkretuli
11.1.3 moerideT qvemdebaresa da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze
metis CarTvas
11.1.4 ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmnebiT
11.1.5 mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CarTeT winadadebis
dasawyisSi, axali informacia ki – boloSi
11.1.6 SearCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi manamde
moxseniebuli principebis asaxvis mizniT
11.1.7 saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva
11.4 gaaSalaSineT
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT
bolo didi amocana, romelic Tqvens winaSe dgas – esaa winadadebebis
maqsimalurad mkafiod Camoyalibeba, imdenad, ramdenadac amis
SesaZleblobas Tqveni ideebi gaZlevT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba,
icodeT, rom naweri daxvewas moiTxovs, gansakuTrebiT, Tu pretenziul
mkiTxvels ucnob da kompleqsur Temas acnobT. SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom
saerTod dagaviwydaT garkveviT wera. im winadadebebis dasamuSaveblad,
romlebic, Tqveni azriT, amas saWiroebs, gegma dagWirdebaT; garda amisa,
unda gamonaxoT gza, rom, pirvel rigSi, gansazRvroT is winadadebebi,
romlebic Tqven mogwonT, magram SesaZloa, mkiTxvels ar moewonos.
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ver girCevT, rogor gamoasworoT TiToeuli problema yovel
winadadebaSi, magram SegviZlia, girCioT, rogor gadaWraT is problemebi,
romelTa winaSec yvelaze xSirad aRmoCndeba xolme avtori, romelic
cdilobs, datovos `seriozuli mkvlevris” STabeWdileba; es is stilia,
romelsac gamocdili mkiTxvelebis umravlesoba xelovnurad miiCnevs. ai,
mokle magaliTi:
1a. teroristebis azrovnebis Seswavlis Sedegad SesaZlebeli iqneba
sazogadoebis dacvis gaumjobeseba.
rac ar unda STambeWdavad JRerdes, studenti, romelmac es dawera,
mxolod Semdegs gulisxmobda:
1b. Tu gavigebT, rogor azrovneben teroristebi, SevZlebT sazogadoebis ukeT
dacvas.
Tumca, (1a)-s xarvezebi rom aRmoaCinoT da is (1b)-d gardaqmnaT, unda
icodeT ramdenime gramatikuli termini: arsebiTi saxeli, zmna moqmedebiT
gvarSi, zmna vnebiT gvarSi, Sedgenili qvemdebare, martivi qvemdebare,
mTavari winadadeba, damokidebuli winadadeba. Tu isini bundovnad
gaxsovT, dawyebamde Tvali gadaavleT gramatikis saxelmZRvanelos.
11.1 gaakeTeT aqcenti winadadebis pirvel Svid an rva sityvaze
ise, rogorc garkveviT daweril naSromSi, nawilSi an abzacSi
Txzulebis arsi pirvel ramdenime winadadebaSia warmodgenili, mkafiod
dawerili winadadebis arssac misi pirveli ramdenime sityva gamoxatavs.
rodesac mkiTxveli iolad aRiqvams pirvel Svid an rva sityvas, ufro
swrafad waikiTxavs darCenil teqsts, ukeT gaigebs da didxans
daamaxsovrdeba. am or winadadebas Soris aris gansxvaveba:
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2a. federalistebis argumenti saxalxo demokratiis mier mTavrobis
destabilizaciis Sesaxeb aRmocenda maTi rwmenidan, rom fraqciebi sakuTari
interesebis gatarebas sazogadoebrivi sikeTis xarjze axdendnen.
2b. federalistebi acxadebdnen, rom saxalxo demokratia axdenda mTavrobis
destabilizacias, vinaidan maT sjerodaT, rom fraqciebi sakuTar interesebs
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis xarjze atarebdnen.
(2b)-is msgavsi winadadebis dasawerad an (2a)-is Sesacvlelad da (2b)-d
gardasaqmnelad, gaiTvaliswineT Semdegi Svidi principi:
- ecadeT, SesavalSi mxolod ramdenime grZeli fraza da winadadeba
gamoiyenoT; winadadebis qvemdebareze swrafad gadadiT.
- qvemdebare unda iyos mokle da konkretuli, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi
unda daasaxeloT piri, romelic axorcielebs moqmedebas, romelic
gamoxatulia zmniT, romelic mas mosdevs.
- moerideT qvemdebares da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze metis
CarTvas.
- ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmnebiT.
- mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CasviT winadadebis dasawyisSi,
axali informacia – bolosken.
- aarCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi manamde moxseniebuli
principebis asasaxavad.
- saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli.
es principebi niSnavs Semdegs: mkiTvels surs, swrafad da iolad
gadavides mokle, konkretuli, nacnobi qvemdebaridan zmnaze, romelic
gamoxatavs konkretul moqmedebas. amas Tu uzrunvelyofT, winadadebis
danarCeni nawili, Cveulebriv, TavisTavad aewyoba. sakuTari naweri rom
SeafasoT, moZebneT nawerSi es maxasiaTeblebi. gadaavleT Tvali
TiToeuli winadadebis Svid an rva sityvas. dakvirvebiT SeamowmeT
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winadadebebi, romlebic ar Seesabameba am kriteriumebs, Semdeg
gadaamuSaveT isini Semdegnairad:
11.1.1 moerideT grZeli Sesavali frazebis da winadadebebis gamoyenebas
SeadareT es ori winadadeba (Sesavali frazebi msxvili SriftiT aris
gamoyofili; Sedgenili qvemdebareebi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT):
3a. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi umaRlesi saswavleblebis studentebis mier
specialobis sul mcire erTxel mainc SecvlasTan dakavSirebiT acxadeben, rom
pirvelkurselma studentebma, savaraudod, kargad ar ician, ra airCion ZiriTad
specialobad.
3b. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom studentebis umravlesoba
erTxel mainc icvlis ZiriTad specialobas umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlisas.
Tu asea, maSin, rogorc Cans, pirvelkurselebi ZiriTad specialobas
arasrulyofil informaciaze dayrdnobiT irCeven.
mkiTxvelebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom (3a) ufro rTuli wasakiTxia,
vidre (3b), vinaidan masSi uwevT TxuTmeti sityvisgan Semdgari frazis
wakiTxva, vidre qvemdebaremde (pirvelkurselebi) miaRweven. (3b)-Si ori
winadadebis meSveobiT mkiTxveli kiTxvas iwyebs qvemdebariT _
mkvlevrebi an gadavlen qvemdebareze Zalian mokle frazis Semdeg _ Tu
asea.
aq moqmedebs Semdegi principi: winadadebebis umravlesoba daiwyeT
pirdapir qvemdebariT. daaxloebiT, aTze meti sityvisgan Semdgari
Sesavali frazebiT daiwyeT mxolod ramdenime winadadeba. Cveulebriv,
SegiZliaT, gadaamuSaoT grZeli Sesavali frazebi da damokidebuli
winadadebebi da aqcioT isini damoukidebel winadadebebad, rogorc (3b)-
Sia naCvenebi.
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11.1.2 qvemdebareebi mokle da konkretuli unda iyos
mkiTxvelma martivad unda aRiqvas winadadebis qvemdebare, magram
amas ver moaxerxebs, Tu qvemdebare aris Sedgenili, kompleqsuri da
abstraqtuli. SeadareT es ori winadadeba (Sedgenili qvemdebareebi
TiToeul maTganSi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT; erTsityviani martivi
qvemdebare gamoyofilia msxvili SriftiT):
4a. saskolo sistemis mier dawyebiTi skolisTvis kiTxvis axali saswavlo
gegmis warmatebiT danergva damokidebulia TiToeul skolaSi direqtoris
dainteresebis demonstrirebaze da, gonivruli miznebis dasaxvis mxriv,
maswavleblebis urTierTTanamSromlobaze.
4b. saskolo sistema warmatebiT danergavs kiTxvis axal saswavlo gegmas
dawyebiTi skolebisTvis mxolod maSin, rodesac TiToeuli direqtori
warmoaCens, rom is dainteresebulia amiT, xolo maswavleblebi erTmaneTTan
TanamSromloben gonivruli miznebis dasaxvaze.
(4a)-Si Sedgenili qvemdebare TerTmeti sityvisgan Sedgeba, martivi
qvemdebare ki abstraqciaa _ danergva. (4b)-Si, romelic ufro mkafio
variantia, TiToeuli Sedgenili qvemdebare moklea da TiToeuli martivi
qvemdebarec met-naklebad konkretulia: saskolo sistema, TiToeuli
direqtori, is, maswavleblebi. amas garda, TiToeuli qvemdebare
moqmedebas axorcielebs zmniT: sistema danergavs, direqtori warmoaCens,
is dainteresebulia, maswavleblebi TanamSromloben.
principi Semdegia: mkiTxveli, Cveulebriv, winadadebas advilad aRiqvams,
Tu qvemdebares mTavari figura mocemulia ramdenime konkretuli
sityviT, idealur variantSi esaa piri, romelic, imavdroulad, aris im
zmniT gamoxatuli qmedebis `moqmedi”, romelic qvemdebares mosdevs.
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Tumca, saqme ase martivad ar aris: xSirad SesaZlebelia mkafio
istoriebis moyola abstraqtul figurebze;
5. profesiul saqmianobaSi arcerTi unari ar fasobs ise, rogorc problemebis
gadaWris unari. problemebis swrafad gadaWrisTvis Cven sxvadasxva kuTxiT
unda ganvixiloT situacia da unda vipovoT erTze meti gadawyvetileba.
faqtobrivad, problemebis efeqtianma gadaWram SeiZleba, warmoaCinos zogadi
inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi.
mkiTxvelTa mcire nawils Tu gauWirdeba am abstraqtuli qvemdebareebis
gageba, vinaidan isini aris mokle da nacnobi: arc erTi unari,
problemebis swrafad gadaWris unari da problemebis efeqtianad
gadaWra. mkiTxveli ibneva grZeli da ucnobi abstraqtuli qvemdebaris
wakiTxvisas.
grZeli, abstraqtuli qvemdebareebis Semcveli winadadebeba sam
safexurad SeasworeT:
- winadadebaSi gamoavlineT mTavari figura.
- ipoveT misi ZiriTadi moqmedeba da Tu is abstraqtuli arsebiTi
saxeliTaa gamoxaturli, aqcieT zmnad.
- mTavari figura aqcieT am axali zmnis qvemdebared.
magaliTad, SeadareT (6a) da (6b) (moqmedebebi gamoyofilia msxvili
SriftiT; zmnebi gamoyofilia daxrili SriftiT).
6a. dasaqmebis meti SesaZleblobis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, socialur klass da
ganaTlebas Soris urTierTkavSiris gaanalizebis gareSe, srulyofilad ver
SeviswavliT ekonomikur mobilurobas.
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6b. ekonomistebs srulyofilad ar aqvT Seswavlili ekonomikuri mobiluroba,
vinaidan isini ver aanalizeben, rogor urTierTqmedebs socialuri klasi da
ganaTleba, rom Seqmnas dasaqmebis meti SesaZlebloba.
orive winadadebaSi mTavari figura aris ekonomistebi, magram (6a)-Si, es
figura ar aris romelime zmnis qvemdebare; is winadadebaSi saerTodac
ar aris: Cven is unda davaskvnaT im moqmedebebidan, romlebic Camalulia
arsebiT saxelebSi: analizi da Seswavla (ras akeTeben ekonomistebi). Cven
SevcvliT (6a)-s da CamovayalibebT (6b)-s saxiT, gadavaqcevT ra mTavar
figurebs, ekonomistebs, socialur klass da ganaTlebas mkafio zmnebis -
- Seswavla, analizi, urTierTqmedeba da Seqmna -- qvemdebareebad.
mkiTxvelisTvis sasurvelia, rom qvemdebareebi warmoadgendnen mTavar
figurebs TxzulebaSi. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi isini unda iyos realuri
figurebi, xolo konkretuli zmnebiT ki mTavari moqmedebebi unda
gamoixatos.
11.1.3 moerideT qvemdebares da zmnas Soris erT an or sityvaze metis
CarTvas
mas Semdeg, rac mokle qvemdebares waikiTxavs, mkiTxvels urCevnia,
swrafad gadavides zmnaze, amdenad, moerideT zmnis qvemdebarisgan
gamoyofas grZeli frazebiT da winadadebebiT:
7a. zogierT ekonomists, imis gamo, rom weren upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,
iolad ar gamosdis rigiT adamianebTan komunikacia.
(7a)-Si, imis gamo, rom qvemdebare _ zogierTi ekonomisti _ gamoyofilia
zmnisgan _ ar gamosdis _ iZulebulni varT, SevaCeroT azrovnebis nakadi.
winadadebis Sesacvlelad gadaitaneT winadadeba, romelic azris
gawyvetas iwvevs, winadadebis dasawyisSi an boloSi, gamomdinare iqidan,
es winadadeba ufro mWidrod winas ukavSirdeba Tu momdevnos. roca
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darwmunebuli ar xarT, CasviT bolos (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad ix.
11.1.5).
7b. imis gamo, rom zogierTi ekonomisti wers upirovno da obieqturi stiliT,
maT iolad ar gamosdiT komunikacia rigiT adamianebTan. es faqtori...
7g. zogierT ekonomists iolad ar gamosdis komunikacia rigiT adamianebTan,
vinaidan isini weren upirovno da obieqturi stiliT. isini iyeneben zmnebs
vnebiT gvarSi da..
mkiTxvelisTvis nakleb uxerxulobas qmnis mokle CarTuli frazebi:
8. zogierTi ekonomisti gangeb wers upirovno da obieqtur stilSi.
11.1.4 ZiriTadi moqmedebebi gamoxateT zmnebiT da ara saxelzmniT
mkiTxvels swrafad surs zmnaze gadasvla. Tumca, amavdroulad, unda,
rom zmna gamoxatavdes ZiriTad moqmedebas. amdenad, moerideT damxmare
zmnebis: aqvs, akeTebs, qmnis an aris gamoyenebas iseTi moqmedebis
gamosaxatavad, romelic abstraqtul saxelzmnaSia Camaluli. saxelzmna
gardaqmeniT zmnad.
SeadareT es ori winadadeba (moqmedebebis gamomxatveli arsebiTi
saxelebi/saxelzmnebi gamoyofilia msxvili SriftiT; moqmedebebis
gamomxatveli zmnebi _ asomTavruliT; damxmare zmnebi gamoyofilia
daxrili SriftiT):
9a. samoqalaqo omis adreul wlebSi samxreTis mcdeloba, didi britaneTis
gadabirebisa warumatebeli iyo.
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9b. samoqalaqo omis pirvel wlebSi samxreTma scada, gadaebirebina didi
britaneTi, magram marcxi ganicada.
(9a)-Si sami mniSvnelovani moqmedeba zmna ki ar aris, aramed saxelzmnebi
da zedsarTavi: mcdeloba, gadabireba, warumatebeli. (9b) ki ufro
pirdapir gamoxatavs azrs, radgan is moqmedebebs zmnebiT aRwers, scada,
gadaebirebina, ganicada.
11.1.5 mkiTxvelisTvis nacnobi informacia CasviT winadadebis dasawyisSi,
axali informacia – boloSi
mkiTxveli winadadebas yvelaze ukeT igebs maSin, rodesac advilad
SeuZlia qvemdebaris aRqma, xolo umartivesad aRsaqmeli qvemdebare
ubralod mokle da konkretuli ki ar aris, aramed nacnobic. qvemoT
warmodgenil TiToeul nawyvetSi SeadareT meore winadadeba rogor
uwyobs an ar uwyobs xels `dinebis” SegrZnebas:
10a. mecnierebma, romlebic kosmosSi arsebul Sav xvrelebs ikvleven, wamoWres axali
sakiTxebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. mkvdari varskvlavis Cavardna iseT mcire wertilSi,
romelic, albaT, marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris, qmnis Sav xvrels. msgavsi
didi zomis sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura
ucnaurad icvleba.
10b. mecnierebma, romlebic ikvleven Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi, wamoWres axali sakiTxebi
kosmosis Sesaxeb. Savi xvreli iqmneba mkvdari varskvlavis iseT mcire wertilSi
CavardniT, romelic marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi zomis
sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad, kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.
mkiTxvelebis umravlesobas miaCnia, rom (10b) ukeT ikiTxeba, vidre (10a),
nawilobriv, imis gamo, rom meore winadadebis qvemdebare _ Savi xvreli _
ufro mokle da konkretulia, vidre qvemdebare (10a)-Si: mkvdari
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varskvlavis Cavardna. Tumca, (10b) kidev imitom ikiTxeba ukeT, rom misi
ideebis Tanmimdevroba gansxvavebulia.
(10a)-Si meore winadadebis pirveli sityvebi gamoxatavs axal informacias:
10a... Savi xvrelebi kosmosSi... mkvdari varkvlavis Cavardna wertilSi,
romelic albaT marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar iqneba, qmnis...
TiTqos gaurkvevelia, saidan modis es sityvebi varskvlavebis
Camovardnis Sesaxeb. Tumca (10b)-Si, pirveli sityvebi Savi xvreli iqmneba...
exmaureba wina winadadebis bolos: ... Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi.
amas garda, mas Semdeg, rac am cvlilebas SevitanT, am meore winadadebis
bolo nawili ufro logikurad Tanmimdevrulad warmoadgens mesame
winadadebas:
10b ...mkvdari varskvlavis CavardniT iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic marmarilos
burTulaze meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi
gavlis Sedegad icvleba....
SeadareT (10a); misi meore winadadebis bolodan mesame winadadebis
dasawyisze ise bunebrivad ar gadavdivarT:
10a. mkvdari varskvlavis Cavardna iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic, albaT,
marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar aris, qmnis Sav xvrels. aseTi didi
sagnis mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad
icvleba.
swored amitom, mkiTxvels miaCnia, rom (10a) nawyveti ufro
danawevrebulia, vidre (10b): wina winadadebis bolo nawili bunebrivad ar
gadadis momdevno winadadebis dasawyisze.
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principi _ Zveli informacia pirvel rigSi _ niSnavs axali informaciis
bolos CarTvas, gansakuTrebiT, roca saubaria axal teqnikur terminebze.
amdenad, axali teqnikuri terminis Semotanisas moaTavseT is winadadebis
boloSi. SeadareT:
11a. kalciumis inhibitors SeuZlia kunTis spazmebis marTva. sarkomerebi _
kunTovani boWkoebis mcire elementebia, sadac es preparati moqmedebs.
TiToeuli sarkomeri Sedgeba ori boWkosgan, romelTagan erTi msxvilia, meore
ki wvrili. wvrili boWko Seicavs cilebs _ aqtins da miozins. aqtinis da
miozinis urTierTqmedebisas guli ikumSeba.
11b. kunTovani spazmebis marTva SeiZleba preparatiT, romelic cnobilia
kalciumis inhibitoris saxeliT. is moqmedebs sarkomerebad wodebul kunTovani
boWkoebis mcire elementebSi. TiToeul sarkomers aqvs ori boWko, erTi
msxvili da erTi wvrili. wvrili boWko Seicavs or cilas, aqtins da miozins.
aqtinis da miozinis urTierTqmedebisas guli ikumSeba.
axali teqnikuri terminebia kalciumis inhibitori, sarkomerebi, boWkoebi
da cilebi _ aqtini da miozini, Tumca, (11a)-Si isini pirvelad Cndeba
winadadebebis dasawyisSi. (11b)-Si ki, piriqiT, es axali terminebi
pirvelad Cndeba winadadebebis bolos. amis Semdgom es ukve nacnobi
informaciaa da SeiZleba momdevno winadadebebis dasawyisSi Caisvas.
weris yvela principze mniSvnelovani es ukanasknelia: nacnobi
informacia axlis win, nacnobi informaciisESemdeg ucnobi informacia.
11.1.6 SearCieT zmnebi moqmedebiT an vnebiT gvarSi, manamde moxseniebuli
principebis asaxvis mizniT
albaT, gaxsovT rCeva, rom unda moeridoT zmnebis vnebiT gvarSi
gamoyenebas – kargi rCevaa, radgan vnebiTi gvaris gamoyenebis gamo
169
iZulebuli xdebiT daweroT winadadeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba im
principebs, romlebic Cven ganvixileT. magaliTisTvis, ixileT meore
winadadeba:
12a. globalur daTbobas SeiZleba, mravali katastrofuli Sedegi mohyves. ,
SesaZlebelia, tropikuli daavadebebis da mavne mwerebis raodenobis zrda
kanadis sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki iqnas gamowveuli zmna vnebiT gvarSi klimatis
aseTi cvlilebiT.
meore winadadeba iwyeba TerTmeti sityvisgan Semdgari qvemdebariT,
romelic gadmoscems axal informacias: tropikuli daavadebebi... kanadis
sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki. es aris vnebiT gvarSi mocemuli zmnis – iqnas
gamowveuli - Sesabamisi qvemdebare; am zmnas mosdevs mokle, nacnobi
informacia wina winadadebidan: klimatis aseTi cvlilebiT. es winadadeba
ufro mkafio iqneboda es zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi rom yofiliyo:
12b. globalur daTbobas SeiZleba, mravali katastrofuli Sedegi mohyves.
klimatis cvlilebam SesaZloa, gamoiwvios zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi
10a. mecnierebma, romlebic kosmosSi arsebul Sav xvrelebs ikvleven, wamoWres
axali SekiTxvebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. Sav xvrels qmnis
tropikuli
daavadebebis da mavne mwerebis momravleba kanadis sazRvris CrdiloeTSic ki.
axla qvemdebare nacnobia da axali informacia ufro grZeli fraziT
aris warmodgenili boloSi. am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebiT gvarSi mocemuli
zmnis gamoyenebaa marTebuli.
Tumca, Tu arasodes CasvamT zmnas vnebiT gvarSi, dawerT winadadebebs,
romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba Zveli-axlis princips. Cven vixileT amis
magaliTi
(10a)-Si:
zmna moqmedebiT gvarSi mkvdari
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varskvlavis iseT mcire zomis wertilSi Camovardna, romelic, albaT,
marmarilos burTulaze meti zomis ar iqneba. aseTi didi zomis sagnis aseT
mcire moculobaSi gavlis Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.
meore winadadebaSi zmna aris moqmedebiT gvarSi, Tumca, nawyveti ukeT
ikiTxeba, rodesac zmna vnebiT gvarSia:
10b. mecnierebma, romlebic ikvleven Sav xvrelebs kosmosSi, wamoWres axali
SekiTxvebi kosmosis Sesaxeb. Savi xvreli iqmneba zmna vnebiT gvarSi mkvdari
varskvlavis CavardniT iseT mcire wertilSi, romelic marmarilos burTulaze
meti zomis ar aris. aseTi didi zomis sagnis aseT mcire moculobaSi gavlis
Sedegad kosmosis struqtura ucnaurad icvleba.
kiTxvisas ukeT aRiqmeba ufro mokle, konkretuli da nacnobi qvemdebare,
ganurCevlad imisa, ra zmna mosdevs mas. amdenad, aarCieT moqmedebiTi an
vnebiTi gvari imis mixedviT, romeli gaZlevT sasurveli saxis
qvemdebares: mokles, konkretulsa da nacnobs. SegiZliaT, saukeTesod
gansazRvroT, rogor Seafasebs mkiTxveli nawers, Tu vinmes xmamaRla
waakiTxebT mas. Tu es adamiani borZikobs an, TiTqos, monotonurad
laparakobs, SegiZliaT, ivaraudoT, rom mkiTxvels naklebad moewoneba
naweri.
11.1.7 saTanadod gamoiyeneT pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli
TiTqmis yvelas gaugia rCeva, rom unda moeridos samecniero
naSromis werisas nacvalsaxelebis -- me an Cven gamoyenebas. sinamdvileSi,
am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxvanairi Sexedulebebi arsebobs.
zogierTi maswavlebeli urCevs studentebs, arasodes gamoiyenon me,
vinaidan es maT nawers `subieqturobis” elfers sZens. sxvebi urCeven me-s
gamoyenebas, raTa naweri ufro xalisiani gaxadon da pirovnuloba
SesZinon.
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profesorTa umetesoba da redaqtorebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom avtorebi
unda moeridon me-s gamoyenebas or SemTxvevaSi:
- avtori, romelic ar aris Tavdajerebuli, Zalian bevr winadadebas
iwyebs fraziT me vfiqrob an me mimaCnia (an maTi ekvivalentiT, Cemi
azriT). mkiTxveli isedac Tvlis, rom fiqrobT da gjeraT imis,
rasac werT. amdenad, ar aris aucilebeli amis xazgasma.
- gamoucdeli avtorebi Zalian xSirad mogviTxroben sakuTari
kvlevis Sesaxeb: Tavdapirvelad, mivmarTe.. Semdeg Sevamowme... da a.S.
mkiTxvels nakleb ainteresebs kvlevis istoria, mas surs Sedegebis
Sesaxeb Seityos.
Tumca, gvjera da samecniero Jurnalebis umetesoba Tanxmdeba, rom
pirveli piris gamoyeneba marTebulia or SemTxvevSi. am bolo
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia erT-erTi SemTxvevis ilustracia: Cven...
gvjera, rom pirveli piri...
- drodadro Sesavlis saxiT frazis me (an Cven) gvjera gamoyenebiT
SeiZleba, dogmaturi gancxadebis Serbileba. SeadareT es nakleb
xarisxiani varianti:
13. pirveli piris gamoyeneba marTebulia or SemTxvevaSi.
mniSvnelovania, ise xSirad ar gamoiyenoT es frazebi, rom
Tavdaujereblobis STabeWdileba SeqmnaT da arc ise iSviaTad, rom
metismetad Tavdajerebuli gamoCndeT.
- pirveli piris nacvalsaxelebis, me an Cven, gamoyeneba marTebulia,
agreTve, rodesac is aris iseTi zmnis qvemdebare, romelic
asaxelebs moqmedebas, romelic konkretulad damaxasiaTebelia
TqvenTvis, argumentis avtorisTvis: aseTi moqmedebis gamomxatveli
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zmnebi, rogorc wesi, SesavalSi gamoiyeneba: me
giCvenebT/davamtkiceb/ganvac-xadeb, rom X. . . da daskvnebSi: me
warmovadgine/vaCvene/davaskveni, rom Y. . . imis gamo, rom mxolod
Tqven SegiZliaT aCvenoT, daamtkicoT an ganacxadoT is, rac Tqvens
argumentSia, mxolod Tqven SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT piris
nacvalsaxeli me:
14. am naSromSi me giCvenebT, rom am universitetSi socialuri gansxvavebebi...
meores mxriv, mkvlevrebi iSviaTad iyeneben pirvel pirs im
moqmedebisTvis, romelic sxvebma unda gaimeoron. es sityvebia: gayofa,
gazomva, awon-dawona, Semowmeba da a.S. mkvlevrebi iSviaTad weren
winadadebebs moqmedebiT gvarSi Casmuli zmnebiT, rogoricaa:
15a. me gamovTvale X-is koeficienti.
amis nacvlad, isini, savaraudod, daweren vnebiT gvarSi, vinaidan
nebismiers SeuZlia amisi gakeTeba:
15b. gamoTvlili iqna X-is koeficienti.
analogiuri principebi vrceldeba nacvalsaxelze Cven, Tu Tqven or an
met avtorTagan erT-erTi xarT. Tumca, mravali profesori da redaqtori
ewinaaRmdegeba mis orgvar gamoyenebas:
- Cven (rogorc Cveni udidebulesoba) gamoiyeneba mwerlis mier
sakuTar Tavze miTiTebis gasakeTeblad
- Cven, gamoyenebuli yvela mizniT mianiSnebs zogadad adamianebze
arasworia:
16. Cven yuradRebiT unda viyoT wyaroebis citirebisas, rodesac viyenebT
monacemebs am wyaroebidan. rodesac vkiTxulobT im avtorebis naSromebs,
173
romlebmac es mosazreba ar gaiTvaliswines, undoblobiT vimsWvalebiT maT
mimarT.
Tumca, saboloo gadawyvetileba Tqvenma xelmZRvanelma unda miiRos. Tu
is erTmniSvnelovnad gikrZalavT nacvalsaxelebis me an Cven gamoyenebas,
daujereT mas.
11.2 gaaanalizeT wakiTxuli masala
mas Semdeg, rac gaigebT, mkiTxveli rogor Seafasebs naSroms, iciT,
rogor daweroT mkafiod, Tumca, amavdroulad iciT, ratom Cans ase
kompaqturi is, rac unda waikiTxoT. mkiTxvels SeiZleba, gauWirdes
teqstis gageba rTuli Sinaarsis gamo. Tumca, sirTule SeiZleba,
SeiZleba Seqmnas imanac, Tu avtori gaurkvevlad wers. momdevno nawyveti,
magaliTad, ar aris srulyofilad dawerili:
15a. im faqtis aRiareba, rom sxvadasxva enis gramatika gansxvavdeba, SeiZleba,
gaxdes im problemebis seriozuli ganxilvis safuZveli, romelTa winaSec
dganan mTargmnelebi msoflio literaturuli Sedevrebisa, romlebic dawerili
iyo sxva enaze garda inglisurisa.
Tumca, zemoT gamoyenebuli sityvebis naxevriT rom gadmovceT, es
nawyveti, mxolod Semdegs niSnavs:
15b. roca gvecodineba, rom enebs gansxvavebuli gramatika aqvs, SegviZlia,
gaviTvaliswinoT im specialistTa problemebi, romlebic msoflio
literaturis Sedevrebs inglisur enaze Targmnian.
amdenad, rodesac giWirT zogierTi samecniero naweris gageba (da asec
iqneba), nu daabralebT Tavs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tavidanve. gaaanalizeT
naSromis winadadebebi. Tu maTSi aris grZeli qvemdebareebi, sadac bevri
abstraqtuli arsebiTi saxelia da gamoxatavs axal informacias,
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problema aris, savaraudod, ara is, rom Tqven ver kiTxulobT martivad,
aramed is, rom avtorma ver SeZlo, garkveviT daewera. am SemTxvevaSi,
samwuxarod, rac met gamocdilebas miiRebT akademiur weraSi, miT didia
riski aseTi maneris imitaciisa. faqtobrivad, profesiuli weris
problema dgas akademiuri mecnierebebis yvela sferoSi.
11.3 SearCieT swori sityva
standartuli rCevis kidev erTi nawili -- swori sityvis SerCeva:
1. SearCieT sityva swori mniSvnelobiT. afeqti ar niSnavs efeqts;
mraval cnobarSi CamoTvlilia sityvebi, romlebic, Cveulebriv,
erevaT xolme. Tu gamoucdeli avtori xarT, girCevT, SeiZinoT
aseTi wigni.
2. sityva SearCieT saTanado gamoyenebis mixedviT. Tu Sav nawers
swrafad qmniT, arsebobs imisi riski, rom SearCioT sityvebi,
romlebic SeiZleba, niSnavdes imas, rasac gulisxmobT, Tumca, iyos
metismetad familaruli kvleviTi naSromisTvis. adamians SeuZlia,
gaakritikos meore avtori an daamarcxos is; riski SeiZleba, Candes
saSiSi an Semzaravi. zemoT moyvanil sityvaTa wyvilebs msgavsi
mniSvnelobebi aqvT, Tumca mkiTxvelebis umetesoba miiCnevs, rom
meore nakleb akademiuria.
meores mxriv, Tu Zalian SeecdebiT, rom Tqveni naSromi marTlac
`akademiur” naSromad gamoiyurebodes, dgeba imis saSiSroeba, rom
gamoiyenebT Zalian oficialur sityvebs. SegiZliaT ixmaroT sityvebi:
fiqri an Rrmad dafiqreba, daleva an SeTviseba. es wyvilebi axlos dgas
mniSvnelobiT, magram TiToeul maTganSi meore Zalian maRalfardovania
im naSromisTvis, romelic Cveulebrivi eniT aris dawerili. daZlieT
survili, gamoiyenoT sityva, romelic, Tqveni azriT, gansakuTrebiT
maRalfardovania da moZebneT, sxva, misi ufro sada sinonimi.
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Calsaxad girCevT, moZebnoT leqsikonSi sityvebi, romlebSic
darwmunebuli ar xarT. Tumca, isini ki ar aris problema, aramed is
sityvebi, romlebSic darwmunebuli xarT. ufro uaresi, vercerTi
leqsikoni ver getyviT, romeli sityvaa maRalfardovani ama Tu im
konteqstisTvis. am sakiTxs swrafad gadaWriT, Tu sTxovT vinmes,
waikiTxos Tqveni naSromi wardgenamde (Tumca, frTxilad iyaviT, vidre
Zalian bevr rCevas daijerebT; ix. 7.10). am problemis grZelvadiani
gadawyveta aris bevri kiTxva, bevri wera, bevri kritikuli SeniSvnis
mosmena da maT safuZvelze swavla.
11.4 gaaSalaSineT
amobeWdvamde naSromi kidev erTxel waikiTxeT, raTa SeasworoT
gramatikuli Secdomebi, marTlwera da punqtuacia. mravali gamocdili
avtori iwyebs bolo winadadebiT da ase miyveba naSromis dasawyisamde,
raTa azrebze ar gadaitanos yuradReba da ar gamorCes sityvebi. nu
daeyrdnobiT mxolod kompiuteris marTlweris Semowmebis funqcias. is
ver gamoavlens iseT sityvebs, romlebic dawerilia sworad, magram
arasworad aris gamoyenebuli: their/there/they’re, it’s/its, too/to, accept/except,
affect/effect, already/all ready, complement/compliment, principal, principle, discrete/discreet
a.S. Tu am saxis problemasTan Sexeba gqoniaT, safuZvlianad gadaamowmeT
Tqveni naSromi, raTa SeamowmoT aseTi sityvebi. marTlweris Sesaxeb
ufro vrclad ix. me-20 Tavi.
Tu bevri ucxo sityva, cifri, abreviatura da a.S. gaqvT gamoyenebuli,
gadaxedeT Sesabamis Tavebs winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-3 nawilSi.
dabolos, Tu Tqvens naSroms aqvs sarCevi, sadac mocemulia Tavebis da
nawilebis saTaurebi da nomrebi, darwmundiT, rom isini zustad
Seesabameba Sesabamis formulirebas da numeracias naSromis ZiriTad
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nawilSi. Tu teqstSi miuTiTebT naweris sxvadasxva nawilebze da
Tavebze, darwmundiT miTiTebebis sizusteSi.
zogierT students miaCnia, rom naSromis xarisxze mxolod maSin unda
izrunon, roca inglisuris sagnisTvis amzadeben mas. marTalia,
leqtorebi inglisuris garda sxva kursebze, savaraudod, ufro met
yuradRebas naSromis Sinaarss miaqceven, vidre stils. Tumca, nu
ifiqrebT, rom isini yuradRebis miRma datoveben naweris mkafioobas da
logikur Tanmimdevrulobas. Tu istoriis an xelovnebis leqtori
akritikebs Tqvens naSroms, cudad daweriliao, nu daicavT Tavs, es xom
enis kursi ar aris. TiToeuli kursi, romelic saWiroebs weras, aris
SesaZlebloba, gaivarjiSoT mkafio, damajerebel, logikuri
TanmimdevrobiT weraSi. es aris unari, romelic Zalian gamogadgebaT
mTeli cxovrebis manZilze.
11.5 daasruleT da amobeWdeT
weris dawyebaze ufro rTuli SeiZleba, dasruleba iyos. yvelas gvsurs,
kidev erTi dRe wyobis dasaxvewad, kidev erTi saaTi sawyisi abzacisTvis,
kidev erTi wuTi, rom... Tqveni idea. gamocdilma mkvlevrebma ician kidev
erTi mniSvnelovani ram kvlevis da naSromebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb: is
arasodes aris srulyofili. ase rom, rogorc wesi, ar Rirs bolo 1
procentis an 5 procentis gasworeba. studentebi, romlebic
sadisertacio naSroms weren, gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebian
srulyofilebis standartis miRwevas. is ki, ZiriTadad, mxolod maT
gonebaSi arsebobs. arcerTi Tezisi an sadisertacio naSromi ar unda
iyos absoluturad srulyofili; rac aris, es aris. raRac etapze unda
daasruloT masze muSaoba. SeeSviT weras da amobeWdeT. (Tumca, vidre
waradgenT, gadafurcleT bolojer, raTa darwmundeT, rom gamoiyureba
ise, rogorc gsurT: SexedeT gverdebis gayofas, kideebis sazRvrebs,
cxrilebis da naxatebis ganlagebas da a.S.)
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axla SeiZleba, ifiqroT, rom dasrulebulia naSromze muSaoba.
faqtobrivad, erTi bolo amocana grCebaT: Cabarebuli naSromis Sesaxeb
komentarebis mopoveba da maTi gaTvaliswineba.
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12 Sefasebuli Txzulebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli komentarebis
gaTvaliswineba
12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi
12.2. gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels
pedagogebs ar moswonT, rodesac studenti mxolod naSromSi
dawerili niSniT interesdeba da yuradRebas ar aqcevs Sinaarsobriv
komentarebs an, ufro meti, Tavsac ki ar iwuxebs naSromis wasaRebad.
samecniero da profesiuli moRvaweobis ganmavlobaSi araerTi naSromis
dawera mogiwevT; amdenad, mizanSewonili iqneba, Tu gecodinebaT, rogor
afasebs mkiTxveli naSroms da momdevno naSromze muSaobisas, risi
gaumjobeseba SegiZliaT ukeTesi Sefasebis misaRebad. amisTvis kidev erTi
gegma iqneba saWiro.
12.1 moZebneT zogadi principebi konkretul komentarebSi
pedagogis komentarebis wakiTxvis Semdeg yuradReba gaamaxvileT im
komentarebze, romlebic SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semdgomi naSromisTvis:
- moZebneT, xom ar Seicavs Txzuleba marTlweris punqtuaciis da
gramatikuli xasiaTis Secdomebs. Tu Secdomebs gamoavlenT,
gecodinebaT, ris gaumjobesebaze unda imuSaoT.
- Tu pedagogi ambobs, rom daSvebuli gaqvT faqtobrivi Secdomebi,
gadaamowmeT, uxarisxo Canawerebi gaakeTeT naSromSi, Tu faqtebi
gadaitaneT arasworad? arasando wyarom xom ar SegiyvanaT
SecdomaSi? rac ar unda aRmoaCinoT, gecodinebaT, rogor unda
moiqceT momdevno naSromze muSaobisas.
- Tu pedagogi nawers afasebs mxolod sakuTari TvalsazrisiT,
moZebneT da daakvirdiT Sesabamis aspeqtebs. Tu pedagogs miaCnia,
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rom naweri danawevrebulia, Zalian moklea, an dauxvewavia,
gadaamowmeT winadadebebi me-11 TavSi warmodgenili safexurebis
mixedviT. Tu pedagogs miaCnia, rom naweri ar aris kargad
organizebuli an gaumarTavia, gadaamowmeT Txzuleba me-9 TavSi
warmodgenili principebis mixedviT. pedagogis mier gamoTqmuli
SeniSvnebis safuZvels yovelTvis ver ipoviT. Tumca, rodesac
aRmoaCenT, gecodinebaT, momavalSi ra gamoasworoT.
12.2 gaesaubreT xelmZRvanels
Tu pedagogis komentarebi moicavs iseT sityvebs, rogoricaa
araorganizebuli, alogikuri an dausabuTebeli da ver poulobT maT
safuZvels, daniSneT Sexvedra xelmZRvanelTan. rogorc naSromze
muSaobis yvela sxva safexuris SemTxvevaSi, es Sexvedrac ukeT
warimarTeba, Tu dagegmavT da gaivarjiSebT kidec masSi:
- Tu maswavleblis SeniSvnebi exeba marTlweris, punqtuaciis
sakiTxebs da gramatikul Secdomebs, es Secdomebi msxvili
SriftiT gaasworeT maswavlebelTan Sexvedramde, raTa daanaxoT,
rom gaiTvaliswineT misi komentarebi.
- nu gamoTqvamT ukmayofilebas niSnis gamo. garkveviT gaagebineT,
rom, ubralod, gsurT gaigoT, ras emyareba komentarebi, raTa
momavalSi SeZloT msgavsi Secdomebis Tavidan acileba.
- yuradReba gaamaxvileT mxolod ramdenime komentarze. gaivarjiSeT
SekiTxvebis dasmaSi, raTa mimarTva Tavaziani gamogivideT: ase ki ar
mimarToT `Tqven brZanebT, rom naSromi araorganizebulia, Tumca,
ar ambobT, ratom,”; amis nacvlad, uTxariT: `SegiZliaT, damexmaroT,
vnaxo, ra aris araswori naSromis wyobaSi, raTa SemdgomSi
gaviTvaliswino?”
- sTxoveT pedagogs, miganiSnoT, ra aris misi Sefasebis safuZveli da
giTxraT, rogori unda yofiliyo esa Tu is monakveTebi. ase ki ar
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hkiTxoT: `ra ar mogewonaT?” aramed hkiTxeT, `konkretulad sad
davuSvi Secdoma da rogor SemiZlia misi gamosworeba?”
Tu pedagogi Sefasebis safuZvels garkveviT ver gixsniT, SeiZleba,
naSromi Seafasa kompleqsurad da ara detalurad. Tu asea, masTan
Sexvedra bevrs verafers SegZenT.
pedagogTan Sexvedris gamarTva maSinac SegiZliaT, Tu umaRlesi Sefaseba
miiReT. mniSvnelovania, gaigoT, rogor daimsaxureT es Sefaseba, vinaidan
Semdgomi proeqti, savaraudod, ufro rTuli iqneba da SeiZleba, masze
muSaobisas kvlav gamoucdel mkvlevarad igrZnoT Tavi. marTlac, nu
gagikvirdebaT, Tu TiToeul axal naSromze muSaobisas aseTi grZoba
dageuflebaT. es ucxo aravisTvis aris. Tumca, gegmis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi, am sirTules Tavs varTmevT xolme; merwmuneT,
Tqvenc gamogivaT.
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13 kvlevis wardgena sxvadasxva formiT
13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba
13.1.1 daaviwroeT warsadgeni sakiTxi
13.1.2 gaiazreT msmenels da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia
13.2.1 gaakeTeT Sesavlis monaxazi
13.2.2 SeqmeniT Canawerebi moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis, raTa Tvalis
SevlebiT SegeZloT maTi gageba
13.2.3 SeimuSaveT daskvna Sesavlis mixedviT
13.2.4 moemzadeT SekiTxvebisTvis
13.2.5 moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxsenebis prezentacia
13.4 dagegmeT Tqveni sakonferencio ganacxadi
SesaZloa, jer Zalian gamoucdeli xarT saimisod, rom ifiqroT Tqveni
naSromis gamoqveynebaze. Tumca, savaraudod, mis romeliRac nawils waradgenT
zepiri moxsenebis saxiT auditoriis winaSe. zepiri moxsenebis momzadeba ufro
iolia, vidre weriTisa. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSic saWiroa gegma da moxsenebis
wardgenaSi gavarjiSeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom auditoriis winaSe sakuTari
naSromis Sesaxeb mkafiod da damajereblad saubris unari Zalian
mniSvnelovania nebismier specialobaSi. Tu sadoqtoro disertaciaze muSaobT,
savaraudod, apirebT momavalSi naSromis dabeWdvas, magram vidre profesiul
JurnalSi gagzavnideT, unda scadoT misi zepiri moxsenebis saxiT wardgena.
am TavSi warmogidgenT, rogor gamoiyenoT gegma zepiri moxsenebis
mosamzadebeli teqstis dasawerad. ganvixilavT, agreTve, moxsenebis sxvadasxva
elementebisgan Semdgar formas, romelsac ewodeba stendze warmosadgeni
moxseneba, sadac Serwymulia weriTi naSromis da zepiri moxsenebis elementebi.
dabolos, ganvixilavT, rogor mzaddeba sakonferencio ganacxadi.
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13.1 dagegmeT zepiri moxseneba
zepir moxsenebas werasTan SedarebiT ramdenime upiratesoba aqvs.
moxsenebis wardgenis Semdeg kiTxva-pasuxis dros myisier ukukavSirs iRebT;
msmeneli gamoxatavs reaqcias, romelic SeiZleba, iyos naklebad kritikuli,
vidre es weriTi naSromis SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, gansakuTrebiT, Tu prezentacias
miscemT mxolod axali ideebis mosmenis an axali monacemebis gamocdis saxes.
magram imisaTvis, rom es reaqcia gamosadegi iyos, iseTive dakvirvebiT unda
dagegmoT zepiri moxseneba, rogorc weriT moxsenebas dagegmavdiT.
13.1.1 daaviwroeT warsadgeni sakiTxi
savaraudod, moxsenebis warsadgenad mxolod ociode wuTi geqnebaT. (Tu
naSroms kiTxulobT, rac nakleb rekomendebulia, es niSnavs striqonebs Soris
orintervaliani daSorebis mqone araumetes Svid-aT gverdiani Txzulebis
wakiTxvas.) amdenad, naSromi unda daiyvanoT mis ZiriTad arsamde an aqcenti
gaakeToT mxolod mis romelime nawilze. ai, sami gavrcelebuli varianti:
- problemis da argumentis monaxazis gacnoba. Tu problema axalia, xazi
gausviT mis originalurobas. daiwyeT mokle SesavliT: literaturis
mokle mimoxilva + SekiTxva + ras iwvevs pasuxis arcodna + debuleba
(gadaxedeT 9.1); Semdeg ganmarteT mizezebi da SeajameT TiToeuli
maTganis mtkicebulebebi .
- qveargumentis reziume. Tu argumenti Zalian didia, aqcenti gakeTeT
ZiriTad qveargumentze. aRniSneT ufro masStaburi problema SesavalSi
da daskvnaSi. Tumca, xazi gausviT, rom mxolod mis nawilze SeCerdebiT.
- meTodologia an monacemebis Sesaxeb angariSi. Tu warmoadgenT axal
meTodologias an monacemebis wyaros, axseniT, ratom aris is
mniSvnelovani. Tavdapirvelad mokled warmoadgineT problema, Semdeg
yuradReba gaamaxvileT imaze, Tu rogor SeiZleba am problemebis gadaWra
Tqvens mier gamokvleuli axali meTodebis an monacemebis gamoyenebiT.
13.1.2 gaiazreT msmenels da mkiTxvels Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi
momxseneblebs msmenelis gaRizianebis amouwuravi meTodebi aqvT. zogi
maTgani robotis msgavsad imeorebs dazepirebul winadadebebs an Cahyurebs
nawers da TiToeul gverds kiTxulobs, iSviaTad aixedavs zemoT, raTa
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vizualuri kontaqti daamyaros auditoriasTan. sxvebi warmoadgenen monacemebiT
savse slaidebs, romelTa struqtura Semoifargleba msgavsi frazebiT: da axla
am slaidSi warmodgenilia... aseT momxseneblebs miaCniaT, rom pasiuri msmeneli
aqtiur mkiTxvels an dainteresebul mosaubres hgavs. es ar Seesabameba
sinamdviles:
- roca vkiTxulobT, SegviZlia, SevyovndeT, raTa davfiqrdeT da
gavaanalizoT rTuli monakveTebi. wyobaze dakvirvebisTvis SegviZlia,
CavxedoT qvesaTaurebs, abzacebis dasawyisebsac ki. Tu goneba
gagvefanteba, xelaxla wavikiTxoT.
- saubrisas SekiTxvebi SegviZlia, davsvaT maSinve, roca mogvafiqrdeba da
vTxovoT sxva pirs, ganmartos msjeloba an, ubralod, gaimeoros naTqvami.
zepiri moxsenebis msmenels arc erTi zemoT aRniSnulis gakeTeba ar
SeuZlia. mas sWirdeba motivacia, rom moisminos moxseneba, aseve, daxmarebac,
rom advilad misdios momxseneblis azrovnebis nakads. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
SeiZleba, msmenels goneba gaefantos da fiqrebSi wavides. amdenad, saubrisas
erTmniSvnelovnad unda gamoxatoT mizani da, Tu naSroms kiTxulobT,
winadadebebis struqtura gacilebiT martivi unda iyos, vidre weriT
moxsenebaSi. amdenad, gamoiyeneT SedarebiT mokle winadadebebi, ufro Sesabamisi
qvemdebareebiT (ix. 11.1.2). xSirad gamoiyeneT `me”, `Cven,” da `Tqven”. is, rac
dauxvewav ganmeorebad eCveneba mkiTxvels, Cveulebriv, misaRebia msmenelisTvis.
13.2 moamzadeT Tqveni prezentacia
msmenelis yuradRebis SenarCuneba rom SeZloT, moxseneba waikiTxeT ara
leqciis msgavsad, aramed megobruli saubris toniT; am unaris gamomuSaveba
martivi ar aris, vinaidan cota Cvengans SeuZlia, ise weros, rogorc saubrobs
da vinaidan umetes Cvengans Tanmimdevruli moxsenebis warsadgenad Canawerebi
sWirdeba. Tu moxseneba unda waikiTxoT, nu waikiTxavT ori wuTSi erT gverdze
mets (daaxloebiT, samasi sityva gverdze). dainiSneT dro da ikiTxeT ufro
nela, vidre, Cveulebriv, saubrobT xolme. drodadro sagangebod aswieT Tavi
da vizualuri kontaqti daamyareT auditoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT, roca rame
mniSvnelovans ambobT. erTi gverdis wakiTxvisas ase moiqeciT sul mcire
erTxel an orjer mainc.
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gacilebiT sjobs moxsenebis wakiTxva Canawerebis mixedviT. Tumca, amisTvis
dagWirdebaT Canawerebis momzadeba.
13.2.1 gaakeTeT Sesavlis monaxazi
ocwuTiani zepiri moxsenebisTvis, Tavidanve unda SeZloT auditoriis interesis
gaRviveba. amdenad, Sesavali moamzadeT ufro dakvirvebiT, vidre moxsenebis
nebismieri sxva nawili. Sesavali SeqmeniT oTxi nawilisgan Semdgari problemis
gacnobaze dafuZnebiT, romelic 10.1 nawilSia aRwerili, gamoiyeneT, agreTve,
gegma (frCxilebSi mocemulia miaxloebiTi xangrZlivoba.)
gamoiyeneT Canawerebi mxolod imisTvis, rom gaixsenoT oTxi nawili; is ar unda
iyos moxsenebis wardgenis zedmiwevniTi scenari. Tu Sinaarsi ar gaxsovT, mzad
ar xarT moxsenebis gasakeTeblad. Canawerebi sakmarisad sruli unda iyos
saimisod, rom gaixsenoT Semdegi:
1. kvleva, romelsac ganavrcobT, cvliT an asworebT (araumetes erTi wuTisa).
2. kvlevis SekiTxvis warmodgena – risi arcodnis an ra Seuswavleli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb isaubrebT (ocdaaTi wami an naklebi).
3. pasuxi SekiTxvaze: mere ra? (ocdaaTi wami)
es sami safexuri Zalian mniSvnelovania msmenelis dainteresebisTvis. Tu
SekiTxva axali an sadavoa, meti dro dauTmeT mas. Tu mkiTxvelma icis misi
mniSvnelovneba, swrafad aRniSneT is da ganagrZeT.
4. debuleba, pasuxi sakvlev SekiTxvaze (ocdaaTi wami an naklebi).
msmenels imTaviTve unda gaagebinoT pasuxi; es ufro mniSvnelovania maSin,
roca waradgenT zepir moxsenebas. amdenad, misi arsi mainc aRniSneT maSinac,
rodesac seriozuli safuZveli gaqvT mis boloSi warsadgenad. Tu maSinve ar
warmoadgenT pasuxs, miniSneba mainc gaakeTeT masze.
5. warmoadgineT moxsenebis struqtura (aTi an oci wami). amisTvis yvelaze
gamosadegi gzaa sarCevis zepirad warmodgena: `pirvel rigSi ganvixilav...”
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weriTi moxsenebis SemTxvevaSi, msgavsi meTodis gamoyenebam SeiZleba, dauxvewavi
naSromis STabeWdileba Seqmnas; magram, roca zepir moxsenebas akeTebT, ufro
detalurad axsnaa saWiro. moxsenebis ZiriTad nawilze gadasvlisas
ganmeorebiT warmoadgineT igive struqtura.
gadaimeoreT Sesavli ara mxolod imitom, rom misi sworad warmodgena SeZloT,
aramed, agreTve, imisTvis, rom SeZloT auditoriasTan vizualuri kontaqtis
damyareba. mogvianebiT SegiZliaT, CaixedoT CanawerebSi.
gaiTvaliswineT, agreTve, rom sasurvelia, Sesavalze daaxloebiT sam wuTze met
xans ar SeCerdeT.
13.2.2 SeqmeniT Canawerebi moxsenebis ZiriTadi nawilisTvis, raTa Tvalis
SevlebiT SegeZloT maTi gageba
nu dawerT Canawerebs dasrulebuli winadadebebis formiT (miT umetes,
abzacebs), romlebsac xmamaRla waikiTxavT; Canawerebi unda dagexmaroT, rom
ucbad gadaxedoT moxsenebis struqturas da mniSvnelovan monakveTebSi saTqmel
punqtebs. amdenad, Canawerebi ar unda warmoadgendes weriTi moxsenebidan
gadmotanil winadadebebs; Canawerebi SeqmeniT Tavidan.
TiToeuli ZiriTadi ideisTvis gamoiyeneT calke gverdi. TiToeul gverdze
dawereT mTavari sakiTxebi, ara Temebis, aramed debulebebis saxiT,
Semoklebuli formiT an (mxolod maSin, Tu ase unda moiqceT) dasrulebuli
winadadebebis saxiT. mis zemoT SegiZliaT, daamatoT mkafio gadasvla,
qvesaTauris zepiri moxsenebis msgavsad: `pirveli sakiTxia...”
TvalsaCinod moniSneT ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, raTa advilad SeZloT maTi cnoba.
maT qveS, Temebis saxiT, CamoTvaleT Sesabamisi faqtebi. Tu Tqvens mier
warmodgenili damamtkicebeli faqti moicavs ricxvebs an citatebs, albaT,
mogiwevT maTi amowera. sxva SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens mier moyvanil faqtobriv
mtkicebulebas sakmarisad kargad unda icnobdeT, raTa SeZloT mis Sesaxeb
auditoriis winaSe saubari.
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sakiTxebi ise daalageT, rom pirvel rigSi isaubroT yvelaze mniSvnelovan
sakiTxebze. Tu saubari gigrZeldebaT (ZiriTadad, asea xolme), SegiZliaT
gadaxvideT momdevno nawilze an, Tundac, daskvnaze da ar gamotovoT
argumentis mniSvnelovani aspeqti. arasodes moamzadoT iseTi kulminaciuri
wertili, romlis miRwevac ar SegiZliaT. Tu raime unda gamotovoT, kiTxva-
pasuxis nawilis dros daubrundiT am sakiTxs.
13.2.3 SeimuSaveT daskvna Sesavlis mixedviT
daskvna SeqmeniT ise, rom SesaZlebeli iyos misi damaxsovreba, vinaidan msmeneli
gaimeorebs mas, rodesac dausvamen SekiTxvas, ra Tqva jonsma? sakmaod kargad
daiswavleT daskvna, raTa SeZloT misi wardgenisas auditoriasTan vizualuri
kontaqtis SenarCuneba da ar mogiwioT CanawerebSi Caxedva da iqidan amokiTxva.
daskvna unda Sedgebodes Semdegi sami nawilisgan:
- debuleba, ufro detaluri, vidre SesavalSi
- Tu msmenels ufro ainteresebs varaudi an monacemebi, isinic SeajameT.
- Tqveni pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra?
- SegiZliaT, xelaxla warmoadginoT pasuxi Sesavlidan. Tumca, SeecadeT,
daamatoT axali pasuxi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu igi hipoTezuria.
- rCevebi Semdgomi kvlevisTvis, ra aris kidev gasakeTebeli?
gaimeoreT daskvna, raTa zustad icodeT, ramdeni xani gWirdebaT mis
warmosadgenad (ar unda aRematebodes erT an or wuTs). Semdeg, rodesac es dro
dagrCebaT, warmoadgineT daskvna, maSinac ki, Tu ar dagisrulebiaT bolo
(SedarebiT umniSvnelo) sakiTxebis Sesaxeb saubari. Tu ramdenime sakiTxi unda
gamotovoT, isaubreT maT Sesaxeb kiTxva-pasuxis dros. Tu droze adre
amTavrebT, moerideT improvizacias da drois gawelvas. Tu Tqvens Semdeg sxva
gamodis, Tqvens mier gamouyenebeli dro mas dauTmeT.
13.2.4 moemzadeT SekiTxvebisTvis
Tu gagimarTlaT, moxsenebis Semdeg SekiTxvebs dagisvamen. amdenad, moamzadeT
pasuxebi mosalodneli SekiTxvebisTvis. icodeT, rom dagisvamen SekiTxvebs
monacemebis da wyaroebis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxsenebis
dros ar SeexeT maT. Tu iseT sakiTxebze saubrobT, romlebic ukavSirdeba
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gamoCenil mkvlevrebs an kvleviT institutebs, moemzadeT imis Sesaxeb vrclad
sasaubrod, Tu rogor ukavSirdeba Tqveni naSromi maT, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
aRniSnuli mkvlevarebis an institutebis Sedegebis an midgomis sawinaaRmdego
mosazrebebs gamoxatavT an uaryofT maT. mzad iyaviT, agreTve, imisTvis, rom
SeiZleba, mogiwioT iseTi wyaros Sesaxeb dasmul SekiTxvebze pasuxis gacema,
romlebzec arasodes gsmeniaT. saukeTeso politikaa aRiareba, rom es wyaro ar
ginaxavT, magram gadaamowmebT. Tu SekiTxva keTilganwyobili toniT aris
dasmuli, SeekiTxeT, ratom aris wyaro Sesabamisi. nu moemzadebiT mxolod
TavdacviTi pasuxebis gasacemad. gamoiyeneT SekiTxvebi, raTa xelaxla gausvaT
xazi mTavar sakiTxebs an isaubroT sakiTxebze, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamogrCaT.
dakvirvebiT mousmineT TiToeul SekiTxvas. Semdeg darwmundiT, rom gesmiT is,
gaakeTeT pauza da erTi wuTiT dafiqrdiT pasuxze. Tu SekiTxva ver gaigeT,
sTxoveT avtors, Tavidan Camoayalibos is. pasuxs uneblied da TavdacviTi
formiT nu gascemT. fasdaudebelia kargi SekiTxvebi, maSinac ki, Tu
arakeTilganwyobili Cans. gamoiyeneT isini sakuTari Tvalsazrisis dasaxvewad.
13.2.5 moamzadeT dasarigebeli masala
moxsenebis wardgenisas SegiZliaT, waikiTxoT mcire citatebi an mniSvnelovani
monacemebi. Tumca, Tu bevri citata an mniSvnelovani monacemi gaqvT, moamzadeT
dasarigebeli masala. Tu moxsenebas slaidebis mixedviT akeTebT, daarigeT maTi
nabeWdi aslebi. SegiZliaT, msmenels daurigoT, agreTve, ZiriTadi sakiTxebis
monaxazi, sadac datovebulia carieli adgilebi SeniSvnebis gasakeTeblad.
13.3 dagegmeT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba
stendze warmodgenili moxseneba -- es aris farTo dafa, romelzec warmoadgenT
kvlevis reziumes, yvelaze Sesaferis damamtkicebel faqtebTan erTad. stendze
warmodgenili moxsenebis prezentacia, rogorc wesi, imarTeba derefnebSi an
did oTaxSi, sadac bevri sxva momxsenebelia. adamianebi gadainacvleben erTi
stendidan momdevnoze da momxseneblebs usvamen SekiTxvebs. stendze
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warmodgenili moxsenebis gamoyenebiT, xdeba weriTi da zepiri moxsenebis
dadebiTi aspeqtebis gaerTianeba. isini, vinc kiTxuloben stendze warmodgenil
moxsenebas, ufro ukeT daakvirdebian mas, vidre msmeneli, maT SeuZliaT
daeyrdnon TvalsaCino vizualur signalebs, romlebic gamoyenebuli gaqvT
masalis organizebisTvis – ujrebi, xazebi, ferebi da sxvadasxva zomis SriftiT
dawerili saTaurebi.
SegiZliaT stendze warmodgenili moxseneba aawyoT arsebuli kompiuteruli
programebis da internet saitebis gamoyenebiT, romelTa daxmarebiTac xarisxian
produqts SeqmniT. Tumca, rac Seexeba Tavad teqts, misi momzadebisas unda
gaiTvaliswinoT saxelmZRvanelo principebi, rom naSromis xmamaRla wakiTxva
SeZloT. mniSvnelovania kidev ramdenime sakiTxis gaTvaliswineba:
1. argumenti dayaviT doneebad. argumenti vizualurad warmoadgineT sam doneze:
- gamoyaviT mokle mimoxilva an problemis aRwera da reziume stendze
warmodgenili moxsenebis zeda nawilSi (CasviT ujraSi, gamoiyeneT didi
Srifti, d a.S.).
- mis qveS CamoTvaleT varaudebi, rogorc qvesaTaurebi nawilSi, sadac
mocemulia argumentis Sejameba.
- am nawilis qveS xelaxla ganacxadeT varaudebi da maT qveS daajgufeT
damtkicebeli faqtebi.
2. ganmarteT yvela grafiki da cxrili. TiToeul grafikTan, warweris garda,
daamateT ramdenime winadadeba, sadac axsnili iqneba, ra aris mniSvnelovni
monacemebSi da rogor amyarebs isini varauds da debulebas (gadaxedeT 7.7 da
8.3.1).
13.4 dagegmeT sakonferencio SeTavazeba
konferenciebze sityviT gamosvla kargi saSualebaa naSromis gasacnobad.
Tumca, imisTvis, rom migiwvion moxsenebiT gamosasvlelad, Cveulebriv, unda
waradginoT ganacxadi. es winadadeba naSromis sityvasityviT Sejameba ki ar
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unda iyos, aramed informacia, romelsac `liftSi naxevar wuTSi mouyvebiT”
adamians – rasac etyodiT vinmes, romelic liftSi SegxvdebodaT da vinc
dainteresdeboda da gkiTxavdaT: ra sityviT gamodixarT dRes? (faqtobrivad,
dakvirvebiT momzadebuli da gavarjiSebuli `liftSi moyolili ambavi”
gansakuTrebiT gamosadegia naSromis garSemo nebismieri saubrisTvis,
gansakuTrebiT interviuebis dros).
`liftSi moyolili ambavi” Sedgeba sami nawilisgan:
- problemis gancxadeba, romelSic xazgasmulia pasuxi SekiTxvaze mere ra?
- debulebis da ZiriTadi varaudebis monaxazi.
- yvelaze mniSvnelovani damamtkicebeli faqtebis Sejameba.
konferenciaze msmenels naklebad ainteresebs, ra sityvebs iyenebT; maTTvis
ufro mniSvnelovania gaigon, ratom unda moisminon moxseneba. Tqveni mizania,
daayenoT kvlevis SekiTxva da pasuxi gasceT oponentebis SekiTxvaze: mere ra?
amdenad, aqcenti gaakeTeT imaze, ra wvlili Seaqvs debulebas sakvlev sferoSi,
gansakuTrebiT, ra aris masSi novatoruli an sadavo. Tu ganixilavT manamde
ganxorcielebuli kvlevis farglebSi Seswavlil sakiTxs, aRniSneT is. Semdeg
yuradReba gaamaxvileT Tqvens axal monacemebze an axal debulebaze,
gamomdinare iqidan, romelia ufro originaluri.
icodeT, rom oponentebma xSirad Tqvenze naklebi ician Temis Sesaxeb da
SeiZleba, dasWirdeT daxmareba Tqveni sakiTxis mniSvnelovnebis danaxvisTvis.
amdenad, mas Semdegac ki, rac pasuxs gascemT pirvel mere ra? SekiTxvaze, kvlav
dasviT da gaeciT mas pasuxi da, Tu SegiZliaT, kidev erTxel gaimeoreT igive.
konferenciaze isaubrebT Tu mxolod mosmena mogiwevT, damokidebulia ara
mxolod kvlevis xarisxze, aramed SekiTxvis mniSvnelovnebazec.
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14 kvlevis arsis Sesaxeb
rogorc aRvniSneT, jerovani daskvnis miReba kvlevis garda mravali sxva
gziT aris SesaZlebeli: SegviZlia, daveyrdnoT intuicias, grZnobas, Sinagan gamWriaxobasac ki. Tumca, WeSmariteba, romelsac Cven am saSualebebis gamoyenebiT davadgenT, subieqturia. rodesac sxvebs vTxovT, irwmunon Cveni Sexeduleba da imoqmedon mis mixedviT, Cvens grZnobebs ver SevTavazebT damamtkicebel faqtebad; mxolod is SegviZlia, vTxovoT, endon Cvens Sinagan gamocdilebas da debulebebs.
Tumca, mecnieruli WeSmaritebani da maTi aRmoCenis gzebi sajaro SeswavlisTvis unda iyos xelmisawvdomi. debulebebs vafuZnebT yvelasTvis xelmisawvdom faqtebze da logikuri msjelobis principebze, romlebsac, vimedovnebT, rom Cveni mkiTxveli gonivrulad miiCnevs. Semdgom mkiTxveli am yovelives gamocdis yvela SesaZlo saSualebis gamoyenebiT. SeiZleba, es maRal standarts niSnavs, magram es asec unda iyos, Tuki moveliT, rom sxvebi sakuTar codnas da moqmedebebs, sakuTar cxovrebasac ki, daayrdnoben imas, ris dajerebasac vTxovT.
rodesac aRiarebT principebs, romlebic ayalibebs sazogadoebriv, faqtebze dafuZnebul rwmenas, aRiarebT kidev or princips, romlebsac Znelad Tu avuvliT gverds. pirveli Seexeba Cvens damokidebulebas avtoritetul wyarosTan. sul raRac xuTi saukunis win codnis gaumjobesebis mizniT faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze kvlevis warmoeba xSirad safrTxed aRiqmeboda. gavlenian pirTa Soris mravals sjeroda, rom mniSvnelovani WeSmaritebani cnobili iyo da rom mecnieris saqmes maTi SenarCuneba da gadacema warmoadgenda da araviTar SemTxvevaSi – maTi eWvqveS dayeneba. Tu axali faqtebi eWvqveS ayenebda damkvidrebul Sexedulebas, rogorc wesi, Sexeduleba gadawonida xolme faqtebs. mravalma, vinc gabeda, rom faqtebis safuZvelze misuliyo iseT daskvnebamde, romlebic eWvqveS ayenebda damkvidrebul azrs, gadaasaxles, daapatimres, rig SemTxvevebSi, sikvdiliTac ki dasajes.
dResac ki, adamianma, romelic faqtebis safuZvelze msjelobs, SeiZleba, gaaRizianos is, vinc damkvidrebul Sexedulebas iziarebs. magaliTad, zogierTi istorikosi acxadebs, rom arsebuli faqtebis erTobliobis safuZvelze, savaraudod, Tomas jefersoni Tavisi monis, sali hemingis Svilebidan erTis mama mainc iyo. sxvebi ar iziareben am mosazrebas, ara imitom, rom ukeTesi Semxvedri faqti gaaCniaT, aramed Zlierad damkvidrebuli Sexedulebis gamo: jefersonis donis adamiani aseT rames ar gaakeTebda (ix. 5.5). Tumca, kvlevis sferoSi, rogorc akademiur, ise profesiul kvlevaSi, kargi faqtobrivi mtkicebulebebi da gonivruli msjeloba yovelTvis gadawonis damkvidrebul rwmenas, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase unda iyos.
msoflios zogierT nawilSi jer isev ufro mniSvnelovnad miaCniaT damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebis dacva, vidre maTi Semowmeba. Tumca, sxvagvarad vfiqrobT isini, visac gvesmis, raoden mniSvnelovania kvleva: Cven migvaCnia, rom araTu SegviZlia, aramed unda davayenoT kidec kiTxvis niSnis qveS damkvidrebuli azri, ganurCevlad imisa, ramdenad avtoritetul pirs sjera misi – im pirobiT, rom pasuxebs davafuZnebT sarwmuno varaudebze, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sando faqtebze iqneba damyarebuli.
Tumca, mxolod es principi ar aris sakmarisi. roca debulebas warmovadgenT, araTu unda movelodeT, aramed unda vurCioT kidec sxvebs,
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eWvqveS daayenon ara mxolod debuleba, is gzac ki, romlis gamoyenebiTac mivediT am debulebamde, raTa maT dagvisvan SekiTxva: ratom fiqrobT ase? aseTi SekiTxvebis mosmena iSviaTad aris sasiamovno. Tumca, Cven valdebulni varT, keTilganwyobiT movisminoT sawinaaRmdego azri, eWvi da TavSekavebuli SeniSvna, romlebic erTianobaSi gulisxmobs Semdegs: ar veTanxmebi, yovel SemTxvevaSi, jer ar mjera. rac ufro metad davayenebT eWvqveS damkvidrebul Sexedulebebs, miT ufro mzad unda viyoT aseTi SekiTxvebis misaRebad da maTze sapasuxod, vinaidan SeiZleba, am kiTxva-pasuxis Sedegad adamianebma uari Tqvan im Sexedulebebze, risac Zlier sjeraT.
rodesac zogierTi studenti aseT winaaRmdegobebs xvdeba, uWirs maTTan gamklaveba. zogs miaCnia, rom eWvqveS dayeneba imisa, risic sjera, ar aris WeSmaritebis aqtiuri Zieba, aramed pirdapiri Tavdasxmaa maTSi myarad fesvgadgmul Rirebulebebze. sxvebs cinikuri skepticizmi ipyrobs, eWvqveS ayeneben yvelafers da arafris sjeraT. adamianebis nawili uazro fardobiTobaSi eSvebian: `TiToeul Cvengans aqvs ufleba, hqondes Tavisi Sexeduleba. amdenad, yvela Sexeduleba sworia maTTvis, visac misi sjera!” mravali saerTod uaryofs ara mxolod pasuxebs, romlebmac SeiZleba, eWvqveS daayenos maTi Sexeduleba, aramed im SekiTxvebsac, romlebmac es pasuxi gamoiwvia.
magram profesiul, samecniero da samoqalaqo sferoebsa da politikaSic ki, gamocdilebis Sedegad miRebul codnas da didi ZalisxmeviT mopovebul Sexedulebas ver Secvlis piradi mosazreba, relativisturi Sexeduleba WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb, an mosaxerxebeli, damkvidrebuli Sexeduleba.
es ar niSnavs, rom naCqarevad unda vTqvaT uari didi xnis win damkvidrebul da drois mier gamocdil Sexedulebebze. Cven maT SevcvliT mxolod mas Semdeg, rac gveqneba saimedo argumentebi, romlebic emyareba gonivrul varaudebs. es ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, emyareba saukeTeso faqtebs da keTilganwyobil, imavdroulad saguldagulo azrTa gacvla-gamocvlas, romlis drosac maqsimalurad kritikulad gamoicdeba argumentebi. anu, maSin gavxdebiT pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse damcveli, rodesac SegveZleba, SevqmnaT sakuTari gonivruli argumentebi, romelTa gamoyenebiTac gamoicdeba da Sefasdeba sxvebis debulebebi.
am yvelafris praqtikuli gamoyeneba SeiZleba, sakurso naSromSi ver ixiloT. Tumca, miuxedavad mSrali xasiaTisa, nebismieri auditoriisTvis gamiznuli kvleviTi Txzuleba aris dialogi, romelic unda iyos sarwmuno, erToblivi, magram detaluri Seswavla imisa, risi unda gvjerodes da risi - ara.
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nawili meore
wyaroebis miTiTeba
15. zogadi Sesavali wyaros damowmebis wesebis Sesaxeb
15.1 ratom mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas 15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi 15.2.1 rodis unda mivuTiToT wyaro 15.2.2 ra informacia unda CairTos citirebaSi
15.3 wyaros damowmebis ori stili
15.3.1 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili 15.3.2 teqsturi miTiTebis stili
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba
15.4.1 internetwyaroebi 15.4.2 sxva eleqtronuli matareblebi
15.5 miTiTebis momzadeba 15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb mkvlevris upirvelesi movaleobaa sworad moiyvanos faqtebi, mere ki uTxras mkiTxvels, sad moipova isini. amisaTvis mkvlevarma unda miuTiTos is wyaroebi, saidanac moipova faqtebi, ideebi an sityvebi, romlebsac iyenebs naSromSi.
15.1 ratom mivuTiTebT gamoyenebul literaturas
wyaros damowmebas vaxdenT, sul cota, oTxi mizezis gamo:
1. jerovnad dafasebis mizniT. kvleva ar aris martivi saqme. is, vinc kargad axorcielebs kvlevas, iRebs konkretul jildos – Tanxas, dawinaurebas, karg niSans, diploms da a.S. Tumca, aranakleb mniSvnelovania aRiareba, kmayofileba da avtoriteti, rodesac vinmes saxeli asocirdeba codnasTan, romelsac sxvebi afaseben da iyeneben. zogierTi mkvlevrisTvis es erTaderTi gasamrjeloa. amdenad, sxvisi naSromis damowmebisas avtoris mimarT gamoxatavT pativiscemas, romelic man daimsaxura. (agreTve, Tavs icavT plagiatis braldebisgan; ix. 7.9.)
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2. mkiTxvelis dasarwmuneblad faqtebis sizusteSi. mkvlevrebi wyaroebis citirebas axdenen, raTa sxva mkvlevrebs samarTlianad moeqcnen, agreTve, raTa moipovon mkiTxvelis ndoba. mxolod faqtebis sworad moyvana ar aris sakmarisi. mkiTxvels unda acnoboT im wyaros Sesaxebac, saidanac es faqtebi moiyvaneT, raTa maT SeZlon faqtebis sandoobis Sefaseba, Tundac, gadamowmeba, Tu amis survili gauCndebaT. mkiTxveli ar endoba wyaros, romelic misTvis ucnobia da romelsac ver moZebnis. Tu mkiTxveli ar endoba Tqvens mier damowmebul wyaros, ar irwmunebs arc Tqvens mier moyvanil faqtebs; da Tu faqtebs ar irwmunebs, ar daijerebs Tqvens arguments. wyaroebis srulad, zustad da saTanadod damowmeba pirveli nabijia mkiTxvelis ndobis mopovebisken.
3. mkiTxvelisTvis kvlevis im tradiciis saCveneblad, romelsac emyareba Tqveni naSromi. mkvlevrebi im wyaroebs miuTiTeben, romlis monacemebsac iyeneben; amas garda, isini miuTiTeben im naSroms, romelsac avrcoben, amyareben, kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayeneben an asworeben. es miTiTeba exmareba mkiTxvels ara mxolod Tqveni, konkretuli naSromis gagebaSi, aramed mis dakavSirebaSi Sesabamisi sferos sxva kvlevebTan.
4. raTa mkiTxvels SeuwyoT xeli, rom misdios an ganavrcos Tqveni kvleva. bevri mkiTxveli kvleviT naSromSi miTiTebul wyaroebs iyenebs ara naSromis sandoobis Sesamowmeblad, aramed sakuTari proeqtis gansaxorcieleblad. amdenad, Tqveni citirebebi daexmareba sxvebs ara mxolod Tqveni gzis gagrZelebaSi, aramed kvlevebis axali mimarTulebiT ganxorcielebaSic.
15.2 wyaros miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi
wyaros damowmebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi rom daakmayofiloT, unda icodeT, rodis unda CarToT naSromSi wyaros Sesaxeb miTiTeba da wyaros Sesaxeb ra informacia SeitanoT masSi. 15.2.1 rodis unda mivuTiToT wyaro
meSvide TavSi, kerZod, 7.9 punqtSi, detalurad aris ganxiluli, rodis unda gaakeToT citireba sxva wyaroebidan gamoyenebuli masalebisTvis. mokled rom vTqvaT, citireba aucilebelia Semdeg SemTxvevebSi:
- rodesac wyarodan citata sityvasityviT mogyavT (ix., agreTve, 25-e Tavi citatebis Sesaxeb).
- rodesac akeTebT ideebis perifrazs, romlebic dakavSirebulia konkretul wyarosTan, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu zustad wyaroSi gamoyenebul sityvebs ar iyenebT.
- rodesac iyenebT nebismier ideas, monacems an meTods, romelic SeiZleba, miekuTvnos nebismier wyaros, romelsac gaecaniT.
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rogorc 15.1 punqtSi aRvniSneT, citireba SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT, agreTve, imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba miapyroT wyaroebs, romlebic Seesabameba Tqveni argumentis konkretul nawils, magram rodesac ar mogyavT citata an perifrazi am wyarodan. aseTi miTiTebebi mianiSnebs imaze, rom icnobT am wyaroebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTSi mocemulia debulebebi, romlebic ar emTxveva Tqvensas. 15.2.2 ra informacia unda CairTos citirebaSi
wyaroebis damowmebis xangrZlivi tradiciis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac sxvadasxva sferoSi moRvawe mkvlevrebma daiwyes sxvadasxvanairad wera, maT SeimuSaves, agreTve, wyaroebis miTiTebis da dokumentirebis Taviseburi gzebi. mas Semdeg, rac moxda wyaros miTiTebis meTodebis standartizacia, mkvlevrebs uwevT ara mxolod erTi an ori standartidan, aramed sxvadasxva standartebidan maTTvis Sesaferisi meTodis amorCeva.
wyaros damowmebis stilebi gansxvavdeba maTSi CarTuli elementebiT da am elementebis formatiT. Tumca, maT erTi mizani aerTianebs: mkiTxvelisTvis im informaciis miwodeba, romelic sWirdebaT wyaros amosacnobad da mosaZieblad. wyaroebis udidesi nawilis, maT Soris, wignebis, statiebis, gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis, internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebis da sxva werilobiTi masalebis Sesaxeb warmodgenili informacia unda Seicavdes pasuxebs Semdeg SekiTxvebze:
- vin dawera Txzuleba, vin Cautara redaqtireba an Targmna teqsti (zogjer, vin gaakeTa es yvelaferi)?
- ra monacemebiT SeiZleba teqstis amocnoba? es moicavs Txzulebis saTaurs da qvesaTaurs; Jurnalis, krebulis an im seriebis saTaurs, sadac is aris Setanili, agreTve, tomis nomers, gamocemis nomers an sxva informacias, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia misi dadgena; aseve, gverdis nomrebs, internet misamarTs an sxva informacias adgilis Sesaxeb, Tu miTiTeba keTdeba SedarebiT vrceli teqstis konkretul nawilze.
- vin da rodis gamoaqveyna teqsti? es moicavs gamomcemlobis dasaxelebas, publikaciis adgilsa da TariRs an miTiTebas, rom dokumenti ar aris gamoqveynebuli.
sxva wyaroebisTvis, rogorica audio da video Canawerebi,
gansxvavebuli detalebis miTiTebaa saWiro. Tumca, informacia maT Sesaxebac unda gvaZlevdes pasuxs imave SekiTxvebze: vin dawera, vin Cautara redaqtireba, Targmna an Seadgina wyaro? ra monacemebiT SeiZleba wyaros povna? vin gamoaqveyna da rodis?
mkiTxveli moelis, rom gamoiyenebT wyaros damowmebis im stils, romelic Seesabameba maT konkretul sferos ara, ubralod, imitom, rom
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maTTvis es stili nacnobia, aramed imis gamo, rom misi gamoyenebiT, aCvenebT mkiTxvels, rom icnobT maT Rirebulebebs da wesebs. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom detalebi martivi ar aris: rodis unda gamoiyenoT asomTavruli, wertilebi, mZime, rodis unda gamotovoT adgili. Tumca, Tu am mcire elementebs sworad ar asaxavT, mkiTxvelTa did nawils gauCndeba eWvi, ramdenad SeiZleba Tqveni ndoba ufro masStabur sakiTxebSi. mkvlevrebis umravlesoba ar cdilobs am detalebis dazepirebas. isini, ubralod, swavloben wyaros damowmebis im formas, romelsac yvelaze xSirad iyeneben, raTa gamudmebiT ar mouwioT Sesabamisi wesebis moZebna. xolo im wyaroebis miTiTebis dros, romlebic nakleb gavrcelebulia an uCveulo elementebs Seicavs, xelmZRvaneloben am wignis msgavsi saxelmZRvaneloTi.
15.3 wyaros miTiTebis ori stili
winamdebare wignSi ganxilulia wyaros miTiTebis ori yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma. erT maTgans ewodeba sqolioSi miTiTebis stili (romelic farTod gamoiyeneba humanitarul mecnierebebSi da zogjer socialur mecnierebebSi) da meores _ teqsturi miTiTebis stili (romelic, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi). Tu darwmunebuli ar xarT, romeli stili gamoiyenoT naSromSi, rCevisTvis mimarTeT instruqtors.
SesaZloa, sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, xelovnebis istoriis kurssa da politikur mecnierebaTa kursSi) sxvadasxva stilis gamoyeneba mogTxovon. Tumca, konkretul naSromSi Tanmimdevruloba daicaviT da erTi stili gamoiyeneT.
Tu kvleviT sferoSi moRvaweoba axali dawyebuli gaqvT, gaecaniT am nawils, sadac mokled aris aRwerili wyaros miTiTebis ori stilis gamoyenebis principebi. Semdeg, Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, gaecaniT me-16 Tavs, sadac ixilavT am stilis mimoxilvas da gaecaniT me-17 Tavs, sadac ixilavT detalur saxelmZRvanelo principebsa da magaliTebs, rogor gaakeToT wyaroebis umetesi saxeobebis citireba. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, am stilis mimoxilva da detaluri ganxilva, Sesabamisad, warmodgenilia me-18 da me-19 TavebSi. 15.3.1 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili
rodesac sqolioSi miTiTebis stiliT akeTebT citirebas, wyaros mianiSnebT im winadadebis boloSi indeqsis dasmiT, romelSic moixseniebT wyaros: is acxadebs, rom `gaurkvevlobebiT mocul samyaroSi nabeWdi masalebis mZlavri instrumentis saxiT gamoyeneba SeiZleba.”
Semdeg saTanadod danomril SeniSvnaSi miuTiTebT am citatis wyaros. miTiTebaSi mocemulia informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (avtori,
1
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saTauri da informacia publikaciis Sesaxeb), agreTve, miuTiTebT Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebs. SeniSvnebi ibeWdeba gverdis qveda nawilSi (ewodeba sqolioebi) an naSromis boloSi, siis saxiT (ewodeba SeniSvnebi). yvela SeniSvnas erTidaigive zogadi forma aqvs:
N: 1. Adrian Johns, The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 623. N: 1. adrian jonsi, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998), 623. Tu imave teqsts isev miuTiTebT, SegiZliaT, Semdgomi SeniSvnebi SeamokloT: N: 5. Johns, Nature of The book, 384-385. N: 5. jonsi, wignis buneba, 384-385
umetes SemTxvevebSi wyaroebs miuTiTebT, agreTve, naSromis boloSi, bibliografiis nawilSi. es CamonaTvali, Cveulebriv, moicavs TiToeul wyaros, romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT SeniSvnaSi da zogjer sxva wyaroebs, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram ar miuTiTeT. bibliografiaSi miTiTebuli TiToeuli erTeuli moicavs igive informacias, rasac sruli SeniSvna, Tumca, is odnav gansxvavebuli formiT aris warmodgenili: N: Johns, Adrian, The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988. N: jonsi, Adrian, wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998
15.3.2 teqsturi miTiTebis stili teqtsturi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros gamoyenebis Sesaxeb miniSnebas akeTebT CarTuli citirebiT (avtori, TariRi da Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebi). CarTul citirebas urTavT citatis Semdgom. is acxadebs, rom `gaurkvevlobebiT mocul samyaroSi, nabeWdi masalebis mZlavri instrumentis saxiT gamoyeneba SeiZleba.” (Johns, 1998, 623).
naSromis bolos, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvalSi aRniSnavT yvela wyaros. es CamonaTvali, rogorc wesi, moicavs nebismier wyaros, romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT frCxilebSi Casmul citirebaSi da zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram citireba ar mogixdeniaT. gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis TiToeuli statia moicavs srul bibliografiul informacias wyaros Sesaxeb, vinaidan es
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informacia ar aris CarTul citirebaSi. gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis yvela erTeuls erTi da igive zogadi forma aqvs: N: Johns, Adrian. 1998. The Nature of The book: Print and Knowledge in Making. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. N: jonsi, Adrian. 1998. wignis buneba: gamomcemloba da codnis Seqmnis procesi. Cikago: Cikagos univ. gamomc.
15.4 eleqtronuli wyaroebis damowmeba
beWdviT epoqaSi ganviTarda citirebis standartuli formebi. Tumca, mkvlevrebi axla sul ufro metad eyrdnobian wyaroebs, romlebic internetSi an sxva eleqtrobul wyarozea ganTavsebuli. wyaroebis es axali forma ukve sakmarisad didi xania arsebobs saimisod, rom mkvlevrebs SeeqmnaT standartuli citirebis formebi, romlebic misadagebulia maT specialur maxasiaTeblebze, gansakuTrebiT, maT droebiT da cvalebad xasiaTze. 15.4.1 internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebi
wyaroebi, romlebic internetSia ganTavsebuli, TavisTavad, naklebad mdgradia, vidre nabeWdi wyaroebi.
- internetSi ganTavsebuli masalebis Secvla Zalian iolia, xSirad arc imas miuTiTeben, rom masalaSi cvlilebebi Seitanes. zogierT saitze miTiTebulia cvlilebis Setanis TariRi, Tumca, bevri amas ar mianiSnebs. ar arsebobs standartebi imis gansasazRvrad, Tu ra moculobis cvlileba iTvleba Sesworebad, amdenad, cvlilebebis Setanis TariRi erT vebsaitze SeiZleba, gulisxmobdes marTlweris Secdomis gasworebas, meoreSi ki, faqtobrivi monacemebis an debulebebis cvlilebas.
- mraval vebsaitze ar aris miTiTebuli avtori, gamomcemeli an sponsori. amis gamo aseTi wyaroebi uTanabrdeba sxva anonimur wyaroebs da seriozuli dakonkretebis gareSe nakleb savaraudoa, seriozuli gamoyenebisTvis rom sando iyos (ix. 3.4.3).
- internetSi ganTavsebuli masala SeiZleba, imavdroulad xelmisawvdomi iyos erTze meti saitidan, zogi maTgani ufro saimedoa, vidre sxva.
- internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebis umetesoba ganTavsebulia URL-ze (resursis standartuli lokatori). Tumca URL-ebi cvalebadia. ar arsebobs imis garantia, rom URL ar Seicvleba Tveebis, kvirebis an, Tundac, dReebis Semdeg. es ki arTulebs an SeuZlebels xdis, rom Tqven an mkiTxvelma moiZioT masala, romelsac Tavdapirvelad gaecaniT.
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kvlevaSi gamosayeneblad dakvirvebiT SearCieT internetSi
ganTavsebuli wyaroebi. rodesac informacia ganTavsebulia ramdenime vebsaitze an onlain reJimSi, an kidev BbeWdur gamocemaSi, arCevani gaakeTeT yvelaze mdgrad da sando variantze, romelzec migiwvdebaT xeli da yovelTvis miuTiTeT, romeli versia gamoiyeneT. wyaroebis ori kategoria. am wignSi ganxiluli citirebis orive stilisTvis internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaroebi or kategoriad iyofa. 1. internetSi ganTavsebuli mravali wyaro arafriT gansxvavdeba nabeWdi wyarosgan, garda gamoqveynebis adgilisa – magaliTad, inernet-JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statia nabeWd JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli statiisgan. am saxis sxva wyaroebs Soris aris internetSi ganTavsebuli wignebi, gazeTebi da saJurnalo statiebi da sajaro dokumentebi. internetSi ganTavsebul wyaroze miTiTeba gaakeTeT am saxis nabeWdi wyaros msgavsad _ Tavdapirvelad miuTiTeT standartuli monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb (avtoris saxeli, saxelwodeba, TariRi da a.S.). miTiTebis bolos daamateT URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac masalas gaecaniT (ix. qvemoT). me-17 TavSi (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) da me-19 TavSi (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis) SegiZliaT, ixiloT magaliTebi Sesabamisi saxis wyarosTvis msgavsi detalebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb. 2. internetSi ganTavsebuli sxva saxis wyaroebi, organizaciis an kerZo vebsaitebi da eleqtronuli fostis adresatebis siebi, mxolod am matareblisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. imis gamo, rom am wyaroebis Sesaxeb ar moipoveba publikaciis standartuli monacemebis umetesoba, isini miiCneva `araoficialurad gamoqveynebulad.” aseTi wyaros citirebisTvis unda warmoadginoT rac SeiZleba meti informacia wyaros Sesaxeb, URL misamarTsa da wvdomis TariRTan erTad (ix. qvemoT). am informaciis citirebis magaliTebi mocemulia 17.7 punqtSi (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) da 19.7 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis). URL misamarTebi, wyaros mudmivi atributebi da wvdomis TariRebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom URL misamarTi ar gamoirCeva mdgradobiT, is internetSi ganTavsebuli masalis ZiriTadi misamarTia. internetSi ganTavsebuli TiToeuli wyaros citireba, romlis povna URL misamarTiT SeiZleba, unda moicavdes URL misamarTs, mas Semdeg, rac mieTiTeba informacia publikaciis Sesaxeb. Tu wyaroSi gamoyenebulia cifruli obieqtis atributis (DOIs) an mudmivi atributis sxva sistema, nacvlad URL misamarTisa, gamoiyeneT Sesabamisi misamarTi Tqvens citirebaSi. URL misamarTebis an sxva atributebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb informaciis mosapoveblad, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmeT 17.1.7 punqts (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) an 19.1.8 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisaTvis) punqts.
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garda amisa, TiToeuli miTiTeba internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaros
Sesaxeb unda moicavdes TariRs, rodesac bolos gaxseniT masala. Tu wyaro Secvlili an amoRebulia internetidan, es TariRi ufro zustad asaxavs im variants, romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT, vidre URL misamarTi an mxolod sxva atributi. agreTve, SegiZliaT, internetSi ganTavsebuli wyaro, romlis citirebasac apirebT, CaweroT myar diskze an kompaqtur diskze, raTa gqondeT saimedo asli, romlic naxvac Tqven an Tqvens mkiTxvels mogvianebiT SeeZleba. me-17 da me-19 TavebSi warmodgenilia citirebebSi wvdomis TariRebis miTiTebis ara erTi magaliTi. saitebi, romlebic saWiroebs xelmoweras an romlebze wvdomac SezRudulia. internetSi ganTavsebul mraval monacemTa bazaze, Jurnalebsa da sxva periodul gamocemebze wvdoma mxolod xelmoweris gziT aris SesaZlebeli. analogiurad, zogierT vebsaitze da veblogebze wvdoma eZleva mxolod im momxmarebels, romelic daregistrirebulia an sxvagvarad moipova wvdomis ufleba. aseTi wyaroebis citirebisas ar aris saWiro, miuTiToT `saWiroebs xelmoweras” an `SezRuduli wvdoma”; ubralod, miuTiTeT URL misamarTi da wvdomis TariRi, rogorc nebismieri sxva internet wyaros SemTxvevaSi moiqceodiT. 15.4.2 sxva eleqtronuli matareblebi
sxva eleqtronul matarebelze, rogoricaa CD-ROM-ebi, Cawerili wyaroebi internetSi ganTavsebul wyaroebze ufro mdgradia. im wyaroebis citireba, romlebic tiraJirdeba da vrceldeba, gamoqveynebuli wignebis msgavsad unda moxdes, mxolod unda daematos informacia matareblis Sesaxeb; ix. 17.5.8 (bibliografiis stilisTvis) an 19.5.8 (gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis stilisTvis).
Tu wyaro ganTavsebulia erTze met eleqtronul matarebelze (mag., internetSi da CD-ROM-ze) an arsebobs rogorc eleqtronuli, ise nabeWdi saxiT, gamoiyeneT yvelaze mdgradi varianti da yovelTvis gaakeTeT miTiTeba gamoyenebul variantze.
15.5 wyaros miTiTebis momzadeba
miTiTebis momzadebis da Semowmebis procesi SegiZliaT, gaimartivoT, Tu gecodinebaT, ra dagWirdebaT.
- gamoiyeneT yvelaze sando wyaroebi, maTi yvelaze sando versia. Tu ipoviT meore an mesame rigis informacias, moiZieT wyaros originali.
- Tu wyaros mravali varianti arebobs, yovelTvis miuTiTeT is, romelic gamoiyeneT. variantebs Soris SeiZleba, iyos mcire, Tumca,
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mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba, ramac SesaZloa, gavlena moaxdinos citatebis sizusteze an sxva miTiTebebze.
- CainiSneT yvela bibliografiuli informacia, vidre Canawerebs gaakeTebdeT. ix. suraTi 16.1 (sqolioSi miTiTebis stilisTvis) an naxatSi 18.1 (teqsturi miTiTebis stilisTvis) warmodgenili nimuSebi, sadac naCvenebia, ra informacia aris saWiro ramdenime gavrcelebuli saxis wyaroebisTvis.
- TiToeuli citatis an perifrazisTvis CaiwereT gverdebis nomrebi. - Savi naweris Seqmnisas garkveviT gamoyaviT TiToeuli adgili,
sadac SeiZleba, dagWirdeT wyarodan citireba. gacilebiT martivia arasaWiro citatis amoSla Sesworebisas, vidre imis gaxseneba, sad gamoiyeneT sxvisi azri.
- rodesac Sav nawers saboloo saxiT CamoayalibebT, gadaxedeT me-17 da me-19 Tavebs, raTa uzrunvelyoT, rom TiToeuli citireba swori formiT iyos warmodgenili. yuradReba miaqcieT punqtuacias da intervalebs.
- bibliografiis an gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis Sekreba SegiZliaT an wyaroebis gamoyenebisas, an Savi naweris Seqmnis da Sesworebis dros. aucileblad yuradRebiT SeamowmeT TiToeuli detali.
TiToeuli citatis miTiTebis sworad Camoyalibeba SeiZleba,
mosawyeni samuSao iyos. Tumca, kvlevis yoveli sxva fazis msgavsad, Tu iciT, ra gWirdebaT da Tavidanve marTavT process, SeZlebT kvlevis am yvelaze nakleb saxaliso nawilis swrafad, martivad da saimedod dasrulebas.
15.6 miTiTebis programebis Sesaxeb
kompiuteruli programebis mwarmoebeli kompaniebi gvTavazoben sxvadasxva programas, romlebic akabadonebs bibliografiul informacias wyaros miTiTebis konkretuli stilis mixedviT. maT Sorisaa stilebi, romlebic momdevno TavebSia ganxiluli. Tu aseT programas gamoiyenebT, SeiZleba, dro dazogoT, Tumca, es ar niSnavs imas, rom stilis ZiriTadi principebi ar unda icodeT. amas garda, wyaroebis miTiTebisa da bibliografiis marTvis programebi sxvadasxva xarisxisaa da SesaZloa, ar Seicavdes im mcire cvlilebebs citirebis stilebSi, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi Semodis (mag., gansxvavebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebis damateba). Tu aseT programas iyenebT, yovelTvis unda SeamowmoT programis mier dakabadonebuli citirebebis sizuste da srulyofileba.
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16 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili:
standartuli formati
16.1 standartuli sistema
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba
16.1.2 punqtuacia
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba
16.1.5 ricxvebi
16.1.6 abreviaturebi
16.1.7 abzacis Seweva
16.2 bibliografiebi
16.2.1 bibliografiebis saxeebi
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamotoveba SeiZleba
16.3 SeniSvnebi
16.3.2 sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi
16.4 SeniSvnebis Semoklebuli formebi
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi
16.4.2 iqve (Ibid.)
16.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi
humanitarul da zogierT socialur mecnierebaSi gamoiyeneba sqolioSi
miTiTebis stili. am TavSi mimoxilulia sqolioSi miTiTebis stilSi miTiTebis
standartuli sistema, maT Soris bibliografiis muxlebi, sruli SeniSvnebi,
Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi. SeniSvnebis
202
magaliTebi aRniSnulia `S:”-Ti; bibliografiis muxlebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia
`b”-Ti.
sqolioSi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros Sesaxeb miniSnebas akeTebT
zeda indeqsis dasmiT im winadadebis bolos, romelSic miTiTebuli gaqvT
aRniSnuli wyaro:
erTi mecnieris TqmiT, ,,rkinigzis gayvanis Sedegad, Cikago aRmosavlelebisa da
dasavlelebis Sexvedrebis umniSvnelovanesi adgili gaxda.”
S: 8. qrononi, bunebis megapolisi, 383.
4
Semdeg akeTebT miTiTebas Sesabamisi citatis wyaroze saTanadod danomrili
SeniSvnis meSveobiT, romelSic mocemulia informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (avtori,
saTauri da informacia publikaciaze), agreTve, Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebi.
SeniSvnebi ibeWdeba gverdis bolos (ewodeba sqolio) an CamonaTvalSi, romelic
Catanilia naSromis bolos (ewodeba teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi). yvela
SeniSvnas aqvs erTnairi zogadi forma:
S: 4. uiliam qrononi, bunebis megapolisi: Cikago da didi dasavleTi [niu-iorki:
gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1991], 92-93
Tu kvlav akeTebT miTiTebas imave teqstze, SegiZliaT momdevno SeniSvnebis
Semokleba:
umetes SemTxvevaSi, naSromis bolos, bibliografiaSi warmoadgenT, agreTve,
wyaroebis CamonaTvals. es CamonaTvali, rogorc wesi, moicavs TiToeul wyaros,
romelic miTiTebuli gaqvT SeniSvnaSi, zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac
gaecaniT, Tumca, miTiTebuli ar gaqvT. bibliografiis TiToeuli muxli moicavs
igive informacias, romelic CarTulia srul SeniSvnaSi, Tumca, warmodgenilia
odnav gansxvavebuli formiT:
203
S: qrononi, uiliam. bunebis megapolisi: Cikago da didi dasavleTi. niu-iorki:
gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1991.
mkiTxveli elis, rom zedmiwevniT daicavT citirebis am wesebs. isini Seexeba
ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis Tanmimdevrobas, aramed,
agreTve, punqtuacias, mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas, daxrili Sriftis
gamoyenebas da a.S. wyaros miTiTeba rom sworad gaaformoT, didi yuradReba
unda miaqcioT wvrilman detalebs, romlebic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis
iolad dasamaxsovrebeli ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am
detalebTan dakavSirebiT.
16.1 standartuli sistemebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs wyaroebis da maTi miTiTebis uamravi forma,
savaraudod, mxolod ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba mogiwevT. uCveulo wyaroebis
citirebisas SeiZleba, dagWirdeT miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli detalebis
moZieba. Tumca, citirebis im saxeebisTvis, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad
gamoiyenebT, iolad SegiZliaT, iswavloT standartuli sistemebi. Semdeg
SeZlebT Sablonebis Seqmnas, romelTa daxmarebiTac moaxerxebT kiTxvis
procesSi bibliografiuli monacemebis swrafad da saimedod Caweras.
am qveTavis danarCen nawilSi aRwerilia standartuli sistemebi. 16.1 naxatSi ki
warmodgenilia nimuSebi da magaliTebi farTod gavrcelebuli saxis
wyaroebisTvis. me-17 TavSi mocemulia mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebisa, maT
Soris, gamonaklisebi aq ganxiluli sistemebidan.
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi
qvemoT warmodgenil nimuSebSi naCvenebia, romeli elementebi unda CairTos
SeniSvnebSi (S) da bibliografiebSi (b) wyaroebis ramdenime gavrcelebuli saxis
citirebisas; naCvenebia, agreTve, maTi Tanmimdevroba. aseve, naCvenebia punqtuacia
da elementebis gaformeba. ruxi feriT daCrdiluli teqsti aRniSnavs
Semoklebas (an maT ganmartebas) da sxva terminebs. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli
204
teqstis gverdis nomrebs, YY aRniSnavs statiis an Tavis gverdebis srul
diapazons.
magaliTebi, ganmartebebi da variantebi damatebiT ix. me-17 TavSi. Semoklebuli
SeniSvnebis formebis nimuSebi ix. 16.2 naxatSi.
wignebi
1. erTi avtori an redaqtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri
(gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
1. jared daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianebis bediswera (niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba “nortoni da kompania”, 1997), 47-48.
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis
adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
daiamond, jared. iaraRi, baqteriebi, da foladi: adamianebis bediswera. niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba “nortoni da kompania”, 1997.
im wignis miTiTebisas, romelsac avtoris nacvlad redaqtori hyavs, sqema ase
SecvaleT:
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari, red. wignis saTauri...
7. mark e. noli, red., religia da amerikis politika...
b: redaqtoris gvari, redaqtoris saxeli, red. wignis saTauri...
noli, mark e., red., religia da amerikis politika...
2. ramdenime avtori
wignis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac ori avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema:
205
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari da meore avtoris saxeli
da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
2. kai berdi, kai da martin j. Servini, amerikeli promeTe: j. robert openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia (niu-iorki: alfred a. knopfi, 2005), 52.
b: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli, da meore avtoris saxeli
da gvari. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
berdi, kai da martin j. Servini. amerikeli promeTe: j. robert openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia. niu-iorki: alfred a. knopfi, 2005.
Tu wigns sami avtori hyavs, struqtura SecvaleT Semdegnairad:
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari, meore avtoris saxeli
da gvari da mesame avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri...
5. jois efelbai, lin hanti da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle istoriis Sesaxeb...
naxati 16.1 SeniSvnebis da bibliografiis muxlebis nimuSebi
(gagreleba)
b: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli, meore avtoris saxeli da
gvari da mesame avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri...
efelbai, joisi, lin hanti da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle istoriis Sesaxeb... Tu wigns oTxi an meti avtori hyavs, SeniSvnis struqtura mxolod aseTi saxiT
SecvaleT:
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari da sxvebi, wignis
saTauri...
15. Jaklin daud holi da sxv., ojaxiviT...
3. avtor(eb)i, agreTve, redaqtori an mTargmneli
Tu wigns avtoris garda redaqtoric hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi struqtura:
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
206
9. j.b. harli, rukebis axali saxeoba: eseebi kartografiis istoriaSi, red.
pol leqstoni (baltimori: jon hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002),
132-33.
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri.
redaqtirebulia redaqtoris saxeli da gvari mier. gamocemis adgili:
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
harli, j.b., rukebis axali saxeoba: eseebi kartografiis istoriaSi.
redaqtirebulia pol leqstonis mier. baltimori: jon hopkinsis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002.
Tu wigns redaqtoris nacvlad mTargmneli hyavs, redaqtoris Sesaxeb
informaciis nacvlad CasviT sityvebi Targm. da Targmnilia da mTargmnelis
saxeli da gvari mier.
4. gamocemis nomeri
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, wignis saTauri: wignis
qvesaTauri, gamocemis nomeri gamoc. (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
dasaxeleba, gamocemis TariRi), XX-XX.
11. rojer denielsi: amerikaSi Camosvla: imigraciis istoria da eTnikuri
faqtori amerikis cxovrebaSi, me-2 gamoc. (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harper
pereniali, 2002), 84.
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli, wignis saTauri: wigni qvesaTauri. gamocemis
nomeri gamoc. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
denielsi, rojer. amerikaSi Camosvla: imigraciis istoria da eTnikuri faqtori
amerikis cxovrebaSi. me-2 gamoc. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba harper pereniali,
2002.
5. erTi Tavi redaqtirebul wignSi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. Tavis avtoris saxeli da gvari, `Tavis saTauri: Tavis
qvesaTauri,” wignSi – wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris
207
saxeli da gvari (gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, gamocemis
TariRi), XX-XX.
15. en uinston spirni, `bunebis ganaSenianeba: frederik lo olmstedis
memkvidreoba, wignSi `uCveulo pozicia: bunebaSi adamianis adgilis xelaxla
gaazreba”, red. uiliam qrononi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania,
1996), 101.
b: Tavis avtoris gvari, Tavis avtoris saxeli. `Tavis saTauri: Tavis
qvesaTauri.” wignSi – wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, redaqtirebulia
redaqtoris saxeli da gvari mier, YY-YY. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi.
spirni, en uinston, `bunebis ganaSenianeba: frederik lo olmstedis
memkvidreoba.” wignSi `uCveulo pozicia: bunebaSi adamianis adgilis xelaxla
gaazreba”, redaqtirebulia uiliam qrononis mier, 91-113, Nniu-iorki:
gamomcemloba nortoni da kompania, 1996
saJurnalo statiebi
6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri varianti
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, `statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri,” Jurnalis saxelwodeba, gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi): XX-
XX.
4. Pfremod k, naiari, `saocari Tavgadasavlebi: ingliselTa saTavgadasavlo wignebi da indoeTi, 1680-1727”, britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali 44, #2 (2005 wlis aprili): 213
b: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. `statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri.”
Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi): YYYY-YY.
Nnaiari, fremod k. `saocari Tavgadasavlebi: ingiselTa saTavgadasavlo
wignebi da indoeTi, 1680-1727”, britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali 44, #2 (2005 wlis
aprili): 213-38.
Tu statias ramdenime avtori hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT meore nimuSSi
warmodgenili avtorebis saxelebis Sesabamisi sqemiT.
208
7. internetSi gamoqveynebuli Jurnalis statiebi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvari, `statiis saTauri: statiis
qvesaTauri,” Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi),
`mdebareoba”-is qveS, URL-is misamarTi (wvdoma masalaze, wvdomis TariRi).
4. deniel a. makfarlandi, `winaaRmdegoba rogorc socialuri drama:
cvlilebaze orientirebuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla,” amerikis sociologiuri
Jurnali 109, no.6 (2004 wlis maisi), ganyofilebaSi “Settings”,
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html [bolos Sesvlis
TariRi: 2006 wlis 3 maisi].
B: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. `statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri.”
Jurnalis saxelwodeba gamocemis nomeri (gamocemis TariRi). URL–is misamarTi
(wvdoma masalaze, wvdomis TariRi).
makfarlandi, deniel, e. `winaaRmdegoba, rogorc socialuri drama: cvlilebaze
orientirebuli SemTxvevebis Seswavla.” amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali 109,
no.6 (2004 wlis maisi),
http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html [bolos
Sesvlis TariRi: 2006 wlis 3 maisi].
16.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba
SeniSvnebSi da bibliografiis muxlebSi yvela saxis wyaroebisTvis elementebis
Tanmimdevrobis erTi da igive standartuli struqtura gamoiyeneba: avtori,
saTauri, informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb. Tumca, SeniSvnebSi avtorebis saxelebi
standartuli TanmimdevrobiT aris warmodgenili (pirvelad saxeli), xolo
bibliografiis muxlebSi -- piriqiT (jer gvari), anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT.
SeniSvnebi, romlebSic konkretuli monakveTebia citirebuli, Cveulebriv,
moicavs gverdis nomrebs an sxva informacias adgilis Sesaxeb; bibliografiis
muxlebSi ase ar aris, Tumca, iq mieTiTeba gverdis nomrebis sruli diapazoni
iseTi wyarosTvis, romelic warmoadgens ufro didi nawilis Semadgenels, mag.,
statiis an Tavis.
209
16.1.2 punqtuacia
SeniSvnebSi elementebis umetesoba gamoyaviT mZimeebiT; bibliografiis muxlebSi
elementebis gamosayofad wertilebi gamoiyeneT. SeniSvnebSi informacia
publikaciis Sesaxeb CasviT frCxilebSi; bibliografiis muxlebSi ase ar
gaakeToT. gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli stilebi, vinaidan gansazRvrulia, rom
SeniSvna unda ikiTxebodes teqstis msgavsad, sadac wertilis dasma niSnavs
citatis dasrulebas. bibliografia ki Sedgenilia, rogorc CamonaTvali,
romelSic TiToeul wyaros aqvs calke muxli, amdenad, wertilebis gamoyeneba
Tavisuflad SeiZleba avtoris, saTauris da publikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis
gamosayofad.
16.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
ucxoenovani wyaroebis miTiTebisas saTaurebis umetesoba daiwyeT mTavruli
asoebiT saTauris stilSi, Tumca, saTaurebi ucxo enebze daiwyeT mTavruli
asoebiT winadadebis stilSi. (orive stilis Sesaxeb ix. 22.3.1.) mTavruli
asoebiT, Cveulebisamebr, dawereT sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi (ix. 22-e Tavi).
16.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba
SedarebiT moculobiTi nawarmoebebis (wignebis, Jurnalebis) saTaurebi ibeWdeba
daxrili SriftiT; SedarebiT mcire nawilebis (Tavebi, statiebi) saTaurebi
ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da Tavsdeba brWyalebSi. gamouqveynebuli naSromebis
(mag., disertaciebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da Tavsdeba brWyalebSi,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini wignis moculobisaa.
16.1.5 ricxvebi
saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an ricxvebiT iwereba zustad ise,
rogorc originalSia. gverdis nomrebi, romlebic originalSi romauli
cifrebiT aris gamoxatuli, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva
ricxvi (Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT,
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris aRniSnuli an
sityvierad gadmocemuli.
210
16.1.6 abreviaturebi
SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi: redaqtori, mTargmneli da tomi (red., mTargm.,
t.). bibliografiis muxlebSi es terminebi xSirad gaSifrulia, rodesac isini
gamoiyeneba informaciis warsadgenad (redaqtirebulia ...-is mier), xolo
Semoklebuli saxiT gamoiyeneba, rodesac informaciis dasasruls aris
warmodgenili (red.).
16.1.7 Seweuli abzaci
teqstSi SeniSvnebis Seweva sxva abzacebis msgavsad xdeba; yvela momdevno xazi
swordeba marcxniv. bibliografiis muxlebis Seweva piriqiT xdeba: pirveli xazi
swordeba marcxniv da yvela momdevno striqoni Seweulia abzacis zomis bijiT.
16.2 bibliografiebi
naSromebSi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneba
sqolioSi miTiTebis stili, Cveulebriv, CarTulia SeniSvnebi da, agreTve,
SeniSvnebSi miTiTebuli yvela wyaros bibliografiuli CamonaTvali. miuxedavad
imisa, rom SeniSvnebSi da bibliografiebSi irTveba erTi da igive informacia,
saWiroa mkiTxvelma es informacia orive adgilas naxos, vinaidan SeniSvnebi da
bibliografia gansxvavebulad gamoiyeneba. SeniSvnebis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels
SeuZlia, swrafad naxos konkretuli miTiTebis Sesabamisi wyaro, kiTxvis
Sewyvetis gareSe, bibliografiaSi ki ixilos kvlevis masStabi da misi kavSiri
manamde momzadebul naSromebTan. bibliografiis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve,
SeuZlia wyaroebis gamoyeneba sakuTar kvlevaSi. amdenad, naSromSi yovelTvis
gamoiyeneT rogorc SeniSvnebi, ise, bibliografia, im SemTxvevebis garda,
rodesac wyaro bevria an Tu instruqtori gaZlevT sxvagvar miTiTebas. Tu
bibliografias ar CarTavT, darwmundiT, rom SeniSvnebSi srulyofilad aris
mocemuli informacia TiToeul wyaroze, pirvelad miTiTebisas mainc.
16.2.1 bibliografiis saxeebi
ZiriTadad bibliografiaSi unda CairTos TiToeuli naSromi, romelic
miTiTebuli gaqvT teqstSi (garda ramdenime gansakuTrebuli saxis wyarosa; ix.
16.2.3). SegiZliaT, CarToT is naSromebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani iyo
msjelobisTvis, magram maTze teqstSi konkretuli miTiTeba ar gagikeTebiaT. am
211
saxis wyaroebi daasaTaureT ase: bibliografia an gamoyenebuli wyaroebi. ix.
danarTSi naxati A.15, sadac warmodgenilia bibliografiis nimuSi.
arebobs sxva variantebic:
- SerCeuli bibliografia. zogierTi bibliografia ar moicavs SeniSvnebSi
miTiTebul yvela naSroms; es keTdeba sivrcis dazogvis an umniSvnelo
miTiTebebis gamotovebis mizniT, romlebic, savaraudod, ar iqneba
mkiTxvelisTvis saintereso. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT SerCeuli
bibliografia, Tu gaqvT safuZvliani mizezebi saamisod da Tqveni
instruqtori an mrCeveli gamarTlebulad miiCnevs amas. daasaTaureT es
masala Semdegnairad: SerCeuli bibliografia da zemoT daamateT
SeniSvna, sadac aRwerili iqneba SerCevis principi.
- bibliografia erTi avtoris mixedviT. zogierTi avtori erTi avtoris
naSromebs calke Camowers standartul bibliografiasTan erTad. Tumca,
xandaxan, SeiZleba, mxolod aseTi saxiT warmoadginos bibliografia, erT
avtors exeba naSromi da iqve miuTiTos ramdenime sxva wyaro. aseTi
CamonaTvali Semdegnairad daasaTaureT: ..... –is [avtoris saxeli da gvari]
Txzulebebi/naSromebi an raime saTanado aRwerilobiTi saTauri
(gamoqveynebuli naSromebi, naSromebi, da a.S.). SegiZliaT, daalagoT
qronologiuri an anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT saTauris mixedviT. Tu
qronologiurad alagebT, erTsa da imave wels gamoqveynebuli naromebis
saTaurebi anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT CamowereT.
- anotirebuli bibliografia. zogierTi mwerali bibliografiis TiToeul
muxls urTavs naSromis Sinaarsis mokle aRweras an informacias imis
Sesaxeb, Tu ra kavSirSia masala kvlevasTan. ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, Tu
erT muxls urTavT anotacias, unda daurToT yvelas. Tumca, mkvlevrebi
zogjer anotacias urTaven mxolod yvelaze mniSvnelovan naSromebs an im
naSromebs, romelTa kvlevasTan Sesabamisoba SeiZleba, ar iyos
TvalsaCino. Tu anotaciebi mokle frazebia, CasviT frCxilebSi da
miuTiTeT publikaciis Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg (gaiTvaliswineT, rom
frCxilebSi Casmul muxlSi an mis Semdeg wertili ar daismis):
212
b: Tulmini, stiven. argumentis gamoyeneba. kembriji: kembrijis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1958. (gardamtexi teqsti, struqturis arasimboluri eniT
aRwerili argumentiT).
SegiZliaT, agreTve, daamatoT anotacia sruli winadadebis saxiT axal
striqonze Seweuli abzacis gamoyenebiT:
b: Tulmini, stiven. argumentis gamoyeneba. kembriji: kembrijis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1958.
es aris gardamtexi teqsti, romelSic argumenti aRwerilia struqturis
arasimboluri eniT.
16.2.2 muxlebis dalageba
anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT avtoris mixedviT. bibliografia, rogorc wesi,
warmoadgens yvela wyaros erTian CamonaTvals; wyaroebi dalagebulia anbanis
mixedviT avtoris, redaqtoris an TiToeul muxlSi pirvel adgilze
miTiTebuli piris gvaris mixedviT. (ucxo saxelebis, Sedgenili saxelebis da
sxva gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisas anbanis mixedviT dalagebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.1.1)
teqstis redaqtirebis programebis umravlesobas aqvs anbanis mixedviT
dalagebis funqcia; Tu am funqcias iyenebT, TiToeul muxls unda mosdevdes
myari gadatana. Tu sakurso an sadisertacio naSromze muSaobT, SesaZloa,
fakultetma an universitetma migiTiToT, rom muxlebSi informacia anbanis
mixedviT unda daalagoT asoebis an sityvebis mixedviT; ix. `Cikagos stilis
saxelmZRvanelo”, 18.56 -59, me-15 gamocema (2003 w.), sadac mocemulia am ori
sistemis ganmarteba.
Tu bibliografia moicavs or an met naSroms, romlebic dawerili,
redaqtirebuli an naTargmnia erTi da imave piris mier, daalageT muxlebi
anbanurad saTauris mixedviT (artiklebs yuradRebas nu miaqcevT). pirvelis
garda, yvela muxlSi SecvaleT piris saxeli grZeli tireTi, romelsac ewodeba
sami M-is sigrZis tire (ix. 21.7.3). redaqtirebis an Targmnis miTiTebisas (red.,
Targmn. da a.S.) tires Semdeg dasviT mZime da saTanado aRniSvna. CamowereT
213
yvela aseTi naSromi im naSromebamde, romelTa SemTxvevaSic piri iyo
Tanaavtori an Tanaredaqtori.
b: geiTs, henri luis umcr. amerika da feri: dialogi afroamerikelebTan. niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba uoren buqsi, 2004
-----------, red. monebis klasikuri monayoli. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba fengvin
petmani, 2002.
-----------. gamorCeuli maimuni: afroamerikuli literaturuli kritikis Teoria.
niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989.
geiTs, henri luis umcr., da kornel vesti. afroamerikuli saukune: rogor
Secvales Savkanianma amerikelebma Cveni qveyana.Nniu-iorki: gamomcemloba,
fri presi, 2000.
igive principi gamoiyeneba iseTi naSromebisTvis, romlebic dawerilia
avtorebis erTi jgufis mier, romlebic miTiTebulia erTi da igive
TanmimdevrobiT.
b: marti, martin e., da r. skoT eflbai, red.-ebi. fundamentalizmis Sesaxeb.
Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004.
--------. dideba da Zalaufleba: fundamentalisturi gamowveva Tanamedrove
msoflios. bostoni: gamomcemloba bikon presi , 1992.
marti, martin i., da mika marti. rodesac WeSmariti simartives vpoulobT: rTul samyaroSi sulieri siwmindis povna. grand rapods, miCigani: gamomcemloba uilian ermanis gamomcemloba, 1998.
Tu wyaroSi ar aris miTiTebuli avtori an redaqtori, anbanurad daalageT
miTiTebis pirveli elementi, Cveulebriv, saTauris mixedviT. nu miaqcevT
yuradRebas artiklebs.
b: moxseneba indoeTis didi trigonometruli Sefasebis Sesaxeb. 22 tomi. dera dani: indoeTis kvleva, 1870-1910. `indoeTis didi trigonometriuli Sefaseba.” kalkuta riviu 38 [1863]: 26-62.
`saxelmwifo da aziis samomavlo perspeqtiva”. quorterli riviu 63, no. 126 (1839
wlis marti): 369-402.
araanbanuri TanmimdevrobiT dalageba. drodadro mkiTxvelisTvis ufro
mosaxerxebeli iqneba anbanuris garda, sxva Tanmimdevrobis gamoyeneba. rogorc
214
wesi, ufro mosaxerxebelia, qronologiurad dalagdes erTi avtoris
bibliografiebi, agreTve, informacia specialuri CamonaTvlebis _ sagazeTo
statiebis, saarqivo masalebis Sesaxeb da a.S. SeiZleba, agreTve, mosaxerxebeli
iyos Tanmimdevrobis Semobruneba konkretuli mizniT – magaliTad,
topografiuli rukebis CamonaTvlis dros, roca rukebi dalagebulia Statis an
regionis mixedviT. Tu anbanuris an qronologiuris garda sxva Tanmimdevrobas
iyenebT, dasawyisSi warmodgenil SeniSvnaSi ganmarteT, ratom gadawyviteT am
principis gamoyeneba.
kategoriebad dalagebuli CamonaTvlebi. SedarebiT vrceli bibliografia
SegiZliaT, daalagoT kategoriebad, es mkiTxvels daexmareba, jgufis saxiT
dainaxos dakavSirebuli wyaroebi. SedarebiT vrceli bibliografiebis
seqciebad kategorizaciis gavrcelebuli gzebi moicavs Semdegi principebs:
- wyaroebis dalageba wyaros formis mixedviT. SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT
xelnawerebis, saarqivo koleqciebis, Canawerebis da a.S. calke siebi.
- wyaroebis dalageba rigis mixedviT. SegiZliaT, erTi avtoris
bibliografiis msgavsad, cal-calke daalagoT pirvelxarisxovani,
meorexarisxovani da mesamexarisxovani wyaroebi.
- wyaroebis dalageba sferos mixedviT. wyaroebis dajgufeba SegiZliaT
sferos mixedviT an mkiTxvelis interesebis mixedviT (rogorc am wignis
bibliografiaSia). magaliTad, komediuri literaturis Teoriis da
fsiqologiis Sesaxeb gamoyenebuli naSromebis miTiTebisas, SeiZleba
wyaroebis kategorizacia: komediis Teoria, fsiqologiuri kvlevebi,
literaturuli kritika, komediuri Janris nawarmoebebi.
Tu axdenT wyaroebis kategorizacias, warmoadgineT isini calkeuli an erTiani
bibliografiiT, romelic seqciebad iqneba dayofili. calkeuli bibliografia
an seqcia warmoadgineT qvesaTauriT an, Tu saWiroa, dasawyisSi mocemuli
SeniSvniT. erTiani bibliografiis TiToeul seqciaSi gamoiyeneT Tanmimdevrobis
erTi da igive principi (Cveulebriv, anbanis mixedviT). nu miuTiTebT wyaros
erTze met seqciaSi, Tu misi garkveviT kategorizacia ar SeiZleba ori an
ramdenime sxva xerxiT. Tu Tanmimdevrobis gansxvavebul principebs iyenebT,
215
bibliografiebi SeqmeniT cal-calke da TiToeuls daurTeT sakuTari
ganmartebiTi saTauri.
16.2.3 wyaroebi, romelTa gamotoveba SeiZleba
rogorc wesi, SegiZliaT bibliografiaSi ar miuTiToT Semdegi saxis wyaroebi:
- sagazeTo statiebi (ix. 17.4)
- klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da arqauli inglisuriT dawerili
literaturuli nawarmoebebi (17.5.1) da (zogierT SemTxvevaSi) cnobili
inglisurenovani piesebi (17.8.7)
- biblia da sxva wminda werilebi (17.5.2)
- cnobili sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa didi leqsikonebi da
enciklopediebi (17.5.3)
- mokle gamoqveynebuli masala, rogoricaa gamoqveynebuli naSromebis an
warmodgenebis recenziebi (17.5.4), mokle mimoxilvebi (17.5.5), broSurebi da
angariSebi (17.5.6)
- gamouqveynebeli interviuebi da piradi mimowera (17.6.3), veblogis
informacia da komentarebi (17.7.2) da eleqtronuli fostis adresatebis
siebi (17.7.3)
- konkretuli dokumentebi gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis krebulebidan
(17.6.4)
- saxviTi da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis mravali wyaro, maT Soris,
mxatvruli xelovnebis nimuSebi da sxva msgavsi wyaroebi (17.8.1), cocxali
Sesruleba (17.8.2), satelevizio da sxva samauwyeblo programebi (17.8.3)
- aSS-is konstitucia (17.9.5), sasamarTlo saqmeebi (17.9.7) da zogierTi sxva
sajaro dokumenti (17.9)
SeiZleba, bibliografiaSi CarToT konkretuli naSromi romelime am
kategoriidan, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad gaqvT
miTiTebuli.
Tu erTi ufro didi nawilidan iyenebT mraval aseT wyaros -- magaliTad,
ramdenime dokuments xelnawerTa erTi krebulidan – SegiZliaT, miuTiToT
ufro didi nawili, rogorc es me-17 Tavis Sesabamis punqtebSia ganxiluli.
216
16.3 SeniSvnebi
avtorebi SeniSvnis ramdenime sxvadasxva saxes iyeneben; SeniSvnis saxis arCeva
damokidebulia sferoze, mkiTxvelze da naSromis tipze. am nawilSi axsnilia
SeniSvnebis saxeebi da maTi SerCevis principi.
16.3.1 sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi
Tqvens fakultetze SesaZloa, konkretulad iyos gansazRvruli, sqolioebi
unda gamoiyenoT Tu teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi, gansakuTrebiT,
Tezisis an sadisertacio naSromisTvis. Tu konkretuli miTiTeba ar arsebobs,
Cveulebriv, unda arCioT sqolioebi, romlebic ufro advili wasakiTxia.
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebis gamoyenebisas mkiTxvels uwevs naSromis
bolomde gadafurcvla TiToeuli citirebis Sesamowmeblad. Tu
Sinaarsobriv SeniSvnebs teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnebSi CarTavT (ix. 16.3.5),
mkiTxvelma SeiZleba, yuradReba ar miaqcios maT, vinaidan teqstis bolos
SeniSvnebis naxvis gareSe ver mixvdeba, romeli SeniSvnaa arsebiTi da romelSi
mxolod wyaroebia citirebuli.
meores mxriv, aarCieT teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi, rodesac sqolioebi
imdenad grZeli an bevria, rom gverdze Zalian did adgils ikavebs, naSromi
kargavs vizualur mimzidvelobas da rTuli wasakiTxi xdeba. amasTanave,
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebSi ufro mosaxerxebelia cxrilebis, poeturi
citatebis da sxva masalis CarTva, romelic specialur gaformebas moiTxovs.
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebis gamoyenebisas, Tu wyaros miTiTebebisgan
gamoacalkevebT Sinaarsobriv SeniSvnebs, SeZlebT, SeamciroT riski, rom
mkiTxvels gamorCeba mniSvnelovani komentarebi. danomreT wyaros miTiTebebi da
moaTavseT isini teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebSi. arsebiTi SeniSvnebi
aRniSneT varskvlaviT da sxva simboloebiT (ix. 16.3.3) da dabeWdeT rogorc
sqolioebi. ase nu moiqceviT, Tu ramdenime an meti Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvna gaqvT
gamoyenebuli.
217
16.3.2 SeniSvnebis miTiTeba teqstSi
rodesac miuTiTebT an sxvagvarad iyenebT wyaros masalas, teqstSi unda
CarToT zeda indeqsiT nomeri, romelic miuTiTebs mkiTxvels im SeniSvnaze,
romelSic am wyaros Sesaxeb bibliografiuli informaciaa mocemuli. citatebis
umetesobisTvis, CasviT uSualod momdevno nomeri, ganurCevlad imisa, citata
teqstSia CarTuli Tu blokuri citatis saxiT aris gamoyofili (ix. 25.2).
zogierTi citatisTvis da standartuli citirebebisTvis, miTiTebis nomeri
moaTavseT winadadebis bolos, bolo sasveni niSnis, brWyalebis an frCxilis
daxurvis Semdeg.
kinahanis Sarms ZiriTadad magia ganapirobebda.1
,,ai”, werda jorj Tempelton strongi, `amis gakeTeba SeuZliaT Cvens mkeravebs.”
(manamde gamocemul wignSi man TiTqmis sapirispiro ram Tqva.)3
Tumca, Tu SeniSvna Seexeba tiremde arsebul teqsts, miTiTebis nomeri CasviT
tires win:
SoTuelis seriebSi gamoCnda mikerZoebulobis elementebi4 – Tumca, ara TvalSi
sacemad.
ar CasvaT erTdroulad erTze meti indeqsi (mag., 5, 6). amis nacvlad gamoiyeneT
erTi nomeri da CarTeT yvela miTiTeba an komentari erT SeniSvnaSi (ix. 16.3.5).
esTetikuri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, nu CarTavT SeniSvnebis nomrebs
saTauris, qvesaTauris an qveTavis SigniT an bolos. Tu SeniSvna Seexeba mTlian
Tavs, gamotoveT nomeri da CasviT nomris gareSe sqolio pirveli gverdis
bolos, danomril SeniSvnebamde. Tu SeniSvna Seexeba nawils, romelic mosdevs
qveTavis saTaurs, CasviT miTiTebis nomeri mocemuli nawilis pirveli
winadadebis Semdeg.
218
16.3.3 SeniSvnebis danomvra
SeniSvnebi danomreT Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT, daiwyeT 1-iT. Tu naSroms calke
Tavebi aqvs, TiToeul TavSi xelaxla daiwyeT danomvra pirveli SeniSvniT. nu
gamotovebT nomers da nu gamoiyenebT iseT nomrebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, 5a.
Tu wyaros citirebisTvis gamoiyenebT teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnas,
Sinaarsobrivi SeniSvnebisTvis (ix. 16.3.1) ki sqolioebs, ar danomroT sqolioebi.
amis nacvlad, aRniSneT is pirveli sqolios gverdze varskvlaviT (*). Tu
gverdze erTze meti sqolio gaqvT gamoyenebuli, indeqsis simboloebi Semdegi
TanmimdevrobiT gamoiyeneT * † ‡ §
cxrilebisTvis gamoyenebuli SeniSvnebis Sesaxeb ix. 26.2.7.
16.3.4 SeniSvnebis daformateba
sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi SewieT abzacis msgavsad.
TiToeuli SeniSvnis dasawyisSi aRniSneT miTiTebis nomeri, sasurvelia
daibeWdos ara rogorc zeda indeqsi, aramed rogorc Cveulebrivi teqsti.
ricxvs da SeniSvnis teqsts Soris dasviT wertili da gamotoveT intervali.
Tu nebadarTulia departamentis an universitetis mier gansazRvruli
miTiTebebiT, SegiZliaT, amis nacvlad SeniSvnebSi miTiTebis nomrebisTvis
gamoiyenoT qveda indeqsi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli SeniSvnis teqsti
wertilis da intervalis gareSe unda daiwyoT. es meTodi gamoiyeneT im
SeniSvnebisTvis, romlebic aRniSnulia simboloebiT (ix. 16.3.3.).
sqolioebi. TiToeuli sqolio daiwyeT gverdze, romelzec keTdeba sqolioze
miTiTeba. CasviT mokle xazi teqstis bolo striqonsa da pirvel sqolios
Soris TiToeul gverdze, maT Soris, im SeniSvnebs Sorisac, romlebic wina
gverdebidan aris gadmosuli, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqveni teqsturi
damuSavebis programas amis avtomaturad damuSavebis funqcia ar aqvs. Tu
sqolio momdevno gverdze gadadis, gayaviT is Sua winadadebaSi, raTa
219
mkiTxvelma ar ifiqros, rom SeniSvna dasrulda da aRar waikiTxon momdevno
gverdze moTavsebuli nawili. Tu erTze meti sqolioa, gverdze daiwyeT
TiToeuli momdevno SeniSvna calke striqonidan, mis win datoveT carieli
striqoni. ix. naxati A.10, sadac mocemulia sanimuSo gverdi sqolioebis
teqstebiT.
teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi. teqstis bolos Catanili SeniSvnebi unda
Camoiweros erTad teqstis da danarTebis dasrulebis Semdeg, bibliografiis
CamonaTvlis dawyebamde. daiwyeT TiToeuli SeniSvna axal striqonze, gamotoveT
carieli striqoni SeniSvnebs Soris. CamonaTvals gaukeTeT saTauri SeniSvnebi.
Tu xelaxla iwyebT danomvras TiToeuli TavisTvis, daamateT qvesaTaurebi,
raTa gamijnoT SeniSvnebi Tavebis mixedviT: `Tavi 1” da a.S. ix. naxati 14, sadac
mocemulia teqstis bolos gamotanili SeniSvnebis gverdis nimuSi.
16.3.5 kompleqsuri SeniSvnebi
citirebebi. Tu ramdenime wyaros citirebas axdenT erTi Tvalsazrisis
gasamyareblad, moerideT teqstis datvirTvas miTiTebis nomrebis erT
SeniSvnaSi dajgufebiT. CamoTvaleT citirebebi imave TanmimdevrobiT,
rogoriTac miTiTeba Cndeba teqstSi; gamoyaviT citirebebi wertil-mZimeebiT.
uiTmanis formebis masStabi da damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi CvenTis gasagebi xdeba
mxolod ramdenime mecnieris naSromebis erTad gaazrebis SemTxvevaSi – uolter
saTonis mier uiTmenis leqsebis ganmartebebi; pol faselis mier `akvanSi”
struqturis saguldagulo Seswavla; s.q. qofmanis mier `bruklinis boraniT
mgzavrobisa” da “induri pasaJis” garCeva.1
S: 1. saToni, `leqsis Tavisufali formis analizi, ilustrirebulia uaiTmanis
analiziT”, esTeTikisa da xelovnebis kritikis Jurnali 18 (1959 wlis dekemberi):
241-54; faseli, `uiTmenis saintereso galoba: mogoneba da Sejereba”, r.u.b.
liuisis mier redaqtirebul naSromSi `uiTmanis siaxlove”, 28-51; qofmani,
`bruklinis boraniT mgzavrobisa”: ,,SeniSvna uitmanis poeziaSi katalogis
teqnikaze”, Tanamedrove filologia 51 (1954 wlis maisi): 225-32; qofmani,
,,uitmanis “induri pasaJis” forma da Sinaarsi” PMLA 70 (1995 wlis ivnisi): 337-49.
220
rodesac mTel rig damatebiT wyaroebs miuTiTebT, mosaxerxebelia, agreTve,
citirebebis dajgufeba da mas jaWvur citirebebs uwodeben.
S: 2. fsiqologiuri, neorofsiqologiuri, da filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT
TviTSegnebis Tanamimdevrulobis procesebis Sesaxeb ix. bernar j. baarsi,
TviTSegnebis SemecnebiTi Teoria (niu-iorki: kembrijis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1988); jerald edelmeni, msubuqi haeri, brwyinvale cecxli: azris
Sesaxeb (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba beisqi buqsi, 1992); da deniel deneTi,
TviTSegnebis analizi (bostoni: gamomcemloba Little Brown, 1991).
citirebebi da komentarebi. Tu SeniSvna imavdroulad moicavs citirebas da
Sinaarsobriv komentars, pirvel rigSi, CasviT citireba, mis Semdeg dasviT
wertili, Semdeg ki calke winadadebaSi CasviT komentari.
parizSi stumroba, imavdroulad, iyo tkboba saukeTeso Tanamedrove da yvelaze
cocxali xelovnebis centriT.
SeniSvnebSi arsebiTi komentarebi zomierad gamoiyeneT. Tu Tvalsazrisi
mniSvnelovania argumentisTvis, CarTeT teqstSi. Tu naklebad mniSvnelovania,
9
S: 2. neTi, `parizis saxelovnebo saswavleblebi”, 269. `oqros xanis”
amerikelma mxatvrebma imogzaures evropuli xelovnebis sxva centrebSi,
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia miunxeni, Tumca parizma yvelas gadaaWarba
masStabiTa da mniSvnelobiT.
rodesac SeniSvnaSi citatas rTavT, miTiTeba moaTavseT citatis bolo sasveni
niSnis Semdeg.
S: 33. `nafici msajulebi Seiswavlian wardgenil saCivrebs da braldebebs da
Statis mier warmodgenili mtkicebulebebis safuZvelze gamoscemen sabraldebo
daskvnas.” qerm holi, magiurgi sarke: kanoni amerikis istoriaSi (niu-iorki:
oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989), 172.
221
kargad moifiqreT, aris Tu ara imdenad mniSvnelovani, rom Caisvas calke
SeniSvnis saxiT.
16.4 mokle formebi SeniSvnebisTvis
zogierT sferoSi instruqtori SeiZleba, moelodes Tqvengan, rom TiToeul
SeniSvnaSi CarTavT srul bibliografiul monacemebs. Tumca, umetes sferoebSi
SegiZliaT, naSromis pirvelad miTiTebisas warmoadginoT sruli citireba,
Semdgom citirebebSi ki _ Semoklebuli. ramdenime sferoSi avtorebma daiwyes
Semoklebuli formebis gamoyeneba yvela citirebisTvis, srul monacemebs ki
mxolod bibliografiaSi miuTiTeben.
Tu ar iciT, Tqvens sferoSi rogori meTodia gavrcelebuli, gaecaniT Tqveni
departamentis an universitetis mier gansazRvrul miTiTebebs.
16.4.1 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebi
Semoklebuli SeniSvna unda moicavdes sakmaris informacias imisaTvis, rom
mkiTxvelma moZebnos sruli citireba bibliografiaSi an wina SeniSvnaSi.
SeniSvnebis ori ZiriTadi variantia: mxolod avtori da avtori-saTauri. mTel
rig sferoebSi, yvela Semoklebuli SeniSvnisTvis, mwerlebi iyeneben SeniSvnis
formas _ avtori-saTauri; sxva sferoebSi, umetesad, Semoklebuli
SeniSvnebisTvis avtorebi iyeneben formas _ mxolod avtori, xolo avtori-
saTauris formas, rodesac axdenen erTi da igive avtoris erTze meti naSromis
citirebas. Tu wyaros ar hyavs avtori (an redaqtori), SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT
mxolod saTauri SeniSvna. naxatSi 16.2 warmodgenilia nimuSebi TiToeuli saxis
Semoklebuli SeniSvnisTvis.
SeniSvna mxolod avtoris miTiTebiT Seicavs avtoris gvars da gverdis nomrebs
(an adgilis ganmsazRvrel sxva maxasiaTebels), gamoyofilia mZimiT da mis
Semdeg daismeba wertili. Tu naSroms avtoris garda hyavs redaqtori, miuTiTeT
redaqtoris gvari, Tumca, ar daurToT red.. avtori-saTauris SeniSvnis
SemTxvevaSi, emateba Semoklebuli saTauri, romelic Sedgeba sruli saTauridan
moyvanili oTxamde sityvisgan. avtori da Semoklebuli saTauri erTmaneTisgan
222
gamoyaviT mZimiT, xolo saTauri dabeWdeT daxrili SriftiT an CasviT
brWyalebSi, rogorc sruli SeniSvnis SemTxvevaSi moiqceodiT.
S: 1. filip boli, kaSkaSa dedamiwa: xelovneba da feri (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba
farari, strausi da Jiro, 2001), 140.
4. boli, 204.
an
4. boli, kaSkaSa dedamiwa, 204.
12. nensi l. grini, `gasvlis politika: imigraciis modelis Semobruneba”,
Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali 77 (2005 wlis ivnisi): 275.
17. grini, 276.
an
17. grini, `gasvlis politika”, 276.
20. jon demosi, `namdvili ambebi da sxva Txzulebebi: ”, naSromSi uaxlesi
istoria: istorikosebi da romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da
erTmaneTs), red. mark s. karnsi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba saimoni da Susteri,
2001), 135.
22. demosi, 138.
an
22. demosi, “namdvili ambebi,” 138.
rodesac naSroms mravali avtori an redaqtori hyavs, CamoTvaleT gvarebi igive
TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc srul SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.
223
S: 5. ian h. kalicki da devid l. goldvini, red.-ebi, energetika da usafrTxoeba:
sagareo politikis axali strategiis SemuSaveba (baltimori: jon hopkinsis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 195-96.
8. kalicki da goldvini, 204.
an
8. kalicki da goldvini, energetika da usafrTxoeba, 204.
16.4.2 Ibid.
iyo dro, rodesac avtorebi amoklebdnen citirebebs SeniSvnebSi laTinuri
terminebis da abreviaturebis gamoyenebiT: idem - ,,igive”, op. cit., opere citato
- `citirebul naSromSi”; da loc.cit. - `citirebul adgilas.” es wesi aRar
miiCneva mizanSewonilad. amdenad, moerideT laTinuri citirebis terminebis
gamoyenebas. es ar exeba ibid., romelic momdinareobs sityvidan ibidem anu
`iqve.” zogierTi avtori jer isev iyenebs ibid.-s citirebis SemoklebisTvis im
naSromis misaTiTeblad, romlis bibliografiuli monacemebi uSualod wina
SeniSvnaSia mocemuli.
S: 30. buxani, rCevebi dedebs, 71.
31. ibid., 95.
32. ibid.
naxati 16.2 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nimuSebi
qvemoT warmodgenili nimuSebi gviCvenebs, romeli elementebi da ra
TanmimdevrobiT unda CairTos sami saxis Semoklebul SeniSvnebSi (ix. 16.4.1
imisaTvis, Tu rodis gamoiyenoT TiToeuli forma). aq, agreTve, naCvenebia
punqtuacia, saTaurebis mTavruli asoebiT dawyeba ucxoenovan wyaroebSi da
elementebis gaformeba. ruxi daCrdilva miuTiTebs terminebze, rogorc isini
faqtobrivad aris citirebaSi. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli gverdebis nomrebs.
mxolod avtori SeniSvnebi
224
1. erTi avtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris gvari, XX-XX.
2. daiamondi, 85-90.
naSromisTvis, romlis citirebac xdeba redaqtoris an mTargmnelis mixedviT,
avtoris nacvlad (ix. 17.1.1) miuTiTeT redaqtori an mTargmneli. ar damatoT
red. an Targmn., rogorc sruli SeniSvnisas gaakeTebdiT.
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. redaqtoris an mTargmnelis gvari, XX-XX.
9. noli, 15.
Tu erTze met avtors aqvs erTi da igive gvari, gamoyaviT isini saxelebis
miTiTebiT.
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris saxeli da gvarebi, XX-XX.
12. filip smiTi, 212-13.
2. ori an sami avtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris gvari da meore avtoris gvari, XX-XX.
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris gvari, meore avtoris gvari da mesame
avtoris gvari, XX-XX.
15. eflbai, hanTi da jeiqobi, 140.
3. oTxi an meti avtori
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. pirveli avtoris gvari da sxvebi, XX-XX.
10. holi da sxv., 91-93.
avtori-saTauri SeniSvnebi
4. wignebi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris gvari, Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.
2. daiamondi, iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi, 85-90.
225
im wignebis citirebisas, romlebsac erTze meti avtori hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT
me-2 da me-3 nimuSebSi avtorebis saxelebisTvis mocemuli sqemiT.
naxati 16.2 Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nimuSebi (gagrZeleba)
5. statiebi
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. avtoris gvari, `Semoklebuli saTauri”, XX-XX.
8. naiari, `saocari Tavgadasavlebi”, 225.
im statiebisTvis, romelsac erTze meti avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT avtorebis
saxelebis sqema, romelic mocemulia me-2 da me-3 nimuSebSi.
SeniSvnebi mxolod saTauris miTiTebiT
6. wignebi avtoris gareSe
S: SeniSvnis nomeri. Semoklebuli saTauri, XX-XX.
11. angariSi saqmianobis Sesaxeb, 252
7. statiebi avtoris gareSe
S: SeniSvnis nomeri `Semoklebuli saTauri”, XX-XX.
17. `didi trigonometriuli kvleva”, 26-27.
SeniSvnebSi ibid ar unda daweroT daxrili SriftiT da mis Semdeg unda dasvaT
wertili. Tu citireba moicavs gverdis nomers, dausviT mZime iqve-s Semdeg. Tu
miTiTebis gverdis nomeri igivea, rogorc wina SeniSvnaSi, nu CarTavT gverdis
nomers ibid-is Semdeg. nu gamoiyenebT ibid-s SeniSvnis Semdeg, romelic Seicavs
erTze met citirebas, agreTve, moerideT ibid-is gamoyenebas im sqolioebze
miniSnebis gasakeTeblad, romlebic ar aris moTavsebuli imave gverdze.
226
6.4.3 frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi, sqolioebi da teqstis bolos Catanili
SeniSvnebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi wyaro, frCxilebSi Casmuli, SeiZleba,
teqstSive miuTiToT da ara sqolioSi an teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnebSi.
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvniT mkiTxvels sTavazobT ufro gasageb, advilad
wasakiTx teqsts, gansakuTrebiT, Tu bevria miTiTeba ramdenime wyaroze.
erTi mecnieris azriT, `rkinigzis gamo Cikago gaxda aRmosavlelebisa da
dasavlelebis Sexvedris umniSvnelovanesi adgili” (qrononi, bunebis
megapolisi, 92-93)
SegiZliaT, gamudmebiT gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi garkveuli
saxis wyaroebisTvis, romelTa moZieba mkiTxvels iolad SeuZlia mxolod
ramdenime elementiT. aseTi wyaroebia: sagazeTo statia (ix. 17.4), sasamarTlo
saqme (17.9.7), ufro adreuli literaturuli nawarmoebi (17.5.1), biblia an sxva
wminda werili (17.5.2), an wyaro saxviTi da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis
sferodan (17.8). maTi umetesobisTvis bibliografiaSi unda warmoadginoT sruli
informacia.
mraval sferoSi SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi, Tu
ganixilavT konkretul naSroms vrclad da gWirdebaT masze miTiTebis xSirad
gakeTeba. pirvelad, rodesac naSromze akeTebT miTiTebas, miuTiTeT sruli
bibliografiuli monacemebi sqolioSi an teqstis bolos Catanil SeniSvnaSi;
Semdgomi miTiTebebisTvis, Semoklebuli SeniSvnebis nacvlad gamoiyeneT
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebi (ix. 16.4.1). imis gamo, rom es axali meTodia
zogierT sferoSi, gadaamowmeT instruqtorTan an mrCevelTan, vidre aseTi
meTodiT miuTiTebdeT wyaroebs.
enisa da literaturis Semswavlel sferoebSi frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis
nacvlad, rogorc wesi, ukve gamoiyeneba sqolioebi an teqstis bolos Catanili
SeniSvnebi wyaroebis citirebis umetesobisTvis, maT Soris, TiToeul naSromze
pirvelad miTiTebisas.
227
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnis formatireba. frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvna
dasviT iq, sadac CasvamdiT miTiTebis nomers SeniSvnisTvis: citatis,
winadadebis an winadadebis nawilis bolos. SeniSvna unda daisvas mZimis,
wertilis an sxva sasveni niSnis win da ara mis Semdeg, rodesac citata
teqstSia CarTuli. xolo blokis saxiT gamoyofili citatis SemTxvevaSi,
SeniSvna mosdevs bolo punqtuaciis niSans (magaliTisTvis ix. 25.2.2).
yvelaze sruli frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvna Seicavs igive informacias, rasac
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis forma _ avtori-saTauri, sadac elementebi gamoyofilia
mZimeebiT. (gaiTvaliswineT, rom elementebic da punqtuaciac odnav
gansxvavebulia gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis stilis mixedviT
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis stilisgan, romelic aRwerilia me-18 da me-19
TavebSi; nu aurevT an nu gaaerTianebT am or stils.)
`is, rac introspeqciisas gveCveneba, rom moxdeba maSinve da Zalisxmevis gareSe,
xSirad warmoadgens procesebis kompleqsur erTobliobas, romelTa
dasrulebasac dro sWirdeba” (ledu, sineptikuri ujredi, 116).
eqspertis azriT, samuSao adgilze megobrobis gansxvavebuli normebi moqmedebs
(liTli, “kolegialobis normebi,” 330).
zogierT sferoSi avtorebisgan moelian sruli formis gamoyenebas yvela
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnisTvis; sxva sferoebSi maT SeuZliaT, Seamoklon
SeniSvnebi, vinaidan sruli SeniSvnebi arRvevs teqstis dinebas. Tu Tqvens
sferoSi dasaSvebia Semokleba, wyaroebis umetesobisTvis SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT
erT-erTi sami variantidan:
- mxolod gverdebis nomrebi. SegiZliaT, frCxilebSi CasvaT mxolod
gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) an adgilis mimaniSnebeli sxva elementi, Tu
mkiTxvels SeuZlia, iolad teqstidan amoicnos konkretuli wyaro an Tu
is aris Tqveni kvlevis ZiriTadi sagani (rogorc qvemoT, pirvel
magaliTSi, hariet biCer stous biZia Tomas qoxis Sesaxeb), an Tu
aRniSnavT avtors an saTaurs teqstSi.
228
sawyali joni! mogviTxrobs stou. `es sakmaod bunebrivi iyo; da cremlebi,
romlebic gadmoscvivda laparakisas, iseve bunebrivad wamovida, TiTqos
is TeTrkanians ekuTvnoda” (169).
ernst kasireris aRniSnavs amas “ena da miTSi” (59-60).
- avtori da gverdis nomeri. unda miuTiToT avtori da gverdis nomeri
(nomrebi) an adgilis aRmniSvneli sxva monacemi, Tu mkiTxveli iolad ver
amoicnobs wyaros teqstidan da Tu mocemuli avtoris mxolod erT
naSroms miuTiTebT.
erTi swavlebis mixedviT, `materialuri kultura SeiZleba, iyos
informaciis yvelaze obieqturi wyaro, romelic gagvaCnia amerikis
warsulis Sesaxeb” (diTzi, 259), sxvebi ar eTanxmebian am mosazrebas.
- saTauri da gverdis nomeri. unda CasvaT Semoklebuli saTauri da
gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) an adgilis aRmniSvneli sxva monacemi, Tu
mkiTxvels iolad SeuZlia avtoris amocnoba teqstidan da Tu mocemuli
avtoris erTze met naSroms miuTiTebT.
fiures azriT, `meore msoflio omma daasrula is, rac daiwyo pirveli
msoflio omiT – didi politikuri religiebis dominireba evropis
sazogadoebriv azrze” (pasingi, 360).
Tu naSromi xSirad gaqvT miTiTebuli, saTauri unda SeamokloT. Tu
abreviatura ar aris TvalsaCino, unda daakonkretoT is, SeniSvnaSi pirveli
citirebisTvis. (Tu iyenebT xuTze met aseT abreviaturas citirebebSi,
CamoTvaleT isini Tqveni naSromis calke nawilSi; ix. A.2.1.)
S: 2. fransua fiure, iluziis gaqroba: komunizmis idea meoce saukuneSi, margmn.
debora fiure (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 19990, 368
(citirebulia teqstSi rogorc Pl).
229
fiures TqmiT, `meore msoflio omiT dasrulda is, riTac daiwyo pirveli --
didi politikuri religiebis dominireba evropis sazogadoebriv azrze” (Pl, 360).
sagazeTo statiebisTvis da sxva saxis wyaroebisTvis, romlebSic avtori,
saTauri da gverdis nomeri ar aris ZiriTadi amosacnobi elementi (ix. me-17
Tavis Sesabamisi nawilebi), saWiroebisamebr SecvaleT frCxilebSi Casmuli
SeniSvnis stili.
niu iork Taimsis statiaSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi gardaqmnebis Sesaxeb (2005
wlis 30 seqtemberi) linda grinhauzi warmoadgens msjelobas am tendenciebis
garSemo.
230
17 sqolioSi miTiTebis stili: specifikuri saxis wyaroebis miTiTeba
17.1 wignebi
17.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
17.1.2 saTauri
17.1.3 gamocema
17.1.4 tomi
17.1.5 seria
17.1.6. monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb
17.1.7 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
17.1.9 werilebi da sxva korespondencia gamoqveynebul krebulebSi
17.1.10 internetSi ganTavsebuli da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi
17.2 saJurnalo statiebi
17.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
17.2.2 statiis saTauri
17.2.3 Jurnalis saxelwodeba
17.2.4 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
17.2.5 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
17.2.6 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
17.2.7 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi
17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi
17.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
17.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi
231
17.5 gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis damatebiTi saxeebi
17.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri
literaturuli Txzulebebi
17.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
17.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
17.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
17.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
17.5.7 mikroformis gamocemebi
17.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi
17.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi
17.6.1 sakurso da sadisertacio naSromebi
17.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli leqciebi da moxsenebebi
17.6.3 interviuebi da piradi mimowerebi
17.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi
17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi
17.7.1 vebgverdebi
17.7.2 veblogebze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
17.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi
17.8 wyaroebi saxviT da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
17.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
17.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
17.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
17.8.4 audioCanawerebi
17.8.5 videoCanawerebi
17.8.6 onlainmultimediuri failebi
232
17.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
17.9 sajaro dokumentebi
17.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi
17.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi
17.9.3 saprezidento publikaciebi
17.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebisa da saagentoebis publikaciebi
17.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia
17.9.6 SeTanxmebebi, konvenciebi
17.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi
17.9.8 saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi xelisuflebis dokumentebi
17.9.9 kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi
17.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi
17.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis publikaciebi
17.9.12 gamouqveynebeli saxelmwifo dokumentebi
17.9.13 onlain sajaro dokumentebi
17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi
meTeqvsmete TavSi warmodgenilia sqolioSi miTiTebis sitlis
gamoyenebiT SeniSvnebis miTiTebis nimuSi; agreTve, bibliografiis
muxlebi, sruli SeniSvnebi, mokle SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi Casmuli
SeniSvnebi. Tu TqvenTvis ucnobia citirebis es stili, gaecaniT am
sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil Tavs, vidre SeudgebodeT winamdebare Tavis
wakiTxvas.
am TavSiki detaluradaaganxiluli, rogor unda SeadginoT SeniSvnebi da
bibliografiis muxlebi mravali tipis wyarosTvis. Tavi organizebulia
wyaroTa tipebis mixedviT, iwyeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli wyaroebiT --
wignebiT da saJurnalo statiebiT, xolo Semdeg ganixilulia sxva
gamoqveynebuli, gamouqveynebeli da Cawerili wyaroebi. wignebisadmi (17.1)
233
da saJurnalo statiebisadmi (17.2) miZRvnil nawilebSi ufro
siRrmiseulad ganixileba variaciebi iseT elementebSi, rogoricaa
avtoris saxeli da gvari, saTaurebi/saxelwodebebi da URL-misamarTebi,
vidre naklebad gavrcelebuli wyaroebis Semcvel nawilebSi.
onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebi, romlebic nabeWdi wyaroebis
(magaliTad, onlain saJurnalo statiebi) analogiuria, miekuTvneba
Sesabamisi tipis wyaros. `araoficialurad gamoqveynebul” (ix. 15.4.1)
wyaroebad CaTvlili sxva onlain wyaroebi ganixileba 17.7-Si.
nawilebis umravlesobaSeicavs sruli SeniSvnebisTvis (aRiniSneba `S”-Ti)
da bibliografiis muxlebisTvis (b) gankuTvnil saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebs da magaliTebs. zogierT SemTxvevaSi magaliTebSi
warmodgenilia erTi da imave naSromis miTiTeba orive formiT, raTa
warmoCindes msgavsebebi da gansxvavebebi maT Soris; sxva SemTxvevebSi
naCvenebia gansxvavebuli naSromebi, raTa warmoCindes variaciebi
elementebSi, konkretuli saxis wyaroSic ki.
im tipis wyaros miTiTebisTvis, romelic ar aris am TavSi ganxiluli,
ixileT`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos” me-15 gamocemis (2003) me-17 Tavi.
SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT qvemoT moyvanil principebTan da magaliTebTan
misadagebuli sakuTari stili. pedagogebis, ganyofilebebis da
universitetebis umravlesoba eTanxmeba amgvar adaptaciebs, TumaT am
ukanasknelebTan SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.
17.1 wignebi
wignebi asaxavselementebis ufro farTo diapazons, vidre sxva tipis
gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis umetesoba. elementebSi arsebuli mravali
variacia, romelic winamdebare nawilSia ganxiluli, sxva tipis
wyaroebsac Seesabameba.
234
17.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
TiToeuli avtoris saxeli da gvari zustad ise miuTiTeT, rogorc
satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli da gvari moicavs erTze
met inicials, datoveT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix. 24.2.1).
SeniSvnebSi avtorebis saxelebi da gvarebi CamoTvaleT standartuli
rigiTobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT saxeli):
S: 1. filip boli, dedamiwa xasxasa ferebSi: xelovneba da feris
gamogoneba(niu-iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiro, 2001), 140.
6. T. h. brini, revoluciis forumi: samomxmareblo politikisroli
amerikis damoukideblobaSi (niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2004),48.
8. Eelizabet a., naSromebis krebuli, red. li s. markusi, jenel
miuleri, da meri beT rouzi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba,
2000), 102-4.
bibliografiismuxlebSi avtorebis saxelebi da gvarebi CamowereT
Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT gvari), zogierTi
arainglisuri saxelebis da gvarebisa da sxva SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT,
romlebic ganmartebulia qvemoT miTiTebul paragrafSi `specialuri
tipis saxelebi da gvarebi”
b:boli, filip. dedamiwa xasxasa ferebSi: xelovneba da feris gamogoneba.
niu-iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiro, 2001.
brini, T. h. revoluciis forumi: samomxmareblo politikis roli
amerikis damoukideblobaSi.niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2004.
elizabet a.
ramdenime avtori.Tu wigns erTze meti avtori hyavs,SeniSvnaSi miuTiTeT
yvela saxeli da gvari standartuli TanmimdevrobiT. sami an meti
avtoris SemTxvevaSi `da”-s win dausviT mZime. Tu oTxi an meti avtoria,
naSromebis krebuli.redaqtirebulia li s. markusis, jenel
miuleris, da meri beT rouzis mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2000.
235
miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari, Semdeg ki da
sxvebi.(mZimis wamZRvarebis gareSe).
S: 2. kai berdi da martin j. Servini, amerikis promeTe: j. robert
openhaimeris triumfi da tragedia(niu-iorki: alfred a. knofi, 2005). 52.
3. jois eflbai, lin hanti, da margaret jeiqobi,simarTle istoriis
Sesaxeb(niu-iorki: u. u. nortoni&kompania, 1994), 135-36.
8. Jaklin daud holi da sxvebi. ojaxis msgavsad: samxreTis bambis
samyaros Seqmna (Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1987), 114-15.
bibliografiis muxlSimiuTiTeT pirveli avtoris saxeli da gvari
Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT, daurTeT mZime da CamoTvaleT danarCeni
avtorebi standartuli TanmimdevrobiT. miuTiTeT yvela avtori, maTi
raodenobis miuxedavad; ar gamoiyenoTda sxvebi.
b: berdi, kai, da martin j. Servini.amerikis promeTe: j. robert openhaimeris
triumfi da tragedia.niu-iorki: alfred a. knofi, 2005.
eflbai, jois, lin hanti, da margaret jeiqobi. simarTle istoriis
Sesaxeb.niu-iorki: u. u. nortoni& kompania, 1994.
holi, Jaklin daudi, jeims leloudisi, robert korstadi, meri merfi, lu
en jounsi, da kristofer b. deili. ojaxis msgavsad: samxreTis
bambis samyaros Seqmna.Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinasuniversitetis
gamomcemloba, 1987.
redaqtori an mTrgmneli avtorTan erTad. Tu satitulo
gverdze,avtoris garda, miTiTebulia redaqtori an mTargmneli, miuTiTeT
avtoris saxeli da gvari ise, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT. redaqtoris an
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari daumateT wignis saxelwodebis Semdeg. Tu
wigns mTargmnelic hyavs da redaqtoric, miuTiTeT maTi saxelebi da
gvarebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc originalis satitulo gverdzea.
SeniSvnebSi redaqtoris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris win CasviT
abreviatura red. (da arasdros red-ebi., vinaidan am konteqstSi igi
aRniSnavs `redaqtirebulia ... X—is mier” da ara `redaqtori”) an mTarg.
236
S: 6. iv bonifoi, axali da rCeuli leqsebi,red. jon noToni da enToni
rudolfi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995), 35. 7. rigoberta menCu, sazRvris gadalaxva, mTarg. da red. en vraiTi(niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba“eerso”, 1999), 50-51. 10. Teodor u. adorno da volter benjamini. sruli mimowera, 1928-1940,
red. henri lonici, mTarg. nikolas uoqeri (kembriji, masaCusetsi:
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 212.
bibliografiis statiebSi redaqtoris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris
win CasviT fraza redaqtirebulia ... mier an Targmnilia ... mier.
b:bonefoi, iv. axali da rCeuli leqsebi.redaqtirebulia jon noTonis da
enToni rudolfis mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1995.
menCu, rigoberta. sazRvrebis gadalaxva. Targmnili da
redaqtirebuliaen vraiTis mier. niu-iorki: “verso”. 1999.
adorno, Teodor u., da uolter benjamini. sruli mimowera, 1928-1940 redaqtirebulia henri lonicis mier. Targmnilia nikolas
uoqeris mier.kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis
gamomcemloba,
rodesac satitulo furcelze redaqtori an mTargmneli miTiTebulia
rTuli aRweriT, magaliTad, `redaqtirebulia, SesavliT da SeniSvnebiT,
... X-is mier” an `Targmnilia, winasityvaobiT ...X-is mier”, SegiZliaT am
frazis gamartiveba da mxolod `redaqtirebulia...X-is mier’’ an
,,Targmnilia ...X-is’’ mier gamoyeneba, Semdgom ki zemoT moyvanilinimuSebis
mixedviT dawera. sazogadod, Tu winasityvaoba an Sesavali dawerilia
ara avtoris, aramed sxva romelime piris mier, ar aris aucilebeli am
pirovnebis miTiTeba, Tu specialurad ar moixseniebT am nawils (ix. 17.1.8).
im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac avtoris saxeli da gvari miTiTebulia
wignis saxelwodebaSi,xolo redaqtoris saxeli da gvari – satitulo
furcelze, ixileT qvemoT mocemuli ,,avtorTan dakavSirebuli
damatebiTi situaciebi”.
1999.
237
redaqtori an mTrgmneli avtoris nacvlad. rodesac redaqtori an
mTargmneli miTiTebulia wignis satitulo furcelze avtoris nacvlad,
CawereT am pirovnebis saxeli da gvari avtorisTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas.dawereT iseve, rogorc dawerdiT avtoris saxels da gvars (ix.
zemoT), Tumca, daumateT abreviatura red. ed. (mravlobiTSi red.-ebi) an
mTarg.(mravlobiTSi mTarg.-ebi) gvaris da saxelis Semdeg. Tu redaqtori
an mTargmneli ramdenimea, ixelmZRvaneleT`ramdenime avtorSi”
Camoyalibebuli principebiT.
S: 3. Teodor silverStaini, mTargm., ser geveini da mwvane raindi(Cikago:
UCikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1974), 34.
4. timoTi e. fulopi da albert j. raboto, red.-ebi,afroamerikuli
religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi istoriisa da kulturis Temebze(niu-
iorki:gamomcemloba `ruTleji”, 1997), 412-14.
b:silverStaini, Teodor, mTargm. ser geveini da mwvane raindi.Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1974.
fulop, timoTi, e., da albert j. raboto, red.-ebi.
- avtoris saxeli da gvari saTaurSi. Tu avtoris saxeli da gvari
miTiTebulia iseTi wignis saTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi, rogoricaa
avtobiografia, SeniSvnaSi gamotoveT avtoris saxeli da gvari da
daiwyeT saTauriT. xolo bibliografiis muxlSi CasviT avtoris
saxeli da gvari,gameorebis miuxedavad. miuxedavad imisa, rom
mraval msgavs naSromebs redaqtorebic hyavs, nu miuTiTebT maT
saxelsa da gvars redaqtoris saxelis qveS, garda gansakuTrebuli
SemTxvevebisa (magaliTad, am pirovnebis mier redaqtirebuli
naSromebis Seswavlisas).
afroamerikuli
religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi istoriisa da kulturis Temebze.niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba `ruTleji”,1997
avtorTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi situaciebi. qvemoT
warmogidgenTwyaroebSi avtorebis miTiTebis zogierT damatebiT
saSualebas. Tu waawydebiT SemTxvevebs, romlebsac aq ar SevxebivarT,
mimarTeT models, romelic migaCniaT masTan yvelaze axlos.
238
S: 12. general u. T. Sermanis memuarebi, red. Carlz roisteri (niu-
iorki: amerikis biblioTeka, 1990), 836.
15. sinaTle da Ramis elvareba: qarson makqulersis daumTavrebeli
avtobiografia, red. karlos l. diusi (medisoni: viskonsinis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999), 54.
b:Sermani, u. T. general u. T. Sermanis memuarebi. redaqtirebulia Carlz
roisteris mier. niu-iorki: amerikis biblioTeka, 1990.
makulers, karson.
- organizacia, rogorc avtori. Tu organizaciis, asociaciis,
komisiis an korporaciis mier gamoSvebuli publikaciis satitulo
furcelze ar aris miTiTebuli avtoris saxeli da gvari, avtorad
miuTiTeT sakuTriv organizacia, maSinac ki, rodesac igi
miTiTebulia, rogorc gamomcemeli.
ganaTeba da Ramis elvareba: qarson
makqulersisdaumTavrebeli avtobiografia. redaqtirebulia
karlos l. diusis mier. medisoni: viskonsinis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1999.
S:9. jandacvis msoflio organizacia, fsiqikuri janmrTelobis dacvis
momsaxurebis organizacia(Jeneva: jandacvis msoflio organizacia, 2003),
50.
b: SeerTebul Statebze teroristuli Tavdasxmebis erovnuli komisia.11
seqtembris komisiis angariSi
- fsevdonimi.ixmareT farTod gamoyenebuli fsevdonimi, rogorc
avtoris namdvili saxeli da gvari. Tu namdvili saxeli da gvari
ucnobia,kvadratul frCxilebSi, fsevdonimis Semdeg daurTeT
fsevd.
. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba u. u. nortoni
dakompania, 2004.
S:16.mark tveni,ufliswuli da maTxovari: nawarmoebi nebismieri asakis
axalgazrdisaTvis(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba“harper en brazersi”, 1899). 34.
239
b:sentineli (fsevd.). `werilebi”.naSromSi absoluturi antifederalisti,
redaqtirebulia herbert j. storingis mier
- anonimi avtori. Tu avtori cnobilia an xvdebian avtoris vinaobas,
magramigi ar moixsenieba wignis satitulo furcelze, daurTeT
saxeli da gvari frCxilebSi (kiTxvis niSniT, raTa aRniSnoT, rom
darwmunebuli ara xarT). Tu avtori an redaqtori ucnobia,
moerideT sityvis `anonimi” xmarebas saxelis da gvaris adgilas da
SeniSvna an bibliografiis muxli saTauriT daiwyeT.
. Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba. 1981.
S: 22. [ebenezer kuki?],plantatoris sarke(anapolisi, 17301,5-6.
31. A virjiniaSi dawyebuli plantaciis miznebis da Sedegebis
namdvili da gulwrfeli gancxadeba, ra doneze iqna miRweuli da ra
saSualebebiT moxda maTi xelSewyoba (1610),17.
b:[ebenezer kuki?], plantatoris sarke.anapolisi. 1730.virjiniaSi dawyebuli
plantaciis miznebis da Sedegebis namdvili da gulwrfeli
gancxadeba, ra doneze iqna miRweuli da ra saSualebebiT moxda
maTi xelSewyoba.
- Sedgenili gvarebi. Sedgenili gvarebi, defisiani gvarebis
CaTvliT,daawyveT anbanuri wesiT, kompozitis pirveli nawilis
mixedviT. Tu gaTxovili qali iyenebs rogorc sakuTar, ise meuRlis
gvars, defisis gareSe daawyveT anbanuri wesiT meore gvaris
mixedviT. mraval ucxo enaSiadvili amosacnobia kompozituri
1610.
gansakuTrebuli tipis saxelebi.zogjer advili ar aris, gavarCioT,
romelia avtoris saxeli da romeli – gvari. cnobili istoriuli
avtorebis vinaoba daazusteT meriam vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi
(Merriam-Webster’s Biographical Dictionary); Tanamedrove avtorebis vinaobis
dasazusteblad CaixedeT Tqveni biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. qvemoT
mocemulia amgvari, rTulad amosacnobi saxelebis da gvarebis anbanis
mixedviT dawyobis zogadi principebi. Semoklebul an frCxilebSi Casmul
SeniSvnebSi CasviT gvari(last name) zustad Sebrunebuli formiT (rogorc
es qvemoTaa naCvenebi msxvili SriftiT).
240
saxelebi (ix. qvemoT), Tumca aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli
da germanuli, sadac ase ar xdeba.
Kkesler-harisi, alis mies van der rohe,ludvigi
Hhine, darlinklarki teilar de Sardeni, pier
- nawilakiani saxelebi. ama Tu im enidan gamomdinare, iseTi
nawilakebi, rogoricaa de, di, d’ da van, SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba,
CaiTvalos gvaris pirvel nawilad anbanuri wesiT dawyobisas.
CaixedeT zemoT miTiTebul erT-erT wyaroSi, Tu ar xarT
darwmunebuli, rogor unda moiqceT konkretuli saxelis daweris
dros. gaiTvaliswineT, rom nawilakebi SeiZleba,daweriliiyos
nusxuri an mTavruli asoebiT, zog maTgans ki mosdevdes
apostrofi.
de goli, Carlz bovuari, simon de
di leonardo, Mmiqaela kuningi, uilem de
van renseleri, stefan MmediCi, lorenco de’
-,,mak”-iT, ,,sent”-iT an ,,o”-Ti dawyebuli gvarebi. ,,mak”-iT, ,,sent”-iT an ,,o”-
Tidawyebul gvarebs SeiZleba. daalageT yvela es gvari anbanuri wesiT
faqtobrivad arsebuli asoebis safuZvelze; nu daajgufebT maT imis
gamo, rom isini msgavsia.
- saxelebi da gvarebi enebSi, garda inglisurisa. mraval
enaSisaxelebis darqmevis pirobiTobebi gansxvavdeba inglisur enaSi
arsebulTagan. Tu Tqveni naSromi Seicavs romelime konkretuli
enis bevr saxelsa da gvars, SeiswavleT am enis pirobiTobebi.
mravali espanuri gvari Sedgenilia da Seicavs pirovnebis mamis da dedis
gvarebs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia kavSiriT ,,i”. daalageT
aseTi gvarebi anbanuri wesiT pirveli nawilis mixedviT.
ortega i gaseti, xose sanCez mendoza, xuana
,,al-’’ an ,,el-’’ nawilakebiT dawyebuli arabuli gvarebi daawyveT
anbanuri wesiT,nawilakis momdevno elementis mixedviT. gvarebi,
romlebic iwyeba nawilakebiT ,,abu”, ,,abd” da ,,ibn” msgavsia inglisuri
241
gvarebisa, romlebic iwyeba ,,mak”-iT an ,,sent”-iT da unda daawyoT
anbanuri wesiT am elementebis mixedviT.
hakim, tavfiq al- abu zafar nadvi, sied
Jamal, muhamed hamid al- ibn saud, aziz
Tu avtori, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs
tradiciuli wesiT (gvari, romelsac mosdevs darqmeuli saxeli _family
name followed by given name),nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win an mZimes saxelsa
da gvars Soris. Tu avtori xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri wesiT (saxels
mosdevs gvari), dawereT, rogorc gvar-saxeli.
tradiciuli wesi dasavluri wesi
Caovu-Ci cou, Tang
ioSida Sigeru kurosava, noriaki
17.1.2 saTauri
CamoTvaleT wignebis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive
daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan orwertiliT. Tu
ori qvesaTauria, pirveliswin dasviT orwertili, meores win ki –
wertilmZime.
S:5. ian h. kalicki da devid l. goldvini, red.-ebi,energetika da
usafrTxoeba: sagareo politikaSi axali strategiisken(baltimori:
joh hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 195-96. b:ahmed,leila.
datoveT ucvlelad originali saTaurisdamwerloba, defisebis
ganlageba da punqtuacia, ori gamonaklisis garda: SecvaleT
sityvebi,romlebic mTlianad mTavruli asoebiT aris dawerili (garda
inicialuri abreviaturebis an aqronimebisa; ix. Tavi 24) didi da patara
asoebiT da SecvaleT ampersandi (&) da-Ti. ricxvebi dawereT sityvierad
AsazRvargareT mogzauroba: kairodan amerikaSi: erTi qalis mogzaurobis istoria. niu-iorki:fareri, strausi da Jiro, 1999.
242
ancifrebiT, originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune),
Tu umjobesi ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvana.
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ix. 17.1.8.
saTaurebSi arsebuli specialuri elementebi. specialur gaformebas
saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.
- TariRebi. gamoiyeneT mZimesaTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi TariRebis
gamosayofad, original wyaroSi punqtuaciis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi (1920-
idan 1945-mde) an orwertili, ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli
wesiT.
S: 5. uolter a. makdugali, Tavisufleba Zalian axlos aris: amerikis
axali istoria, 1525-1828 (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba“harper kolinsi”, 2004),
333-34.
b:jeliko, jefri, da siuzan jeliko.
- saTaurebi da miTiTebebi saTaurebSi. rodesac erTi naSromis
saTauri, romelic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT
iwereba,miTiTebulia sxva naSromis daxrili SriftiT warmodgenil
saTaurSi, CasviT miTiTebuli saTauri brWyalebSi. Tu is saTaurSi
Cveulebrivad brWyalebSia Casmuli, datoveT brWyalebi.
landSafti: bunebis ganaSenianeba
preistoriuli xanidan Tanamedrove periodamde. me-3 gam. niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba “Temsi da hudsoni”, 1995.
S: 22. celiaeflgeiTi, baxi berlinSi: qveyana da kultura mendelsonis "wm.
maTes vnebaSi " (Ithaca: kornelis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005), 25.
b: makhiu, roland. `fineganis samZimris” SeniSvnebi. me-2 gam.baltimori: jon
hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1991.
Tumca, rodesac miTiTeba gamoiyeneba wignis srul mTavar saTaurad,
nuRar CasvamT mas brWyalebSi.
243
S: 8. sem svoufi. me var fanqari: maswavlebeli, moswavleebi da maTi
istoriebi(niu-iorki: henri holti da kompania. 2004), 108-9.
b:Cernofi,jon m.
- daxrili SriftiT mocemuli terminebi. daxrili SriftiTdabeWdil
saTaurSi SemavaliiseTiterminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis
saxelwodebebi an gemebis saxelebi, romlebic teqstSi
Cveulebrivad daxrili SriftiT aris mocemuli, warmoadgineT
swori SriftiT.
TaRliToba ar aris qurdoba: afrikeli meZavi gogonas
Tavgadasavali.Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003.
S: 7. T. hiupeningtoni, rodesac sakvebi sikvdils iwvevs: Zroxis cofi, e.
koli, dakatastrofebis raoba(niu-iorki: oqsfordis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2003), 15.
b:lex, raimond b. SeerTebuli Statebis xomaldis -- indianapolisis
- kiTxvis da Zaxilis niSnebi. rodesac saTauri an qvesaTauri
mTavrdeba kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT, mas aranairi sxva sasveni
niSani ar mosdevs.
tragikuli
xvedri.SeerTebuli Statebis sazRvao flotis yvelaze cudi
katastrofa. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba “kuper squearis gamomcemloba”,
2001.
S: 26. Tomas franki, ra xdeba kanzasSi? rogor moiges konservatorebma
amerikelebis guli(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `Metropolitan Books”, 2004), 250-51.
b:aaron, henri.
Zveli saTaurebi.meTvramete saukuneSi an ufro adrindel periodSi
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis saTaurebSiSeinarCuneT originalSi arsebuli
punqtuacia da damwerloba. agreTve, SeinarCuneT originali nawarmoebis
mTavruli asoebiT damwerloba maSinac ki, Tu ar Seesabameba saTaurebis
stils. Tumca, sityvebi, romlebic mTlianad mTavruli asoebiT aris
ratom aris ase rTuli daxmarebebis reformis
ganxorcieleba? vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: gamomcemloba bruqings
institusenis gamomcemloba”, 1973.
244
dawerili, unda Seicvalos da mTavruliT mxolod sawyisi asoebi
daiweros. Tu saTauri Zalian grZelia, SegiZliaT, SeamokloT da,
imavdroulad, miawodoT mkiTxvelebs sakmarisi informacia, raTa maT
moZebnon sruli saTauri biblioTekaSi an gamomcemlis katalogSi.
mianiSneT saTaurebSi gamotovebuli adgilebi sami wertilis CasmiT. Tu
gamotovebuli adgili bibliografiis muxlSi saTauris boloSia,
gamoiyeneT oTxi wertili (samwertili da wertili; ix. 25.3.2).
S: 19. jon rei, topografiuli, zneobrivi da fiziologiuri
dakvirvebebi: beneluqsis qveynebis nawilSi, germaniaSi, italiasa da
safrangeTSi mogzaurobis Sedegad: im mcenareebis katalogiT,
romlebic inglisis adgilobriv saxeobebs ar miekuTvneba... rasac
erTvis `baton fransis uilugbis mokle monaTxrobi, misi mogzauroba
espaneTSi([londoni], 1673), 15.
b:Eeskalante, bernardino. portugalielebis mier msoflios aRmosavleTSi
mdebare saxelmwifoebsa da provinciebSi mogzaurobis istoria.....
Targmnilia jon fremfTonis mier. londoni, 1579.
arainglisuri saTaurebi. arainglisuri saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi
ixelmZRvaneleT Sesabamis enaSi sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis da
zedsarTavi saxelebis mTavruli asoebiT daweris arsebuli principebiT.
Tu ar icnobT am principebs, mimarTeT sando wyaros.
S: 3. daniel maisonevi, Jan-fransualamarSidaiv seinT-amani,Les rela-tionspubliques: Dans unesociete en mouvance(Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de I'Universite de Quebec, 1998), 15.
6. liliana piletiCstoianoviCi, red. Gutfreund i ceski kubizam (Belgrade: Muzej savremene umetnosti, 1971), 54-55.
b:kroun-Smalci, gebriel. nawarmoebSi:“Wahrheitsind wir starker: Frauenalltag inder Sowjetunion.”Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, 1992.
245
Tu saTaurs qarTul Targmans daurTavT, moaTavseT igioriginalis
Semdeg. CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe,
dawereT mTavruli asoebiT winadadebis stilis mixedviT.
S: 7. henrik verezicki, Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [sami imperatoris ligis
dasasruli] (varSava: PWN, 1977), 5.
b:Zhongguo renkou tongji nianjian 1996 [CineTis mosaxleobis statistikuri
weliwdeuli, 1996w.]. pekini: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe, 1996.
Tu gesaWiroebaT rogorc originalis, ise, misi Targmanis miTiTeba,
gamoiyeneT erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili forma, imis mixedviT, raze gsurT
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba _ originalze Tu Targmanze.
b:fure, fransua. Le passe d'une illusion. parizi: gamomcemloba `Editions Robert Laffont”,1995. Targmnilia debora fures mier, rogorc iluziis gaqroba
(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999).
an
fure, fransua. The Passing of an Illusion. Targmnilia debora fures mier.
Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999. Tavdapirvelad
gamoqveynebulia saTauriT Le passe d'une illusion
termin gamocemas aqvs ramdenime mniSvneloba da yvela maTgani
gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema, maT
SinaarsSi an/da formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, yovelTvis miuTiTeT,
romeligamocemiT isargebleT, vinaidan gamocemebi SeiZleba,
gansxvavebuli iyos. (Tu qvemoT aRwerili niSnebidan arc erTi ar
miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT,CaTvaloT, rom igi pirveli gamocemaa, ris
miTiTebac ar xdeba).
(parizi: gamomcemloba
`Editions Robert Laffont”, 1995).
17.1.3 gamocema
246
ganaxlebuli gamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi
Sesuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, mas SeiZleba,vuwodoT
`ganaxlebuli” an `Semdgomi”gamocema. es informacia, rogorc
wesi,ganTavsebulia wignis satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis
TariRTan erTad, saavtoro uflebebis gverdze.
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT
gamocemis rigiTi nomeri an aRwera. SeamokleT iseTi formulireba,
rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili”, rogorc `me-2
gamoc.” SeamokleT `ganaxlebuli gamocema” rogorc `ganax. gamoc.”;
aRweras daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri
wina gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix. 17.1.6).
S: 1. pol j. bolTi, deimonv. koleta, dakolinz j. Sekelfordi umcr.,
amerikis Tavdacvis politika,me-8 gam. (baltimori: jon hopkinsis
universitetis gamomcemloba. 2005), 157-58.
b:deniels, rojer. amerikaSi Camosaxleba: amerikis cxovrebaSi imigraciis
da eTnikuri faqtoris istoria. me-2 gam.niu-iorki: gamomcemloba
“harper pereniali”, 2002.
babi, florenc. mindvridan samzareulomde: mewarme qalebis politikuri
ekonomika peruSi.
gadabeWdili gamocemebi. SesaZlebelia, agreTve, wignis xelaxla
gamocema axal formatSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, rbilydini gamocema
(gamoqveynebuli Tavdapirveli an sxva gamomcemlis mier) an eleqtronuli
forma (ix. 17.1.10). maSinac ki, roca wignis Sinaarsi SesaZloa,
minimalurad iyosSecvlili originalTan SedarebiT, miuTiTeT
gadabeWdili gamocema, Tu mas eyrdnobodiT. SeiZleba,isurvoT, miuTiToT,
rom es gadabeWdili gamocemaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tu igi gamoqveynda
Tavdapirveli gamocemidan erT an orze meti wlis Semdeg an klasikuri
nawarmoebis Tanamedrove nabeWdi gamocemaa. am SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT
ganax. gam.ostini: texasis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1989.
247
rogorc originali gamocemis, ise, im gamocemis publikaciis TariRebi,
romelic Tqven gamoiyeneT (ix. 17.1.6).
S: 23. piter vard fei. opiumis omi, 1840-1842 (1975; gadabeW., Cefel
hili:CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997), 67-68.
b:emerson, ralf valdo. buneba. 1836. gadabeW., bostoni: gamomcemloba
“bikoni”, 1985.
17.1.4 tomi
Tu wigni mravaltomiani naSromis nawilia, CarTeT es informacia
miTiTebebSi.
konkretuli tomi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mravaltomiani naSromis
konkretul toms, damokidebulia imaze, aqvs Tu ara toms mTeli
naSromisgan gansxvavebuli saTauri. Tu asea, miuTiTeT konkretuli tomis
saTauri, mis Semdeg ki rogorc tomis nomeri, ise, zogadi saTauri.
SeamokleT tomi (t.) da tomis nomrebisTvis gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi.
S: 10. iaroslav pelikani. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove
kultura (1700 wlidan), qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis
ganviTarebis istoria,t. 5(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989). 16.
b:pelikani, iaroslav. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove kultura (1700
wlidan). qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis ganviTarebis istoria,
t. 5.Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1989.
Tu tomebs ar aqvs individualuri saTaurebi da Tqven miuTiTebT
mxolod erT-erT maTgans, bibliografiis muxls daumateT tomis nomeri.
(ix. qvemoT, rogor unda miuTiToT mTlianad mravaltomiani naSromi).
SeniSvnaSi CasviT tomis nomeri (t.-s gareSe) uSualod gverdis nomris
win da ganacalkeveT isini orwertiliTSualeduri intervalis gareSe.
248
S: 36. muriel sT. kler birni, red.,lislis werilebi (Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981), 4:243.
b:birni, muriel sT. kler, red. lislis werilebi. t. 4. Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba,1981. zogmravaltomeul naSroms hyavs rogorc saerTo redaqtori, ise yoveli
tomis redaqtori an avtori. aseTi naSromebis nawilebis miTiTebisas,
daurTeT informacia redaqtoris an avtoris Sesaxeb (ix. 17.1.1)
konkretuli tomis saTuris Semdeg da tomis nomris da saerTo saTauris
win. qvemoT warmodgenili pirveli magaliTi gviCvenebs,agreTve, rogor
unda mivuTiToT erTze met fizikur nawilad gamoqveynebuli tomi (t. 2,
w. 3).
S: 40.barbara e. mundi, ,,centraluri amerikis
kartografia".naSromSikartografia afrikis, amerikis, arqtikis,
avstraliis da wynari okeanis auzis tradiciul sazogadoebebSi, red.
devid vudvordi da j. malkolm luisi, `kartografiis istoria” t. 2, w. 3,
red. j. braian harli da devid vudvordi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1998), 233.
b:doni, jon. “iubileebi"redaqtirebulia geri a. strinjeris da Ted lari
pebvorTis mier. jon donis poeziis gamocema sxvadasxva teqstiT, t. 6,
redaqtirebulia geri a. sTrinjeris mier. blumingToni: indianas
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995.
mTliani mravaltomeuli naSromi. Tu SeniSvnebSi miuTiTebT
mravaltomeuli naSromis erTze met toms, bibliografiaSi SegiZliaT
mTliani naSromis miTiTeba. (Tu naSromi Seicavs rogorc mTliani
naSromis, aseve, konkretuli tomebis saTaurebs an redaqtorebs, rogorc
zemoT iyo aRwerili, meti sizustisTvissaWiroa tomebis saTiTaod
miTiTeba).miuTiTeT saTauri da tomebis saerTo raodenoba, xolo, Tu
tomebi gamoicemoda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuTiTeTgamoqveynebis
TariRebis sruli periodi.
249
b:aristotele. aristoteles naSromebis sruli krebuli: oqsfordis
ganaxlebuli Targmani. redaqtirebulia j. barnsis mier. 2 tomi.
prinstoni, niu-jersi: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1983.
TiltiCi, pol. sistematuri Teologia. 3 tomi. Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1951-63.
17.1.5 seria
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris oficialuri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT
seriis Sesaxeb informaciis miTiTeba, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs
wyaros adgilis an misi sandoobis dadgenaSi. moaTavseT es informacia
saTauris Semdeg (da, aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, gamocemis da tomis
Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg) da publikaciis monacemebis win.
yvelaze sasargeblo informacias seriis Sesaxeb Seicavs misi saTauri.
warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT, saTauris mTavruli asoebiT daweris
stilSi. Tu seriis tomebi danomrilia, SegiZliaT,daurToT miTiTebuli
naSromis nomeri seriis saTauris Semdeg. seriis redaqtoris saxeli da
gvari xSirad gamotovebulia, magram SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis
saTauris Semdeg.
S: 7.gerSon devid hunderti, ebraelebi poloneTis qalaqSi: otapovis
istoria meTvramete saukuneSi, jon hopkinsis universitetis
iudaistikis fakulteti (baltimori: jon hopkinsis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1992), 113.
b:markmani, Carlzu. Cikago winaistoriul periodSi: Tanamedrove qalaqebis
preistoriuli periodis arqeologia. ilinoisis arqeologiuri
kvlevebi 7. springfildi: ilinoisisistoriuli memkvidreobis
dacvissaagento, 1991.
isenbergi, nensi. sqesidamoqalaqeobasamoqalaqo omis
winadroindelamerikaSi. Ggenderi da amerikuli kultura,
redaqtirebulia linda qerberis da nel irvin feinTeris mier. Cafel
hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998.
250
zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan
iwyeba. axali seriiswignebi miTiTebuliaax. ser. (axali serioebi), me-2
ser. (me-2 seriebi) an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,
moTavsebulia seriis nomris win da gamoyofilia mZimeebiT. Zveli
seriiswignebi ase aRiniSneba, Zv. ser. (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pireli
seriebi) da a.S.
S: 3. Carlzr. boqseri, red. samxreT CineTi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi,
H“haklutis sazogadoebis gamomcemloba. me-2 ser. 106 (londoni, 1953), 44.
b:palmatari, elen s. braziliis kunZul maraios keramikis nawarmi. amerikis
filosofosTa sazogadoebis naSromebi, ax. ser. 39. naw. 3. filadelfia,
1950.
17.1.6 monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb
monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb, Cveulebriv, moicavs sam elements: gamocemis
adgils (qalaqi), gamomcemlis saxelwodebas da gamocemis TariRs (weli).
SeniSvnebSi es elementebi Tavsdeba frCxilebSi; bibliografiis
statiebSi ara.
S: 1. jared daiamondi,iaraRi, baqteriebidafoladi: adamianTa xvedri(niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba “nortoni da kompania”, 1997), 47.
b: daiamondi, jared. iaraRi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianTa xvedri.niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba n”ortoni da kompani”, 1997.
iseT wignebis miTiTebisas, romlebic gamoqveynda meoce saukunemde an
romelTa Sesaxebac informacia sakuTriv naSromSi ar Cndeba, SegiZliaT
gamotovoT da ar miuTiToTgamomcemlobis saxelwodeba, agreTve,
gamocemis adgilebi.
S: 32. Carlz lembi, Eelias eseebi(1823), 5-6.
b: lembi, Carlz. elias eseebi. 1823.
251
gamoqveynebis adgili.gamocemis adgili aris qalaqi, sadac
gamomcemlobis mTavari redaqcia mdebareobs; igi, rogorc wesi, mieTiTeba
satitulo gverdze, zogjer ki saavtoro uflebebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,
sadac ori an orze meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da
londoni”), miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.
los-anJelesi: “pol geTis fondis gamomcemloba“
niu-iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba
mkiTxvelisTvis SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos gamocemis qalaqian aerios imave
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, amitom daumateT mas Statis (ix. 24.3.1),
mxaris an (Tu saWiroa) qveynis abrevitura. rodesac gamomcemlobis
saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris saWiro Statis
(qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.
CeSairi, koneqtikuti:grafiqs gamomcemloba
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo:penguin buqsis gamomcemloba
kembriji, masaCusetsi: em-ai-Ti presis gamomcemloba
Cefel hili: CrdiloeT karolinis universitetis gamomcemloba
gamoiyeneT ucxo qveynebis qalaqebis Tanamedrove, farTod xmarebuli
inglisuri saxelebi.
vaSingtoni da ara uoSingtoniCikago da ara Siqago
rodesac publikaciis adgili ucnobia, SegiZliaT,gamoiyenoT abreviatura
ucn. (ucnobi) gamomcemlis saxelis win. Tu iciT adgili, magram ar xarT
darwmunebuli sizusteSi, CasviT is kvadratul frCxilebSi kiTxvis
niSniT.
ucn.: uinZori.
[leiq blafi, ilinoisi?): vlieti da eduardsi.
gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba miuTiTeT zustad ise, rogorc mocemulia
wignis satitulo furcelze, maSinac, rodesac TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom
252
saxelwodeba Semdeg Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanil sxva
wignebSi sxvadasxvagvarad saxeldeba.
harkot breis end uoldi
harkot brei iovanoviCi
harkot, breisi
Tumca, adgilis dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT,iseTi abreviaturebis
gamotoveba, rogoricaa korp. (korporacia), Sps (SezRuduli
pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba), komp. (kompania) da sagamomc. komp.
(sagamomcemlo kompania).
hafton mifini da ara hafton mifinis korp.
litl, braun da ara litl, braun da komp.
Tu gamomcemlobaucxouria, nu gadaTargmniT an nu SeamoklebT
gamomcemlobis saxelwodebis raime nawils, miuTiTeT qalaqis saxeli
inglisurSi gavrcelebuli formiT (rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnuli). Tu
gamomcemeliucnobia, daurTeT mxolod gamoqveynebis adgili (Tu
cnobilia) da gamocemis TariRi.
gamocemis TariRi.wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels, ara
Tves an dRes da,rogorc wesi, saavtoro uflebebis gancxadebis TariRis
identuria. is,Cveulebriv, mieTiTeba saavtoro uflebebis Semcvel
gverdze zogjer ki — satitulo furcelze.
ganaxlebul da gadabeWdil gamocemebs SeiZleba,hqondes saavtoro
uflebebis gancxadebis erTze meti TariRi. aseT SemTxvevaSi yvelaze
uaxlesi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRs. magaliTad: © 1982, 1992, 2003, aq 2003
gamocemis TariRia.aseT naSromebSi publikaciis TariRebis citirebis
Sesaxeb ix. 17.1.3.
Tu ver adgenT nabeWdi nawarmoebis gamocemis TariRs, CasviT abreviatura
ver dadg. (n.d), wlis nacvlad. Tu TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli,
magrammigaCniaT, rom iciT, SegiZliaT, daumatoT frCxilebSi kiTxvis
niSniT, rac mianiSnebs, rom TariRis sisworeSi darwmunebuli ar xarT.
b: smiTi, jon. wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. edinburgi, ver dadg.
mileri, samuel. kidev erTi wigni Rirsebebis Sesaxeb. bostoni, [1750?].
253
Tu wignze gamomcemlobaSi muSaoba mimdinareobs da ukve
dasaTaurebulia, Tumca, gamocemis TariRi jer ar aris cnobili,
TariRisTvis gankuTvnil adgilas miuTiTeT gamoqveyndeba uaxloes
momavalSi. Tu wigni jer ar aris gadacemuli gamomcemlobisTvis
dasabeWdad, miuTiTeT is, rogorc gamouqveynebeli xelnaweri (ix. 17.6).
S: 91. jein q. avtori, wignis saTauri (gamoqveynebis adgili:
gamomcemlobissaxelwodeba, gamoqveyndeba uaxloes momavalSi).
17.1.7 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
gverdis nomrebi da is sxva informacia, romelic gamoiyeneba miTiTebuli
amonaridis an elementis adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad,
Cveulebriv,gvxvdeba SeniSvnebSi da ara bibliografiaSi.
nomrebis diapazonis saCveneblad saWiro saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi
ixileT 23.2.4-Si.
gverdi, Tavi da gamyofi nomrebi.SeniSvnebSi gverdis nomrebi,
Cveulebriv,wignis miTiTebis bolo elementia. nu daurTavT sityvas
gverdi an abreviaturebs gv. an gv.-ebi; gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi, garda
im gverdebisa, romlebic originalSi romauli cifrebiT aris danomrili.
S:14. en s. rouzi, viqtorianuli epoqis amerika da samoqalaqo omi(niu-iorki:
kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1992), 145-46. 17. jerom kagani, `meaTe saiubileo gamocemis Sesavali”. wignSi
`bavSvis buneba”(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `Basic Books”, 1994),xxii-xxiv.
zogjer miTiTeba Seexeba mTlian Tavs (SemoklebiT T., nawils (naw.),
wigns (w.),an seqcias (seq.) da ara gverdis nomrebis diapazons.
S: 22. donald l. mileri. saukunis qalaqi: Cikagos epopea da amerikis
Seqmna(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba “saimoni da Susteri”, 1996), naw. 2.
254
mdebareobis maniSnebeli specialuri tipis informacia. wignis
zogierT nawils aqvs specialuri tipismdebareobis maniSnebeli
informacia, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.
- SeniSvnebis nomrebi. SeniSvnebis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT
abreviatura Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi. Tu miTiTebuli
SeniSvna aris erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi
sqolio, daumateT Sen. gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri
intervalis an sasveni niSnis gareSe). Tu miTiTebuli
SeniSvnisgverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri
da Semdeg Sen., an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an meti
SeniSvna) – Sen.-ebi da SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).
S: 45.entoni greftoni,sqolio: saintereso istoria(kembriji, masaCusetsi:
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997), 72Sen.
46. dvaiTbolingeri, ena: datenili iaraRi(londoni: gamomcemloba
“longmeni”, 1980), 192Sen.23,192Sen.30, 199Sen.14, 201Sen.-ebi
- ilustraciebisa da cxrilis nomrebi. gamoiyeneT abreviatura nax.
naxatis aRsaniSnad, magram srulad dawereT cxrili, ruka, dafa da
sxva tipis ilustraciebis dasaxelebebi. miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri
ilustraciis nomris win.
16-17.
S: 50. riCard sobeli. sazogadoebis azri SeerTebuli Statebis sagareo
politikaSi: azrTa sxvadasxvaoba daxmarebis winaaRmdeg arsebuli
poziciis garSemo
URL-misamarTebi, mudmivi wyaros identifikatorebi, Sesvlis TariRebi, da
aRwerilobiTi maCveneblebi. internetSi gamoqveynebuli wigns (ix. 17.1.10)
(bostoni: gamomcemlebi – roumen en liTlfildi. 1993), 87,
cxrili 5.3.
Tabaxis, furclebisa da formatebis nomrebi.zogierT wigns, romelic
daibeWda 1800 wlamde, ara aqvs gverdebis nomrebi da dayofilia
Tabaxebad, Semdeg furclebad an formatebad,yovel maTgans aqvs wina
(recto anr) da ukana mxare (verso anv). am naSromebis lokatorebi unda
Sedgebodes Sesabamisi cifrebisa da identifikatorebis jaWvisgan,
intervalebis an daxrili SriftiT dawerili niSnebis gareSe: magaliTad,
G6v, 176r, 232r-v an(Tu miuTiTebT mTlian formatebad) fol. 49.
255
URL-i daurTeT SeniSvnaSic da bibliografiis muxlSic. yoveli URL-i
iwyeba im protokolis nusxuri asoebiT Sedgenili abreviaturiT,
romelic gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelebisTvis eleqtronuli masalis
misawodeblad, yvelaze xSirad http da ftp. am abreviaturas mudmivad
mosdevs orwertili da ori daxrili xazi, ris Semdegac modis
gamomcemlis domenis saxeli, mas mere ki _ resursis misamarTi. domenis
saxelis momdevno komponentebi gancalkevebulia misgan da erTmaneTisgan
erTi daxrili xaziT.
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
mTavruli asoebis dasma URL-is Sida komponentebSi xdeba zustad ise,
rogorc isini warmogvidgeba ekranze. Tu URL-s `damasrulebeli daxrili
xazi~ aqvs boloSi, CarTeT igi. nu CasvamT URL-s kvadratul frCxilebSi,
sasurvelia, rom URL-is uwyvetoba ar dairRves striqonis bolos, magram
Tu amis gakeTeba saWiroa, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebisTvis ixileT 20.4.2.
zog internet wyaros,URLmisamarTebis garda, sxva mudmivi
identifikatorebic aqvs. Tu wyaro iyenebs obieqtis cifrul
identifikatorebsan msgavs sistemas, daurTeT informacia, romlis
Sedareba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqvens miTiTebaSi arsebul URL-
misamarTTan.
doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694
nebismieri internetwyaros miTiTebisas daurTeT am wyaroSi ukanasknelad
Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi Seicvala an
amoRebulia internetidan (ix. 15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT frCxilebSi
URLmisamarTis an mudmivi identifikatoris Semdeg.
(Sesvlis TariRi: 2006 wlis 17 maisi)
internetSi gamoqveynebuli wignebi SeiZleba, ar Seicavdes gverdebis
nomrebs, romlebic gvexmareba frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi naCvenebi
amonaridis adgilmdebareobis gansazRvraSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT,
URLmisamarTis da Sesvlis TariRis win daumatoT aRwerilobiTi
maCvenebeli, rogoricaa, magaliTad, wina qvesaTauri (ix., magaliTad,
256
19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis
muxlSi.
17.1.8 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi, unda miuTiToT mTavari saTauri nebismieri wignisa,
romelSic warmodgeniliaerTi, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba, maSinac,
roca Tqven, faqtobrivad, mis mxolod erT romelime nawils iyenebT. Tu
xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT, romelic erTi an
ramdenime avtoris mier sxvadasxva Temaze dawerili damoukidebeli
naSromebis krebulia, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT mxolod is erTi Tavi an
nawili, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba Tqvens kvlevas. amiT
daexmarebiT mkiTxvels, dainaxos, ramdenad miesadageba wyaro Tqvens
proeqts.
b:demosi, jon. `namdvili cxovreba da sxva fiqcia: uolis stegneris
‘wonasworobis kuTxis’ xelaxla gaazreba." wignSi`romanis istoria:
istorikosebi da novelistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls
(da erTimeores), redaqtirebulia mark s. karnsis mier, 132-45. niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba “saimoni da Susteri”, 2001.
da ara
karnsi, mark s., red. `romanis istoria: istorikosebi da novelistebi
upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTimeores). niu-iorki:
gamomcemloba “saimoni da Susteri”, 2001.
erTi avtoris mier dawerili wignebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT erTi
avtoris mier dawerili wignis dasaTaurebul nawils, pirvel rigSi
miuTiTeT am nawilis saTauri swori SriftiT, moaTavseT brWyalebSi.
aRniSvnis `wignSi ---...” Semdeg miuTiTeT wignis saTauri. bibliografiis
muxlSi, wignis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT am nawilis gverdebis sruli
intervali; SeniSvnaSi miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) konkretuli
miTiTebisTvis, rogorc nebismieri sxva citatis SemTxvevaSi.
257
S: 1. jon Carlz Cestini, `neokolonializmi",wignSi ---`sisxlsa da cecxlSi dabadebuli: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba
“nortoni da kompania”, 2001), 190-91. b:Cestini, jon Carlz. `neokolonializmi”.wignSi --- `sisxlsa da cecxlSi
dabadebuli: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria, 179-206. niu-iorki: gamomcemloba “nortoni da kompania”, 2001.
Tu miuTiTebT nawils saerTo saTauriT, rogoricaa Sesavali,
winasityvaoba an bolosityvaoba,CasviT es termini wignis saTauris win.
miuTiTeT saerTo saTauri swori SriftiT brWyalebis gareSe da pirveli
sityva mTavruli asoTi dawereT mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi. Tu es
nawili dawerilia sxva da ara wignis ZiriTadi avtoris mier, saTauris
Semdeg Tavdapirvelad miuTiTeT nawilis avtoris saxeli da gvari,
Semdegki --wignis avtoris saxeli da gvari.
S: 7.alfred u. qrosbi, Sesavali wignis `ekologiuri imperializmi:
evropis biologiuri eqspansia” axali gamocemisTvis, 900-1900, axali
gamoc. (niu-iorki, kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004), xv.
16. qreg qalhuni, winasityvaoba wignisa --`mravalkulturuli politika:
rasizmi, eTnikuroba da musulmanebi britaneTSi”, winasityvaobis avtori
– tariq modudi (mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis gamomcemloba, 2005),
xvi.
b:qrosbi, alfred u. SesavaliwignisE`ekologiuri imperializmi: evropis
biologiuri eqspansia” axali gamocemisTvis, 900-1900. axali
gamoc.niu-iorki, kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2004.
qalhuni, qreg. winasityvaoba wignisa --
redaqtirebuli krebulebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT redaqtirebuli
krebulis nawils, romelic moicavs mravali avtoris naSroms, pirvel
rigSi, miuTiTeT nawilis avtori da saTauri (swori SriftiT,
`mravalkulturuli politika:
rasizmi, eTnikuroba, da musulmanebi britaneTSi”, winasityvaobis
avtori – tariq modudi. mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2005.
258
brWyalebSi Casmuli). sityvis `wignSi ...” Semdeg miuTiTeT wignis saTauri
da redaqtoris saxeli da gvari. bibliografiis muxlSi wignis saTauris
Semdeg miuTiTeTam nawilis gverdebis sruli intervali; SeniSvnaSi
miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri (nomrebi) konkretuli literaturisTvis,
rogorc nebismieri sxva citatis SemTxvevaSi.
S: 3. en qari da daglas j. Surmani, `religia da feminizmi: reformistuli
qristianuli analizi”, wignSi `religia, feminizmi, da ojaxi”, red. an
qari da meri stiuart fon liueni (luisvili, kentuki: gamomcemloba
“uestminster jon nox presi”, 1996), 13-14. b:qari, enda daglas Surmani. `religia da feminizmi: reformistuli qristianuli
analizi”, wignSi `religia, feminizmi da ojaxi”, redaqtirebulia en
qarisa da meri stiuart fon liuenis mier, 11-32. luisvili, kentuki:
gamomcemloba “uestminster jon nox presi”, 1996.
Tu miuTiTebT erTsa da imave redaqtirebul krebulSi Semaval or an met
naSroms, SegiZliaT,miiCnioT isini calkeul wyaroebad an sivrcis
dazogvis mizniT SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semoklebuli forma, romelic
ganxilulia 16.4.1-Si. rodesac SeniSvnaSi pirvelad miuTiTebT wignis
romelime nawils, CasviT sruli bibliografiuli informacia nawilis
Sesaxeb da,zogadad,wignis Sesaxeb. Semdeg, Tu miTiTebas akeTebT wignis
sxva nawilze, srulad miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari da nawilis
saTauri, wignis Sesaxeb informacia ki CawereT Semoklebuli formiT.
Semdgomi SeniSvnebi calkeuli nawilebisTvis standartuli Semoklebuli
SeniSvnebis formis mixedviT unda CairTos.
S: 4. uiliam h. kiTingi, `forti diarborni da Cikago”,nawilSi`dablobebiani
Stati: ilinoisis Sesaxeb”, 1673-1967, mogzaurebisa da sxva pirebis
monaTxrobis mixedviT, red. pol m. engli (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1967), 84.
14.
12. sara klarklipinkoti, `Cikago”, “Angle”-Si, 362.
15.
kiTingi, 85.
lipinkoti, 365.
259
bibliografiaSi CarTeT sruli miTiTeba mTlian wignze da Semoklebuli
SeniSvnis erT-erTi varianti calkeuli nawilebis miTiTebisTvis.
b:engli. pol m., red. `dablobebiani Stati: ilinoisis Sesaxeb”, 1673-1967,
mogzaurebisa da sxva pirebis monaTxrobis mixedviT. (Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1967).
kiTingi, uiliam h.`forti diarborni da Cikago”. “Angle”-Si, 84-87.
lipinkoti, sara klark. `Cikago”. “englSi”, 362-70.
anTologiebSi moTavsebuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili
mokle moTxroba, leqsi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
mravali redaqtoris mier redaqtirebulkrebulSi Semaval naSroms.
anTologiebSi gamoqveynebuli umetesi naSromebis saTaurebi
dawereTswori SriftiT, moaTavseT brWyalebSi. gamonakliss warmoadgens
amonaridis saTauri didi moculobis mqone poemidan an prozauli
nawarmoebidan, romelic unda daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix. 22.3.2).
S:7.izabel alende, `sulebs ase surdaT”,krebulSilaTinuri amerikis eseebis
oqsfordis krebuli, red. lion stavansi (niu-iorki, oqsfordis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1997),463-64.
b:uiglesvorTi, maikl. amonaridiwignidan `gankiTxvis dRe”. anTologiaSiamerikis poeziis axali anTologia: tradiciebi da revoluciebi, dasawyisidan 1900 wlamde, redaqtirebulia stiven gauld aqelrodis, kamil romanis da Tomas travisanos mier,68-74. niu brunSviki, niu-jersi: rutgersis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003.
Tu nawarmoebis Tavdapirveli publikaciis TariRi mniSvnelovania
naSromis konteqstidan gamomdinare, miuTiTeT is naSromis saTauris
Semdeg da anTologiis saTauris win, rogorc SeniSvnebSi, ise,
bibliografiaSi.
260
S: 2. izabel alende, `sulebs ase surdaT” (1984), krebulSioqsfordis wigni.. .
b:uiglesvorTi, maikl. amonaridiwignidan `gankiTxvis dRe”. 1662. anTologiaSiaxali anTologia.. .
17.1.9 werilebi da sxva korespondencia gamoqveynebul krebulebSi
SegiZliaT,miuTiToT im wignebis konkretuli nawilebi, romlebSic
Sesulia werilebi, memorandumebi da sxva korespondencia, vinaidan
konkretuli miTiTeba Seicavs informacias, romelic ar aris aRniSnuli
mTliani wignis miTiTebaSi, magaliTad TariRs da konkretuli
komunikaciis monawileebs. (gamouqveynebeli piradi komunikaciebisTvis ix.
17.6.3; gamouqveynebeli werilebis xelnawerebis krebulebisTvis ix. 17.6.4.)
aseTi masalis miTiTebisTvis aRniSneT gamgzavnis da mimRebis saxelebi
da gvarebi, Semdeg TariRi da (aseTis arsebobis da mizanSewonilobis
SemTxvevaSi) adgili, sadac komunikacia momzadda. sityva werili ar aris
aucilebeli, magram daasaTaureT sxva formebi, rogoricaa angariSi an
memorandumi. krebulis saTauri da sxva monacemebi miuTiTeT iseTive
formiT, rogorc redaqtirebuli wignis SemTxvevaSi. yuradReba miaqcieT
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavebulia elementebis
Cveuli sqemisgan.
S:1. adamsis werilebi Carlz milnes gaskels, londoni, 1896 wlis 30 marti, werilebSi `henris werilebi adamsis misamarTiT”, 1858-1891, red. vorTingTon Consi fordi (bostoni: gamomcemloba “hafton mifini”, 1930), 141,
2. adamsis werilebi gaskels, 142. 5. i-bi-emisa da herold rossis memorandumi 1946 wlis 2 maisi, i. b. uaiTis
werilebSi, red. doroTi lobrano guTi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba “harperi da
ro”, 1976), 273.
261
b:jeqsoni, paulina. paulina jeqsonis werilebi jon pepis umcrosis misamarTiT,
1676 w. 3 oqtomberi. naSromSi `semuel pepisis da misi ojaxis werilebi”, redaqtirebuli helen Trusdel hiTis mier, no. 42. oqsfordi:
gamomcemloba “klarendon presi”, 1955.
Tu SeniSvnebSi miuTiTebT erTi wignidan ramdenime werilze an sxva
komunikaciebze, bibliografiaSi aRniSneT mxolod wigni da ara
konkretuli nawilebi.
b: CerCili, uinston da dvaiT d. eizenhaueri.CerCilis da eizenhaueris
mimowera, 1953-1955,redaqtirebulia piter j. boilis mier.Cepel
hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba, 1990.
17.1.10 onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi
internetSi ganTavsebuli wignebisTvis ixelmZRvaneleT nabeWdi
wignebisTvis arsebuli miTebebiT. standartuli elementebis
garda,miuTiTeT URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac gaxseniT masala (ix.
15.4.1, 17.1.7). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL misamarTi ar aris
sakmarisi; maqsimalurad unda miuTiToT sruli faqtebi gamocemis
Sesaxeb, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZebna im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu
URL misamarTi Seicvleba. Tu gverdis nomrebi ar aris
aRniSnuli,SeniSvnaSi citirebuli monakveTis adgilmdebareoba miuTiTeT
aRwerilobiTi lokatoris (rogoricaa wamZRvarebuli qvesaTauri)
damatebiT da Tavad gamocemis saxelwodebis win sityva ,,wignSi’’
CamatebiT,URLmisamarTisa da gaxsnis TariRamde.
S: 1. Julian samora da patricia vandel simoni, meqsikeli da amerikeli
xalxis istoria, ganax. red. (isT lansingi, miCigani: Julian
samoraskvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis universiteti, 2000),
nawilSi`samoqalaqo omi meqsikaSi”,http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/
pubs/MexAmHist/chapterU.html#six (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
b: samora, Julian dapatricia vandel simoni.Hmeqsikeli da amerikeli
xalxebis istoria. ganax. red. isT lansingi, miCigani: Julian
262
samoras kvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis universiteti, 2000.
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapterU .html#six (gaxsnilia
2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
rodesac miuTiTebT wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynebulia sxva eleqtronul
formatSi, rogoricaa internetidan CamosatvirTi wignebian wignebi,
romlebic wignis maRaziaSi an biblioTekaSi sxva tipis matarebelzea
xelmisawvdomi, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, Microsoft Reader e-book).
S: 1. Tomas h. devenporti da jon s. beki. sifxizle ekonomikaSi: biznesis
axali valuta(kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis biznes-skolis gamomcemloba,
2001), TK3 `mkiTxvelis eleqtronuli wigni”.
b:helmani, hel.
didi antagonizmi teqnologiebis sferoSi: aTi yvelaze
aqtiuri dava. niu-iorki: jon uili. 2004. Rocket eleqtronuli wigni.
17.2 saJurnalo statiebi
perioduli gamocemebis umravlesoba, riTac ixelmZRvanelebT naSromis
momzadebisas, klasificirdeba rogorc Jurnalebi - samecniero an
profesiuli perioduli gamocemebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, upirveles
yovlisa, samecniero biblioTekebSi da gamoweriT. Jurnalebi xSirad,
Tumca, ara yovelTvis (mag.:sainsi), saTaurebSi Seicavs sityvas ,,Jurnali”.
Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali,popularuliJurnalebi,rogorc wesi, ar
aris samecniero gamocemebi; isini ufro xelmisawvdomia
mkiTxvelebisTvis, vidre samecniero Jurnalebi, rogorc Sinaarsobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, ise, maTi samecniero wreebs farglebs gareT gavrcelebis
gamo. es gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan samecniero Jurnalebis
statiebisa da masebze gaTvlili popularuli Jurnalebisstatiebis
miTiTeba sxvadasxvanairad xdeba. Tu ara xarT darwmunebuli, ra
periodul gamocemasTan gaqvT saqme _ samecniero Tu masobriv-
263
popularul JurnalTan, naxeT, xom ar Seicavs Jurnalis statiebi
miTiTebebs; Tu pasuxi dadebiTia, miiCnieT igi samecnierod.
17.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc statiebis
saTaurebSia. ixelmZRvaneleT 17.1.1-Si mocemuli wignis avtorebisTvis
gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
17.2.2 statiis saTauri
CamoTvaleT statiis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi. gamoiyeneT swori
Srifti, gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan orwertiliT da saTaurebic
da qvesaTaurebic moaTavseT brWyalebSi. dasviT mTavruli asoebi
saTauris stilis dacviT (ix. 22.3.1).
S:1 2. nensi l. grini, `gasvlis politika: imigraciis modelis
Semobruneba”,Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali 77(2005 wlis ivnisi): 275.
b:grini, nensi l. `gasvlis politika: imigraciis modelis
Semobruneba”.Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali77(2005 wlis ivnisi): 263-89.
terminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis saxelwodebebi da wignebis saTaurebi,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba teqstSi, kvlav
daxrili SriftiT daiwereba statiis saTaurSi; terminebi, romlebic,
Cveulebriv, citirebulia teqstSi, kvlav rCeba erTmag brWyalebSi,
vinaidan Tavad saTauria Casmuli ormag brWyalebSi. nu dasvamT mZimes an
wertils statiis im saTauris an qvesaTauris Semdeg, romelic sruldeba
kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT.
S: 23. judiT luisi, `’Tis a Misfortune to Be a Great Ladie'MdedaTa sikvdilianoba
britaneTis aristokratiaSi, 1558-1959," britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali37
(1998): 26.
b:Llofteni, piter. `gamoZaxili sityvebis TamaSsa da xmlis trials
Soris hamletSi” aelinuri kvleebi2 (1989): 12-29.
264
uiliamsoni, jorj s. `ram mokla avgus fon kocebiu? Rirsebis cduneba
da germanuli nacionalizmis politikuri Teologia, 1789-1819."
Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali12 (2000 wlis dekemberi): 890-943.
ucxoenovan saTaurebSi mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba saWiroa konkretuli
enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis” (ix. 22.3.1) dacviT. Tu
daurTavT inglisur Targmans, CasviT igi kvadratul frCxilebSi,
brWyalebis gareSe.
S: 22. Jerar buSari, "Un essai d'anthropologie regionale: L'histoire sociale du Saguenay
aux XIXe et XXe siecles," Annales: Economies, societes, civilisations 34 (1979 wlis
ianvari): 118.
b:kerni, u. "Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden?" [sad Seagrova pigafeltam
malaiziuri sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor Indische taal-, land- en volkenkundo 78(19381:271-73.
17.2.3 samecnieroJurnalis saxelwodeba
statiis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT Jurnalis saTauri daxrili SriftiT,
mTavruli asoebis dasmiT ,,saTauris stilSi” (ix. 22.3.1). miuTiTeT
saTauri zustad ise, rogorc Jurnalis satitulo furcelze an
sarCevisdasawyisSia; nu gamoiyenebT abreviaturebs. Tu oficialuri
saTauri aris abreviatura, magaliTad, “smk”, nu gaSifravT mas.
ucxoenovani JurnalebisTvis mTavruli asoebi SegiZliaT dasvaT rogorc
saTauris, aseve, winadadebis stilSi, Tumca, unda datovoT yvela
artikli, romelic original teqstSia mocemuli(Der Spiegel).
17.2.4 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
samecniero Jurnalebis miTiTebebis didi nawiliSeicavs tomis nomers,
gamocemis nomers an Tves da wels. mkiTxvels SeiZleba, ar dasWirdes
yvela es elementi statiis mosaZebnad, Tumca yvela maTganis miTiTebiT
Tavidan vicilebT erT-erTSi Secdomis gaparvis risks.
265
tomis da nomris gamocemis nomrebi. tomis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis
saTaurs Sualeduri sasveni niSnis gareSe da ar iwereba daxrili
SriftiT. gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali
iyenebs romauls. Tu gamocemas aqvs nomeri, is mosdevs tomis nomers,
gamoyofilia mZimiT da win uZRvis nom.
S: 2.kristofer s. makai, `laktantiusidan diokletianes
memkvidreobamde”,klasikuri filologia94, nom.2 (1999): 205.
b:kumari, rahul. `gonivruli mizezebi kontraqtualistur zneobriv
argumentSi”.eTika114 (2003wlis oqtomberi): 6-37.
rodesac JurnalSi aRniSnulia mxolod gamocemis nomeri da ar aris
miTiTebuli tomis nomrebi, Jurnalis saxelwodebis Semdeg daismis mZime.
b:biTi, j. m. `danaSaulis modeli inglisSi, 1660-1800”.warsuli da Tanamedrove
periodSi, nom. 62 (1974): 47-95.
gamoqveynebis TariRi. publikaciis TariRi brWyalebSi aris Casmuli
tomis nomris (an gamocemis nomris Semdeg, Tu miTiTebulia). TariRis
formatTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT JurnalSi gamoyenebuli
formatiT; is unda Seicavdes TariRs da SeiZleba, Seicavdes sezons, Tves
an zust dRes. Jurnalis miTiTebaSi sezonis saxelebi mTavruli asoTi
daiwyeT, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini teqstSi mTavruli asoebiT ar
iwyeba.
S: 27. sara bernsi, `mxatvris sxeulis SekveTa:Tomas ikinsis
avtoportretebi”, amerikuli xelovnebis Jurnali19, no. 1 (2005wlis
gazafxuli): 95.
b:jenkinsi, j. qregi, devid jeiqobsi da jon agnone. `politikuri
SesaZleblobebi da afroamerikuli protesti, 1948-1997”.amerikis
sociologiuri Jurnali109, nom. 2 (2003 wlis seqtemberi): 277-303.
266
Tu statia miRebulia gamosaqveyneblad, magram jer ar gamoqveynebula,
ixmareT frCxilebSi Casmuli fraza: gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi,
TariRis (da gverdebis nomrebis) nacvlad. nebismieri statia, romelic
jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT gamouqveynebel xelnawerad
(ix. 17.6).
S: 4. margaret m. avtori, `statiis saTauri",Jurnalis saxelwodeba 98
(gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi).
b:avtori, margaret m. `statiis saTauri".Jurnalis saxelwodeba 98
(gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi)
17.2.5 gverdis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
Tu SeniSvnaSi miuTiTebT konkretul monakveTs, miuTiTeT mxolod
konkretuli citirebuli gverd(eb)i. bibliografiis muxlis an SeniSvnis
SemTxvevaSi, romelSic mTliani statia aris miTiTebuli, CawereT
statiis gverdis nomrebis sruli intervali (ix. 23.2.4). rogorc wesi,
samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis gverdis nomrebi mieTiTeba orwertilis
dasmiT gverdebis win da ara mZimeebis gamoyenebiT.
S: 4. Tim hiCkoki, `,maTxovroba meTvramete saukunis londonis quCebSi’’
britaneTmcodneobis Jurnali44 (2005 wlis ivlisi): 478.
b:Ggoldi, en groZinsi. `simarTlis marcvlebi: sakvebis da mowyalebis cvalebadi
ierarqia rajasTanis sam moTxrobaSi”. religiebis istoria38, # 2
(1998): 150-71.
internetSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis miTiTebisas
daurTeT gverdebis nomrebi (Tu aris) da URL-i (an mudmivi
identifikatori)da, aseve, statiis mopovebis TariRi. detalebis da
magaliTebis gasacnobad ixileT 17.2.7. URL-ebSi punqtuaciisa da
mTavruli asoebis dasmis zogadi principebis gasacnobad ixileT 17.1.7.
267
17.2.6 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.
mas aqvs tomis da gamocemis Cveulebrivi nomrebi. Tu specialur
gamocemas aqvs sakuTari saTauri da hyavs redaqtori, miTiTebaSi
aRniSneT orive maTgani. saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia
brWyalebSi.
S: 67. MmeTiu l. jounsi, `dekartes geometria, rogorc sulieri varjiSi”,
JurnalSi "Things", red. bil brauni, specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Zieba28,
# 1 (2001 wlis Semodgoma): 43-44.
b:jouns, meTiu l. `dekartes geometria rogorc sulieri savarjiSo”JurnalSi
"sagnebi," red. bil brauni. specialuri gamocema,Critical Inquiry 28, nom. 1
(2001 wlis Semodgoma): 40-71.
Tu gesaWiroebaT mTeli gamocemis miTiTeba, gamotoveT statiasTan
dakavSirebuli informacia.
b:brauni, bil, " sagnebis” red. specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Zieba28, nom. 1 (2001wlis Semodgoma).
Jurnalis damatebas, aseve, SeiZleba, hqondes sakuTari saTauri da hyavdes
avtori an redaqtori. specialuri gamocemisgan gansxvavebiT, igi
Jurnalis Cveulebrivi gamocemebisgan calke inomreba, xSirad misi
gverdebis nomrebis nawilia aso S. dasviT mZime tomis nomersa da
damatebis nomers Soris.
S: 4.ivar ekelendi, jeims j. hekmani da lars neSaimi, `hedonisturimodelebis
gamovlena da gansazRvra” naSromSi `Sirvin rouzenis
sapativsacemod”politikuri ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (2004wlis
Tebervali): S72.
b:eklendi, ivar, jeims j. hekmeni da lars neSaimi. `hedonisturi modelebis gamovlena da gansazRvra” damatebaSi`irvin rouzenis sapativsacemod”,
politikuri ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (2004wlis Tebervali): S60-S109.
268
17.2.7 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi
onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,
daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanili masalis mopovebis
TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ar arsebobs,
frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi mocemuli nawyvetis adgilis
identificireba SegiZliaT aRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina
qvesaTauri) Semdeg unda daematos sityva qveSURL misamarTis da masalis
gaxsnis TariRis win.
S: 4. braian uzi da jareT Spiro, `urTierTTanamSromloba da
SemoqmedebiToba: mcire samyaros sakiTxi”.amerikis sociologiuri
Jurnali111, nom. 2 (2005wlis seqtemberi),nawilis` m ilgr a m i sT eor i a
p a t ar a s a m y a ros
S e s a x e b ” , q v e S http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/
issues/v111n2/090090/090090.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
b:uzi, braianda jareT Spiro. `urTierTTanamSromloba da SemoqmedebiToba:
mcire samyaros sakiTxi”. amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali111, nom. 2
(2005 wlis seqtemberi).http://www
.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/090090.html(gaxsnil
ia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
statiebis onlain monacemTa bazebi zogadad Seicavs miTiTebebisTvis
saWiro yvela elementis CamonaTvals. daurTeT miTiTebuli mdgradiURL-
i, romelic, aseve, aRniSnavs im monacemTa bazas, romliTac
ixelmZRvaneleT statiis miTiTebisas.
269
S: 6.lorens a. Sapiro`mravalmxrivi gaazreba”.filosofiis Jurnali97. nom.12
(2000 wlis dekemberi): 642. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-362X%28200012%2997%
3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).
b:Sapiro, lorens a. `mravalmxrivi gaazreba”,filosofiis Jurnali97.nom.12
(2000 wlis dekemberi): 635-54. http://tinks.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-
362X%28200012%2997% 3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27
ivniss)).
17.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi
samecniero Jurnalebis miTiTebisTvis gansazRvruli mravali
saxelmZRvanelo principi (ix. 17.2) Tanabrad vrceldeba popularuli
Jurnalebis miTiTebaze.
umetes SemTxvevaSi, yovelkvireuli an yovelTviuri Jurnalebis
miTiTebisas miuTiTeT mxolod TariRi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
danomrilia tomebisa da gamocemebis mixedviT. TariRi frCxilebSi ar
moaTavsoT. Tu SeniSvnaSi miTiTebas akeTebT konkretul nawyvetze,
daurTeT misi gverdis nomeri. bibliografiis muxlSi ki SegiZliaT,
gamotovoT statiis gverdis nomrebi, vinaidan pupularuli Jurnalebis
statiebi xSirad moicavs mraval gverds, romlebzec ganTavsebulia
gareSe masalebi. Tu daurTavT gverdis nomrebs, gamocemis TariRisgan
maT gamosayofad orwertilis nacvlad ixmareT mZime.
S: 11.mark Sapiro, `’Zveli evropis’axali Zala”,Jurnali eri, 2004 wlis 27dekemberi, 12-13
b:Sapiro, mark. `’Zveli evropis’axaliZala”, Jurnali eri,2004 wlis 27dekemberi.
Tu miuTiTebT ganyofilebas an svets, romelic regularuladgamodis,
dausviT mTavruli asoebi saTauris stilSi da nu CasvamT brWyalebSi.
Tu maT ar hyavT avtori,misi gvaris nacvlad bibliografiis muxlSi
CasviTJurnalis saxelwodeba.
270
S: 2. barbara valrafi,msoflio sasamarTlo, Jurnali “atlantik
mansli”,2005 wlis ivnisi. 128. b:Jurnali “niu iorkeri”. qalaqis aqtualuri Tema.2000 wlis aprili
popularuli onlain Jurnalebis miTiTebisas ixelmZRvaneleT
popularuli beWdviTi Jurnalebis statiebisTvis gankuTvnili
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens
bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven
gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqti unda warmoadginoT
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu Seicvleba URL-i. popularul onlain JurnalebSi
ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar iyos miTiTebuli gverdebis nomrebi,
magram miTiTebuli nawyvetis adgilis identificireba SegiZliaT
frCxilebSi Casmul miTiTebebSi sityvis qveSSemdeg aRwerilobiTi
maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) damatebiT, URL-misamarTis da
Sesvlis TariRis miTiTebiT.
S:7. Stefan farisi, JurnalSi `’'Freedom': dokumenti ar iqna napovni." 5alon.com, 2005wlis 16 dekemberi,statiis qveS `CineTSi internets mexsiereba ar aqvs”, http://www.salon.com/tech/ feature/2005/12/16/censorship/index1.html [bolo
Sesvla 2005 wlis 19 dekembers].
b:farisi, Stefan. Jurnali `’'Freedom: dokumenti ar iqna napovni”. Salon.com, 2005 wlis 16
dekemberi.http://www.salon.eom/tech/feature/2005/12/16/censorship/in'dex1.html (bolo Sesvla 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
271
17.4 sagazeTo statiebi
umetes SemTxvevebSi mxolod SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT yoveldRiur
gazeTebSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi da sxva masala. rogorc
wesi,aucilebeli ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,SeiZleba,
gadawyvitoT romelime konkretuli statiis miTiTeba, romelic Zalian
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris citirebuli.
ixelmZRvaneleT popularul JurnalebSi statiebis miTiTebis zogadi
modeliT (ix. 17.3). gamotoveT gverdis nomrebi, vinaidan gazeTs SeiZleba,
hqondes ramdenime gamocema, romelSic masala SeiZleba gamoCndes
sxvadasxva gverdebze an amoiRon kidec. SegiZliaT, daakonkretoT,
romeli gamocemiT ixelmZRvaneleT da daumatoT frazebi bolo
gamoSveba, Sua dasavleTis gamoSveba, an sxva msgavsi identifikatori.
S: 4. saredaqcio statia, milvokis Jurnali, 1998 wlis 1 ivnisi.
6. Jak deridas nekrologi.niu iork Taimsi,2004wlis 10
oqtomberi,erovnuli gamocema.
Tu statias miuTiTebT saTauris mixedviT, SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT
saTauris stilis an winadadebis stilis mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis
meTodi (ix. 22.3.1), oRond SerCeuli stili Tanmimdevrulad unda
gamoiyenoT. gazeTebi iyeneben orivestils, amdenad, yvela saTauri
SecvaleT im stilis Sesabamisad, romlis gamoyenebasac gadawyvetT.
S: 9.bler kamini, `vrigli marTlac istoriuli mniSvnelobis Senobas agebs”.
gazeTi `Siqago tribuni”, 2005 wlis 1 ivlisi.
an
9. bler kamini, `vrigli marTlac istoriuli mniSvnelobis Senobas agebs”.
gazeTi“Siqago tribuni”
SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad zog SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT, statiebis
miTiTeba teqstSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani elementis CasmiT; sul mcire,
, 2005 wlis 1 ivlisi.
272
miuTiTeT gazeTis saxelwodeba, gamocemis TariRi da statiis avtoris
(aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) saxeli da gvari. am informaciidan zogi
elementi SeiZleba,moTavsdes frCxilebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu ar
Seesabameba frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis formas, romelic aRwerilia
16.4.3-Si.
“niu iork Taimsis” statiaSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi gardaqmnebis
Sesaxeb (2005 wlis 30 seqtemberi) linda grinhauzs ganxiluli aqvs es
tendenciebi.
an
2005 wlis 30 seqtembers “niu iork TaimsSi”gamoqveynebul statiaSi
linda grinhauzi ganixilavs uzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare
gardaqmnebs. 17.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
inglisurenovani gazeTebis saxelwodebaSi gamotoveT artikliThe. Tu
gazeTis saxelwodeba ar Seicavs qalaqs, daumateT igi oficialur
saTaurs, garda iseTi kargad cnobili erovnuli gazeTebisa, rogoricaa
the Wall Street Journal an the Christian Science Monitor. Tu aseTi saxelwodebis
gazeTi mraval qalaqSi gamodis an saxelwodeba bundovania, SegiZliaT,
frCxilebSi daumatoT Stati an mxare (Cveulebriv, Semoklebuli formiT;
ix. 24.3.1). sxva ucxouri gazeTis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, datoveT
Seucvlelad gazeTis saxelwodebaSi arsebuli artiklebi da saTaurebis
Semdeg daurTeT qalaqebis saxelebi.
Chicago Tribune Le Monde
Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal Times (London)
inglisur enaze sainformacio saagentoebis saxelwodebebSi mTavruli
asoebi unda ganlagdes saTauris stilis dacviT, Tumca, dauxreli
SriftiT, rodesac igi statiis avtoris magivrad aris miTiTebuli.
273
S:6. `Associated Press”, `erayis konstitucia Tavdasxmebis fonze”, gazeTSiLos Angeles Times, 2005wlis 6 oqtomberi.
17.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi
gazeTebSi, garda calkeuli xelmowerili statiebisa, ganTavsebulia,
agreTve, mravali sxva tipis masala da zogierTi maTganis citirebisas
saWiroa specialuri wesebis dacva.
- regularuli svetebi.mraval Cveulebriv svets axlavs hedlainebad
wodebuli saTaurebi da svetis saTaurebi. Tqven orives gamoyeneba
SegiZliaT, sivrcis dazogvis mizniT ixmareT mxolod svetis saTauri
(swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod).
S: 5.grethen morgensoni, “`bazris monitorini: fasdakleba da
gaumjobesebuli Semosavlebi”, gazeTi `niu iork Taimsi”, 2000 wlis 23
aprili. an
5. grethen morgensoni, bazris monitoringi,gazeTi `niu iork Taimsi”, 2000 wlis 23 aprili.
-werilebi redaqtors. miuTiTeT isini zogadad, saTaurebis gareSe.
S: 6. virjinia j. devisi, werili redaqtors, gazeTi `Sikago tribuni”,
• danarTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebi. statiebi sakvirao `Jurnalis’’
damatebebidan an sxva specialuri nawilebidan miuTiTeT popularuli
Jurnalis statiebis msgavsad (ix. 17.3).
2005 wlis 29 ivlisi.
• onlain reJimSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi. onlain gazeTebTan
dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviT gazeTebSi ganTavsebuli
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,
daurTeT URL-misamarTi da Tqvens mier masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.
15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom marto URL-is miTiTeba sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven unda warmoadginoT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac es
SesaZlebelia), raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. SegiZliaT SeniSvnaSi citirebuli nawyvetis
274
adgilmdebareobis miniSneba aRwerilobiTi maniSneblis damatebiT
(rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) qvesaTauris Semdeg.
S: 12. deiv hoekstra, `memkvidreobis aRdgena”, gazeTi“Siqago sun-Taimsi”, 2005wlis 19 dekemberi, qvesaTaurSi`saxli Sinidan
Sors”,http://www.suntimes.com/output/hurricane/ cst-ftr-nola19.html (gaxsnilia
2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
17.5 damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi
arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala, romlebzec
vrceldeba miTiTebis specialuri moTxovnebi.
17.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebisa da adreuli periodis inglisuri
literaturuli nawarmoebebi
Zvel saberZneTSi da romSi, Sua saukuneebis evropaSi da renesansis
periodis inglisSi Seqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebebis miTiTeba
Tanamedrove literaturuli nawarmoebebis citirebisgan gansxvavebulad
xdeba. es wyaroebi xSirad dajgufebulia danomril seqciebad (wignebi,
striqonebi, strofebi da a.S.), romlebic,rogorc wesi, miTiTebulia
gverdebis nomrebis nacvlad. imis gamo, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
gamoqveynda am nawarmoebebis uamravi versia da Targmani, Tanamedrove
gamocemebisTvis maTi gamoqveynebis TariRi da sxva faqtebi, Cveulebriv,
naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva tipis miTiTebebSi.
amis gamo klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri
literaturuli nawarmoebebis citireba, rogorc wesi, unda xdebodes
sqolioebSi an Tundac frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebis formiT. (ix.
16.4.3), rogorc qvemoT mocemul pirvel magaliTSia naCvenebi. miuTiTeT
avtoris saxeli da gvari, saxelwodeba da seqciis nomeri (arabuli
cifrebiT). ixileT qvemoT sxvadasxva tipis nawarmoebebis miTiTebis
principebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi punqtuaciaSi, SemoklebebSi da
nomrebSi.
275
tucidides mier gadmocemulipeloponeziis flotis umoqmedobis oTxmoci
dRe rodiSi(8.44.4), romelic dasrulda zamTris dasrulebamde(8.60.2-3),
mianiSnebs...
S: 3.ovid amoresi1.7.27. 8.beovulfi, striqonebi 24017.
11. spenseri,dedoflis feria,w. 2, leqsi 8, st. 14.
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul gamokvlevebsan sxva raime
sferos, romelic moicavs teqstebis detalur analizs an Tu
mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa Targmanebs Soris, miuTiTeT aseTi nawarmoebebi
Tqvens bibliografiaSi. ixelmZRvaneleT 17.1.1-Si moyvanili sxva
naTargmni da redaqtirebuli wignebisTvis gankuTvnili wesebiT.
S:35. propertiusi, elegiesi, red. da mTargm.j.f. goldi, loebis klasikuri
naSromebis biblioTeka 18 (kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1990), 45.
b:Aaristotele. aristoteles naSromebis sruli krebuli: ganaxlebuli oqsfordis Targmani. Eredaqtirebulia jeims j. barnis mier. 2 t. prinstoni, niu-jersi: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1983
klasikuri nawarmoebebi.zemoT moyvanil zogad principebTan erTad
damatebiT warmogidgenT wesebs, romlebic vrceldeba klasikuri
nawarmoebebis citirebaze.
avtorsa da nawarmoebis saTaurs an saTaursa da seqciis nomers Soris
ar gamoiyenoT sasveni niSnebi. cifrobrivi danayofebi gamoyofilia
wertilebiT intervalebis gareSe. seqciebis nomrebisTvis ixmareT
arabuli cifrebi (da, sadac saWiroa, nusxuri asoebi). dasviT mZimeebi
erTi da imave wyaros or an met miTiTebas Soris, xolo wertil-mZime –
sxvadasxva wyaros citirebebs Soris.
276
S:5. aristofanebayayebi1019-30. 6. ciceroniVerr. 1.3.21. 2.3.120; tacitiusiCanasaxi. 10.2-3. 10aristotelemetafizika3.2.996b5-8; platonirespublika360e-361b.
SegiZliaT, agreTve, avtorebis, nawarmoebebis, krebulebis da a.S.
saxelebis Semokleba. yvelaze farTod aRiarebul abreviaturebs Seicavs
oqsfordis klasikuri leqsikoni. isargebleT am abreviaturebiT, nacvlad
sityvisa ibid. erTi da imave naSromis Tanmimdevrulad moxseniebis dros.
S:9. Tuk. 2.40.2-3.
14 . pindariistem.7.4З-45.
Suasaukuneebis nawarmoebebi. klasikuri naSromebis miTiTebis forma
Tanabrad misaRebia Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebisTvis, romlebic
dawerilia sxva enebze, garda inglisurisa.
S:27. avgustineDe civitate Dei 20.2.
31. abelardiEpistle 17 to Heloise (Migne PL 180.375c-378a).
adreuli inglisuri nawarmoebebi.zemoT CamoTvlili zogadi
principebis garda,adreuli inglisuri literaturuli nawarmoebebis
miTiTebebze Semdegi wesebi vrceldeba:
poemebis da piesebis miTiTebisas moixsenieT wigni, Tavi da strofi;
strofi da striqoni; moqmedeba, scena da striqoni an msgavsi danayofebi.
S:1. Coseri, `baTis meuRlis prologi”, kenterberis moTxrobebi, striqonebi 105-14.
3. miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe,wigni 1, striqonebi 83-86.
SegiZliaT, SeamokloT danomrili danayofebi moqmedeba, striqoni da
sxva msgavsi sityvebis gamotovebiT da klasikur miTiTebebSi arsebulis
msgavsi sistemis gamoyenebiT (ix. zemoT). aucileblad ganmarteT
SeniSvnaSi Tqveni sistema.
277
S:3. miltoni. dakarguli samoTxe. 1.83-86.
Tu gamocemebi gansxvavdeba redaqciiT, striqonebis danomvriT da
scenebad dayofiTac ki, gansakuTrebiT, es exeba Seqspiris nawarmoebebs,
CasviT es nawarmoebi bibliografiaSi da miuTiTeT konkretuli gamocema.
Tu bibliografia ar gaqvT, pirvel SeniSvnaSi daakonkreteT detalebi
gamocemis Sesaxeb.
b: Seqspiri, uiliam. hamleti. ardenis gamocema. redaqtirebulia herold
jenkinsis mier. londoni: gamomcemloba “meTueni”, 1982.
17.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
miuTiTeT biblia da sxva religiuri Sinaarsis wminda werilebi
sqolioebSi, teqstis bolos Catanil an frCxilebSi Casmul SeniSvnebSi
(ix. 16.4.3). ar aris saWiro maTi CarTva bibliografiaSi.
bibliidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi daurTeT wignis Semoklebuli
saxelwodeba, Tavis nomeri da strofis nomeri – gverdis nomris gareSe.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT wignebis
saxelwodebebis tradiciuli an ufro mokle abreviaturebi (ix. 24.6);
mimarTeT rCevisTvis Tqvens pedagogs, Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli
formaa misaRebi. gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi Tavebis, strofebis
nomrebisa (maT Soris, orwertiliT)da danomrili wignebis miTiTebisas.
vinaidan wignebi gansxvavebulia wminda werilebis versiebis mixedviT,
gansxvavebulia danomvrac, amitom Tqvens pirvel miTiTebaSi frCxilebSi
DCawereT im versiis saxelwodeba, romliTac sargeblobT, sityvierad an
miRebuli abreviaturiT (ix. 24.6.4).
S: 6. 2 Kings 11:8 (axali ganaxlebuli
standartuli versia). 7. 1 Cor. 6:1-10 (NAB).
sxva religiis wminda werilebidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisad
gamoiyeneT bibliidan citirebis zogadi principebi (ix. 24.6.5)
278
17.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
sayovelTaod cnobili sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa mTavari
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi, Cveulebriv, moixsenieba mxolod
SeniSvnebSi. rogorc wesi,ar aris saWiro maTi Casma bibliografiaSi,
Tumca, SegiZliaT im konkretuli naSromis CarTva, romelic
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an, romelic xSirad
aris miTiTebuli. SeniSvnaSi SegiZliaT, gamotovoT informacia
publikaciis Sesaxeb, magram daakonkreteT gamocema (Tu es ar aris
pirveli gamocema). anbanuri wesiT awyobili naSromis, magaliTad,
enciklopediis, SemTxvevaSi miuTiTeT muxli (da ara tomi an gverdis
nomeri), romelsac win uswrebs ix. - ixileT (s.v.- sub verbo).
S:1. enciklopedia britanika, me-15 gam., ix. `xsna”. 2. amerikis biografiuli leqsikoni, ix. `vadsvorTi, ieremia”.
naklebad cnobili sacnobaro literaturis miTiTebisasSeniSvebSi
aRniSneTinformacia publikaciis Sesaxeb da naSromi bibliografiaSi
SeitaneT.
S:3. Jurnali Taimsis zamkvlevi inglisuri enis stilis da gamoyenebis
sakiTxebSi, ganax. gam. (londoni: gamomcemloba `Taimz buqsi”, 1999), ix.
`policiis maRalCinosnebi”, `safosto misamarTebi”. b:aulestia, gorka. baskur-inglisuri leqsikoni. reno: nevadas universitetis
gamomcemloba. 1989.
enciklopediebis onlain versiebi eqvemdebareba regularul ganaxlebas,
amitom CarTeT rogorc URL-misamarTi, ise, masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.
15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom zogierTi sacnobaro naSromi miuTiTebs
konkretuli muxlis citirebisTvis Sesaferis URL-s; sasurvelia misi
gamoyeneba nacvlad saZiebo sistemebis mier gamotanili naklebad sando
URL-isa.
279
S:1. Encyclopaedia Britannica onlain varianti, ix. `sibeliusi,
jin”,http://www.britannica .com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608 (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1
ivniss).
17.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
wignebis, warmodgenebis da a.S. naSromebis recenzia SeiZleba, daibeWdos
sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi da, rogorc wesi, maTze miTiTeba
mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda CairTos. Cveulebriv, aucilebeli ar aris maTi
bibliografiaSi Casma, Tumca, SesaZloa,gadawyvitoT konkretuli
recenziis miTiTeba, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an
xSirad aris naxsenebi.
miuTiTeT mimomxilvelis gvari da saxeli, sityva (recenzia), romelsac
mosdevs mimoxiluli naSromis saxelwodeba da avtori (an kompozitori,
reJisori da a.S.); adgili da TariRi (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saubaria
speqtaklze) da bolos is perioduli gamocema, romelSic daibeWda
mimoxilva.
S: 7.riCard p. Taubi, Semdegi statiis recenzia–sazogadoebrivi sabinao
mSeneblobis dabruneba: naxevarsaukunovani brZola sam raionSi,
avtori lorens j. veili, amerikis sociologiuri Jurnali110. no. 3
(2004wlis noemberi): 797.
15. Carlz iServudi. Semdegi dadgmis recenzia –cisferi Citi, avtori:
Seril vesti,reJisori – seret skoti, Teatri seqong sTeiji, niu-iorki,
gazeTi `New York Times”, 2005wlis 24 ivnisi.
b:kozini, alan. timoTi feinis (violino) da stiven bekis (fortepiano)
sakoncerto gamosvlis mimoxilva, 92nd Street Y, New York. New York Times,
samecniero statiebis, sakonferencio naSromebis, disertaciebis da a.S.
reziumeebi SeiZleba, gamoqveyndes sakuTriv naSromTan erTad an
specialur gamocemebSi (Cveulebriv, JurnalebSi), romlebic Sedgeba
2000wlis 21 aprili.
17.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
280
mxolod da mxolod reziumeebisgan. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, reziumeebi,
Cveulebriv, mxolod SeniSvniT unda mieTiTos. rogorc wesi, maTi
bibliografiaSi CarTva ar aris aucilebeli, Tumca, SesaZloa,
gadawyvitoT konkretuli recenziis miTiTeba, romelic mniSvnelovania
Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.
daurTeT sakuTriv naSromis sruli miTiTeba. Tu reziume ibeWdeba
naSromTan erTad, miTiTebaSi sityva reziume CasviT saTauris Semdeg. Tu
reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . –SiCasviT sawyisi
miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.
S: 13. jozef ludersi, `gadaadgilebis ekonomikis warmateba: biznesis
reagireba samoqalaqo uflebebis mobilizaciaze”, reziume, amerikis
sociologiuri Jurnali111, nom. A (2006wlis ianvari): 963.
18. sesilia albini, `molaparakebebis warmoeba saerTaSoriso
TanamSromlobis Taobaze: saerTaSoriso sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da
samarTlianoba”, “saerTaSiriso kvlevebis mimoxilva”29 (2003wlis ivlisi):
365-85, reziume JurnalSi“mSvidobis kvlevis reziumeebi”A2, publik. nomeri
236625 (2005wlis Tebervali): 6.
17.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
miuTiTeT bukletebi, korporaciuli angariSebi, broSurebi da sxva
damoukidebeli publikaciebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns. Tu ar
gaqvT sakmarisi informacia zogierTi standartuli elementis
CasarTavad, rogoricaa avtori da gamomcemeli, dokumentebis moZieba rom
gaadvildes, miuTiTeT sakmarisi odenobis sxva informacia.aseTi
wyaroebis miTiTeba, Cveulebriv, mxolod SeniSvnebSi unda gakeTdes.
rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,
SesaZloa, gadawyvitoT konkretuli recenziis miTiTeba, romelic
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris naxsenebi.
S: 34.heizel v. klarki, mesopotamia: or mdinares Sua(mesopotamia, ohaio:
gamomcemloba “general sTori”, 1957).35. TIAA-CREF,2005 yovelwliuri
281
angariSi: kolejis sapensio fondi(niu-iorki: gamomcemloba: `Tiaa-krefi”,
2005), 62.
17.5.7 mikroformis gamocemebi
mikroformis saxiT gamocemuli naSromebi, romliTac xelmZRvanelobdiT,
maT Soris disertacia, miuTiTeT wignis msgavsad. (nabeWdi formiT an
internetSi moZiebuli disertaciebis misaTiTeblad (ix. 17.6.1.) daurTeT
publikaciis forma (mikrofiSa, mikrofilmi da a.S.), publikaciis Sesaxeb
monacemebis Semdeg. SeniSvnaSi, Tu SesaZlebelia, CarTeT adgilis
ganmsazRvreli elementi. qvemoT, pirvel magaliTSi gverdis nomeri
(romelic sicxadisTvis gamoyofilia abreviaturiT gv.) mikrofiSaze
nabeWd teqstSi gvxvdeba; danarCenicifrebiaRniSnavenmikrofiSasda kadrs,
xolo aso aRniSnavs striqons.
S:5.beatris farveli, safrangeTis popularuli liTografiuli
namuSevrebi, t. 12, liTografia xelovnebasa da vaWrobaSi(Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 1995), teqsti-fiSa, gv. 67, 3C12.
b: Tauberi, abraam. damwerlobis reforma SeerTebul StatebSi.
enAarbori. MI: universitetis mikrofilmebi. 1958. mikrofilmi.
17.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi
miuTiTeTCD-ROM-ze an DVD-ROM-ze CawerilinaSromebi, rogorc
miuTiTebdiT analogiur nabeWd naSromebs, ufro xSirad, wignebs.
S:11. neiSenal jeografikis Canawerebi:110 welineiSenal
jeografikisdaarsebidan, CD-ROM (Mindscape, 2000).
b:
onlain monacemTa bazebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis
statiebis citirebasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT 17.2.7. sxva tipis onlain
oqsfordis inglisuri enis leqsikoni. me-2 gam. CD-ROM. versia 2.0. niu-
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba. 1999.
17.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi
282
monacemTa bazebis dokumentebs an Canawerebs SeniSvnaSi
miTiTebisasdaurTeTdokumentis avtoris saxeli da gvari da dokumentis
saxelwodeba (Tu aqvs), monacemTa baza (swori SriftiT), URL misamarTi
da TariRi, rodesac masala moipoveT. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da
mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informacia
publikaciis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels
SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. onlain monacemTa
bazebSi ganTavsebuli disertaciebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.6.1.
S: 1. flini ufrosi,bunebrivi istoria, red. jon bostoki da h. T.
rili, perseusis cifrul biblioTekaSi, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-
bin/ptext?lookup = Plin.+ Nat.+1.dedication (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 31 marts). b:perseusis cifruli biblioTeka,
17.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi
http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
wyaroebi, romlebic arasdros gamoqveynebula, SeiZleba, ufro rTuli
mosaZebni iyos mkiTxvelisTvis, vidre gamoqveynebuli, vinaidan isini
inaxeba mxolod erT adgilas da ar arsebobs oficialuri cnobebi maTi
publikaciis Sesaxeb. msgavsi wyaroebis miTiTebisas gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili sruli informaciis darTvas, raTa
maqsimalurad srulyofili monacemebi mivawodoT mkiTxvels.
gamouqveynebeli naSromebis saTaurebi mocemulia swori SriftiT,
ubrWyalebod. es gansxvavebuli formati gamoarCevs maT msgavsi, magram
gamoqveynebuli naSromebisgan. saTaurebi mTavruli asoebiT dawereT
saTauris stilis mixedviT.
283
17.6.1 Tezisebi da disertaciebi
Tu xelmZRvanelobT gamouqveynebeli disertaciis nabeWdi formiT,
CaTvaleT igi gamouqveynebel xelnawerad. avtoris da saxelwodebis
Semdeg miuTiTeT disertaciis tipi da samecniero dawesebuleba, Semdeg
TariRi. wignis publikaciis monacemebis msgavsad, es elementebi
SeniSvnaSi frCxilebSi Tavsdeba, bibliografiaSi ki – ara. gamoiyeneT
disertaciis Semoklebuli varianti dis.sityvis gamouqveynebelixmareba
saWiro ar aris.
S: 1. karen lei Culkasi, `qurTistanis kartografiuli warmoCena beWdviT
mediaSi”(Tezisi magistris xarisxis dasacavad, sirakusis universiteti,
2003), 15.
b:merfi, priscila qoiT. `ra SeuZlia wigns: Cumi wyarodasajaro debatebi
mediasaSualebebSi”. sadoqtoro disertacia., CrdiloeT karolinas
universiteti, 2000.
imisaTvis, rom miuTiToT disertacia, romelsac gaecaniT onlain
monacemTa bazaSi,daurTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, URL-i da monacemTa
bazaSi Sesvlis TariRi organizaciis Sesaxeb informaciis Semdeg
(mikroformis saxiT gamoSvebuli gamocemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 17.5.7.)
b: merfi, priscila, qoiTi. `ra SeuZlia wigns: Cumi wyaro da sajaro
debatebi mediasaSualebebSi”.sad. dis.., CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.
2000. ProQuest Dissertationsand Theses-Si, http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did =
727710781 &sid-2&Fmt^2& clientld=13392&RQT=309&VName=PQD (gaxsnilia 2006
wlis 1 aprils).
17.6.2 leqciebi da Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi
gamosvlis an moxsenebis avtoris da saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT sponsori,
adgilmdebareoba da TaTbiris Catarebis konkretuli dRe. SeniSvnaSi es
informacia frCxilebSi moaTavseT, bibliografiaSi – ara. sityva
gamouqveynebeli saWiro ar aris.
284
S:2.jon Trumani,`indielTa bluzi: amerikeli indielebi da musikis
politika,1890-1935" (leqcia, wakiTxuli biblioTekaSi `Newberry Library”, Cikago, ilinoisi, 2005wlis 2 Tebervali).
7. karen gradi, `rodesac maRali kultura popularuli kultura
iyo” (amerikis istorikosTa organizaciis yovelwliur Sexvedraze
warmodgenili moxseneba. 2004wlis 26 marti).
b:skokpoli, Teda. `xma da uTanasworoba: amerikis samoqalaqo demokratiis
gardaqmna”.prezidentis mimarTva, amerikis politologTa asociaciis
yovelwliuri Sexvedra, filadelfia, pensilvania,2003wlis 28
agvisto.
17.6.3 interviuebi da piradi urTierToba
gamouqveynebeli interviu (maT Soris, interviu, romelic Tavad
warmarTeT),rogorc wesi, mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda miuTiToT. Cveulebriv,
ar aris saWiro maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca, SegiZliaT
gadawyvitoT calkeuli intervius CarTva bibliografiaSi, Tu is
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.
SeniSvna daiwyeT im piris gvariT da saxeliT, romelsac CamoerTva
interviu da interviueris saxeliT da gvariT; daurTeT, agreTve,
intervius Catarebis adgili da TariRi (Tu cnobilia) da nebismieri
firisa Tu werilobiTi aslis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) adgilmdebareoba.
(radio- an telemauwyeblobiT gadacemuli interviuebis Sesaxeb ixileT
17.8.3)
S:7. endriu makmilani, avtoris interviu,san diego, kalifornia,2007 wlis 2
marti.
14. benjamin Spoki, j.e. senis interviu, 1974 wlis 20 noemberi, interviu
67a, werilobiTi asli,senis zepiri istoriis koleqcia, medicinis
erovnuli biblioTeka, beTezda, MD. 17.
Tu ar SegiZliaT im piris vinaobis gamJRavneba, romelsac interviu
CamoarTves, miuTiTeT is konteqstis Sesabamisi formiT. ganmarteT, ratom
makmilani,interviu; spoki, interviu.
285
ar aris miTiTebuli vinaoba (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri; im
pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT ormxrivi
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze’’) SeniSvnaSi an winasityvaobaSi.
S:10. interviu jandacvis sferos muSakTan 2006 wlis 10 agvisto.
miuTiTeT saubrebi, werilebi, eleqtronuli werilebi da a.S. mxolod
SeniSvnebSi. rogorc wesi, ar aris saWiro maTi miTiTeba bibliografiaSi,
magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, miuTiToT konkretuli komunikacia, romelic
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis gasamyareblad an romelic xSirad aris
citirebuli. ZiriTadi elementebia sxva adamianis saxeli da gvari,
komunikaciis tipi da komunikaciis TariRi. bevr SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa,
moaxerxoT frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnis gamoyeneba (ix. 16.4.3) an am
informaciis nawilobriv an srulad CarTva teqstSi. gamotoveT
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. eleqtronul misamarTebze gagzavnili
Setyobinebebis miTiTebis Sesaxeb ixileT ix. 17.7.3.
S:2. maqsin grini, eleqtronuli fostis gzavnili avtors, 2005 wlis 29 seqtemberi.
Sesatani elementebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba. Tu SesaZlebelia, miuTiTeT
avtori da TiToeuli elementis saxelwodeba an tipi, koleqciis
saxelwodeba da arqivis dasaxeleba. SeniSvnaSi, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT
2006 wlis 12 oqtombers avtorTan satelefono saubrisas polkovnikma uiliam riCim gaamJRavna, rom...
17.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi
gamouqveynebel xelnawerTa koleqciebSi daculi dokumentebi Seicavs
gamoqveynebul wyaroebze ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs.
miTiTebaSi CarTeT, rac SeiZleba, meti informacia, Tanmimdevrulad
daaformateT elementebi da saWiroebisamebr miusadageTaq moyvanili
zogadi modelebi.
286
avtoris saxeli da gvari; Tu dokuments aqvs saxelwodeba, avtori ki –
ara, an Tu saxelwodeba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre avtori,
Tavdapirvelad saxelwodeba miuTiTeT.
S:
23.
5. jorj qrilis werilebi polkovnik hauzis misamarTiT, 1918 wlis
seqtemberi, eduard m. hauzis dokumentebi, ielis universitetis
biblioTeka, niu-heiveni, koneqtikuti.
24.
jeims ogleTorfis werilebi rwmunebulebs, 1733 wlis 13 ianvari,
egmontis xelnawerebis filipsis koleqcia, 14200:13, jorjiis
universitetis biblioTeka, aTeni (SemdgomSi miTiTebulia rogorc Egmont MSS).
bartonis werilebi meriamis misamarTiT, telegrama, 1923 wlis 26
ianvari, Carlz i. meriamis dokumentebi, Cikagos universitetis
biblioTeka.
44.
31. Tavisufal SavkanianTa mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis sakiTxebis
komitetis Sexvedris oqmi, pensilvaniis monobis gauqmebis sazogadoeba,
1790-1803, monobis gauqmebis pensilvaniis sazogadoebis dokumentebi,
pensilvaniis istoriuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia (Semdgom miTiTebebSi
– pensilvaniis sazogadoebis oqmebi).
45.
alvin jonsonis memorandumi, 1937, swrafCamkeri 36, horas kalenis
dokumentebi, instituti YIVO, niu-iorki
Semoklebuli SeniSvnebSiSecvaleT elementebis Cveuli sqema (ix. 16.4.1),
raTa asaxoT arsebuli informacia da mkafiod miuTiToT informacia
dokumentis Sesaxeb.
jozef furseli, `CrdiloeT amerikis samxreT indielTa olqis
ruka” [ca. 1772]. MS 228, eiveris koleqcia, biblioTeka“Newberry Library”, Cikago.
S:46. r.s. beikeris werili hauzs, 1919 wlis 1 noemberi,
hauzis dokumentebi.
47. oqmebi. 1795 wlis 15 aprili, pensilvaniis
sazogadoeba.
287
Tu koleqciidan mxolod erT dokuments uTiTebT da is mniSvnelovania
Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an xSirad gaqvT naSromSi
miTiTebuli, SeiZleba, arCioT misi bibliografiaSi CarTva.muxlSi,pirvel
rigSi, miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari; Tu dokuments aqvs
saxelwodeba, xolo avtori ar hyavs an Tu saxelwodeba ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre avtori, pirvelad miuTiTeT saxelwodeba.
b:Ddinkeli, jozef. luis agasis daxasiaTeba, dawerili elizabeT qeri agasis
TxovniT. agasis dokumentebi. houTonis biblioTeka, harvardis
universiteti, kembriji, masaCusetsi.
Tu koleqciidan mravali dokumentis citirebas axdenT, bibliografiaSi
`koleqciis’’ saxeliT miuTiTeT mTeli koleqcia, masSi Semavali
dokumentebis avtor(eb)i an arqivi. msgavsi tipis gamouqveynebeli
masalisTvis, romelic arqivebSi ar inaxeba, SecvaleT koleqciasTan
dakavSirebuli informacia frazebiT `avtoris mflobelobaSia~an `kerZo
koleqcia’’ da nu axsenebT adgils.
b:egmontis xelnawerebi. filipsis koleqcia. jorjiis universitetis
biblioTeka, aTeni.
hauzi, edvard m., dokumentebi. ielis universitetis biblioTeka. niu
heiveni, koneqtikuti.
pensilvaniis monobis gauqmebis sazogadoeba. dokumentebi. pensilvaniis
istoriuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia.
stroTeri, frenCi da edvard lori. dauTariRebeli mimowera. herbert
huveris saprezidento biblioTeka, vesT brenCi, aiova.
• konkretuli saTaurebi ganzogadebuli saTaurebis nacvlad.miuTiTeT
rogorc konkretuli, ise, ganzogadebuli saTaurebi, rogoricaa
erovnuli mSrali kanonis reformis momxre qalTa organizaciis dokumentebi.
alis belin diuponis failebi. pier s. diuponis dokumentebi,eluterian milsis
istoriuli biblioTeka,uilmingtoni, deleveri.
elementebis daformatebis wesi. warmogidgenT ramdenime rekomendacias
xelnawerTa koleqciebSi arsebuli dokumentebis specialur
daformatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
288
angariSi an oqmi, swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod.dasviT mTavruli asoebi
am tipis ganzogadebul saxelebSi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini
xelnaweris oficialuri saTauris nawilia da ara maSin, roca maT
mxolod aRwerilobiTi funqcia akisria.
-informacia adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb. zogierTi xelnaweri SesaZloa,
Seicavdes gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic SeiZleba, moTavsdes SeniSvnebSi;
miuxedavad amisa, mraval xelnawers eqneba adgilmdebareobis maniSnebeli
sxva tipis elementi an saerTod ar eqneba is. ufro Zveli xelnawerebis
danomvra, rogorc wesi, xdeba mxolod TabaxiT an formatiT, nacvlad
gverdebisa. xelnawerebis zogierT koleqcias aqvs seriebi an failebis
nomrebi, romlebic SeiZleba, daurToT miTiTebas.
-naSromebi da xelnawerebi. xelnawerTa koleqciebis saTaurebSi
terminebi naSromi da xelnawerebi sinonimebia. orive termini misaRebia,
iseve, rogorc abreviaturebi MS daMSS (mravlobiTi ricxvi).
-werilebi. SeniSvnebSi werilis citirebisas, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT
werilis avtoris saxeli da gvari, Semdeg daurTeT adresati, Semdeg ki
werilis mimRebis gvari. SegiZliaT, ar miuTiToT saxelebi, Tu teqstidan
TvalsaCinoa gamgzavnis da adresatis vinaoba. gamotoveT sityva werili,
romelic igulisxmeba, Tumca, Tu sxva formis komunikacias uTiTebT,
daakonkreteT komunikaciis tipi (depeSa, memorandumi).
17.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi
masalas, romelic araoficialurad qveyndeba internetSi, xSirad ar
eqneba publikaciis standartuli monacemebi, rogoricaa avtori, saTauri,
gamomcemeli an TariRi. maSinac ki, rodesac SegiZliaT publikaciis
Sesaxeb mxolod Zalian mwiri monacemebis mopoveba an saerTod ver
adgenT maT, mainc unda miuTiToT ufro meti informacia,
vidreURLmisamarTia. Tu miuTiTebT mxolod URL-s da is Seicvleba an
moZveldeba, miTiTeba gamousadegari xdeba mkiTxvelisTvis. URL-i
miuTiTebs, sad iyo ganTavsebuli masala, rodesac Tqven gaecaniT
289
mas;sruli miTiTeba, aseve, unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi
ukanasknelad monaxulebis TariRs (ix. 15.4.1).
17.7.1 vebgverdebi
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda onlain wyaroebidan miRebul
sxva original masalasTan dakavSirebiT miuTiTeT, rac SeiZleba, meti
informacia Semdegi CamonaTvlidan: avtori, gverdis saTauri (swori
SriftiT, brWyalebSi), vebgverdis saxelwodeba an mflobeli (swori
SriftiT), URL-i da vebgverdze Sesvlis TariRi.
S:14. Eevanstonis sajaro biblioTekis sameurveo sabWo, `evanstonis sajaro
biblioTekis strategiuli gegma, 2000-2010: saqmianobis dekada”,
evanstonis sajaro biblioTeka, http://www.epl .org/library/strategic-plan-
OO.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).
b:evanstonis sajaro biblioTekis sameurveo sabWo. `evanstonis sajaro
biblioTekis strategiuli gegma, 2000-2010: saqmianobis dekada”.
evanstonis sajaro biblioTeka.http://www.epl.org/ library/strategic-plan-
OO.html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).
Tu avtori ar aris dasaxelebuli, miuTiTeTvebgverdis mflobelis
saxeli.
S:19. bahaizmi SeerTebul StatebSi, `ganaTleba”, bahaizmi, http://www
.bahai.us/content/section/7/З6/ (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).
25. Famerikis mecnierTa federacia, `rezoluciis Sedareba: sanomre
niSnebis da saTaurebis kiTxva”http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html
(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).
b:bahaizmi SeerTebul StatebSi, `ganaTleba”, bahaizmi, http://www.bahai.us/
content/section/7/З6/ (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).
290
araoficialur saitebze, rogoricaa mTavari gverdebi da
TayvanismcemelTa saitebi, romlebsac SeiZleba, arc hqondeT saTaurebi,
gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis gamoiyeneT aRwerilobiTi frazebi.
S:1. “Taqonikis banakis” kursdamTavrebulebi, 1955 fotogalerea,
http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955 .html (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 1 ivniss).
17.7.2 veblogze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
Tu miuTiTebT veblogze (an blogze) gamoqveynebul informacias saitis
avtoris mixedviT, ixelmZRvaneleT vebsaitebisTvis gansazRvruli zogadi
modeliT. miuTiTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari da ganTavsebis TariRi.
aseTi informacia, rogorc wesi, mxolod SeniSvnaSi unda mieTiTos.
Cveulebriv, ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva saWiro, Tumca,
SeiZleba, gadawyvitoT konkretuli informaciis CarTva, romelic
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis dasabuTebisTvis an xSirad aris
miTiTebuli.
S:7.geri bekeri, `amerikis axali dilema: aralegaluri imigracia”, beker-
pozneris vebJurnali,statia ganTavsebulia 2006 wlis 6 marts
http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html
(gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 28 marts).
veblogze saitis avtoris garda, sxva piris mier ganTavsebuli
komentaris misaTiTeblad ixelmZRvaneleT veblogze ganTavsebuli
informaciisTvis gansazRvruli zogadi principebiT. masala moixsenieT,
rogorc komentari da miuTiTeT komentaris ganTavsebis TariRi (da ara
Tavad komentari). Tu komentaris avtoris saxeli da gvari arasrulia an
fsevdonimia, kvadratul frCxilebSi, saxelis Semdeg daamateT fsevd.
S:8. piter piersoni, komentari statiisa `amerikis axali dilema:
aralegaluri imigracia”, beker-pozneris vebJurnali, komentari
ganTavsda 2006 wlis 6 marts,http://www.becker-posner-
291
blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052 (gaxsnilia 2006
wlis 28 marts).
11. bili [fsevd.], komentari statiisa `amerikis axali dilema:
aralegaluri imigracia”, beker-pozneris vebJurnali,komentari ganTavsda
2006 wlis 10 marts, httpV/www.becker-posner-
blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america. html#c080U9 (gaxsnilia 2006
wlis 28 marts).
17.7.3 adresatTaeleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi
adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siidan masalis citirebisas
daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari, siis saxelwodeba da gagzavnis
TariRi. gamotoveT eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. Tu statia unda
daarqivdes miuTiTeT, agreTve,URL misamarTi da TariRi, rodesac
internetSi gamoiyeneT masala. msgavsi informaciis citireba, rogorc
wesi, xdeba mxolod SeniSvnaSi. Cveulebriv, saWiro ar aris maTi CarTva
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, Tumca, SeiZleba, gadawyvitoT konkretuli
elementis CarTva, Tu is mniSvnelovania argumentis gamyarebis
TvalsazrisiT an xSirad aris miTiTebuli.
S:17. jon paueli, elfostis werili Grapevine-adresatTa siis wevrebisTvis,
2004 wlis 30 oqtomberi,http://www .electriceditors.net/grapevine/issues/83.txt
(gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 12 oqtombers).
17.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi
vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovneba gvTavazobs mravalferovan
wyaroebs: vizualur gamosaxulebebs, cocxal warmodgenebs, tele- da
radiogadacemebs, Canawerebs sxvadasxva matarebelze da teqstebs.
zogierTi aseTi wyaros citireba SeiZleba, rTulic iyos, Tu maT ar
axlavs gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mosaZiebeli
informacia. aseTi wyaroebis miTiTebas daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, bevri
292
informacia, Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT elementebi da
miTiTebebssaWiroebisamebr miusadageT winamdebare nawilSi mocemuli
zogadi modelebi.
am nawilSi CamoTvlili wyaroebis umetesoba mxolod SeniSvnebSi unda
aRniSnoT an, sulac, teqstSi CarToT misi ZiriTadi elementebi. Tu
sxvagvari ram ar aris miTiTebuli, rogorc wesi, saWiro ar aris am
wyaroebis bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi
SeiZleba, CarToT konkretuli elementi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni
argumentis dasabuTebis TvalsazrisiT an romelic xSirad aris
miTiTebuli. Tu naSroms iseTi disciplinebisTvis werT, rogoricaa
xelovneba, mediis kvlevebi an sxva msgavsi sfero, rCevisTvis Tqvens
pedagogs mimarTeT.
17.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
ferweruli namuSevrebi, qandakebebi, fotoebi da xelovnebis sxva
nawarmoebebi.ferweruli naxatebi, qandakebebi, fotosuraTebi da
xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi aRiniSneba mxolod
SeniSvnebSi.daurTeT,agreTve,mxatvris saxeli da gvari, nawarmoebis
saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs ca. [circa],Tu
TariRi miaxloebiTia), aseve, im dawesebulebis saxelwodeba da
adgilmdebareoba (TuaseTi arsebobs), romelSic igi inaxeba. ferweruli
namuSevrebisa da qandakebebissaxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT,
xolo fotosuraTebis saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT da
brWyalebSi CasviT.
S:7. jorjia okifi, alburi buxrebi, 1938, milvokis xelovnebis muzeumi.
11. miqelanjelo, daviTi, 1501-4, samxatvro akademiis galerea, florencia.
SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer xelovnebis nimuSebis miTiTeba
elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac SegiZliaT. am elementebidan zogi
SeiZleba, frCxilebSi Caisvas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini ar Seesabameba
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebis formats, romelic aRwerilia 16.4.3-Si.
293
S:7. Gjorjia okifi, alpuri buxrebi, 1938, barbara buler linis, lesli
polin-kempesis da fridrix u. terneris naSromSi – jorjia okifi da
niu-meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba (prinstoni: prinstonis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2004), 25.
Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi gamoqveynebul wyaroSi naxeT da adgilobrivi
wesebiT gansazRvrulia Sesabamisi wyaros identifikacia, organizaciis
saxelwodebis da adgilmdebareobis nacvlad,SeiyvaneT informacia
publikaciis Sesaxeb. onlain suraTebis (online images)Sesaxeb ix.17.8.6.
S:12.ojaxis wignierebis erovnuli centri, `vinaidan me SemiZlia kiTxva”,
reklama JurnalSi`atlantiq mansli”,
Teatri, musika da cekva.aRniSneT cocxali Teatraluri, musikaluri an
sacekvao Sesruleba mxolod SeniSvnebSi. aRniSvnas daurTeT
Sesrulebuli nawarmoebis saxelwodeba, yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis
saxeli da gvari da maT mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, romel TeatrSi,
darbazSi da a.S gaimarTa warmodgena, warmodgenis geografiuli
mdebareoba da TariRi. piesebis da didi musikaluri kompoziciebis
saTaurebi dawereT daxrili SriftiT, xolo ufro mcire namuSevrebis
saTaurebi _ swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi. Tu citata xazs usvams
konkretuli pirovnebis Sesrulebas, Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari
miuTiTeT nawarmoebis saTauris win.
2006 wlis aprili, 59.
sxva grafikuli wyaroebi.SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi grafikuli
wyaroebis citireba, rogoricaa sareklamo gancxadebebi presaSi, rukebi,
karikaturebi da a.S. aRniSneT aseTi wyaroebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi,
miusadageT maT xelovnebis nimuSebisTvis gankuTvnili sabaziso
modelebi da daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti informacia. miuTiTeT
saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT da aRniSneT
gamosaxulebis tipi, Tu is saxelwodebidancxadi ar aris. onlain
grafikuli gamosaxulebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.6.
17.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
294
S:cisferi Citi,Semsrulebeli Seril l. vesti, reJisori sereT skoti,
Second Stage Theater, niu-iorki, 2005wlis 22 ivnisi.
16. iuja vangi, fortepiano, "La Valse," komp. moris raveli, saorkestro
darbazi, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti.
SeniSvnis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer, miTiTeba cocxali Sesrulebis
Sesaxeb elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac SegiZliaT. am elementebidan zogi
maTgani SeiZleba, frCxilebSi Caisvas, maSinac ki, Tu isini ar Seesabameba
frCxilebSi Casmuli SeniSvnebisformats, romelic aRwerilia 16.4.3-Si.
i uja v a n g m a m or i s r a v eli s , ,l a v alsi s ” S e srule b iT
( 2 0 0 6 wlis 2 6 m arts , C i k a gos s a or k e stro d arb a zS i )
g v i C v e n a , ro m m a s e s m i s . . .
Tu cocxali Sesruleba CanawerSi ixileT an moismineT, miuTiTeT es
Canaweri. audioCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.4; videoCanawerTan dakavSirebiT _
17.8.5; onlain failebis (online files) Sesaxeb _ 17.8.6
kinofilmebi.Tu filmi kinoTeatrSi naxeT, cocxali Sesrulebis
miTiTebis msgavsad, SeniSvnaSi aRniSneT an CarTeT elementebi teqstSi.
(videoCanawerebiT nanaxi filmebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.5; internetSi nanaxi
filmebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.6.).miuTiTeT kinofilmis saxelwodeba, reJisori,
mwarmoebeli kompaniis an distributoris saxelwodeba da filmis
gamoSvebis weli. Tu saWiroa, aRwereT Tqvens mier citirebuli epizodis
moqmedebis adgili.
S:3. Capote, reJisori benet mileri, Sony Pictures Classics, 2005,
programebi.miuTiTeT teleprogramebi, radioprogramebi da sxva
samauwyeblowyaroebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi. daurTeT programis saxeli da
TariRi, rodesac naxeT an moismineT gadacema. SegiZliaT, agreTve,
aRniSnoT epizodis saTauri da nomeri (Tu xelmisawvdomia), yvela
sawyisi epizodi
17.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
295
wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari (Tu Tqvens msjelobas
Seesabameba), adgili, saidanac xdeba mauwyebloba da Tavdapirveli
mauwyeblobis TariRi (Tu gansxvavdeba im TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven
naxeT an moismineT gadacema). programebis saxelebi dawereT daxrili
SriftiT, xolo epizodebis an segmentebis saTaurebi – swori SriftiT,
brWyalebSi.
S:16. zainfildi,`sapirispiro”,epizodi 86,2005 wlis 22 seqtemberi
(Tavdapirvelad gadaica 1994 wlis 19 maiss)
xSirad, SeniSvnis nacvlad,SegiZliaT, aseTi programebi aRniSnoT
ZiriTadi elementebis teqstSi CarTvis meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT maSin,
rodesac zogierTi an yvela damatebiTi elementi ar aris xelmisawvdomi
an ar Seesabameba citirebas.
sainfildis epizodi saTauriT "sapiripiro"(eTerSi gadaica 2005 wlis 22
seqtembers) SesaniSnavad warmoaCens am nawarmoebis struqturas.
Tu programa CanawerSi naxeT an moismineT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
videoCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 17.8.5; onlain failebis Sesaxebix. 17.8.6.
interviuebi.miuTiTeT mauwyeblis meSveobiT gadmocemuli interviuebi
mxolod SeniSvnebSian teqstSi, masSiCarTuli elementebiT. miiCnieT
respondenti avtorad da citirebis konteqstSi miuTiTeT interviueris
vinaoba. daurTeT, agreTve, mauwyeblobis adgili da TariRi.
gamouqveynebeli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.6.3.
S:10. jim lereris interviu kondoliza raisTan. niuz auer, pi-bi-esi, 2005 wlis
28 ivlisi.
reklamebi.miuTiTeT mauwyeblobis saSualebebiT gadmocemuli reklamebi
mxolod SeniSvnebSian teqstSi, masSiCarTuli elementebiT. daurTeT, rac
SeiZleba, meti informacia.
296
S:18. federal eqspresi, "gamoqvabulis kacis" reklama, eTerSi gadaica 2006
wlis 5 Tebervals, superboloul iqs-elis msvlelobisas.
.
17.8.4 audioCanawerebi
Tu audioCanawerSi moismineT musikaluri Sesruleba an deklamacia
(spoken performance), miuTiTeT Canaweri. gamoqveynebuli nawarmoebebis
msgavsad, aseT Canawerebs, rogorc wesi, ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi
saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiro iqneba maTi aRniSvna
bibliografiaSi.
aRniSneT Canaweri misi saxelwodebis qveS, an kompozitoris, an
Semsruleblis saxelis qveS, imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro Seesabameba
Tqvens msjelobas. imisaTvis, rom sxva msgavsi Canawerebisgan ganasxvavoT,
daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad, meti informacia: Camweri kompaniis saxeli,
Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri, Canaweris forma (firi, kompaqtdiski)
da saavtoro uflebis miniWebis an Canaweris damzadebis TariRi (an
orive). gamoiyeneT kompaqtdiskis (compact disc)Semoklebuli varianti: CD.
S:11. xalxuri simRerebis saganZuri, t. 1, orkestri da gundi, dir. miC
mileri,oqtros Canaweri A198:17A-B, 33 rpm, 1972.
14. ludvig van beThoveni, sonata fortepianosTvis # 29 "Hammerklavier," rudolf serkini, ProArte cifruli CDD 270, 1992.
b:Aandersoni, dag.Frostwork. OAR 1001, Dolby HX PRO. audiokaseta. 2001.
bernStaini, leonard, dir.me-5 simfonia, dimitri SostakoviCi. niu-
iorkis filarmonia. si-bi-es ai-em 35854. 1985.
musikaluri Canaweris msgavsad miuTiTeT dramatuli piesebis, prozisa da
poeziis, leqciebisa da amgvari sajarod wakiTxuli masalebis Canawerebi.
S:6.dilan Tomasi, rZis xis qveS,dilan Tomasis da sxvebis Sesruleba,
Caed-mon TC-2005 (audiokaseta), CDLS-2005 (CD), 1950. b:odeni, u. h. leqsebi. kiTxulobs avtori. saubrebi xelovnebaze7137. CD. 1955.
297
17.8.5 videoCanawerebi
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi an satelevizio programa, an sxva
samauwyeblo masala videoCanawerSi naxeT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad, aseT Canawerebs, rogorc wesi,
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da
bibliografiaSi unda miuTiToT.
videoCanawerebis miTiTebisas, Cveulebriv,unda ixelmZRvaneloT
wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT (VHS,
DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001 wlis
gamoSvebis masala, amitom filmis Tavdapirveli gamosvlis TariRi
gamotovebulia.
S:7. jorj fridrix hendeli, mesia, VHS, atlantas simfoniuri orkestri da
kameruli gundi, robert Sos diriJorobiT (batavia, ohaio: Video
Treasures, 1988).
b:qlisi, jo, teri giliami, erik aidli, teri jounsi da maikl palini
`qronikebi”.*'meore diski. Monty Python and the Holy Grail (wminda
graali),specialuri gam.. DVD. reJisorebi teri giliami da teri
jounsi. qalver siTi, kalifornia:qalambia traistar houm
enterteimenti,
citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT aRwerili Sesabamisi tipis
wyarosTvis gankuTvnili principebiT. zogierTi elementis gansazRvra,
2001.
17.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi
Tu onlain naxeT gamosaxuleba, cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi an
satelevizio programa, an sxva samauwyeblo wyaro (podkastebis (podcasts)
CaTvliT), miuTiTeT onlain faili. iseve, rogorc gamoqveynebuli
naSromebs, onlain multimediur failebs, rogorc wesi, ucvleli da
xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiroa maTi
bibliografiaSi Seyvana.
298
rogoricaa failebis TariRebi, SeiZleba, rTuli iyos; mainc miuTiTeT
maqsimalurad vrceli informacia. amasTan, miuTiTeT onlain saitis
saxeli da failis tipi da (SeniSvnebSi, Tu mizanSewonilia) dro,
rodesac miTiTebuli masala Cndeba failSi. daurTeT URL-i da saitze
Sesvlis TariRi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
unda warmoadginoT damatebiTi informacia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos
wyaros moZieba URLmisamarTis Secvlisgan damoukideblad. Tu fails ar
aqvs calkeURL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi), miuTiTeT
mTeli saiti.
S:12. BBC,`bleri akeTebs gancxadebas afrikaze momuSave axali jgufis Seqmnis
Taobaze”,BBC-is axali ambebis vebsaiti, Windows Media Player-is videofaili, 3:43, http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/ newsid_5110000/newsid_5119200/nb_wm_5119262.stm (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).
16. volfgang amadeus mocarti, "Allegro Moderato",sonata #10
fortepianosTvis, С Major (1778), Kunst der Fuge, MIDI faili, 1:02, http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 noembers).
b:BBC. `bleri akeTebs gancxadebas afrikaze momuSave axali jgufis Seqmnis
Taobaze”.BBC-is axali ambebis vebsaiti. Windows Media Player –is
videofaili.http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/newsid_5110000/ newsid_5119200/nb_wm_5119262.stm (gaxsnilia 2006 wlis 27 ivniss).
mocarti, volfgang amadeus. "Allegro Moderato",sonata # 10 fortepianosTvis,
С Major. 1778. Kunst der Fuge. MIDI faili, http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 noembers).
17.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
gamofenebis katalogebi.miuTiTeT gamofenis katalogi, rogorc
miuTiTebdiT wigns. mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi publikaciis
monacemebis Semdeg CawereT gamofenis saxelwodeba da
adgilmdebareoba(ebi).
S:6. judiT a. barteri, red., meri kasati: Tanamedrove qali(Cikago: Cikagos
xelovnebis instituti, hari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT, 1998), 5.
299
b:barter, judiT, red.Mmeri kasati: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago: Cikagos
xelovnebis instituti, hari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT, 1998. gamoqveynebulia
Semdeg gamofenasTan kavSirSi – `meri kasati: Tanamedrove qali”, romelic
warmodgenili iyo bostonis saxviTi xelovnebis muzeumSi, vaSingtonis
kolumbiis olqis erovnul galereasa da Cikagos xelovnebis institutSi.
piesebi.zogierT SemTxvevaSi ganTqmuli inglisurenovani piesebi
SegiZliaT, aRniSnoT mxolod SeniSvnebSi. (ix., agreTve, 17.5.1.) gamotoveT
publikaciis Sesaxeb monacemebi da miuTiTeT nawyvetebi moqmedebisa da
scenis (an sxva dayofis) da ara gverdis nomris mixedviT.
S:22. eujin onili, xangrZlivi mogzauroba RamiT, moqm. 2, scena 1.
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul kvlevas an teqstebis Rrma
analizs, an Tu bundovani nawarmoebis Targmanis citirebas akeTebT,
yvela piesa miuTiTeT ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns da aRniSneT is
bibliografiaSi. nawyvetebi miuTiTeT danayofebis an gverdebis mixedviT,
adgilobrivi moTxovnebis Sesabamisad.
S: 25. enid begnoldi, carcis baRi (niu-iorki: gamomcemloba `rendam houzi”, 1953], 8-9.
b:anuili, jin. beketi anu RmerTis pativi. Targmnilia lusien hilis mier.niu-
iorki: gamomcemloba `riverheds buqsi”, 1996.
partiturebi. miuTiTeT gamoqveynebuli partitura wignis miTiTebis
analogiurad.
S:1. juzepe verdi,Ilcorsaro [melodramma tragico sam moqmedebad), libretos avtori –
franCesko maria piavi, reJ. elizabeT hadsoni, 2 p., (2 vols.), juzepe verdis
nawarmoebebi, ser. 1, operebi (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba; q.
milani: `gamomcemloba `ji rikordi”:, 1998).
b:mocarti, volfgang amadeus.sonatebi da fantaziebi fortepianosTvis. momzadebulia naTan broderis avtografebis da Zveli nabeWdi wyaroebis
gamoyenebiT. ganax. gam. red. brin mori, PA: Theodore Presser, 1960.
300
miuTiTeT gamouqveynebeli partitura ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.
S:
17.9 sajaro dokumentebi
2. ralf Seifi, `partitura violinosa da cameti SemsruleblisTvis”,
partitura, 1966, specialuri krebuli, jozef regenStainis sax. biblioTeka,
Cikagos universiteti.
sajaro dokumentebi moicavs msoflios mTavrobebis yvela donis mier
gamoSvebuli wyaroebis erTobliobas. winamdebare nawilSi
warmodgenilia gavrcelebuli tipis inglisurenovani sajaro
dokumentebisTvis gankuTvnili zogadi principebi; Tu dagWirdebaT sxva
tipis dokumentebis miTiTeba, ixelmZRvaneleT yvelaze miaxloebuli,
saWiroebisamebr adaptirebuli modeliT.
sajaro dokumentebi Seicavs ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs,
vidre gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi. miTiTebebSi daurTeT, SeZlebisdagvarad,
meti saidentifikacio informacia, Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT
elementebi da saWiroebisamebr miusadageT miTiTebebs aq ganxiluli
zogadi modelebi.
am nawilis umetesoba exeba dokumentebs, romlebic gamoaqveynes aSS-is
samTavrobo organoebma da saagentoebma. kanadisa da gaerTianebuli
samefos mTavrobebisa da, aseve, saerTaSoriso organoebis mier
gamoqveynebuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix. 17.9.9-17.9.11. gamouqveynebeli
samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix.17.9.12.
17.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi
miTiTebebSi SeitaneT, rac SeiZleba, meti qvemoT CamoTvlili elementi:
• mTavrobis (qveynis, Statis, qalaqis, olqis an sxva erTeulis) da
xelisuflebis organos (sakanonmdeblo organos, aRmasrulebeli
departamentis, sasamarTlo biuros, sabWos, komisiis an komitetis)
saxelwodeba, romelmac gamosca dokumenti;
301
-dokumentis an krebulis saTauri, Tu aseTi arsebobs (rogorc wesi,
daxrili SriftiT).
• avtoris, redaqtoris an Semdgenlis saxeli da gvari, Tu miTiTebulia;
-angariSis nomeri an sxva saidentifikacio informacia.
• monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb: gamocemis adgili da gamomcemlis
saxelwodeba, Tu es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba gamomcemeli organosgan
(17.9.2-17.9.4-Si ganxiluli aSS-is federaluri mTavrobis mier
gamocemuli yvela publikaciisTvis, Sesabamisad,gamoiyeneT aRniSvnebi
Washington, DC, da Government Printing Office); gamoqveynebis TariRi.
• gverdis nomrebi an adgilis dasadgeni sxva monacemebi, Tu saWiroa.
CamoTvaleT Sesabamisi elementebi zemoT naCvenebi TanmimdevrobiT.
zogierTi tipis dokumentTan dakavSirebiT daSvebuli gamonaklisebi
ganxilulia 17.9-is momdevno nawilebSi.
S:1. senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti, 1956 wlis kanoni erToblivi
uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 84-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., 1956, sen. 2273, 9-10.
b:AaSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1956 wlis kanoni
erToblivi uSiSroebis Sesaxeb. 84-e mowvevis kong. me-2 ses.,1956. sen. 2273.
19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi
kongresis publikaciebis SemTxvevaSi bibliografiis muxlebi, Cveulebriv,
iwyeba aRniSvniT aSS-is kongresi (U.S. Congress), romelsac mosdevs senati
(Senate) an warmomadgenelTa palata (House). (gamartivebis mizniT,
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT, ubralod,aSS-issenati (U.S. Senate) an aSS-is
warmomadgenelTa palata (U.S. House)). SeniSvnebSi, rogorc wesi, aSS ar
mieTiTeba. sxva gavrcelebuli elementebia komiteti da qvekomiteti;
gamoqveynebis TariRi; dokumentis saTauri; kongresisa da sxdomis nomeri
(aseTi SemoklebiT: kongr. (Cong.) da ses. (sess)).publikaciis TariRi;
dokumentis nomeri da aRwera (magaliTad, H. Doc. 487), Tu es informacia
xelmisawvdomia.
302
debatebi. 1873 wlidan kongresSi gamarTul debatebs mTavroba aqveynebda
kongresis oficialur gamocemaSi `Congressional Record”(kongresis reestri).
yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, miuTiTeT gamocemis tomebi, romlebSic
xSirad aisaxeba cvlilebebireestris yoveldRiuri gamoSvebebis
mixedviT.
S:16. kongresis reestri, 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses, 72. naw. 10: 10828-30.
b: a.S.S. kongresi. kongresis reestri. 71-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses. 1930. t. 72.
naw. 10.
zogjer SeiZleba, dagWirdeT SeniSvnaSi debatebSi gamomsvlelis
vinaobis, Temis da TariRis miTiTeba.
S:4. masaCusetsis Statis senatori kenedi, gamosvla birTvuli iaraRis
Sewyvetisa da Semcirebis erToblivi rezoluciis Sesaxeb, 1982 wlis 10
marts, sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis winaSe. S.J. Res. 163, 97-e mowvevis
kong., 1-li ses.. kong. reestr.128, naw. 3: 3832-34.
1874 wlamde kongresSi gamarTuli debatebi qveyndeboda gamocemaSi
`SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis istoria~ (Annals of the Congress of the United
States) (romelic, aseve, cnobilia sxva saxelwodebebiT da moicavs 1789-
1824 wlebis periods, “Congressional Debates”, (kogresis debatebi)(1824-37) da
“Congressional Globe” (kongresis samyaro)(1833-73)). miuTiTeT es dokumentebi
iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT “Congressional Record”-s.
angariSebi da dokumentebi.senatis (SemoklebiT sen. (S.)), aseve,
warmomadgenelTa palatis (SemoklebiT war. pal. (H.)) angariSebisa da
dokumentebis citirebisas daurTeT rogorc kongresis, aseve, sesiebis
nomrebi da, Tu SesaZlebelia, seriis nomeric.gaiTvaliswineT
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis forma, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan
(ix. 16.4.1).
303
S:9. senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti, 1956 wlis kanoni ormxrivi
uSiSroebis Sesaxeb, 84-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses.,
14.
1956, sen. warm. pal.(Rep.)
2273, 9-10.
iaponiasTan, germaniasa da italiasTan saomari mdgomareobis
gamocxadeba, 77-e mowvevis kong., 1-li sesia, 1941,
15. senatis komiteti, kanoni ormxrivi uSiSroebis Sesaxeb
sen. dok. 148, seriuli
10575, 2-5.
, 22. federaluri sasamarTloebis reorganizacia
9.
, 75-emowvevis kong., 1-li
sesia, 1937. sen.warm. pal. (Rep.) 711.
b:SeerTebuli Statebis kongresi. warm. pal. (House). saerTaSoriso fuladi da
finansuri problemebis sakiTxebze erovnuli sakonsultacio sabWos 1947
wlis 31 martis angariSi.80-e mowv. kongr. 1-li ses. warm. pal. dok. 365.
sxdomebi.konkresis komisiebisTvis micemuli Cvenebebis Canawerebi,
Cveulebriv, qveyndeba saTaurebiT, romlebic unda aRiniSnos miTiTebebSi.
avtorad miuTiTeT Sesabamisi komiteti. gaiTvaliswineT Semoklebuli
SeniSvnis forma, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).
S:13. palatis sabanko da savaluto komiteti, `breTon vudsis” xelSekrulebebis
aqti: warm. pal.(H.R.)sxdomebi 3314, 79-emowvevis kong., 1-li sesia, 1945, 12-14.
14. palatis komiteti, Bretton Woods, 13.
b:aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. SimSiloba afrikaSi:
sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetis mosmena.99-e mowveviskong., 1-li sesia, 1985
wlis 17 ianvari.
kongresis kanonproeqtebi (sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi) da rezoluciebi
qveyndeba bukletis formiT. miTiTebebSi warmomadgenelTa palataSi
wardgenili kanonproeqtebis da rezoluciebis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba
war. pal. (HR),xolo senatSi wardgenili kanonproeqtebisa da
rezoluciebis Semoklebad sen. (S). daurTeT “Congressional Record”-Si
gamoqveynebuli publikaciis detalebi (Tu xelmisawvdomia).
304
S:16. 1985 wlis aqti sursaTisusafrTxoebis Sesaxeb, warmomadgenelTa palata
(HR) 2100, 99-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis reestri131. no. 132,
yoveldRiuri gam.(1985 wlis 8 oqtomberi): H 8461
.
b:aSS-is kongresi. palata. 1985 aqti sursaTisusafrTxoebisSesaxeb.
warmomadgenelTa palata (HR) 2100. 99-e mowvevis kong., 1-li sesia.
kongresis reestri131, no. 132, yoveldRiuri gam.(1985 wlis 8 oqtomberi): H
8353-8486.
kanonmdebloba.kongresis mier damtkicebuli kanonproeqtebi an
rezoluciebijer calke ibeWdeba, Semdeg ki ikribeba da ikinZeba
yovelwliur tomebad saxelwodebiT: `SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis
krebuli’’(the United States Statutes at Large). am krebulis gamoqveyneba daiwyo
1874 wels. mogvianebiT, am tomebs aerTianeben SeerTebuli Statebis
kodeqsSi (United States Code). miuTiTeT aSS-is sakanonmdeblo aqti, aSS-is
kodeqsi (U.S. Statutes,U.S. Code) an orive; gansakuTrebuli debulebebi
miuTiTeT nawilis mixedviT (romelsac win uswrebs nawilis simbolo da
intervali), xolo aqtebi – gverdebis mixedviT.
kanonmdeblobis dokumentebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT; ar aris
aucilebeli bibliografiaSi maTi CarTva. yuradReba miaqcieT
Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli
modelisgan. (16.4.1).
S:18. 1946 wlisaqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 585, 79-e
mowvevis kong., me-2 sesia (1946 wlis 1 agvisto), 12, 19.
19. 1996 wlis aqti telekomunikaciebis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo kanoni 104-104.
SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 110 (1996):56.
25. 1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacvis politikis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifo
kanoni 91-190. § 102, SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli83 (1970): 853,
kodificirebulia rogorcU.S. Code 42 (2000), § 4332.
27. aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb,
1874 wlamde kanonebi qveyndeboda Cvidmettomian `amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~ (Statutes at Large of the United States of America),
§ 103.
305
1789-1873. am krebulis miTiTebebi Seicavs tomis nomers da misi
gamoqveynebis TariRs.
17.9.3 saprezidento gamocemebi
saprezidento gamocemebi, brZanebulebebi, vetoebi, mimarTvebi da a.S.
qveyndeba `saprezidento dokumentebis yovelkvireul krebulSi’’(the Weekly
Compilation of Presidential Documents) da `SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis
sajaro dokumentebSi~ (Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States).
mowodebebi da brZanebulebebi Tavsdeba, agreTve, yoveldRiur
`federalur reestrSi’’ (Federal Register), Semdeg ki qveyndeba `federaluri
normatiuli aqtebis krebulis’’ (the Code of Federal Regulations) me-3 tomSi.
saprezidento gamocemebi wyarod gamoiyeneT `krebulSi’’ gamoqveynebis
Semdeg.
S:2. prezidenti, brZanebuleba,`karibis zRvis auzis ekonomikuri aRdgenis
Sesaxeb kanoni, brZanebuleba 5142, cvlileba 5133 brZanebulebaSi”,
federaluri reestri49,nom. 2 (1984 wlis 4 ianvari): 341.
21. brZaneba nom.11,609, federaluri normatiuli aqtebis krebuli, tomi 3,
gv. 586 (1971-75).
b:aSS prezidenti. brZanebuleba. ,,kanoni karibis zRvis auzis ekonomikuri
aRdgenis Sesaxeb, brZanebuleba 5142, cvlileba 5133
brZanebulebaSi.’’federaluri reestri 49,nom.2 (4ianvari, 1984):341.
aSS-is prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi ikribeba or mravaltomeul
naSromSi: `prezidentebis mimarTvebis da dokumentebis krebuli”
(Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents), 1789-1897)da `SeerTebuli
Statebis prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi~ (Public Papers of the Presidents of
the United States). yuradReba miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas,
romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).
S:27. palatis sxvadasxva dokumentinom. 210, 53-e mowvevis kong., me-2
ses.,prezidentebis mimarTvebis da dokumentebis krebulSi, 1789-1897, red. j.d.
riCardsoni (vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1907). 4:16.
306
32. warm. pal. dok. nom.210, 17.
b:huveri, herbert. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro
dokumentebi:herbert huveri, 1929-33.4 tomi. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi:
mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1974-77.
17.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebis da saagentoebisgamocemebi
saministroebi, sammarTveloebi da saagentoebi gamoscemen angariSebs,
biuletenebs, cirkularebsa da sxva masalebs. saTauris Semdeg daurTeT
miTiTebuli avtoris saxeli da gvari.
S:SeerTebuli Statebis finansTa saministro, finansTa ministris angariSi SeerTebuli Statebis xazinis vaWrobisa da navigaciis reestridan 1850
wlis 30 ivnisis mdgomareobiT,31-e mowvevis kong., me-2 ses., warm. pal.
aRmasrulebeli dokumenti 8 (vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi, 1850-51).
b:SeerTebuli Statebis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrosmineralebis marTvis
samsaxuri.kaliforniis yureSi (1984 wlis aprili) da meqsikis dasavleT yureSi
(1984 wlis ivlisi)navTobis gaJonvis riskis analizi, avtori – robert p.
labeli. Ria failis angariSi, SeerTebuli Statebis geologiuri kvleva.
denveri, 1984.
SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro.medianuri saerTo
qira SeerTebuli Statebis administraciuli erTeulebis (sagrafoebis)
mixedviT, 1970w. momzadebulia geografiuli sammarTvelos mier,
binaTmSeneblobis sammarTvelosTan TanamSromlobiT, mosaxleobis
aRweris biuro. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,
1975w.
samTavrobo komisiebis, magaliTad, kavSirgabmulobis federaluri
komisiis an fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisiis mier gamocemuli
biuletenebis, cirkularebis, angariSebisa da kvlevebis citireba xdeba
zustad iseve, rogorc sakanonmdeblo angariSebisa (legislative reports). isini
xSirad klasificirdeba, rogorc warmomadgenelTa palatis (war. pal.)
(House (H)) an senatis (sen.) (Senate (S)) dokumentebi.
307
S:32. senati, komunaluri momsaxurebis korporaciebis Sesaxeb vaWrobis
federaluri komisiisadmi angariSi,70-e mowvevis kongr., 1-li sesia, 1935 , sen. dok. 91, naw. 71 A.
b:SeerTebuli Statebis fasiani qaRaldebis da birJis komisia.fasiani qaRaldebis da birJis komisiis yovelwliuri angariSi fiskaluri
wlisTvis. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: mTavrobis gamomcemloba, 1983w.
17.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia
aSS-is konstitucia unda mieTiTos mxolod SeniSvnebSi; ar aris
aucilebeli misi bibliografiaSi CarTva. daurTeT muxli an Sesworeba,
nawili da, Tu saWiroa, punqtic. iseTi terminebisTvis, rogoricaa
cvlilebada nawili da, Tu saWiroa, muxli,gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi
da, Tu moisurvebT, abreviaturebi iseTi terminebisTvis, rogoricaa
cvlileba da nawili.
S:
1949 wlamde xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis teqstebi qveyndeba
`SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~ (United States Statutes at Large);
32. SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, muxli 2, naw. 1, punqti 3.
33. SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia, cvlileba 14, seq.2.
xSir SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT frCxilebSi CarTuli SeniSvna
(parenthetical note) (ix. 16.4.3) an teqstSi miuTiToT damazustebeli
informacia. aseT dros nawilebis saxelebi dawereT sityvierad. Tu
cvlilebebis nomrebs cifrebis nacvlad sityvierad werT, sityvebis
pirveli asoebi mTavruliT dawereT.
SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis 1-li muxlis me-9 nawilis mixedviT akrZalulia sasamarTlo brZanebis SeCereba im SemTxvevebis garda, rodesac `ajanyebis an Semosevis SemTxvevaSi amas sazogadoebis usafrTxoebis miznebi moiTxovs.”
pirveli cvlileba icavs Tavisufali sityvis uflebas.
17.9.6 xelSekrulebebi
308
araoficialur miTiTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi `xelSekrulebebis seria~
(the Treaty Series) an`saprezidento SeTanxmebebis seria~ (the Executive Agreement
Series).1949 wels an mas Semdeg xelmowerili xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia
dokumentSi `SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva
saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi~ (United States Treaties and Other International
Agreements)(UST, 1950-) an `xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebis
seriebi~ (Treaties and Other International Acts Series)(TIAS, 1946-). orze meti
saxelmwifos monawileobiT dadebuli xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba,
moiZebnos dokumentSi `gaerTianebuli erebis xelSekrulebebis seria:
gaerTianebuli erebis samdivnoSi daregistrirebuli an daarqivebuli, an
aRricxvaSi gatarebuli xelSekrulebebi da saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi~
(the United Nations Treaty Series: Treaties and International Agreements Registered or Filed or
Recorded with the Secretariat of the United Nations). 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli
msgavsi xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia ,,erTa ligis xelSekrulebebis
seriaSi~(the League of Nations Treaty Series).
miuTiTeT xelSekrulebebis saxelebi swori SriftiT, moaTavseT
brWyalebSi. dawereT daxrili SriftiT gamocemebis saxelebi, im
SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mravaltomeuli naSromebi an seriebia. zusti
TariRi aRniSnavs dokumentze xelmoweris TariRs, amdenad, umjobesia,
zusti TariRis miTiTeba, vidre mxolod wlis, romelic SeiZleba
gansxvavdebodes xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebis wlisgan.yuradReba
miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis formas, romelic gansxvavdeba Cveuli
modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1.)
S:4.̀ birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalva”, 1963wlis 5 agvisto, SeerTebuli
Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi 14, naw. 2.
15. `dania da italia: samxedro samsaxuris Sesaxeb konvencia",1954 wlis 15
ivlisi, SeTanxmebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebi, seria250, nom.. 3516 (1956):
45.
39.`birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis akrZalva”.
309
b:SeerTebuli Statebi. `sazRvao SeiaraRebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb
SeTanxmeba”. 1922 wlis 26 Tebervali. SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli
43, naw. 2(1922).
17.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi
yvela instanciis sasamarTlos saqmeebis miTiTeba erTnairad xdeba.
SeniSvnebSi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT saqmis sruli saxeli. daurTeT
tomis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa
krebulissaxeli (SemoklebiT; ix. qvemoT), seriis rigiTi nomeri (Tu
saWiroa), sasamarTlos Semoklebuli saxeli da TariRi (erTad,
frCxilebSi) da sxva Sesabamisi informacia, magaliTad, amkinZavi
samsaxuris (the publisher for a loose-leaf service), Statis, an adgilobrivi
sasamarTlos saxeli (Tu miTiTebuli ar aris seriis saxelwodebaSi).
gverdis nomeriaRniSnavs gadawyvetilebis sawyis gverds; damatebiTi
nomeri aRniSnavs uSualod miTiTebuli gverdis nomers.
kanonebi mxolod SeniSvnebSi miuTiTeT; ar aris aucilebeli maTi
bibliografiaSi CarTva.
S:18. United States v. Christmas. (SeerTebuli Statebi qristeSobis winaaRmdeg) 222 F.3d U1, 145 (4th Cir. 2000]. 21. Profit Sharing Plan v. MBank Dallas. N.A. 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988). Semoklebuli SeniSvna SeiZleba moicavdes saqmis saxelwodebas da,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, gverdis nomers.
S:
• aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis
citirebisas miuTiTeT `SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos
angariSebi~ (United States Supreme Court Reports)(SemoklebiT U.S.) an `aSS-s
uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Supreme Court
35.SeerTebuli Statebi qristeSobis winaaRmdeg, 146.
42. jorjia brailsfordis winaaRmdeg, 2.
erTaderTi gansxvavebuli elementi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa
miTiTebisas sxvadasxva sasamarTli instanciis saxelwodebebia. qvemoT
CamoTvlilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi.
310
Reporter) (SemoklebiT S. Ct.), Tu is jer ar aris asaxuli pirvel
dokumentSi.
S:
• qveda instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebi. ufro qveda instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis citirebisas miuTiTeT
`federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Federal Reporter)(F.) an `aSS-s saolqo sasamarTloebisa da saapelacio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ (Federal Supplement)(F. Supp.).
21. korporacia AT&T “Iowa Utilities Bd.”-is winaaRmdeg, 525 SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesi sasamarTlos angariSebi. 366 (1999). 39. Sps arTur anderseni SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli125 2129 (2005).
S:
• Statisa da adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi. Statis da adgilobrivi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis citirebisas, sadac SesaZlebelia,
miuTiTeT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis oficialuri saxelmwifo
krebulebi. Tu kerZo krebuls iyenebT (commercial reporter), miuTiTeT igi,
rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi. Tu
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulSi ar aris miTiTebuli
sasamarTlos saxelwodeba, miuTiTeT is frCxilebSi, TariRis win.
3.SeerTebuli Statebis denisis winaaRmdeg. 183 federaluri sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli. 201 (2d Cir. 1950). 15. iToni korporaciis ` IBM Corp” winaaRmdeg,aSS-is 925 saolqo
sasamarTlosa da saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli 487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).
S:6. uiliamsi deivisis winaaRmdeg, 27 Cal. 2d 746 (1946). 8. bivensi moblis winaaRmdeg, 724 So. 2d 458. 465 (Miss. Ct. App. 1998).
17.9.8 Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi
Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebis citireba gaakeTeT iseve,
rogorc federaluri dokumentebisa. ixmareT swori Srifti (brWyalebis
gareSe) Statis kanonebisa da municipaluri dadgenilebebisTvis; ixmareT
daxrili Srifti kodeqsebisTvis (krebulebisTvis). sadac saWiroa,
daurTeT saxeli, raTa aRniSnoT kodeqsis romeli versiidanaa citata
moyvanili. Semdeg frCxilebSi miuTiTeT kodeqsis gamocemis TariRi.
311
S:39. ilinoisis generaluri asamblea, kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis komisia,
angariSi ilinoisis Statis 80-e mowvevis generaluri asambleis winaSe (Cikago,
1977w). 14-18. 41. niu meqsikos konstitucia, muxli 4, seq. 7.
44. ohaios Statis ganaxlebuli kodeqsi, anotaciebiT, seq.3599.01 (West 2000). 52. meTampetaminis kontrolis da sazogadoebis dacvis Sesaxeb aqti,
ilinoisis sakanonmdeblo dokumentebis krebuli, Tavi.720,naw. 646/10 (2005).
b:ilinoisis garemosdacviTi xarisxis instituti (IIEQ). gogirdis orJangis da nawilakebis gamobolqvis mimoxilva da reziume, avtori – sidni m.
marderi. ilinoisis garemosdacviTi xarisxis institutis dokumentisnom. 77/21. q, Cikago, 1977. 17.9.9 kanadis mTvrobis dokumentebi
kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro dokumentebis
msgavsad. miTiTebebi daiwyeT sityviT kanadis, Tu igi calsaxad ar aris
gasagebi konteqstidan. SeamokleT sityvebi Tavi (T.) (chapter - c.) da nawili
(naw.) (section - s)., magram Tu miuTiTebT mxolod ramdenime kanadur
dokuments, ixmareT Semoklebebi chap. dasec.
kanadismTavrobis dokumentebs gamoscemen federaluri parlamentis orive
palata (senati da TemTa palata), provinciebisa da teritoriebis
sakanonmdeblo dawesebulebebi da sxvadasxva aRmasrulebeli uwyebebi.
saparlamento debatebi gamoicema calke seriebad: `TemTa palatis
debatebi~ (House of Commons Debates) da `senatis debatebi~ (Senate Debates).
sadac saWiroa, daurTeT gamomsvlelis saxeli da gvari. provinciebisa
da teritoriebis sakanonmdeblo organoebi gamoscemen sakuTar debatebs.
S:2. kanada, TemTa palatis debatebi (2000 wlis 3 ivnisi), gv. 7904 (q-ni lalondi, parlamentis wevri).
b:kanada. manitoba. sakanonmdeblo asamblea. debatebi da ganxilvebi. 2000 wlis 17 agvisto.
312
saparlamento kanonproeqtebis miTiTebisas daurTeT misi nomeri,
saTauri, sesiis nomeri, parlamentis nomeri da, saWiroebisamebr,
damatebiTi informacia.
S:3. kanonproeqti C-40, eqstradiciis Sesaxeb aqti me-2 sesia, 36-e mowvevis parlamenti,1998, cl. 1 (miRebulia 17 ivniss,1999). kanadis kanonmdebloba
saparlamento debatebi gamoicemoda ramdenime seriad, xolo 1909 wlidan
– gamoicema calke-calke seriebad lordTa da TemTa palatebisTvis.
miTiTebebi Seicavs TariRs, serias, tomis nomers da (Tu saWiroa) svets
an, xandaxan, gverdis nomers. zog SemTxvevaSi SegiZliaT, miuTiToT tomis
konkretuli dokumenti.yuradReba miaqcieT Semoklebuli SeniSvnis
formas, romelic gansxvavdeba standartuli modelisgan (ix. 16.4.1).
1999, c. 18.
kanadis kanonmdebloba pirvelad yovelwliur `kanadis kanonmdeblobaSi~
(Statues of Canada) gamoqveynda, 1985 wels ki is gaaerTianes dokumentSi
`kanadis gadamuSavebuli kanonmdebloba~ (the Revised Statutes of Canada). sadac
SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT bolo wyaro da daasaxeleT sakanonmdeblo
dokumentis saxelwodeba, krebuli, Sedgenis weli, Tavi da nawili.
S: 4. kanadis kanoni cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb, kanadis gadamuSavebuli
kanonmdebloba 1985, c. W-9, s.1.
5. kanoni adamianTa reproduqciis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb, kanadis
kanonmdebloba 2004, c. 2, s. 2.
17.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi
britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro dokumentebis
msgavsad. citirebebi daiwyeT fraziT `gaerTianebuli samefo~ (United
Kingdom), Tu es koteqstidan calsaxad cxadi ar aris. britaneTis
saxelmwifo dokumentebis umetesobas misi udidebulesobis (mefis an
dedoflis) saxelmwifo kancelaria(Her (of His) Majesty’s Stationery Office)
(HMSO) gamoscems londonSi.
313
S:1. saparlamento debatebis oficialuri angariSi, me-3 ser.,t. 249 (1879), cols. 611-27.
5. saparlamento sxdomebis oficialuri angariSi,me-3 ser., t. 249, col. 628. 21. CerCili, gamosvla TemTa palatis winaSe, 1945 w. 18 ianvari,
saparlamento debatebi, TemTa palata,me-5 ser., t. 407 (1944-45), cols. 425-46.
b: gaerTianebuli samefo. saparlamento debatebis oficialuri
angariSi, me-3 ser., t. 249 (1879). CerCili, uinston. gamosvla TemTa palataSi, 1945 w. 18 ianvari.
saparlamento debatebi, TemTa palata, me-5 ser. t. 407 (1944-45), cols. 425-46.
kanonproeqtebi, angariSebi da parlamentis mier calke gamocemuli
dokumentebi yoveli sesiis dasasruls erTad gamoicema tomebad. am
tomebs `sesiis dokumentebi~ (Sessional Papers) ewodeba. yoveli tomi Seicavs
nawilis saxels (a divisional title).
S: 8. TemTa palata, `saerTo saganmanaTleblo samsaxuris
xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwis amJamindeli da momavali funqcia”,sesiis
dokumentebi, 1982-83, patimarTa ganaTleba, 1983 wlis 25 aprili, t.2, par. 9.14. gv. 102.
b:
parlamentis aqtebi, rogorc wesi, aRiniSneba mxolod
SeniSvnaSi.aucilebeli ar aris maTi bibliografiaSi CarTva, Tumca,
SegiZliaT miuTiToT naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis
gasamyareblad an, romelic xSirad gaqvT gamoyenebuli. aqtebis
citirebisas miuTiTeT saxelwodeba (swori SriftiT, ubrWyalebod),
TariRi da Tavis nomeri (T.TavisTvis; arabuli cifri saxelmwifo
nomrisTvis, nusxuri romauli cifrebi adgilobrivi nomrisTvis). 1963
gaerTianebuli samefo. TemTa palata. `saerTo saganmanaTleblo
samsaxuris xelmZRvanelis TanaSemwis amJamindeli da momavali
funqcia”.sesiis dokumentebi, 1982-83, patimarTa ganaTleba, 1983 wlis 25
aprili,t. 2, par. 9.14. gv. 102.
314
wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT monarqis mefobis
weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba (arabuli cifrebiT).
S:15.
8. aqti gansaxlebis Sesaxeb, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2.
16. aqti erTiani fondis Sesaxeb, 1963, c. 1.
britaneTis istoriuli Canawerebis mravali krebuli arsebobs, zogierTi
maTgani saxelmwifo arqivSi Senaxuli dokumentebis aslia. SeniSvnebSi
xSirad miTiTebuli masalebi Semoklebuli formiT miuTiTeT.
aqti manCesteris dafuZnebis Sesaxeb, 1967, c. xl.
S:19. Rot. pari, t. 2 (1341) (n.p., n.d.).
b:gaerTianebuli samefo. inglisis saidumlo sabWos aqtebi.redaqtori j.r.
deisenTi. 32 tomi.londoni, 1890-1907.
gaerTianebuli samefo. Rotuliparliamentorum ... (1278-1504). 6 t. N.p., n.d.
gaerTianebuli samefo. samefos kanonmdebloba.redaqtirebulia a.
ludersis da sxvebis mier. 11 t. londoni, 1810-28.
17.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis gamocemebi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli erebis
dokumentebis citirebisas, miuTiTeT uflebamosili organo (da, sadac
saWiroa, avtori da redaqtori), TariRi da dokumentis Tema an saxeli.
daurTeT, agreTve, seriis da gamocemis nomrebi, gamocemis adgili da
gamomcemeli. sayovelTaod cnobili mTavari organoebis citirebisas
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi (gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebi(UN -
United Nations), mso _ msoflio savaWro organizacia (WTO - World Trade
Organization) da a.S.).
S:1. erTa liga, Soreul aRmosavleTSi rusuli warmomavlobis qalebis
mdgomareoba, ser. LoNP (Jeneva, 1935), IV.3.
3. gaeros generaluri asamblea, mecxre sesia, oficialuri dokumentebi.me-19
damateba,gaeros specialuri fondi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis:
saboloo angariSi, momzadebulia reimond SCeivenis mier gaeros generaluri
asambleis 724В (VIII), A/2728,1954rezoluciis Sesabamisad.
315
b:generaluri xelSekruleba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb. mravalmxrivi
savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi: iuridiuli
teqstebi. Jeneva: tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri xelSekrulebis (GATT) samdivno, 1994.
msoflio savaWro organizacia (mso).saerTaSoriso vaWroba: tendenciebi da statistika.
internetSi ganTavsebuli sajaro dokumentebis citirebisas
ixelmZRvaneleT 17.9-Si warmodgenili Sesabamisi magaliTebiT. amasTan,
daurTeT URL-is misamarTi da masalis gaxsnis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-misamarTis miTiTeba ar aris sakmarisi;
SeZlebisdagvarad, unda miuTiToT wyaros yvela monacemi, raTa
mkiTxvelma SeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu
gverdebis nomrebi xelmisawvdomi ar aris, miTiTebuli nawyvetis
Jeneva: mso, 1995.
17.9.12 gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi.
gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT
17.6.4-Si aRwerili modelebiT.
aSS-is mTavrobis gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis umravlesoba inaxeba
erovnul arqivebSi (the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA),
vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi an mis filialebSi. yvela am masalis, maT
Soris, filmebis, fotosuraTebis da audioCanawerebis, aseve, teqsturi
masalebis citireba xdeba Canaweris jgufis record group (RG) nomris
mixedviT.
kanadis gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi inaxeba kanadis erovnul
arqivSi (the National Archives of Canada) (NAC), ontarios provinciaSi, otavaSi.
gaerTianebul samefoSi gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis
ramdenime sacavia, kerZod, saxelmwifo arqivi (the Public Record Office) (PRO)
da britaneTis muzeumi (the British Library) (BL), orive maTgani mdebareobs
londonSi.
17.9.13 internetSi ganTavsebuli sajaro dokumentebi
316
adgilmdebareobis aRniSvna SeniSvnaSi aRwerilobiTi informaciis
damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).
S:39. SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro, `Semosavlebi,
siRaribis done da janmrTelobis dazRveva SeerTebuli StatebSi,
2004”,seqciaSi`Semosavlis siRaribis donesTan Sefardeba”,http://www
.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19 dekembers).
b:SeerTebuli Statebis mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. `Semosavlebi, siRaribis
done, da janmrTelobis dazRveva SeerTebuli StatebSi, 2004”.
]http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (gaxsnilia 2005 wlis 19
dekembers).
17.10 erTi wyaro, miTiTebuli meoreSi
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone mkvlevrebieridebian im citatebis
moyvanas, romlebic maT originalSi ar unaxavT. Tu erTi wyaro
miuTiTebs sxva sasargeblo wyaroze, savaraudod, mkiTxveli amjobinebs,
rom moiZioT orginali, raTa gadaamowmoT rogorc miTiTebis sizuste,
ise, is, Tu ramdenad sworad gadmoscems citata originalis azrs.
amasTan, Tu pirvelwyaro xelmisawvdomi ar aris, SeniSvnaSi aRniSneT is
amgvarad: `miTiTebuli meorad wyaroSi~. bibliografiis muxlSiformati --
,,miTiTebuli ...Si” SecvaleT saWiroebisamebr.
S:8.luis Jukovski, `gulwrfeloba da obieqtivacia”,poezia37 (1931 wlis
Tebervali): 269. citata moyvanilia boni kostelos naSromSimariana
muri: warmosaxviTi Tvisebebi(kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis
universitetis gamomcemloba,1981), 78.
b:Jukovski, luis. `gulwrfeloba da obieqtivacia”.poezia37 (1931 wlis
Tebervali): 269. citata moyvanilia boni kostelos naSromSi mariana
muri: warmosaxviTi Tvisebebi. kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981.
317
msgavsi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesac uTiTebT citatas, romelic
meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze ki pirvelwyaros
miTiTebiT gadaxvediT. (ix. 3.1.1). xSirad ver SeZlebT, gaecnoT
pirvelwyaros, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis
krebulia. am SemTxvevaSi ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.
318
18 teqstobrivi miTiTebis stili:
standartuli formati 18.1 standartuli sistema 18.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba 18.1.2 punqtuacia 18.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba 18.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba 18.1.5 ricxvebi 18.1.6 abreviaturebi 18.1.7 abzacis Seweva 18.2 bibliografia 18.2.1 muxlebis dalageba 18.2.3 wyaroebi, romlebic SegiZliaT, ar miuTiToT 18.3 teqstobrivi miTiTebebi 18.3.2 gansakuTrebuli elementebi da formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi 18.3.3 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da teqstobrivi miTiTebebi
socialur da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ZiriTadad teqstobrivi miTiTebebis stili gamoiyeneba. es stili, agreTve, cnobilia avtori-TariRis stilis saxeliT, vinaidan wyaroebis miTiTebisas avtoris saxeli, gvari da gamocemis TariRi mniSvnelovani elementebia. winamdebare TavSi warmodgenilia citirebis standartuli sistemis mimoxilva teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebiT, maT Sorisa, rogorc bibliografiis muxlebi, ise, teqstobrivi miTiTebebi. teqstobrivi miTiTebebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia `P”-Ti; gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis muxlebis magaliTebi aRniSnulia `R”-Ti.
teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilis gamoyenebisas wyaros Sesaxeb miniSnebas akeTebT am wyaros miTiTebis gaswvriv teqstobrivi miTiTebis moTavsebiT (moicavs avtors, TariRs da Sesabamisi gverdis nomrebs): erTi mecnieris TqmiT, rkinigzis gayvanis Sedegad, Cikago aRmosavlelebisa da dasavlelebis Sexvedrebis umniSvnelovanesi wertili gaxda. [Cronon 1991, 92-93].
naSromis bolos yvela wyaros CamowerT bibliografiaSi. bibliografia, rogorc wesi, moicavs teqstobriv miTiTebaSi aRniSnul TiToeul wyaros, zogjer sxva wyaroebsac, romlebsac gaecaniT, magram ar migiTiTebiaT. vinaidan teqstobrivi miTiTeba ar Seicavs srul bibliografiul informacias wyaros Sesaxeb, es informacia unda miuTiToT bibliografiaSi. bibliografiis yvela muxls unda hqondes erTi da igive zogadi forma: R: Cronon, William. 1991. Nature’s metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
319
mkiTxveli Tqvengan sworad wyaros miTiTebis wesebis zedmiwevniT dacvas moelis. es wesebi Seexeba ara mxolod CasarTav informacias da am monacemebis Tanmimdevrobas, aramed. agreTve, punqtuacias, mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas (inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna), daxrili Sriftis gamoyenebas da sxva. wyaro rom sworad miuTiToT, didi yuradReba unda miaqcioT wvrilman detalebs, romelic mkvlevarTa didi nawilisTvis advilad dasamaxsovrebeli ar aris. momdevno TavSi mocemulia mza gzamkvlevi am detalebTan dakavSirebiT.
18.1 standartuli modelebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom wyaroebis da maTze miTiTebis uamravi forma arsebobs, savaraudod, mxolod ramdenime saxis gamoyeneba mogiwevT. uCveulo wyaroebis citirebisas SeiZleba, dagWirdeT miTiTebasTan dakavSirebuli detalebis moZieba, xolo citirebis im saxeebisTvis, romlebsac yvelaze xSirad gamoiyenebT, iolad SegiZliaT standartuli sistemebis damaxsovreba. Semdeg SeZlebT Sablonebis Seqmnas, romelTa daxmarebiTac moaxerxebT kiTxvis procesSi bibliografiuli monacemebis swrafad da saimedod Caweras.
am qveTavis darCenil nawilSi aRwerilia standartuli sistemebi, 18.1 naxatze ki warmodgenilia Sablonebi da magaliTebi farTod gavrcelebuli saxis wyaroebisTvis. me-19 TavSi mocemulia mTeli rigi wyaroebis magaliTebi, maT Soris, gamonaklisebi aq ganxiluli sistemebidan. 18.1.1 elementebis Tanmimdevroba
bibliografiis muxlebSi elementebis Tanmimdevroba yvela saxis wyarosTvis erTnairia: avtori, gamocemis TariRi (weli), saTauri, sxva informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi am elementebidan mxolod pirveli ori mieTiTeba. Tu isini konkretul nawyvetebs Seexeba, SesaZloa, gverdis nomrebs an adgilis ganmsazRvrel sxva informaciasac Seicavdes; bibliografiis muxlebis SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris. Tumca, iq mieTiTeba gverdis nomrebis sruli diapazoni iseTi wyarosTvis, romelic warmoadgens ufro didi nawilis, mag., statiis an Tavis Semadgenels. 18.1.2 punqtuacia
gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis muxlebSi elementebis umetesoba gamoyaviT wertilebiT; teqstobriv miTiTebebSi avtors da TariRs Soris sasveni niSani ar dasvaT, TariRi gverdis nomrisgan mZimiT gamoyaviT. 18.1.3 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
saTaurebis umetesoba mTavruli asoebiT daiwyeT winadadebis stilis mixedviT, xolo samecniero Jurnalebis, popularuli Jurnalebis da gazeTebis saxelwodebebi saTauris stilis mixedviT dawereT mTavruli asoebiT. (orive stilis Sesaxeb ix. 22.3.1.) (wesi exeba inglisur enaze wyaros miTiTebis SemTxvevas. mTarg. SeniSvna). naxati 18.1 bibliografiis muxlebisa da teqstobrivi miTiTebebis nimuSebi qvemoT warmodgenil nimuSebSi giCvenebT, romeli elementebi unda CairTos bibliografiaSi (R) da teqstobriv miTiTebebSi (P) wyaroebis ramdenime
320
gavrcelebuli saxis citirebisas. naCvenebia, agreTve, punqtuacia, saTaurebis mTavruli asoebiT dawyeba da elementebis gaformeba. ruxi feriT daCrdiluli teqsti aRniSnavs abreviaturebs da sxva terminebs, rogorc isini miTiTebaSi daiwereboda. XX aRniSnavs citirebuli teqstis gverdis nomrebs, YY aRniSnavs statiis an Tavis gverdebis srul diapazons. magaliTebi, ganmartebebi, da variantebi damatebiT ix. me-19 TavSi. wignebi 1. erTi avtori an redaqtori R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba. Diamond, Jared. 1997. Guns, germs, and steel: The fates of human societies. New York: W. W. Norton and Company. Tu wigns avtoris nacvlad redaqtori hyavs, sqema ase SecvaleT: R: redaqtoris gvari, redaqtoris saxeli, red. gamocemis TariRi ... Noll, Mark A., red. 1990... P: (redaqtoris gvari, gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX) 2. ramdenime avtori Tu wigns ori avtori hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi sqema: R: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli da meore avtoris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba. Bird, Kai & Martin J. Sherwin. 2005. American Prometheus: The triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. P: (pirveli avtoris gvari da meore avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
[Bird & Sherwin 2005, 52] Tu wigns sami avtori hyavs, struqtura SecvaleT ase: R: pirveli avtoris gvari, pirveli avtoris saxeli, meore avtoris saxeli da gvari, da mesame avtoris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis TariRi... Appleby, Joyce, Lynn Hunt,& Margaret Jacob. 1994... naxati 16.1 gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis da teqstobrivi miTiTebebis nimuSebi (gagreleba) P: (pirveli avtoris gvari, meore avtoris gvari, da mesame avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX)
[Appleby, Hunt,& Jacob. 1994, 135-36]
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Tu wigns oTxi an meti avtori hyavs, SeniSvnis struqtura mxolod aseTi saxiT SecvaleT: P: (pirveli avtoris saxeli da sxvebi. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX) [Hall da sxvebi. 1987, 114-15] 3. avtor(eb)i, agreTve, redaqtori an mTargmneli Tu wigns avtoris garda, redaqtoric hyavs, gamoiyeneT Semdegi struqtura: R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba. Harley, J.B. 2002. The new nature of maps: Essays in the history of cartography. red. Paul Laxton. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. P: (avtoris gvari gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX) (Harley 2002, 132-33) Tu wigns redaqtoris nacvlad mTargmneli hyavs, redaqtoris Sesaxeb informaciis nacvlad, bibliografiis muxlSi CasviT sityvebi Targm. da Targmnilia da miuTiTeT mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari. 4. gamocemis nomeri R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, gamocemis nomeri gam. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba. Daniels, Roger. 1002. Coming to America: A history of immigration and ethnicity in American life. me-2 gam. New York: Harper Perennial. P: (avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX) (Daniels 2002, 84) 5. erTi Tavi redaqtirebul wignSi R: Tavis avtoris gvari, Tavis avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. Tavis saTauri: Tavis qvesaTauri. wignSi – wignis saTauri: wignis qvesaTauri, red. redaqtoris saxeli da gvari, YY-YY. gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlobis saxelwodeba. Spirn, Anne Whiston. 1996. Constructing nature: The legacy of Frederick Law Olmsted. wignSi “Uncommon ground: Rethinking the human place in nature”, red. William Cronon, 91-113. New York: W.W. Nortorn and Company. P: (Tavis avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX) bibliografia saJurnalo statiebi 6. saJurnalo statiis beWduri gamocema R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri. Jurnalis saxelwodeba tomis nomeri (TariRTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi informacia): YY-YY. bibliografia
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P: (avtoris gvari. gamocemis TariRi, XX-XX) bibliografia Tu statias ramdenime avtori hyavs, ixelmZRvaneleT avtorebis saxelebis miTiTebis meore nimuSSi warmodgenili Sesabamisi sqemiT. 7. internetSi gamoqveynebuli saJurnalo statiebi R: avtoris gvari, avtoris saxeli. gamocemis TariRi. statiis saTauri: statiis qvesaTauri. Jurnalis saxelwodeba tomis nomeri (TariRTan dakavSirebuli damatebiTi informacia). URL-is misamarTi (gaxsnilia/monaxulebulia masalaze wvdomis TariRi). McFarland, Daniel A. 2004. Resistance as a social drama: A study of change-oriented encounters.
American Journal of Sociology 109, no. 6 (maisi). http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v109n6/050199/050199.html [gaxsnilia/monaxulebulia 2006 wlis 3 maiss]
P: (avtoris gvari, gamocemis TariRi). bibliografia sakuTari saxelebi, Cveulebisamebr, mTavruli asoebiT dawereT (ix. 22-e Tavi). zogierT dargSi bibliografiaSi SeiZleba, iTxovdnen mTavruli asoebis saTauris stilSi dasmas; adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi gadaamowmeT, romeli meTodis gamoyenebaa gansazRvruli. 18.1.4 saTaurebis gaformeba SedarebiT moculobiTi nawarmoebebis (wignebis, Jurnalebis) saTaurebi ibeWdeba daxrili SriftiT; ufro mcire nawilebis (Tavebi, statiebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da ar Tavsdeba brWyalebSi. gamouqveynebeli naSromebis (mag., disertaciebi) saTaurebi ibeWdeba swori SriftiT da ar Tavsdeba brWyalebSi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu isini wignis moculobisaa. 18.1.5 ricxvebi saTaurebSi ricxvebi sityvierad gadmoicema an cifrebiT iwereba zustad ise, rogorc wyaroSia. gverdis nomrebi, romlebic wyaroSi romauli cifrebiT aris warmodgenili, mieTiTeba patara romauli cifrebiT. yvela sxva ricxvi (rogoricaa Tavis nomrebi an naxatebis nomrebi) warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu originalSi isini romauli cifrebiT aris warmodgenili an sityvierad aris gadmocemuli. 18.1.6 abreviaturebi SeniSvnebSi SeamokleT terminebi, rogoricaa redaqtori, mTargmneli, da tomi (red., mTargm., da t.). mravlobiTi forma, Cveulebriv, iwarmoeba `ebi”-s damatebiT (red.-ebi). adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo principebiT SesaZloa, nebadarTuli iyos damatebiTi abreviaturebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa univ. _ universitetis Semokleba.
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18.1.7 Seweuli abzaci gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebis muxlebis Seweva Sebrunebulad xdeba; pirveli xazi swordeba marcxniv, xolo yvela momdevno striqoni Seweulia abzacis identuri intervaliT. teqstobrivi miTiTebebi teqstSi Tavsdeba da maTi Seweva ar xdeba.
18.2 bibliografia
naSromebSi, romlebSic gamoyenebuli literaturis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneba teqstobrivi miTiTebebis – gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis stili, bibliografiaSi warmodgenilia sruli bibliografiuli informacia teqstobriv miTiTebebSi aRniSnul wyaroebze (ramdenime gansakuTrebuli tipis wyaros garda; ix. 18.2.2). SegiZliaT, agreTve, miuTiToT naSromebi, romlebic mniSvnelovni iyo Tqveni azrovnebis procesSi, magram teqstSi konkretulad ar migiTiTebiaT. bibliografiuli informaciis warmodgenis garda, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlidan mkiTxveli xedavs Tqvens mier ganxorcielebuli kvlevis masStabs da am kvlevis kavSirs manamde momzadebul naSromebTan. gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis daxmarebiT mkiTxvels, agreTve, SeuZlia wyaroebis sakuTar kvlevaSi gamoyeneba. Tu wyaros miTiTebis am stils gamoiyenebT, naSromSi aucileblad unda CarToT bibliografia.
CamonaTvali daasaTaureT ase: bibliografia (an gamoyenebuli literatura). ix. naxati A.16 danarTSi, sadac mocemulia bibliografia. 18.2.1 muxlebis dalageba anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT da qronologiurad avtoris mixedviT. bibliografia, rogorc wesi, warmoadgens yvela wyaros erTian CamonaTvals; wyaroebi dalagebulia anbanis mixedviT avtoris, redaqtoris an TiToeul muxlSi pirvel adgilze miTiTebuli piris gvaris mixedviT. (ucxo saxelebis, Sedgenili saxelebis da sxva gansakuTrebuli saxelebis anbanis mixedviT dalagebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.1.1) teqstis redaqtirebis programebis umravlesobas aqvs CamonaTvlis anbanis mixedviT dalagebis funqcia; Tu am funqcias iyenebT, TiToeul muxls unda mosdevdes myari gadatana. Tu sadiplomo an sadisertacio naSromze muSaobT, SesaZloa, Tqvens kaTedraze an universitetSi mogcen miTiTeba, rom informacia muxlebSi anbanis mixedviT unda daalagoT asoebis an sityvebis mixedviT. ix. `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelo”, 18.56 -59, me-15 gamocema (2003 w.), sadac mocemulia am ori sistemis ganmarteba.
Tu bibliografia moicavs or an met naSroms, romlebic dawerili, redaqtirebuli an naTargmnia erTi da igive piris mier, daalageT muxlebi qronologiurad gamocemis TariRis mixedviT. pirvelis Semdeg yvela muxlSi piris saxeli SecvaleT grZeli tireTi, romelsac ewodeba sami M-is sigrZis tire (ix. 21.7.3). redaqtirebuli an Targmnili naSromebis SemTxvevaSi, dasviT mZime da saTanado aRniSvna (red., mTargmn., da a.S.) tires Semdeg. CamowereT yvela aseTi naSromi im naSromebamde, romelTa SemTxvevaSic piri iyo Tanaavtori an Tanaredaqtori.
R: Gates, Henry Louis Jr. 1989. The signifying monkey: A theory of African-American Literary critisism.
New York: Oxford University Press. -------------, red. 2002. The classic slave narratives. New York: Penguin Putnam.
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------------. 2004. America behind the color line: Dialogues with African Americans. New York: Warner Books.
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., da Cornel West. 2000. The African American century: How black Americans have shaped our country. New York: Free Press.
igive principi gamoiyeneba avtorTa erTi jgufis mier dawerili iseTi naSromebisTvis, romlebic miTiTebulia erTi da imave TanmimdevrobiT. R: Marty, Martin E., da R. Scott Appleby. 1992. The glory and the power: The fundamentalist challenge
to the modern world. Boston: Beacon Press. ----------, red.-ebi. 2004. Accounting for fundamentalisms. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Marty, Martin E., da Micah Marty. 1998 When true simplicity is gained: Finding spiritual clarity in a complex world. Grand Rapids, Ml: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
Tu bibliografiaSi Sesulia erTze meti naSromi, romelic gamocemulia erTsa da imave wels avtoris an avtorTa jgufis mier, romelTa gvarebic erTi da igive TanmimdevrobiT aris dalagebuli, muxlebi daalageT anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT saTauris mixedviT (inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna). wels daamateT asoebi a, b, g da a.S., swori SriftiT, intervalis gareSe. am naSromebis miTiTebis Semcveli teqstobrivi miTiTebebi asoebs unda Seicavdes (ix. 18.3.2). R: Davis, Natalie Zemon. 1983a. Beyond the market: Books as gifts in the sixteenth-century France.
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 33: 69-88. ---------. 1983b. The return of Martin Guerre. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Tu wigns an saJurnalo statias avtori an redaqtori ar hyavs (an sxva dasaxelebuli Semdgeneli, mag., mTargmneli), bibliografiaSi, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT saTauri da saTauris mixedviT daalageT anbanurad, (inglisur enaze werisas. mTarg. SeniSvna). R: bibliografia samecniero Jurnalebisa da sagazeTo statiebisTvis, romelTa avtoric ar aris miTiTebuli, avtorisTvis gankuTvnil adgilze CasviT Jurnalis an gazeTis saxelwodeba (ix. 19.3 da 19.4). sxva tipis wyaroebisTvis ix. me-19 Tavis Sesabamisi nawili, sadac warmodgenilia saxelmZRvanelo principebi; Tu sxvagvari miTiTeba ar aris mocemuli, saTauri am principis mixedviT miuTiTeT. kategoriebad dalagebuli CamonaTvlebi. teqstobrivi miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi mkiTxvels mxolod avtoris da TariRis Sesaxeb monacemebi aqvs bibliografiis Sesabamisi muxlis mosaZieblad. amdenad, garda iSviaTi gamonaklisebisa, CamonaTvali daalageT zemoT aRwerili nimuSis mixedviT. qvemoT moyvanilis msgavs SemTxvevebSi SegiZliaT CamonaTvlis dayofa calkeul kategoriebad:
• Tu specialuri tipis wyarosTvis, mag., xelnaweris, saarqivo koleqciebis, Canawerebis da a.S. sam an oTx muxlze meti gaqvT, isini danarCeni muxlebisgan gancalkevebiT miuTiTeT.
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• Tu mniSvnelovania pirvelwyaroebis gamoyofa meoradi da mesamexarisxovani wyaroebisgan, muxlebi calke nawilebSi CamowereT.
Tu axdenT wyaroebis kategorizacias, warmoadgineT TiToeuli nawili
qvesaTauriT da, Tu aucilebelia, dasawyisSi ganTavsebuli SeniSvniT. muxlebi TiToeul seqciaSi daalageT zemoT aRwerili principebis mixedviT, wyaro ar miuTiToT erTze met seqciaSi, Tu calsaxad ar SeiZleba misi kategorizacia ori an meti saxiT. 18.2.3 wyaroebi, romlebic SegiZliaT, gamotovoT rogorc wesi, SegiZliaT, bibliografiaSi ar miuTiToT Semdegi saxis wyaroebi:
- klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adreuli literaturuli nawarmoebebi (19.5.1) da (zogierT SemTxvevaSi) cnobili piesebi (19.8.7)
- biblia da sxva wminda wignebi (19.5.2) - farTod gavrcelebuli sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa didi
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi (19.5.3) - anonimuri gamouqveynebeli interviuebi da piradi mimowera/komunikacia
(19.6.3), veblogis informacia da komentarebi (19.7.2) da eleqtronuli fostis adresatebis siebi (19.7.3)
- saxviTi da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis mravali wyaro, maT Soris, mxatvruli xelovnebis namuSevrebi da sxva vizualuri wyaroebi (19.8.1), cocxali Sesruleba (19.8.2), satelevizio da sxva samauwyeblo programebi (19.8.3)
- aSS-is konstitucia (19.9.5) da zogierTi sxva sajaro dokumenti (19.9) SeiZleba, arCioT, rom bibliografiaSi miuTiToT am kategoriidan romelime konkretuli naSromi, romelic mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentisTvis an romelic xSirad gaqvT miTiTebuli.
18.3 teqstobrivi miTiTebebi
teqstobrivi miTiTeba sakmaris informacias Seicavs imisaTvis, rom mkiTxvelma ipovos sruli miTiTeba bibliografiaSi; Cveulebriv, es informacia moicavs avtoris saxels da gvars, gamocemis TariRs da (Tu konkretul nawyvets uTiTebT) gverdis nomers an adgilis amsaxvel sxva informacias. saxeli, gvari da TariRi zustad unda Seesabamebodes bibliografiis muxlis Sesabamis elementebs. (gaiTvaliswineT, rom teqstobriv miTiTebebSi elementebis dalagebasa da punqtuaciasTan dakavSirebuli modeli odnav gansxvavdeba im meTodisgan, romelic gamoiyeneba sqolios stilis miTiTebebSi, romlebic 16.4.3-Sia aRwerili; nu agerevaT an nu gaaerTianebT am or stils). 18.3.1 teqstSi ganTavseba rodesac miuTiTebT an sxvagvarad iyenebT masalas wyarodan, teqstSi unda moaTavsoT teqstobrivi miTiTeba Sesabamisi wyaros Sesaxeb ZiriTadi informaciiT. citatis SemTxvevaSi, teqstobrivi miTiTeba uSualod citatis Semdeg CasviT, ganurCevlad imisa, citata teqstSia CarTuli Tu blokis saxiT aris gamoyofili (ix. 25.2.2). sxva SemTxvevaSi, teqstobrivi miTiTebebi winadadebis an winadadebis nawilis boloSi moaTavseT. rodesac teqstSi
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citatas rTavT, frCxili unda daxuroT mZimis, wertilis da sxva sasveni niSnis win. Tumca, blokuri citatis SemTxvevaSi teqstobrivi miTiTeba saboloo sasveni niSnis Semdeg Tavsdeba. ix. naxati A.11, sadac warmodgenilia teqstobrivi miTiTebebis magaliTi. 18.3.2 specialuri elementebi da formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi
teqstobrivi miTiTebebis ZiriTadi modeli aRwerilia 18.1-Si, 18.1 naxatze ki warmodgenilia nimuSebi wyaroebis ramdenime farTod gavrcelebuli tipisTvis. am nawilSi ganxilulia specialuri elementebi, romelTa CarTvac SesaZloa, saWiro iyos, agreTve, formatTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, romlebic SeiZleba, wamoiWras yvela saxis teqstobriv miTiTebebTan dakavSirebiT.
Semdeg SemTxvevebSi naSromis redaqtoris, mTargmnelis an sxva Semdgenelis saxeli da gvari ganixileT, rogorc avtoris saxeli da gvari, Tu sxvagvari miTiTeba ar arsebobs. avtorebi erTi da igive gvariT. Tu uTiTebT naSromebs erTze meti avtoriT, romlebsac erTi da igive gvari aqvT, TiToeul teqstobriv miTiTebaSi daumateT avtoris pirveli iniciali, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TariRebi gansxvavebulia. Tu inicialebi erTnairia, saxelebi sityvierad dawereT. [J. Smith 2001, 140] [Adele Gottfried 1988, 15] [T. Smith 1998, 25-26] [Allen Gottfried 1994, 270] erTi da imave avtoris naSromebi da TariRi. Tu uTiTebT erTze met naSroms, romelic erTsa da imave wels gamosca avtorma an avtorTa jgufma da isini erTnairadaa miTiTebuli, bibliografiaSi muxlebi anbanurad daalageT saTaurebis mixedviT, wels ki daurTeT asoebi a, b, g da a.S. (ix. 18.2.1). igive principiT dawereT teqstobrivi miTiTebebic (asoebi iwereba swori SriftiT, TariRis Semdeg intervali ar unda iyos). [Davis 1983a, 74] [Davis 1983b, 59-60] avtori ar aris miTiTebuli. rodesac uTiTebT wigns an saJurnalo statias, romelSic avtori ar aris miTiTebuli, bibliografiaSi avtoris nacvlad saTauri miuTiTeT (ix. 18.2.1). teqstobriv miTiTebebSi gamoiyeneT Semoklebuli saTauri, romelic unda Seicavdes sruli saTauris oTxamde amosacnob sityvas; saTauri dabeWdeT daxrili an swori SriftiT, gamoyenebuli literaturis CamonaTvlis analogiurad. [Account of operations 1870-1910] [Great Trigonometrical Survey 1863, 26] samecniero Jurnalebis da sagazeTo statiebis SemTxvevaSi, romelTa avtorebic ar aris miTiTebuli, orive adgilze avtoris nacvlad Jurnalis an gazeTis saxelwodeba miuTiTeT (ix. 19.3 da 19.4). saxelmZRvanelo principebi sxva tipis wyaroebis Sesaxeb ixileT me-19 Tavis Sesabamis nawilSi; Tu sxvagvari miTiTeba ar aris warmodgenili, gamoiyeneT Semoklebuli saTauri.
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TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli. Tu uTiTebT gamoqveynebul naSroms, romelzec ar aris miTiTebuli TariRi, TariRis adgilas dasviT T.a.m. (`TariRi ar aris miTiTebuli”), rogorc bibliografiaSi, ise, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. gamoiyeneT swori Srifti da patara asoebi. [Smith T.a.m., 5] sxva tipis wyaroebis Sesaxeb saxelmZRvanelo principebi SegiZliaT, ixiloT me-19 Tavis Sesabamis nawilSi. teqstSi miTiTebulia avtori. Tu teqstSi avtoris saxelia miTiTebuli, SegiZliaT, teqstobriv miTiTebaSi es elementi ar CarToT. Tu sicxadisTvis aucilebelia, miTiTeba uSualod avtoris saxelis Semdeg moaTavseT, Tu is mTeli winadadebis an misi nawilis boloSi ar aris. amis Semdgom, Cangi sakmaod detalurad aRwers nankinis okupacias [1997, 159-67]. ariesis [1965] mier warmodgenili argumentebi Seicvala Semdgomi kvlevebis Sedegad. erTze meti naSromis miTiTeba. Tu erTi Tvalsazrisis dasabuTebisTvis uTiTebT ramdenime wyaros, daajgufeT isini teqstobriv erT miTiTebaSi. daalageT anbanis mixedviT, qronologiurad an mniSvnelovnebis mixedviT (konteqstidan gamomdinare), wyaroebi erTmaneTisgan wertil-mZimiT gamoyaviT. ramdenime Teoretikosi mkveTrad ewinaaRmdegeboda am pozicias [Armstrong and Malacinski 1989; Pickett and White 1995; Beigl 2004]. 18.3.3 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi da teqstobrivi miTiTebebi Tu gsurT, teqsts daurToT mniSvnelovani komentarebi, teqstobrivi miTiTebebis nacvlad mimarTeT gverdobliv SeniSvnebs. SeniSvnis ganTavsebis, danomvris da daformatebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.3.2-16.3.4. sqolioSi wyaros miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT teqstobrivi miTiTebis Cveuli forma. N: 10. jeims uilsoni aRniSnavs, rom `arc erT politikoss arasdros daukargavs xmebi biurokratiis dagmobis gamo.” [1989, 235].
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19. teqstobrivi miTitebis stili: specifikuri tipis
wyaroebis miTiTeba
19.1 wignebi
19.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
19.1.2 gamocemis TariRi
19.1.3 saxelwodeba
19.1.4 gamocema
19.1.5 tomi
19.1.6 seriebi
19.1.7 monacemebi gamocemaze
19.1.8 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
19.1.9 Tavebi da wignis saxelwodebis mqone sxva nawilebi
19.1.10 onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi
19.2 samecniero Jurnalebisstatiebi
19.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
19.2.2 gamoqveynebis TariRi
19.2.3 statiis saTauri
19.2.4 samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba
19.2.5 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
19.2.6 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilTandakavSirebulisxva informacia
19.2.7 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
19.2.8 internetSigamoqveynebuli statiebi
19.3 arasamecnieroJurnalebisstatiebi
19.4 sagazeTo statiebi
19.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
19.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi
19.5gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisdamatebiTitipebi
19.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebis da adreuli periodis inglisuri
literaturuli nawarmoebebi
19.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
19.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
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19.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
19.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
19.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
19.5.7 gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT
19.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi anDVD-ROM-ebi
19.5.9 internetSi ganTavsebulimonacemTa bazebi
19.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi
19.6.1 sadiplomo Temebi da disertaciebi
19.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxulileqciebi da moxsenebebi
19.6.3 interviuebi da piradi saubrebi
19.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi
19.7.1 vebgverdebi
19.7.2 veblogebze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
19.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi
19.8 wyaroebi saxviT da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
19.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
19.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
19.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
19.8.4 audio Canawerebi
19.8.5 videoCanawerebi
19.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi
19.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
19.9 sajaro dokumentebi
19.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi rigi da daformatebis wesi
19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi
19.9.3 saprezidento publikaciebi
19.9.4 saxelmwifo departamentebisa da saagentoebis publikaciebi
19.9.5 aSS-is konstitucia
19.9.6 SeTanxmebebi, konvenciebi
19.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi
19.9.8 saxelmwifoda adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi
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19.9.9 kanadis mTavrobis dokumentebi
19.9.10 britaneTis mTavrobis dokumentebi
19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organizaciebis publikaciebi
19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli saxelmwifo dokumentebi
19.9.13 onlain sajaro dokumentebi
19.10 erT wyaroSi, miTiTebuli meore wyaro
me-18 TavSi warmodgenilia teqsobtivi miTiTebis stilis mixedviT
wyaroebis teqstsa da bibliografiaSi damowmebis ZiriTadi wesebi. Tu TqvenTvis
ucnobiamiTiTebis es stili,gaecaniT am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil Tavs, vidre
SeudgebodeT winamdebare Tavis wakiTxvas.
am TavSi detaluradaa ganxiluli, rogor unda SeadginoT
bibliografiismuxlebisxvadasxvatipis wyarosTvis.SedarebiT naklebadaa
ganxiluliteqstSi miTiTebis wesebi.Tavi organizebulia wyaroTa tipebis
mixedviT,iwyeba yvelaze gavrcelebuli wyaroebiT – wignebiT da Jurnalis
statiebiT, xolo Semdeg ganixilavs sxva gamoqveynebul, gamouqveynebel da
Caweril wyaroebs. wignebisadmi (19.1) da Jurnalis statiebisadmi (19.2) miZRvnil
nawilebSi ufro siRrmiseulad ganixileba variaciebi iseT elementebSi,
rogoricaa avtoris saxeli da gvari, saxelwodebebi da internetmisamarTebi,
vidre naklebad gavrcelebuli wyaroebis Semcvel nawilebSi.
internetda sxva eleqtronuli wyaroebi, romlebic nabeWdi wyaroebis
(magaliTad, onlain-Jurnalis statiebi) analogiuria,miekuTvneba Sesaferisi
tipis wyaros. `araoficialurad gamoqveynebul~ wyaroebad CaTvlili sxva
onlain wyaroebi (ix. 15.4.1) ganixileba 19.7-Si.
am Tavis nawilebis umravlesoba Seicavs teqstobrivi miTiTebis
stilisTvis (romlebic identificirebulia aso R-iT) gankuTvnil
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs da magaliTebs. vinaidan umravlesoba eqvemdebareba
me-18 TavSi moyvanil nimuSs, isini aq (P) ganixileba mxolod dazustebis mizniT
an im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac uCveulo elementebma SeiZleba, teqstobrivi
miTiTebis momzadebisas dabneuloba gamoiwvios (magaliTad, rodesac naSroms
hyavs rogorc avtori, ise redaqtori).
im tipis wyaros miTiTebisTvis, romelic ar aris naxsenebi am TavSi,
ixileT ,,Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos”me-15 gamocemis (2003) me-17 Tavi.
331
agreTve, SegiZliaT, SeqmnaT qvemoT moyvanil principebTan da magaliTebTan
misadagebuli sakuTari stili. pedagogebis, ganyofilebebis da universitetebis
umravlesoba eTanxmeba amgvar adaptaciebs, Tu maT am ukanasknelebTan
SeTanxmebiT gamoiyenebT.
19.1 wignebi
wignebi asaxavs elementebis ufro farTo diapazons, vidre sxva tipis
gamoqveynebuli wyaroebis umetesoba. elementebSi arsebuli mravali
variacia, romelic winamdebare nawilSia ganxiluli, sxva tipis
wyaroebsac Seesabameba.
19.1.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
Tqvens bibliografiaSiyoveli avtoris saxeli da gvari warmoadgineT
zustad iseve, rogorc satitulo furcelzea warmodgenili. Tu saxeli
da gvari moicavs erTze met inicials, datoveT maT Soris sivrceebi (ix.
24.2.1). CamowereT avtorebis saxelebi da gvarebi Sebrunebuli
TanmimdevrobiT (pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT gvari), zogierTi ucxoenovani
saxelebis da gvarebisa da sxva SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, romlebic
ganmartebulia qvemoT miTiTebul paragrafSi `specialuri tipis saxelebi
da gvarebi~ (gv. ___).
R: boli, filipi. 2001. brwyinvale dedamiwa: xelovneba da feris gamogoneba.
niu iorki: farari, Strausi da Jiru.
brini, t. g. revoluciis bazari: rogor Camoayaliba momxmarebelTa
politikam amerikis damoukidebloba. niu iuorki: oqsfordis
universitetis gamomcemloba.
elizabet i. 2000. namuSevrebis krebuli. gamomc. li s. markusi, jeneT
miuleri da meri beT rouzi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CawereT mxolod avtoris gvari, zustad
ise, rogorc miTiTebulia bibliografiaSi. Tu cnobilia mxolod da
mxolod avtoris saxeli, gamoiyeneT igi gvaris nacvlad.
P: (bol 2001, 140)
(brin 2004, 48)
(elizabet I 2000, 102-4)
332
mravali avtori. iseTi wignis bibliografiis muxlSi
miTiTiebisas,romelSic erTze meti avtoria, miuTiTeT pirveli avtoris
saxeli da gvari Sebrunebuli TanmimdevrobiT, daurTeT mZime da
CamoTvaleT danarCeni avtorebi standartuli TanmimdevrobiT. daurTeT
yvela avtori maTi raodenobis miuxedavad; nu gamoiyenebTsxvebi-s.
R: berdi, kai da martin j. Servini. 2005. amerikeli promeTe: j. robert
opengeimeris triumfi da tragedia. niu iorki: alfred a. knopfi.
eplbi, joisi, lin hanti da margaret jeikobi. 1994. simarTle istoriis
Sesaxeb. niu iorki: u. u. nortoni da kompania.
holi, Jaklin daudi, jeims leludisi, robert korstedi, meri merfi, lu
en jounsi da kristofer b. deili. 1987. ojaxiviT: samxreTis bambis
sarTavi fabrikis samyaros Seqmna. Cepel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas
universitetis gamomcemloba.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CawereTavtorTa gvarebi zustad iseve,
rogor mocemulia bibliografiaSi. oTxi an meti avtoris arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli avtoris gvari, Semdeg ki
daurTeT sxvebi.
P: (birdi da Servini 2005, 52)
(apleti, hanti da jakobi 1994, 135-36)
(hali da sxvebi 1987, 114-15)
redaqtori an mTargmneli avtorTan damatebiT. Tu satitulo gverdze
avtorTan erTad miTiTebulia redaqtori an mTargmneli, miuTiTeT
avtoris saxeli da gvari ise, rogorc aRwerilia zemoT.redaqtoris an
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari daumateT wignis saxelwodebis Semdeg.
mTargmnelis da redaqtoris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeTmaTi
saxelebi da gvarebi imave TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc originalis satitulo
furcelzea.
bibliografiismuxlebSi redaqtoris an mTargmnelis saxelis da gvaris
win CasviT abreviatura red.an mTarg.
R: bonefoi, ivi. 1995. axali da nakrebi poemebi (leqsebi). gamomc. joni notoni
da entoni rudolfi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
333
menCu, rigoberta. 1999. sazRvrebis gadakveTisas. mTarg. da gamomc. en
raiti. niu iorki: verso.
adorno, Teodori v. da uolter benjamini. 1999. korespondenciis sruli
krebuli. 1928-1940. gamomc. anri lonici. mTargm. nikolas uokeri. kembriji,
masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.
rodesac satitulo furcelze redaqtori an mTargmneli
miTiTebulia rTuli aRwerilobiT, magaliTad, `redaqtirebulia
SesavliT da SeniSvnebiTX–is mier~ an `Targmnilia winasityvaobiTX–is
mier~, SegiZliaT am frazis gamartiveba da mxolod abreviaturebis red.
da mTarg. gamoyeneba zemoT xsenebuli magaliTebis mixedviT. zogadad, Tu
winasityvaoba an Sesavali dawerilia ara avtoris, aramed sxva romelime
piris mier, ar aris aucilebeli am pirovnebis miTiTeba, Tu specialurad
ar moixseniebT am nawils (ix. 19.1.9). im SemTxvevebisTvis, rodesac avtoris
saxeli da gvari miTiTebulia wignis saxelwodebaSi, xolo redaqtoris
saxeli da gvari – satitulo furcelze, ixileT qvemoT mocemuli
`damatebiTi saavtoro situaciebi~.
Tu naSromi Tqvens bibliografiaSi Setanilia avtoris saxelisa da
gvaris miTiTebiT, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi ar unda Sevides redaqtoris an
mTargmnelis saxeli da gvari,
R: (boneloi 1995, 35)
(menCu 1999, 50-51)
(adorno da nejamini 1999, 212)
redaqtori an mTargmneli avtoris nacvlad. rodesac redaqtori an
mTargmneli miTiTebulia wignis satitulo furcelze avtoris nacvlad,
CawereT am pirovnebis saxeli da gvari avtorisTvis gankuTvnil adgilas.
dawereT iseve,rogorc dawerdiT avtoris saxels da gvars (ix. zemoT),
xolo bibliografiaSi daumateT abreviatura red. (mravlobiTSired.-ebi)
an mTarg. (mravlobiTSimTarg.-ebi) gvaris da saxelis Semdeg. Tu
redaqtori an mTargmneli ramdenimea, ixelmZRvaneleT `ramdenime avtorSi~
Camoyalibebuli principebiT (ix. gv. 230 zemoT).
R: silversteini, Teodori, Targm. 1974. ser gaveini da mwvane raindi. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
334
fulopi, timoTi e. da albert j. raboto, gamomcemlebi 1997. afrikul-
amerikuli religia: ganmartebiTi eseebi istoriasa da kulturaSi. niu
iorki: rautleji.
P: (silversteini 1974, 34)
(fulopi da raboto1997, 412-14)
damatebiTi saavtoro situaciebiwarmogidgenT Tqvens wyaroebSi
avtorebis identificirebis zogierT damatebiT saSualebas. Tu
waawydebiT SemTxvevebs, romlebsac aq ar SevxebivarT, mimarTeT models,
romelic masTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi migaCniaT.
• avtoris saxeli da gvari saTaurSi. Tu avtoris saxeli da gvari
miTiTebulia iseTi wignis saTaurSi an qvesaTaurSi, rogoricaa
avtobiografia, CasviT igi bibliografiis muxlismisTvis gankuTvnil
adgilas (gameorebis miuxedavad) da aseve, teqstobriv miTiTebaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mraval msgavs naSroms redaqtorebic hyavs, nu
miuTiTebTmaT saxelsa da gvars garda gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisa
(magaliTad, am pirovnebis mier redaqtirebuli naSromebis Seswavlisas).
R: Sermani, u. t. 1990. general u. t. Sermanis memuarebi. gamomc. Carlz
roisteri. niu iorki: amerikis biblioTeka.
makkalersi, karsoni, 1999. gabrwyineba da Ramis cieb-cxeleba: karson
makkalersis daumTavrebeli avtobiografia. gamomc. karlos l. diusi.
medisoni: viskonsinis universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (Sermani 1990, 836)
(maqkulersi 1999, 54)
• organizacia, rogorc avtori. Tu organizaciis, asociaciis, komisiis an korporaciis mier gamoSvebuli publikaciis satitulo furcelze ar
aris miTiTebuli individualuri avtoris saxeli da gvari, avtorad
miuTiTeT sakuTriv organizacia, maSinac ki, rodesac igi miTiTebulia,
rogorc gamomcemeli.
R: janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizacia. 2003. fsiqiatriuli
samsaxurebis organizeba. Jenevis janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio
organizacia.
P: (janmrTelobis dacvis msoflio organizacia 2003, 50)
335
• fsevdonimi. ixmareT farTod gamoyenebuli fsevdonimi, rogorc avtoris
namdvili saxeli da gvari. Tu namdvili saxeli da gvari ucnobia,
bibliografiis muxlSi, magramarateqstobriv miTiTebaSi, daurTeT fsevd. kvadratul frCxilebSi.
R: tveni, marki. 1899. ufliswuli da maTxovari: istoria yvela asakis
axalgazrdisTvis. niu iorki: harperi da Zmebi.
sentineli [fsevd.]. 1981. werilebi. wignSi sruli antifederalisti, gamomc.
herbert j. storingi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (tveni 1899, 34)
(sentineli 1981, 2)
• anonimuri avtori. Tu avtori cnobilia an xvdebian avtoris vinaobas,
magram igi ar moixsenieba wignis satitulo furcelze, daurTeT saxeli
frCxilebSi (kiTxvis niSniT, raTa aRniSnoT, rom darwmunebuli ar xarT).
Tu avtori an redaqtori ucnobia, moerideT saxelis da gvaris
nacvladsityvis ,,anonimuria” xmarebas da daiwyeT bibliografiis muxli
saTauriT. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi ixmareT Semoklebuli saTauri
(ix.18.3.2).
R: [kuki, ebenizeri?]. 1730. mcenare sotvid redivivusi anu plantatoris sarke.
anapolisi. virjiniaSi dawyebuli mcenareebis gaSenebis (plantaciis
gaSenebis) miznisa da Sedegebis, mis mier miRebuli xarisxisa (miRweuli
donisa) da misi winsvlis saSualebebis marTali da gulaxdili
gacxadeba,. 1610.
P: ([ebenizeri kuki?] 1730. 5-6)
(WeSmariti da gulwrfeli aRiareba1610, 17)
gansakuTrebulitipis saxelebi.zogjer advili ar aris, gavarCioT,
romelia avtoris saxeli da romeli _ gvari.cnobili istoriuli
avtorebis vinaoba daazusteT meriam vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi;
Tanamedrove avtorebis vinaobis dasazusteblad, CaixedeT Tqveni
biblioTekis onlain katalogSi. qvemoT mocemulia amgvari, rTulad
amosacnobi saxelebis da gvarebis anbanis mixedviT dawyobis zogadi
principebi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CasviT saxeli da gvari zustad
Sebrunebuli formiT (rogorc es qvemoTaa naCvenebi gamuqebuli SriftiT).
336
• Sedgenili saxelebi da gvarebi.Sedgenili gvarebi,defisiani gvarebis
CaTvliT, daawyveT anbanuri wesiT,kompozitis pirveli nawilis mixedviT. Tu gaTxovili qali xmarobs rogorc sakuTar, ise, qmris gvars defisis
gareSe, daawyveT anbanuri wesiTmeore gvaris mixedviT. mraval ucxo enaSi
advilad amosacnobia kompozituri saxelebi (naCvenebia qvemoT gamuqebuli
SriftiT), Tumca,aris iseTi enebi, magaliTad, franguli da germanuli,
sadac ase ar xdeba.
kesler-harisi elis ludvig mis van der roni
haini darlin klark pier tailhard Sardeni
nawilakiani saxelebi. ucxoenovani wyaroebis originalis enaze
moyvanisas,ama Tu im enidan gamomdinare, iseTi nawilakebi, rogoricaa de,
di, d’ da van, SeiZleba an ar SeiZleba, CaiTvalos gvaris pirvel nawilad
anbanuri wesiT dawyobisas. CaixedeT zemoT miTiTebul erT-erT wyaroSi,
Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, rogor unda moiqceT konkretuli saxelis
SemTxvevaSi.
de Gaulle, Charles Beauvoir, Simone de
di Leonardo, Micaela Kooning, Willem de
Van Rensselaer, Stephen Medici, Lorenzo de’
• ,,mak”-iT,,,sent”-iT an ,,o”-Ti dawyebuli gvarebi. daawyveT yvela es gvari
anbanuri wesiT faqtiurad arsebuli asoebis safuZvelze; nu daajgufebT
maT imis gamo, rom isini erTnairia.
• saxelebi da gvarebi sxva enebSi, garda inglisurisa. mraval enaSi
saxelebis darqmevis pirobiTobebi gansxvavdeba inglisur enaSi
arsebulTagan. Tu Tqveni naSromi Seicavs romelime konkretuli enis bevr
saxelsa da gvars, SeiswavleT am enis pirobiTobebi.
mravali espanuri gvari Sedgeniliada Seicavs individis mamis da
dedis gvarebs, romlebic rogorc wesi, dakavSirebulia kavSiriT
y.daawyveT gvarebi anbanuri wesiT pirveli nawilis mixedviT.
Ortega y Gasset, José Sanchez Mendoza, Juana
,,al-“ an ,,el-“nawilakebiT dawyebuliarabuli gvarebi daawyveT
anbanuri wesiT,nawilakis momdevno elementis mixedviT. gvarebi, romlebic
iwyeba nawilakebiT ,,abu”, ,,abd” da ,,ibn” msgavsia inglisuri gvarebisa,
romlebic iwyeba,,mak”-iT an ,,sent”-iT da unda daawyoT anbanuri wesiT am
elementebis mixedviT.
337
hakimi tofik al- abu zafar, siedi
jamal, muhamed hamid al- ibn Saudi, azizi
Tu avtori, romelic Cinur an iaponur gvars atarebs, xelmZRvanelobs
tradiciuli wesiT (gvari mosdevs saxels), nu dasvamT saxels gvaris win
an mZimes saxelsa da gvars Soris. Tu avtori xelmZRvanelobs dasavluri
wesiT (saxeli mosdevs gvars).
tradiciuli wesi dasavluri wesi
Cao vu-Ci cou, tangi
ioSida Sigero kurosava, noriaki
19.1.2 gamocemis TariRi
wignis gamocemis TariRi Seicavs mxolod wels da ara Tvesa da dRes.is,
rogorc wesi, identuria saavtoro uflebis TariRisa, romelic, zogadad,
miTiTebulia saavtoro uflebis gverdze da zogjer satitulo
furcelze.
bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyaviT TariRi wertilebiT, rogorc calke
elementi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi avtoris gvaris Semdeg
Sualeduri punqtuaciis gareSe.
R: ginsborgi, poli. 2005. yoveldRiuri cxovrebis politika: arCevanis
gakeTeba, cxovrebis Secvla. niu heiveni: ielis universitetis
gamomcemloba.
P: (ginsborgi 2005, 53)
gadamuSavebuli gamocemebi da xelaxali gamocemebi SeiZleba,
Seicavdessaavtoro uflebis erTze met TariRs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, uaxlesi
TariRi miuTiTebs gamocemis TariRze – magaliTad, 2003 “© 1982, 1992, 2003.”
ixileT 19.1.4 aseT naSromebSigamocemis TariRebis misaTiTeblad.
Tu ar SegiZliaT nabeWdi naSromis gamocemis TariRis gansazRvra, mis
nacvlad gamoiyeneT Semokleba daudg. (daudgeneli). Tu TariRi ar aris
mowodebuli, magram migaCniaT, rom iciT mis Sesaxeb, SegiZliaT, CasvaT
igikvadratul frCxilebSi da daurToT kiTxvis niSani imis saCveneblad,
rom ara xarT darwmunebuli).
R: smiTi, joni. daudg. saTnoebaTa wigni. edinburgi..
mileri, semueli. [1750?]. kidev erTi saTnoebaTa wigni. bostoni.
338
P: (smiTi daudg, 5)
(mileri[1750?], 5)
Tu wignis gamocemasTan dakavSirebiT dadebulia kontraqti
gamomcemelTan da mas ukve aqvs saTauri, magram gamoqveynebis TariRi jer
cnobiliar aris, CasviT ,,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi’’TariRis nacvlad.
gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, am tipis teqstobriv miTiTebaSi
dasviT mZime avtoris gvaris Semdeg. gamouqveynebel xelnawerad miiCnieT
nebismieri wigni, romlis gamocemazec kontraqti jer ar aris
dadebuli(ix. 19.6).
R: avtori, jein q. gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi. wignis saxelwodeba.
gamocemis adgili: gamomcemlis saxeli.
P: (avtori,gamoqveyndeba axlo momavalSi, 16)
19.1.3 saTauri
bibliografiis muxlebSi CamoTvaleT wignebis sruli saTaurebi da
qvesaTaurebi. dawereT orive daxrili SriftiT da gamoyaviT saTauri
qvesaTaurisgan ori wertiliT. ori qvesaTauris arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi,pirvelis win dasviT ori wertili, meoris win ki _ wertil-
mZime.
R: kaliki, iani g. da devid l. goldvini, gamomc., 2005. energia da
usafrTxoeba: sagareo politikis axali strategiisken. baltimori: jons
hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba.
ahmed, leila. 1999. sazRvris gadakveTis adgili: kairodan amerikaSi; qalis
mogzauroba. niu iorki: Strausi da Jiru.
datoveT ucvlelad originaluri saTauris damwerloba, defisebis
ganlageba da punqtuacia, magram SegiZliaT, SecvaloT ampersandi (&) da-
Ti. cifrebi dawereT sityvierad an warmoadgineT cifrebis saxiT,
originalis Sesabamisad (meTormete saukune an me-12 saukune), Tu umjobesi
ar iqna maTi siis sxva saTaurebTanSesabamisobaSi moyvana.
wignis Tavebis da sxva nawilebis saTaurebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.1.9.
saTaurebSi arsebuli specialuri elementebi.specialur gaformebas
saWiroebs saTaurebSi arsebuli ramdenime elementi.
339
• TariRebi. ixmareT mZime saTaurSi da qvesaTaurSi TariRebis gamosayofad, originalur wyaroSi punqtuaciis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic. Tu wyaroSi
miTiTebul TariRebs axlavs afiqsi(,,1920-dan 1945-mde”)an ori wertili,
ixelmZRvaneleT wyaroSi gamoyenebuli wesiT.
R: makdugali, uolteri a. 2004. Tavisufleba sul axlosaa: amerikis axali
istoria, 1525-1828. niu iorki: harperkolinsi.
jeliko, jefri da siuzen jeliko. 1995. adamianis peizaJi: garemos
formireba winaistoriidan dRemde.me-3 gamoc. niu iorki: teimzi da
hadsoni.
• saTaurebi da miTiTebebi saTaurebSi. rodesac erTi naSromis saTauri,
romelic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba, miTiTebulia sxva
naSromis daxrili SriftiT warmodgenil saTaurSi, CasviT miTiTebuli
saTauri brWyalebSi. Tu is saTaurSi Cveulebrivad brWyalebSia Casmuli,
datoveT brWyalebi. miTiTebul saTaurebSi ganalageT mTavruli asoebi
winadadebis stilis mixedviT (ix. zemoT).
R: aplgeiti, celia. 2005. baxi berlinSi: eri da kultura `wminda maTes
vnebaTa” aRorZinebaSi mendelsonis mier. itaka: kornelis universitetis
gamomcemloba.
makhiu, rolandi. 1991. `fineganis gamofxizlebis~ komentarebi. me-2 gamoc.
baltimori: jons hopkinsis universitetis gamomcemloba.
amasTan, Tu miTiTeba gamoiyeneba wignis srul mTavar saTaurad, nuRar
CasvamT mas brWyalebSi.
R: svoupi, semi. 2004. me var fanqari: maswavlebeli, misi mowafeebi da maTi
istoriebis samyaro. niu iorki: genri holti da kompania.
Cernovi, joni m. 2003. prostitucia ar aris qurdoba: afrikeli meZavis
istoriebi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
• daxrili SriftiT mocemuli terminebi. rodesac daxrili SriftiT
mocemuli saTauri Seicavs iseT terminebs,rogoricaa saxeobebis
saxelwodebebi an gemebis saxelebi, romlebic teqstSi Cveulebrivad
daxrili SriftiT aris mocemuli, warmoadgineT terminebi swori
SriftiT.
R: peningroni, t. hiu. 2003. rodesac sakvebi klavs: saqonlis Rrublovani
encefaliti, baqteriebi E. coli da stiqiur ubedurebaTa mecniereba. niu
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba.
340
leki, raimondi b. 2001. kreiser indianapolisis tragikuli bedi: aSS-s
sazRvao flotis udidesi ubedureba okeaneSi. niu iorki: koper skveris
gamomcemloba.
• kiTxvis da Zaxilis niSnebi. rodesac saTauri an qvesaTauri mTavrdeba
kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT, mas aranairi sxva sasveni niSani ar mosdevs.
R: frenki, tomasi. 2004. ra emarTeba kanzass?rogor daipyres konservatorebma
amerikis guli.. niu iorki: metropoliten buqs.
aaroni, genri. 1973. ratom aris aseTi keTildReobis reformireba?
vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi: brukingsis institutis gamomcemloba.
Zveli saTaurebi. meTvramete an ufro adrindel saukuneebSi gamocemuli
naSromebis saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi, SeinarCuneT originaluri punqtuacia
da damwerloba, magram SecvaleT mTavruli asoebis ganlageba
winadadebis stiliT (ix. zemoT). Tu saTauri Zalian grZelia,
SegiZliaT,SeamokloT da, imavdroulad, miawodoT mkiTxvelebs sakmarisi
informacia, raTa maT moZebnon sruli saTauri biblioTekaSi an
gamomcemlis katalogSi. mianiSneTsaTaurebSi gamotovebuli adgilebi
sami wertilis CasmiT. Tu gamotovebuli adgili saTauris boloSia,
ixmareT oTxi wertili (samwertiliani elifsisi da wertili; ixileT
25.3.2).
R:rei, joni. 1673. topografiuli, moraluri da fiziologiuri
dakvirvebebi:gakeTebuli niderlandebis, belgiis, luqsemburgis nawilSi,
germaniaSi, italiasa da safrangeTSi mogzaurobis dros; inglisisTvis
aradamaxasiaTebeli mcenareebis katalogiTurT ..., rasac erTvis frensis
uilegbis, eskvairis, mokle angariSi espaneTis did nawilSi misi
mogzaurobis Sesaxeb. (londoni).
eskalante, bernardino. 1579. traqtati im portugalielebis mogzaurobaze
msoflios aRmosavleTi nawilis saxelmwifoebsa da teritoriebze . . .
mTargm. jon fremptoni. londoni.
saTaurebi sxva enebze.sxva enebze mocemuli saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi,
ixelmZRvaneleT Sesabamis enaSi sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebisTvis da
zedsarTavi saxelebisTvis arsebuli mTavruli asoebis ganlagebis
principebiT. Tu ar icnobT am principebs, mimarTeT sando wyaros.
341
R: Maisonneuve, Danielle, Jean-François Lamarche, and Yves St-Amand. 1998. Les relations
publiques: Dans une société en mouvance. Sainte-Foy, QC: Presses de l’Université de Québec.
(franguli)
Stojanovic, Ljiljana Piletic, ed. 1971. Gutfreund i ceski kubizam. Belgrade: Muzej savremene
umetnosti. (serbuli?)
Krone-Schmalz, Gabriele. 1992. In Wahrheit sind wir stärker: Frauenalltag in der Sowjetunion.
Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. (germanuli)
Tu saTaurs Targmans daurTavT, moaTavseT igi originalis Semdeg.
CasviT frCxilebSi, daxrili Sriftis an brWyalebis gareSe.
R: Wereszycki, Henryk. 1977. Koniec sojuszu trzech cesarzy [The end of the Three Emperors’
League]. Warsaw: PWN. (polonuri)
Zhongguo renkou tongji nianjian 1996 [China population statistics yearbook 1996 – CineTis
mosaxleobis statistikis yovelwliuri angariSi 1996]. 1996. Beijing: Zhongguo
tongji chubanshe.
Tu gesaWiroebaT rogorc originalis, ise misi Targmanis miTiTeba,
ixmareT erT-erTi qvemoT moyvanili forma imisda mixedviT, razegsurT
mkiTxvelis yuradRebis gamaxvileba_ originalze Tu Targmanze.
R: Furet, François. 1995. Le passé d’une illusion. Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont. (franguli)
Targm. debora fiures mier, rogorc iluziis gaqroba(Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1999).
an
fiure, fransua. 1999. iluziis gaqroba. mTargm. debora fiure. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. Tavdapirvelad gamoica, rogorc Le
passé d’une illusion (Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont, 1995).
19.1.4 gamocema
termingamocemasaqvs ramdenime mniSvneloba da yvela maTgani
gamomdinareobs im faqtidan, rom zogi naSromi araerTxel gamoicema maT
SinaarsSi da/an formatSi Setanili cvlilebebiT. Tu miuTiTebT wigns,
romelic gamoqveynda araerTi gamocemis saxiT, Tqvens bibliografiaSi
yovelTvis mianiSneT, romeli gamocemiT isargebleT, vinaidan
SeiZleba,gamocemebi gansxvavebuli iyos (Tu qvemoT aRwerili
markerebidan arcerTi ar miesadageba wigns, SegiZliaT CaTvloT, rom igi
pirveli gamocemaa – faqti, romlis miTiTebac ar xdeba).
342
ganaxlebuligamocemebi. rodesac wigni xelaxla gamoicema SinaarsSi
SesulimniSvnelovani cvlilebebiT, mas SeiZleba, vuwodoT `ganaxlebuli~
an `Semdgomi~ gamocema. es informacia, rogorc wesi, ganTavsebulia wignis
satitulo furcelze da meordeba, gamocemis TariRTan erTad, saavtoro
uflebis gverdze.
pirvelis garda sxva gamocemis miTiTebisas, saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT
gamocemis rigiTi nomeri an aRwera. SeamokleT iseTi formulireba,
rogoricaa `meore gamocema, ganaxlebuli da gavrcobili~, rogorc ,,me-2
gamoc.”.SeamokleT `ganaxlebuli gamocema~ rogorc,,ganax. gamoc.”aRweras
daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli gamocemis da ara sxva nebismieri wina
gamocemis gamoqveynebis TariRi (ix.19.1.2.).
R: danielsi, rojeri: 2002. amerikaSi Casvla: imigraciisa da eTnikuri
warmomavlobis istoria amerikis cxovrebaSi. me-2 gamoc. niu iorki: harper
pereniali.
bebi, florensi. 1989. yanas da qvabs Soris: gamyidveli qalebis
politekonomika peruSi. gadaxed. gamoc. ostini: texasis universitetis
gamomcemloba.
gadabeWdili gamocemebi. SesaZlebelia, agreTve, wignis xelaxali
gamocema axal formatSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, qaRaldis ydiani
gamocema (gamoqveynebuli Tavdapirveli an sxva gamomcemlis mier) an
eleqtronuli forma (ix.19.1.10).maSinac, roca wignis Sinaarsi SesaZloa,
minimalurad iyos Secvlili originalTan SedarebiT, miuTiTeT
gadabeWdili gamocema, Tu mas eyrdnobodiT. SeiZleba, isurvoT, miuTiToT
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, rom es gadabeWdili gamocemaa, gansakuTrebiT, Tu
igi gamoqveynda originaluri gamocemidan erTi an orze meti wlis Semdeg.
am SemTxvevaSi, miiCnieT xelaxali gamocemis TariRi gamocemis TariRad,
xolo bibliografiis muxlSi frCxilebSi daurTeT originalis TariRi
(ix.19.1.2).
R: fei, piter vodi. 1997. opiumis omi, 1840-1842. Cepel hili: Crdilo
karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1975 w.).
P: (fei 1997, 67-68)
Tu gadabeWdili gamocema klasikuri naSromis Tanamedrove nabeWdi
gamocemaa, mainc unda miuTiToT, rom es aris gadabeWili gamocema; magram
343
Tu Tqveni naSromis konteqsti moiTxovs originaluri gamocemis TariRis
miTiTebas, daurTeT igi frCxilebSiaxali gamocemis TariRis win rogorc
bibliografiaSi, ise,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi.
R: emersoni, ralf voldo. 1997. neiCe. bostoni: bikoni. (Tavdapir. gamoc. 1836 w.).
P: (emersoni 1985, 10)
an
R: emersoni, ralf voldo. [1836] 1985. neiCe. bostoni: bikoni.
P: (emersoni [1836] 1985, 10)
19.1.5 tomi
Tu wigni mravaltomeuli naSromis nawilia, CarTeT es informacia Tqvens
miTiTebebSi.
konkretuli tomi. is, Tu rogor miuTiTebT mravaltomiani naSromis
konkretul toms, damokidebulia imaze, aqvs Tu ara toms mTeli
naSromisgan gansxvavebuli saTauri. dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi,
miuTiTeT konkretuli tomis saTauri, romelsac mosdevs rogorc tomis
nomeri, aseve zogadi saTauri. SeamokleT tomi (t.) da tomebis
nomrebisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.
R: pelikani, iaroslavi. 1989. qristianuli doqtrina da Tanamedrove
kultura (1700 wlidan). gamocemis qristianuli tradicia: doqtrinis
ganviTarebis istoria me-5 t. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
Tu tomebs ar aqvs individualuri saTaurebi da Tqven miuTiTebT
mxolod erT-erT maTgans, bibliografiis muxls daumateT tomis nomeri
(ix. qvemoT, rogor unda miuTiToT mTlianad mravaltomeuli
naSromi).teqstobriv miTiTebaSi CasviT tomis nomeri uSualod gverdis
nomris win da ganacalkeveT isini ori wertiliT Sualeduri
intervalebis gareSe.
R: birni, miuriel sent-kleri, gamomc. 1981. lailis werilebi. t. 4. Cikago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (birni 1981, 4:243)
zog mravaltomeul naSroms hyavs rogorc saerTo redaqtori, ise
yoveli tomis individualuri redaqtori an avtori. amgvari naSromebis
nawilebis miTiTebisas bibliografiis muxlSi daurTeT informacia tomis
individualuri gamomcemlis an avtoris Sesaxeb (ix. 19.1.1) individualuri
344
tomis saTauris Semdeg da tomis nomris da saerTo saTauris win. es
magaliTi gviCvenebs, agreTve, rogor unda mivuTiToT erTze met fizikur
nawilSi gamoqveynebuli tomi _t.2, w. 3. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CawereT
mxolod miTiTebuli nawilis avtori.
R: mundi, barbara e. 1998. mezoamerikuli kartografia. gamocemaSi
kartografia tradiciul afrikul, amerikul, arqtikul, avstraliur da
wynari okeanes sazogadoebebSi. gamomc. devid vudvordi da j. malkolm
liuisi, gamocemis kartografiis istoria t. 2, w. 3, gamomc. j. braian
harli da devid vudvordi, 183-256. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis
gamomcemloba.
P: (mundi 1998, 233)
mTliani mravaltomeuli naSromi. Tu Tqvens bibliografiaSi
miuTiTebT mravaltomeuli naSromis erTze met toms, bibliografiaSi
miuTiTeT mTliani naSromi (Tu naSromi Seicavs rogorc mTliani
naSromis, aseve,konkretuli tomebis saTaurebs an redaqtorebs, rogorc
zemoT iyo aRwerili, meti sizustisTvis saWiroa tomebis saTiTaod
miTiTeba). Tu tomebi gamoicemoda ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, miuTiTeT
saTauri da tomebis saerTo raodenoba.rogorc bibliografiaSi,
aseve,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi daurTeT gamoqveynebis TariRebis sruli
periodi.
R: aristotele. 1983. aristoteles sruli naSromebi: gadaxeduli oqsfordis
Targmani. gamomc. j. barnsi, 2 t. prinstoni, niu jersi: prinstonis
universitetis gamomcemloba.
tiliCi, poli. 1951-63. meTodikuri (sistematuri) Teologia. 3 t. Ckago:
Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (tiliCi 1951-63, 2:41)
19.1.6 seria
Tu miTiTebuli wigni aris formaluri seriis nawili, ar gevalebaT,
daurToT informacia seriis Sesaxeb, magram SegiZliaT amis Taobaze
garkveuli an sruli informaciis darTva, raTa daexmaroT mkiTxvelebs
wyaros adgilmdebareobis an misi saimedoobis dadgenaSi. CasviT es
informacia saTauris (da Tu aseTi arsebobs, gamocemis da tomis Sesaxeb
informaciis) Semdeg da publikaciaze monacemebiswin.
345
yvelaze sasargeblo informacias seriis Sesaxeb Seicavs misi
saTauri. warmoadgineT igi swori SriftiT (ix.22.3.1). Tu seriis tomebi
danomrilia, SegiZliaT daurToT miTiTebuli naSromis nomeri seriis
saTauris Semdeg.seriis redaqtoris gvari xSirad gamotovebulia, magram
SegiZliaT misi miTiTeba seriis saTauris Semdeg.
R: markmeni, Carlzi v. 1991. istoriamdeli Cikago: Tanamedrove didi qalaqis
raionis istoriamdeli arqeologia. ilinoisis arqeologiuri
gamokvlevebi 7. springfildi: ilinoisis istoriis dacvis saagento.
aizenbergi, nensi. 1998. seqsi da moqalaqeobrioba omamdel amerikaSi. sqesi
da amerikuli kultura, gamomc. linda k. qerberi da nel irvin peinteri.
Cepel hili: Crdilo karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba.
zogi danomrili seria imdeni xania arsebobs, rom danomvra Tavidan
iwyeba. axali seriis wignebi miTiTebulia ax. ser. (axali seriebi), me-2
ser. (me-2 seriebi)an sxva msgavsi aRniSvniT, romelic, rogorc wesi,
gamoyofilia mZimeebiT, seriis nomris win. Zveli seriis wignebis
identificireba xdeba aRniSvniT Zv. Ser (Zveli seriebi), pir. ser. (pirveli
seria)da a.S.
R: boqseri, Carlzi r., gamomc. 1953. samxreTi CineTi meTeqvsmete saukuneSi.
hakluit sazogadoebis publikaciebi, me-2 ser., 106. londoni.
palmatari, elen k., 1950. maraJos kunZulis keramika, brazilia. amerikis
filosofiuri sazogadoebis Sromebi, ax. ser.,39, naw. 3. filadelfia.
19.1.7 monacemebi gamocemaze
monacemebigamocemaze,Cveulebriv, Seicavs or elements: gamocemis adgils
(qalaqs) da gamomcemlis saxelwodebas. (gamocemis mesame monacemi –
TariRi – miTiTebis am stilSi irTveba, rogorc calke elementi, avtoris
saxelis da gvaris Semdeg; ix.19.1.2.)
R: daiamondi, jaredi. 1997. qvemexebi, baqteriebi da foladi: adamianuri
sazogadoebebis bed-iRbali. niu iorki: v. v. nortoni da kompania.
wignebs, romlebic gamoqveynda meoce saukunemde an romelTa Sesaxebac
informacia sakuTriv naSromSiar Cndeba, SesaZloa, ar hqondes
zemoaRniSnuli monacemebi publikaciaze.
R: lemi, Carlzi. 1823. elias eseebi.
346
gamoqveynebis adgili. gamoqveynebis adgili aris qalaqi, sadac
mdebareobs gamomcemlis mTavari redaqciebi; igi Cveulebrivad Tavsdeba
satitulo furcelze, zogjer ki saavtoro uflebis Semcvel gverdze. iq,
sadac ori an meti qalaqia miTiTebuli (magaliTad, `Cikago da londoni~),
miuTiTeT mxolod pirveli qalaqi.
los anJelesi: j. pol geti trastis publikaciebi
niu iorki: kolumbiis universitetis gamomcemloba
mkiTxvelma SesaZloa, ar icodes gamocemis qalaqi an aerios imave
saxelis matarebel sxva qalaqSi, amitomdaumateT mas (Statis) (ix. 24.3.1),
provinciis an (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi) qveynis abreviatura. rodesac
gamomcemlis saxelwodeba Seicavs Statis (qveynis) saxels, aRar aris
saWiro Statis (qveynis) abreviaturis darTva.
CeSiri, koneqtikuti: grafiks presi
harmondsvorTi, gaerTianebuli samefo: pengvin buqs
kembriji, masaCusetsi: masaCusetsis teqnologiuri institutis
gamomcemloba
Capel hili: CrdiloeT karolinas universitetis gamomcemloba
gamoiyeneT ucxo qveynebis qalaqebis Tanamedrove,
farTodxmarebulisaxelebi.
vaSingtoni da ara uoSingtoni pekini da ara beijini
Tu gamoqveynebis adgili ar aris cnobili, SegiZliaT ixmaroT
abreviatura ucn. (ucnobi)gamomcemlis saxelwodebis win.Tu iciT adgili,
magram ar xarT darwmunebuli sizusteSi, CasviT frCxilebSi kiTxvis
niSniT.
ucn.: vindzori..
[leik blafi, ilinoisi?): vlieti da edvardsi
gamomcemlis saxelwodeba. yoveli wignisTvis miuTiTeT gamomcemlis
saxelwodeba, zustad ise, rogorc mocemulia satitulo furcelze,
maSinac, rodesac TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom saxelwodeba mas Semdeg
Seicvala an Tqvens bibliografiaSi mocemul wignebSisxvadasxvagvarad
ibeWdeba.
arkur breisi da veldi
arkur breisi iovanoviCi
347
arkur, breisi
ucxo qveynebis gamomcemlebis SemTxvevaSi, nu gadaTargmniT an
SeamoklebT gamomcemlis saxelwodebis nebismier nawils. Tu gamomcemeli
ucnobia, daurTeT mxolod gamoqveynebis adgili (Tu cnobilia) da
TariRi.
19.1.8 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilmdebareobis dasadgeni sxva informacia
gverdebis nomrebi da is sxva informacia, romelic gamoiyeneba
miTiTebuli amonaridis an elementis adgilmdebareobis dasadgenad,
Cveulebriv, gvxvdeba teqstobriv miTiTebebSi da ara bibliografiaSi.
nomrebis diapazonis saCveneblad saWiro saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi ixileT 23.2.4.
gverdi, Tavi da gamyofi nomrebi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi gverdebis
nomrebi, rogorc wesi, wignis miTiTebis bolo elementia. nu daurTavT
sityvas gverdian abreviaturebs gv. an gv.-ebi;ixmareT arabuli cifrebi,
garda originalSi romauli cifrebiT danomrili gverdebisa.
P: (rouzi 1992, 145-46)
(keigani1994, xxii-xxiv)
zogjer miTiTeba Seexeba mTlian Tavs (SemoklebiT T.), nawils
(naw.),wigns (w.)an seqcias (seq.) gverdebis nomrebis diapazonis sanacvlod.
P: (mileri 1996, naw. 2)
sepecialuri tipis lokatorebi. wignis zogierT nawils aqvs
specialuri tipis lokatorebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba miTiTebebSi.
• SeniSvnebis nomrebi. SeniSvnebis miTiTebisTvis gamoiyeneT abreviatura
Sen. (SeniSvna), mravlobiTSi Sen.-ebi.Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvna aris
erTaderTi sqolio Tavis gverdze an daunomravi sqolio, daumateT
Sen.gverdis nomris Semdeg (Sualeduri intervalis an punqtuaciis gareSe).
Tu miTiTebuli SeniSvnis gverdze sxva SeniSvnebic aris, miuTiTeT
gverdis nomeri da Semdeg Sen.an (Tu TanmimdevrobiT miTiTebulia ori an
meti SeniSvna) - Sen.-ebida SeniSvnis nomeri (nomrebi).
P: (graftoni 1997, 72 Sen.)
(bolingeri 1980, 192 Sen.23, 192Sen.30, 199Sen.14, 201Sen.-ebi16-17)
• ilustraciebisa da cxrilebis nomrebi. ixmareT
abreviaturanax.naxatisTvis, magram srulad dawereT cxrili,ruka,dafada sxva tipis ilustraciebis dasaxelebebi.miuTiTeT gverdis nomeri
ilustraciis nomris win.
348
P: (sobeli 1993, 87, cxrili 5.3)
• striqonebis nomrebi. striqonebis nomrebiT identificirebuli poeturi
da sxva naSromebisTvis morideT abreviaturebisstr.(striqoni)da str.-
ebigamoyenebas; isini Zalze advilad SeiZleba agverios cifrebSi 1 da 11. ixmareT str. an str-ebi, an ixmareT mxolod cifrebi iq, sadac naTlad
aRniSneT, rom mxedvelobaSi gaqvT striqonebi.
P: (neSi 1945, striqonebi 1-4)
• Tabaxis, furclebisa da formatebis nomrebi. zogierT wigns, romelic
daibeWda 1800 wlamde, ara aqvs gverdebis nomrebi da dayofilia
Tabaxebad, Semdeg furclebadan formatebad.yovel maTgans aqvs wina mxare
(recto an r) da ukana mxare (verso an v). am naSromebis lokatorebi unda
Sedgebodes Sesabamisi cifrebisa da identifikatorebis jaWvisgan,
intervalebis an daxrili SriftiT dawerili niSnebis gareSe: magaliTad,
G6v, 176r, 232r-v.
URL-ebi, mudmivi wyaros identifikatorebi, Sesvlis TariRebi da
aRwerilobiTi maCveneblebi. internetSi gamoqveynebuli wigns (ix.19.10)
URL-i daurTeT mxolod bibliografiis muxlSi. yoveli URL-i iwyeba im
protokolis nusxuri asoebiT Sedgenili abreviaturiT, romelic
gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelebisTvis eleqtronuli masalis misawodeblad,
yvelaze xSirad http da ftp. am abreviaturas mudmivad mosdevs ori wertili
da ori daxrili xazi, ris Semdegac modis gamomcemlis domeinuri
saxeli, romelsac mosdevs resursis misamarTi. domenuri saxelis
momdevno komponentebi gancalkevebulia misgan da erTmaneTisgan erTi
daxrili xaziT.
http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
mTavruli asoebis dasma URL-is Sida komponentebSi xdeba zustad
ise, rogorc isini warmogvidgeba ekranze. Tu URL-s `damasrulebeli
daxrili xazi~ aqvs boloSi, CarTeT igi. Tu CasvamT URL-s
frCxilebSi,sasurvelia, rom URL-i ar dairRves striqonis bolos, magram
Tu amis gakeTebasaWiroa, ixileT 20.4.2 saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis
mosapoveblad.
zog internet wyaros URL-ebis garda sxva mudmivi
identifikatorebic aqvs. Tu wyaro iyenebs cifruli obieqtis
349
identifikatorebsan msgavs sistemas, daurTeT informacia, romlis
Sedareba SesaZlebeli iqneba Tqvens miTiTebaSi arsebul URL-Tan.
doi: 10. 1006/jeth.2000.2694
nebismieri internet wyaros miTiTebisas daurTeT am wyaroSi
ukanasknelad Sesvlis TariRi, Tu ise moxda, rom mas Semdeg Sinaarsi
Seicvala an amoRebulia internetidan (ix.15.4.1). SeRwevis TariRi CasviT
frCxilebSi URL-is an mudmivi identifikatoris Semdeg.
(boloSesvlis TariRi: 17 maisi, 2006)
internetSi gamoqveynebuli wignebi SeiZleba, ar Seicavdes
gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic gvexmarebateqstobriv miTiTebebSi naCvenebi
amonaridis adgilmdebareobis identificirebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
SegiZliaT,URL-is da SesvlisTariRis win daumatoT aRwerilobiTi
maCvenebeli,rogoricaa, magaliTad, wina qvesaTauri (ix., magaliTad,
19.1.10). aucilebeli ar aris amgvari maCveneblis CarTva bibliografiis
muxlSi.
19.1.9 Tavebi da wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
umetes SemTxvevaSi,unda miuTiToT nebismieri im wignis mTavari saTauri,
romelSic SemoTavazebulia calkeuli, uwyveti argumenti an Txroba,
maSinac, roca Tqven, faqtobrivad,mis mxolod erT romelime
nawilsiyenebT. Tu xelmZRvanelobT im wignis mxolod erTi nawiliT,
romelic warmoadgens erTi an ramdenime avtoris mier sxvadasxva Temaze
dawerili damoukidebeli naSromebis krebuls, SegiZliaT, miuTiToT
mxolod is erTi Tavi an nawili, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba
Tqvens gamokvlevas. amiTdaexmarebiT mkiTxvels,dainaxos, ramdenad
miesadageba wyaro Tqvens proeqts.
R: demosi, joni. 2001. realuri cxovrebis istoriebi da sxva mokle
moTxrobebi (novelebi): uolas stegneris `saukuno gansvenebis angelozis~
xelaxali ganxilva. gamocemaSi romanis istoria: istorikosebi da
romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs), gamomc.
mark k. karnesi, 132-45. niu iorki: saimoni da Susteri
P: (demos 2001, 137)
nacvlad Semdegisa:
350
R: karnesi, marki k., gamomc. 2001. romanis istoria: istorikosebi da
romanistebi upirispirdebian amerikis warsuls (da erTmaneTs). niu iorki:
saimoni da Susteri.
P: (karnesi 2001, 131)
erTi avtoris mier dawerili wignebis nawilebi. Tu miuTiTebT erTi
avtoris mier dawerili wignis dasaTaurebul nawils, bibliografiaSi
unda Sevides, pirvel rigSi, am nawilis saTauri, swori SriftiT,
brWyalebis gareSe, Semdeg wertili. aRniSvnis,,wignSi” Semdeg miuTiTeT
wignis saTauri, Semdeg am nawilis gverdebis nomrebi sruli intervaliT.
R: Cestini, joni Carlzi. 2001. neokolonializmi. gamocemaSi sisxlSi da
cecxlSi dabadebulni: laTinuri amerikis mokle istoria, 179-206. niu
iorki: v. v. nortoni da kompania
Tu miuTiTebT nawils saerTo saTauriT, rogoricaa,Sesavali,
winasityvaoba an bolosityvaoba, CasviT es termini wignis saTauris win.
miuTiTeT saerTo saTauri swori SriftiT brWyalebis gareSe da daiwyeT
mTavruli asoTi mxolod pirveli sityva.
Tu es nawili dawerilia sxva da ara wignis ZiriTadi avtoris mier,
miuTiTeT misida wignis avtoris gvari saTauris Semdeg; teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi moxseniebulia mxolod nawilis avtoris gvari.
R: krosbi, alfredi v. 2004. wignis ekologiuri imperializmi: evropis
biologiuri eqspansia, 900-1900 axali gamocemiswinasityvaoba. axali gamoc.
niu iorki: kembrijis universitetis gamomcemloba.
kalxuni, kreigi. 2005. wignis mravalkulturuli politika: rasizmi,
eTnikuri kuTvnileba da musulmanebi britaneTSi winasityvaoba, avtori
tarik modudi. mineapolisi: minesotas universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (kalxuni 2005, xv)
redaqtirebuli krebulebis nawilebi. Tu bibliografiaSi miuTiTebT
redaqtirebuli krebulis nawils, romelic moicavs mravali avtoris
naSroms, pirvel rigSi, miuTiTeT nawilis avtori, TariRi da nawilis
saTauri (swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe). Sityvis,,wignSi” Semdeg
miuTiTeT wignis saTauri, redaqtoris gvari da am nawilis gverdebis
nomrebi sruli intervaliT. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi moixsenieba mxolod
nawilis avtoris gvari.
351
R; kari, eni da duglas j. Suurmani. 1996. religia da feminizmi: reformisti
qristianis analizi. gamocemaSi: religia, feminizmi da ojaxi, gamomc. en
qari da meri stiuart van leve, 11-32. luisvili, kentuki: vestminsteris
jon noqsis gamomcemloba.
P: (karida Suurmani 1996, 13-14)
Tu miuTiTebT erTsa da imave redaqtirebul krebulSi Semaval or
an met naSroms, SegiZliaT miiCnioT isini calkeul wyaroebad an, sivrcis
dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT Semoklebuli forma.
bibliografiaSisrulad miuTiTeT mTliani wigni da SemoklebiT _ yoveli
individualuri nawili. Amukanasknels daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari,
gamoqveynebis TariRi da nawilis sruli saTauri; sityvis,,wignSi” Semdeg
daurTeT wignis redaqtoris arasrulisaxeli (mxolod gvari),
gamoqveynebis TariRi da am nawilis gverdebis nomrebi sruli
intervaliT.
R: engli, poli m., gamomc. 1967. preriebis Stati: STabeWdilebebi
ilinoisidan, 1673-1967, Sedgenili mogzaurebis da sxva damkvirveblebis
mier. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba.
kitingi, viliami h. 1967. forti dieborni da Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967,
84-87.
lipinkoti, sara klarki. 1967. Cikago. Jurnali engli 1967, 362-70.
am formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,teqstobrivi miTiTebebi unda
exebodes mxolod nawilebs da ara mTlianad wigns.
P: (kitingi 1967, 84), arasworia (engli 1967, 84)
(lipinkoti 1967, 362), arasworia (engli 1967, 362)
anTologiebSi moqceuli naSromebi. miuTiTeT anTologiaSi dabeWdili
mokle moTxroba, poema, leqsi an nakvevi, ese an sxva naSromi iseve,
rogorc miuTiTebdiT mravali avtoris mier redaqtirebul krebulSi
Semaval naSroms. anTologiebSi gamoqveynebuli umetesi naSromebis
saTaurebi dawereT swori SriftiT. Gamonaklisiaamonaridis saTaurididi
moculobis poemidan an prozauli nawarmoebidan, romelic unda
daiweros daxrili SriftiT (ix.22.3.2).
352
R: alende, izabeli. 1997. sulebs surdaT. laTinur-amerikuli eseebis
oqsfordis wignSi, gamomc. ilan stavansi, 461-67. niu iorki: oqsfordis
universitetis gamomcemloba.
viglsvorTi, maikli, 2003. amonaridi bedisweris dRidan. gamocemaSi
amerikuli poeziis axali anTologia: tradiciebi da revoluciebi,
sawyisebi daTariRebuli 1900 wliT, gamomc. stiven guld aqselrodi,
kamil romeni da Tomas travisano,68-74. niu bransuiki, niu jersi:
ratjersis universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (alende 1997, 463-64)
(viglsvorTi 2003, 68)
Tu nawarmoebis originaluri gamocemis TariRi mniSvnelovania
Tqveni naSromis konteqstidan gamomdinare, daurTeT igi frCxilebSi
anTologiis gamoqveynebis TariRis win rogorc bibliografiaSi,
ise,teqstobriv miTiTebebSi.
R: viglsvorTi, maikli. [1662] 2003. amonaridi ... dan
P: (viglsvorTi [1662] 2003, 68)
19.1.10onlain da sxva eleqtronuli wignebi
onlain wignebis SemTxvevaSi, ixelmZRvaneleT nabeWdi wignebisTvis
gaTvaliswinebuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda Cveulebrivi
elementebisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier masalis bibliografiaSi
Setanis TariRi (ix, 15.4.1, 19.1.8). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i
sakmarisi ar aris; unda warmoadginoT gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli
yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebeli iqneba maTi dadgena, raTa
mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros migneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Seicvleba URL-i.
Tu ar aris gverdebis nomrebi, miTiTebuli amonaridis adgilmdebareobis
identificireba SegiZliaT teqstobriv miTiTebebSi aRwerilobiTi
maCveneblis damatebiT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri) sityvisqveSSemdeg.
R: samora, juliani da patricia vandel saimoni. 2000. meqsikel-amerikeli
xalxis istoria. gadaxed. gamoc. ist lansingi, miCigani: julian samoras
kvleviTi instituti, miCiganis Statis
universiteti.http://www.jsri.msu.edu/museum/pubs/MexAmHist/chapter14.html#six
(bolos Sesvlis TariRi: 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (samora da vandel saimoni 2000, gamocemaSi `samoqalaqo omi meqsikaSi~)
353
an
(samora da vandel saimoni 2000)
rodesacmiuTiTebT sxva eleqtronul formatebSi gamocemul iseT
wignebs, romlebic xelmisawvdomia CamosatvirTad wignebis gamyidvelisgan
an biblioTekidan, miuTiTeT formati (CD-ROM, maikrosoftis el-wignebis
wamkiTxveli).
R: davenporti, Tomasi jon beki, 2001. sasignalo ekonomika: biznesSi fulis
mimoqcevis axali saSualebebis gageba (biznesis axali gavrcobilobis
gageba) kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis biznesis skolis gamomcemloba.
programis TK3 rideris eleqtronuli wigni.
helmani, heli. 2004. didi SinabrZolebi teqnologiaSi: aTi dava yvelaze
gacxovelebuli davebidan.niu iorki: jon uaili. eleqtronuli wigni.
19.2 samecniero Jurnalebis statiebi
perioduli gamocemebis umravlesoba, riTacixelmZRvanelebT naSromis
momzadebisas, klasificirdeba rogorc Jurnalebi - samecniero an
profesiuli perioduli gamocemebi, romlebic xelmisawvdomia, upirveles
yovlisa, akademiur biblioTekebSi da gamoweriT. Jurnalebi xSirad,Tumca,
ara yovelTvis (mag.:Signs),saTaurebSi Seicavs sityvas,,Jurnali”
(Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali).popularuliJurnalebi, rogorc wesi, ar
aris samecniero gamocemebi; isini ufro xelmisawvdomia mkiTxvelebisTvis,
vidre samecniero Jurnalebi rogorc Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT, ise
maTi akademiuri garemos farglebs gareT gavrcelebis gamo. es
gansxvaveba mniSvnelovania, vinaidan samecniero Jurnalebis statiebisa da
masebze gaTvlili popularuli Jurnalebis statiebis miTiTeba
sxvadasxvanairad xdeba. Tu ara xarT darwmunebuli, ra periodul
gamocemasTan gaqvT saqme _ samecniero Tu masobriv-popularul
JurnalTan - naxeT, xom ar Seicavs Jurnalis statiebi miTiTebebs; Tu
pasuxi dadebiTia, miiCnieT igi samecnierod.
354
19.2.1 avtoris saxeli da gvari
miuTiTeT avtorebis saxeli da gvari zustad ise, rogorc esstatiebis
saTaurebSia gakeTebuli. ixelmZRvaneleT19.1.1-Si mocemuli wignebis
avtorebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
19.2.2 gamoqveynebis TariRi
samecniero Jurnalisstatiis gamoqveynebis ZiriTadi TariRi mxolod
welia. bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyaviT is, rogorc misi sakuTari
elementi, xolo avtoris saxelis da gvaris Semdeg dasviT wertili.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT igi avtoris gvaris Semdeg Sualeduli
punqtuaciis gareSe.
R: bernsi, sara. 2005. mxatvris sxeulis SekveTa: Tomas ikinsis mier
avtoportretebis Seqmnis mcdelobebi. amerikuli xelovneba. 19, # 1
(gazafxuli): 82-107.
jenkinsi, j. kreigi, devid jekobsi da joun anioni. 2003. politikuri
SesaZleblobebi da afrikul-amerikuli protesti, 1948-1997. amerikis
sociologiuri Jurnali109, #. 2 (seqtemberi): 277-303.
P: (bernsi 2005, 95)
(jenkinsi, jekobsi, daanioni2003, 298-99)
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom damatebiTi informacia TariRis
Sesaxeb,SesaZlebelia, mogvianebiT gamoCndes frCxilebSi bibliografiis
muxlSi, tomis nomris Semdeg (an gamoSvebis nomris Semdeg, Tu iqneba; ix.
19.2.5)
Tu statia miRebulia gamosaqveyneblad, magram jer ar
gamoqveynebula, ixmareT fraza(gamova axlo momavalSi) TariRis (da
gverdebis nomrebis) sanacvlod. gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, am
tipis teqstobriv miTiTebebSi dasviT mZime avtoris gvaris Semdeg.
nebismieri statia, romelic jer ar aris miRebuli gamosacemad, CaTvaleT
gamouqveynebel xelnawerad (ix. 19.6).
R: avtori, margaret m. gamova axlo momavalSi. statiis saTauri. Jurnalis
saxelwodeba 98.
P: (avtori, gamodis axlo momavalSi)
355
19.2.3 statiis saTauri
CamoTvaleT statiis sruli saTaurebi da qvesaTaurebi.gamoiyeneT swori
Srifti, gamoyaviT saTauri qvesaTaurisgan ori wertiliT da nu ixmarT
brWyalebs. dasviT mTavruli asoebi winadadebis stilis dacviT (ix. 22.3.1).
R: grini, nensi l. 2005. gamosvlis politika: imigraciis paradigmis mkveTri
Secvla. Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali77 (ivnisi): 263-89.
iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa saxeobebis saxelwodebebi da wignebis
saTaurebi, romlebic, rogorc wesi, daxrili SriftiT iwereba teqstSi,
kvlav daxrili SriftiT daiwereba statiis saTaurSi; terminebi,
romlebic, Cveulebriv, citirebulia teqstSi, kvlav rCeba ormag
brWyalebSi. nu dasvamT mZimes an wertils statiis im saTauris an
qvesaTauris Semdeg, romelic sruldeba kiTxvis an Zaxilis niSniT.
R: liuisi, judiTi. 1998. `ubedurebaa didgvarovan mandilosnad yofna~:
dedaTa sikvdilianoba britaneTis aristokratiaSi, 1558-1959. britanuli
gamokvlevebis Jurnali 37:26-40.
lofteni, piteri.eqo (gamoxmaurebebi) kalambursa da maxvilgonierebas
(farikaobas) Soris halmetSi.aelianuri kvlevebi. 2:12-29.
viliamsoni, jorji s. ram mokla avgust fon kocebu? saTnoebis cdunebebi
da germanuli nacionalizmis politikuri Teologia, 1789-1819.
Tanamedrove istoriis Jurnali 72 (dekemberi): 890-943.
ucxoenovan saTaurebSi mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba saWiroa
konkretuli enis tradiciebis Sesabamisad ,,winadadebis stilis” dacviT.
nu daurTavT Targmans, CasviT igi frCxilebSi, brWyalebis gareSe.
R: Bouchard, Gérard. 1979. Un essair d’anthropologie régionale: L’histoire sociale du Saguenay aux
XIXe et XXe siècles. Annales: Économies, sociètés, civilisations 34 (ianvari): 118-34.
(franguli)
Kern, W. 1938.Waar verzamelde Pigafetta zijn Maleise woorden? [sad Seagrova pigaferam
misi malaziuri sityvebi?] Tijdschrift voor indische taal-, land- en volkenkunde 78:271-
73. (holandiuri?)
19.2.4 samecniero Jurnalis saxelwodeba
statiis saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT Jurnalis saTauri daxrili SriftiT,
,,saTauris stilSi” (ix. 22.3.1). miuTiTeT saTauri zustad ise, rogorc
Jurnalis satitulo furcelze an Sinaarsis Tavzea; nu ixmarT
356
abreviaturebs.Tu oficialuri saTauri aris abreviatura, nu gaSifravT
mas.ucxoenovani JurnalebisTvis mTavruli asoebi SegiZliaT dasvaT
rogorc saTauris, aseve, winadadebis stilSi.Tumca, unda datovoT yvela
sawyisi artikli (Der Spiegel).
19.2.5 informacia gamocemis Sesaxeb
garda publikaciis TariRisa, bibliografiis muxlebis umravlesoba
Seicavs tomis nomers da gamocemis nomers. mkiTxvelebs SeiZleba, ar
dasWirdeT yvela es elementi statiis mosaZebnad, magram yvela maTganis
miTiTebiT Tavidan vicilebT erT-erT maTganSi Secdomis gaparvis
SesaZleblobas.
tomis nomeri mosdevs Jurnalis saTaurs Sualeduri sasveni niSnis
gareSe da ar iwereba daxrili SriftiT. ixmareT arabuli cifrebi
maSinac, roca Tavad Jurnali iyenebs romaul cifrebs. gamocemis nomris
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, igi mosdevs tomis nomers, gamoyofilia mZimiT da
mas win uswrebs nom. Tu garda gamoqveynebis wlisa, TariRTan
dakavSirebiT nebismieri sxva damatebiTi informacia gaqvT (ix.19.2.2),
daurTeT igi frCxilebSi tomis da gamocemis nomrebis Semdeg.am
informaciasTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT Jurnalis wesebiT;
informaciam SeiZleba, moicvas weliwadis dro, Tve an zusti dRe. daiwyeT
JurnalebSi miTiTebuli weliwadis droebis saxelebi mTavruli asoTi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini teqstSi ar weria mTavruliT.
R: mekai, kristoferi, s. 1999. laqtanciusi da diokletianes taxtis memkvidre.
klasikuri filologia 94, # 2:198-209.
kumar, rahuli. 2003. gonivruli safuZvlebi kontraqtualistur moralur
argumentSi.eTika 114 (oqtomberi): 6-37.
rodesac Jurnali iyenebs mxolod gamocemebis nomrebs tomebis
nomrebis gareSe, Jurnalis saTaurs mosdevs mZime.
R: biti, j. m. 1974. danaSaulis xasiaTi (suraTi, modeli, sqema) inglisSi,
1660-1800. warsuli da awmyo, # 62:47-95.
19.2.6 gverdebis nomrebi da adgilis dasadgeni sxva informacia
bibliografiis muxlebSi miuTiTeT statiis gverdebis nomrebi sruli
intervaliT (ix.23.2.4). tradiciisamebr, bibliografiebSi Jurnalis
statiebis gverdebis nomrebi mosdevs or wertils da ara mZimes. rodesac
357
frCxilebSi moqceuli damatebiTi informacia TariRze uSualod win
uswrebs or wertils, datoveT intervali ori wertilis Semdeg; rodesac
tomis an gamocemis nomeri uSualod win uswrebs or wertils, nu
datovebT intervals ori wertilis Semdeg.
R: hiCkoki, timi. 2005. maTxovroba meTvramete saukunis londonis quCebSi.
Jurnali britanuli gamokvlevebi 44, # 3 (ivlisi): 478-98.
gouldi, ana groZinsi. 1998. simarTlis marcvlebi: purisa da mowyalebis
cvalebadi ierarqiebi sam rajastanul zRaparSi. gamocema religiebis
istoria 38, # 2:150-71.
Tu teqstobriv miTiTebebSi miuTiTebT konkretul nawyvets,
daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli konkretuli gverdi (gverdebi),
romelsac(romlebsac) win uswrebs mZime (da ara ori wertili).
P: (hiCkoki 2005, 478)
(gouldi 1998, 152-53)
internetSi gamoqveynebuli Jurnalis statiebis miTiTebisas,
daurTeT gverdebis nomrebi (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) da URL-i (an
mudmivi identifikatori)da, aseve, statiis mopovebis TariRi. detalebis
da magaliTebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.2.8. URL-ebSi punqtuacis gamoyenebis
zogadi principebis gasacnobad, ixileT 19.1.8.
19.2.7 specialuri gamocemebi da damatebebi
specialuri gamocema aris erTi Temisadmi miZRvnili Jurnalis gamocema.
igi atarebs tomis da gamocemis Cveulebriv nomrebs. Tu specialur
gamocemas aqvs sakuTari saTauri da hyavs redaqtori, daurTeT orive
bibliografiis muxls.saTauri mocemulia swori SriftiT da Casmulia
brWyalebSi. teqstobriv miTiTebebSi daurTeT mxolod miTiTebuli
nawilis avtori.
R: jounsi, meTiu l. dekartis geometria, rogorc sulieri varjiSi
(swavleba, momzadeba) 2001. naSromSi `sagnebi~, gamomc. bil brauni.
specialuri gamocema, kritikuli Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma): 40-71.
P: (jounsi 2001, 43-44)
Tu gesaWiroebaT mTlianad gamocemis miTiTeba, gamotoveT
statiasTan dakavSirebuli informacia.
358
R: brauni, bili, gamoc. 2001. `sagnebi~. specialuri gamoSveba, kritikuli
Ziebebis Jurnali28, # 1 (Semodgoma).
Jurnalis damatebas,aseve, SeiZleba,hqondes sakuTari saTauri da
hyavdes avtori an redaqtori. specialuri gamocemisgan gansxvavebiT, igi
Jurnalis Cveulebrivi gamocemebisgancalke inomreba; xSirad misi
gverdebis nomrebis nawilia aso S. dasviT mZime tomis nomersa da
damatebis nomers Soris.
R: iklendi, ivari, jeims j. hekmani da larsi neSeimi. 2004. hedonisturi
modelebis gamovlena da Sefaseba. statiaSi `gamokvlevebi Servin rozenis
pativsacemad~, politikuri ekonomikis Jurnali112, S1 (Tebervali): S60-S109.
19.2.8 internetSi gamoqveynebuli statiebi
onlain JurnalebTan dakavSirebiT ixelmZRvaneleT beWdviTi Jurnalebis
statiebisTvis gankuTvnili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa,
daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis
TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi;
Tqven unda miuTiToT publikaciis yvela faqti, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia
maTi dadgena, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic. onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba, ar
moipovebodes gverdebis nomrebi, gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar qveyndeba
beWdviTi Jurnalebis paralelurad. Tu gverdebis nomrebi ararsebobs,
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi mocemuli nawyvetis adgilis identificireba
SegiZliaT aRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri)
damatebiTsityvisqveS Semdeg.
R: uzi, braiani da jaret spairo. 2005. TanamSromloba da Semoqmedeba: patara
samyaros problema. Jurnali American Journal of Sociology 111, #2
(seqtemberi).http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJS/journal/issues/v111n2/090090/090090.htm
l (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (uzi da spairo 2005, saTauris `milgremis patara samyaros Teoria~ qveS)
an
(uzi da spairo 2005)
statiebis onlain monacemTa bazebi, rogorc wesi, Seicavs
miTiTebebisTvis saWiro yvela elementis CamonaTvals. daurTeT
359
miTiTebuli stabiluri URL-i, romelic, aseve, axdens im monacemTa bazis
identificirebas, romliTac Tqven ixelmZRvaneleT statiis miTiTebisas.
R: Sapiro, lorensi a. 2000. mravaljeradi realizaciebi. filosofiis
Jurnali 97, # 12 (dekemberi): 635-54. http://links,jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-
362X%28200012%2997%3A12%3C635%3AMR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q(bolo Sesvlis
TariRi 27, 2006).
P: (Sapiro 2000, 642)
19.3 popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi
samecniero Jurnalebis miTiTebisTvis saWiro yvela saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTeba (ix.19.2) Tanabrad vrceldeba popularul Jurnalebze. dawereT
statiebis saTaurebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe da mTavruli
asoebis dasmiT winadadebis stilSi; dawereT Jurnalis saTaurebi
daxrili SriftiT, xolo mTavruli asoebi dasviT saTauris stilSi
(ix.22.3.1).
umetes SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeT mxolod yovelkvireuli an
yovelTviuri Jurnalebis TariRi, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini
danomriliatomebisa da gamocemebis mixedviT. bibliografiis muxlebSi
daurTeT weli Tavis Cveul adgilze, xolo nebismieri damatebiTi
informacia TariRTan dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa Tve an zusti dRe) –
Jurnalis saTauris Semdeg, Tumca ara frCxilebSi. Tu teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi miuTiTebT konkretul nawyvets, daurTeT misi gverdis
nomeri.bibliografiis muxlSi ki SegiZliaT, gamotovoT statiis
gverdebis nomrebi, vinaidan popularuli Jurnalebis statiebi moicavs
mraval gverds, romlebzec ganTavsebulia gareSe masalebi. Tu
bibliografiis muxls daurTavT gverdebis nomrebs, ixmareT mZime ori
wertilis nacvlad, raTa gamoyoT isini gamocemis TariRisgan.
R: Sapiro, marki. 2004. axali Zalaufleba `Zveli evropisTvis~. neiSen, 27
dekemberi.
P: (Sapiro2004, 12-13)
Tu miuTiTebT ganyofilebas an svets, romelic regularulad
gamodis, dausviT mTavruli asoebi saTauris stilSi da nu CasvamT
360
brWyalebSi. dasaxelebuli avtoris armqone ganyofilebis SemTxvevaSi,
avtoris nacvlad, gamoiyeneT Jurnalis saxelwodeba.
R: uolrefi, barbara. 2005. sityvis sasamarTlo, Jurnali atlanTiq
mansli,ivnisi, 128.
niu iorkeri. 2000. yvela cnobili adamiani. 10 aprili.
P: (uolrefi 2005, 128)
(niu iorkeri2000, 15)
popularuli onlain Jurnalebis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, ixelmZRvaneleT
popularuli beWdviTi Jurnalebis statiebisTvis gankuTvnili
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens
bibliografiaSi Seyvanili masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1).
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven
gamoqveynebasTan dakavSirebuli yvela faqtiundawarmoadginoT srulad,
raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Seicvleba
URL-i. popularul onlain JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebSi SeiZleba,
ar iyos miTiTebuli gverdebis nomrebi, magram miTiTebuli nawyvetis
adgilis identificireba SegiZliaT teqstobriv miTiTebebSi sityvis
qveSSemdegaRwerilobiTi maCveneblis (rogoricaa wina
qvesaTauri)damatebiT.
R: ferisi, stefani, 2005. `Tavisufleba~: ar aris aRmoCenili arcerTi
dokumenti. onlain Jurnali Salon.com, 16
dekemberi.http://www.salon.com/tech/feature/2005/12/16/censorship/index1.html (bolos
Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (ferisi 2005, saTauris `internets ar gaaCnia mexsiereba CineTSi~ qveS)
an
(ferisi2005)
19.4 sagazeTo statiebi
zogadad, Tqvens bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT yoveldRiurgazeTebSi
gamoqveynebuli statiebi da sxva masala ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
popularul JurnalebSi ganTavsebul statiebs (ix.19.3). xelmouwereli
statiis SemTxvevaSi, avtoris nacvlad gamoiyeneT gazeTis saxelwodeba.
361
vinaidan gazeTs SeiZleba gaaCndes ramdenime odnav gansxvavebuli
Sinaarsis gamocema, SegiZliaT, daazustoT, romeli gamocemiT
ixelmZRvaneleT da daumatoT frazebi bolo gamocema, Sua dasavleTis
gamoSvebaan sxva msgavsi identifikatori.
R: kamini, bleri. 2005. riglis Senoba – aSkara RirsSesaniSnaoba. Cikago
tribuni. 1 ivlisi.
miluoki jornal-sentineli. 1998. mowinave. 1 ivnisi.
niu iork Taimsi, erovnuli gamocema.2004. Jak deridas nekrologi. 10
oqtomberi.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi gamotoveT gverdebis nomrebi, vinaidan
statia SeiZleba, gamoCndes sxvadasxva gverdze an amoRebulic ki iyos
gazeTis sxvadasxva gamoSvebaSi. amasTan, gazeTis saxelwodebaSi
gamotoveT gamoSvebis aRweriloba, Tu avtoris nacvlad gazeTs uTiTebT.
P: (kamini 2005)
(miluoki jornal-sentineli1998)
(niu iork Taimsi2004)
teqstobrivi miTiTebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, SegiZliaT miTiTebis
zogi elementis Tqvens teqstSi Casma. Tumca, bibliografiaSi saWiroa
statiis srulad miTiTeba.
gazeT niu iork taimsSi uzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare
gadaadgilebebisadmi miZRvenil statiaSi (2005) grinhausi ganixilavs am
tendenciebs.
an
2005 wlis 30 seqtembers gamoqveynebul statiaSi, gazeTi niu iork taimsi,
linda grinhausi ganixilavsuzenaes sasamarTloSi mimdinare
gadaadgilebebs.
19.4.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli gansakuTrebuli sakiTxebi
amerikuli gazeTebis miTiTebisas, saxelwodebaSi gamotoveT sawyisi
artikli The. Tu gazeTis saxelwodeba ar Seicavs qalaqs, daumateT igi
oficialur saTaurs, garda iseTi kargad cnobili erovnuli gazeTebisa,
rogoricaa the Wall Street Journal an the Christian Science Monitor. Tu aseTi
saxelwodebis gazeTiqalaqSia an saxeli bundovania, SegiZliaT,
frCxilebSi daumatoT Stati an provincia (Cveulebriv, Semoklebuli
362
formiT; ix. 24.3.1). sxva ucxouri gazeTis miTiTebis SemTxvevaSi, datoveT
Seucvlelad sawyisi artiklebi da saTaurebis Semdeg daurTeT qalaqebis
saxelebi.
Chicago Tribune Le Monde
Saint Paul (Alberta or AB) Journal Times (London)
19.4.2 specialuri tipis sagazeTo miTiTebebi
gazeTebSi, garda calkeuli xelmowerili statiebisa, ganTavsebulia,
agreTve, mravali sxva tipis masala da zogierTi maTganis citirebisas
saWiroa specialuri wesebis dacva.
• regularuli svetebi. MravalCveulebriv svets axlavs hedlainebad
wodebuli saTaurebi da svetis saTaurebi.Tqven orives gamoyeneba
SegiZliaT an sivrcis dazogvis mizniT, ixmareT mxolod svetis saTauri
(swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis gareSe da mTavruli asoebis dasmiT
saTauris stilSi).
R: morgensoni, gretheni. 2000. fasdaklebis siaxleebze kargi mogebis Sesaxeb.
Sou marqeT uotCi. niu iork Taimsi. 23 aprili.
an
morgensoni, gretheni. 2000. Sou Sou marqeT uotCi. niu iork Taimsi. 23
aprili.
• werilebi redaqtors. miuTiTeT isini zogadad, hedlainebis gareSe.
R: devisi, virjinia j. 2005. werili redaqtors. Siqago tribuni. 29 ivlisi.
• danarTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebi.StatiebiJurnalebisdamatebebidan an
sxva specialuri nawilebidanmiuTiTeT popularuli Jurnalis statiebis
msgavsad (ix.19.3).
• internet statiebi.onlain gazeTebTan dakavSirebiT, ixelmZRvaneleT
beWdviT gazeTebSi ganTavsebuli statiebisTvis gankuTvnili
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT. garda amisa, daurTeT URL-i da Tqvens mier masalis mopovebis TariRi (ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom marto URL-i sakmarisi ar aris; Tqven unda warmoadginoT publikaciis yvela faqti
srulad, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic.
363
R: heqstra, deivi. 2005. memkvidreobis aRdgena. gazeTi Chicago Sun-Times. 19
dekemberi. http://www.suntimes.com/output/hurricane/cst-ftr-nola 19.html (bolo Sesvlis
TariRi 2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
19.5 arsebobs ramdenime damatebiTi tipis gamoqveynebuli masala,
romelic iTvaliswinebs specialur moTxovnebs maTi miTiTebisas.
19.5.1 klasikuri, Suasaukuneebisa da adreuli periodis literaturuli
nawarmoebebi
klasikur saberZneTSi da romSi, Suasaukuneebis evropaSi da renesansis
periodisSeqmnili literaturuli nawarmoebebis miTiTeba Tanamedrove
literaturuli nawarmoebebis citirebisgan gansxvavebuladxdeba. es wyaroebi
xSirad dajgufebulia danomril seqciebad (wignebi, striqonebi, strofebi
da a.S.), romlebic, zogadad, miTiTebulia gverdebis nomrebis nacvlad. imis
gamo, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynda am nawarmoebebis uamravi
versia da Targmani, Tanamedrove gamocemebisTvis maTi gamoqveynebis TariRi
da sxva faqtebi, zogadad, naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre sxva tipis
miTiTebebSi.
amis gamo, klasikuri, Sua saukuneebis da adrindeli
periodisliteraturuli nawarmoebebis citireba, rogorc wesi, unda
xdebodes mxolod teqstobrivi miTiTebebis formiT. Tu avtoris gvari da
saTauri ukve ar aris naxsenebi teqstSi, pirvelad moxseniebisTanave
daurTeT isini seqciis nomerTan erTad.Tu Semdgomi miTiTebebi calsaxad
Seexeba imave nawarmoebs, daurTeT mxolod seqciis nomeri.ixileT qvemoT
sxvadasxva tipis nawarmoebebs Soris arsebuli sxvaobebi punqtuaciaSi,
SemoklebebSi da nomrebSi.
peloponesis flotis oTxmocdRiani umoqmedoba rodosTan (fukidide,
peloponesis omis istoria8.44.4), Sewyvetili zamTris dasrulebamde (8.60.2-3),
varaudobs (gulisxmobs) ...
an
364
rodosTan peloponesis flotis oTxmocdRiani umoqmedoba, romlis
Sesaxebac iuwyeba tucidide (peloponesis omis istoria8.44.4), Sewyvetili
zamTris dasrulebamde (8.60.2-3), varaudobs (gulisxmobs) ...
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul gamokvlevebs an sxva raime
sferos, romelic moicavs teqstebis detalur analizs an Tu mniSvnelovania
sxvaobebi Targmanebs Soris, miuTiTeT aseTi nawarmoebebi Tqvens
bibliografiaSi. ixelmZRvaneleT 19.1.1-Si moyvanili sxva naTargmni da
redaqtirebuli wignebisTvis gankuTvnili wesebiT.
R: properciusi. 1990. elegiebi. gamomc. da mTargn. j. p. guldi. lebis klasikuri
biblioTeka 18. kembriji, masaCusetsi: harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba.
aristotele. 1983. aristoteles naSromebis sruli krebuli: oqsfordis
gadaxeduli Targmani. gamomc. j. barnesi. 2 t. prinstoni, niu jersi:
prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba.
klasikuri nawarmoebebi.zemoT moyvanil zogad principebTan
erTaddamatebiT warmogidgenT wesebs, romlebic vrceldeba klasikuri
nawarmoebebis citirebaze.
avtorsa da nawarmoebis saTaurs an saTaursa da seqciis nomers Soris
gamoiyeneT sasveni niSani, cifrobrivi danayofebi gamoyofilia wertilebiT
intervalebis gareSe. seqciebis nomrebisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.
dasviT mZimeebi erTi da igive wyaros citirebebs Soris da wertil-mZime –
sxvadasxva wyaros citirebebs Soris.
P: (aristofane bayayebi 1019-30)
(ciceroni ver. 1.3.21, 2.3.120; tacitusi germ. 10.2-3)
(aristotele metafizika3.2.996b5-8; platoni respublika 360e-361b)
SegiZliaT, agreTve, avtorebis, nawarmoebebis, krebulebis da a.S.
saxelebis Semokleba. yvelaze farTod aRiarebul abreviaturebs Seicavs
oqsfordis klasikuri leqsikoni. isargebleT am abreviaturebiT, nacvlad
sityvisa ibid. erTi da igive naSromis Tanmimdevruli moxseniebis dros.
P: (Thuc. 2.40.2-3)
(Pindar Isthm. 7.43-45)
Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebi.klasikuri naSromebis miTiTebis forma
Tanabrad misaRebia Sua saukuneebis nawarmoebebisTvis, romlebic dawerilia
365
ucxo enebze. Tu seqciis nomers win uswrebs aRwerilobiTi termini, meti
sicxadisTvis gamoyaviT igi mZimiT naSromis saTaurisgan.
P: (avgustini RvTis qalaqi20.2) (laTinuri)
(abelari epistole 17 eloizas, mini Pl180 375c - 378a)
adrindelinawarmoebebi. zemoT CamoTvlili zogadi principebis garda,
adrindeli literaturuli nawarmoebebis miTiTebebze Semdegi wesebi
vrceldeba:
poemebis da piesebis miTiTebisas moixsenieT wigni, Tavi da strofi; strofi
da striqoni; aqti, scena da striqoni an msgavsi danayofebi. meti
sicxadisTvis, elementebi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT.
P: (Coseri, baTis peiqris colis moTxrobis prologi, kenterberis moTxrobebi,
striqonebi 105-14)
(miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe, wigni 1, striqonebi83-86)
SegiZliaT, SeamokloT danomrili danayofebi aqti, striqonida sxva msgavsi
sityvebis gamotovebiT da klasikur bibliografiebSi arsebulismsgavsi
sistemis gamoyenebiT (ix. zemoT). aucileblad ganmarteT sqolioSi Tqveni
sistema.
P: (miltoni, dakarguli samoTxe, 1.83-86)
Tu gamocemebi gansxvavdeba redaqciiT, striqonebis danomvriT da
scenebad dayofiTac ki, CasviT es nawarmoebi Tqvens bibliografiaSi da
miuTiTeT konkretuli gamocema.
P: Seqspiri, uiliami. 1982. hamleti. ardenis gamocema. gamomc. harold jenkinsi.
londoni: meTueni.
19.5.2 biblia da sxva wminda werilebi
miuTiTeT biblia da sxva religiuri Sinaarsis wminda werilebi teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi. ar aris saWiro maTi CarTva Tqvens bibliografiaSi.
bibliidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi, daurTeT wignis Semoklebuli
saxelwodeba, Tavis nomeri da strofis nomeri – gverdis nomris gareSe.
konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT wignebis saxelwodebebis
tradiciuli an ufro mokle abreviaturebi (ix.24.6); mimarTeT rCevisTvis
Tqvens pedagogs, Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli formaa misaRebi.
isargebleT arabuli cifrebiT Tavebis, strofebis nomrebisa (maT Sorisori
wertiliT) da wignebis nomrebis bibliografiaSi miTiTebisas..
366
tradiciuli abreviaturebi:
P: (1Ts. 4:11, 5:2-5, 5:14)
ufro mokle abreviaturebi:
P: (2sm. 11:1-17, 11:26-27; 1mt. 10:13-14)
vinaidan wignebi da danomvra gansxvavdeba wminda werilebis versiebis
mixedviT, Tqvens pirvel miTiTebaSi miuTiTeT frCxilebSi is versia,
romliTac sargeblobT, saxelwodebis sityvierad an miRebuli abreviaturis
saxiT warmodgenis meSveobiT (ix.24.6.4).
P: (2 mefeebi 11:8 [axali gasworebuli standartuli versia])
(1kr. 6:1-10 [axali amerikuli biblia NAB])
sxvareligiis wminda werilebidan citirebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad
gamoiyeneT bibliidan citirebis zogadi principebi (ix. 24.6.5)
19.5.3 sacnobaro literatura
sayovelTaod cnobili sacnobaro literatura, rogoricaa, mTavari
leqsikonebi da enciklopediebi, Cveulebriv, moxseniebuli unda iqnes
mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. zogadad, ar aris saWiro maTi Casma Tqvens
bibliografiaSi, magram SegiZliaT im konkretuli naSromis CarTva,
romelsac gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni argumentaciis
dasabuTebisTvis an romelsac xSirad citireben. gamotoveT TariRi, magram
daakonkreteT gamocema (Tu es ar aris pirveli gamocema). anbanuri wesiT
awyobili naSromis, magaliTad, enciklopediis, SemTxvevaSi, miuTiTeT muxli
(da ara tomi an gverdis nomeri), romelsac win uswrebs ix.ixileT. .
P: (enciklopedia britanika me-15 gamoc., ix. `xsna~)
(amerikuli biografiuli leqsikoni, (ix. `uodsuorti, jeremaia~)
naklebad cnobili sacnobaro literaturis wyarod gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
miuTiTeT igi wignis msgavsad (ix.19.1).
R: taimsis inglisuri enis stilisa da gamoyenebis saxelmZRvanelo. 1999. gadax.
(Seswor.) gamoc. londoni: Taims buqsi.
aulescia, gorka. 1989. baskur-inglisuri leqsikoni. reno: nevadas
universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (taimsis saxelmZRvanelo 1999, ix. `plociis wodebebi~, `safosto
misamarTebi~)
367
(aulescia1989, 509)
enciklopediebis onlain versiebi eqvemdebareba regularul
ganaxlebas.amitom CarTeT rogorc URL-i, ise masalis mopovebis TariRi
(ix.15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT, rom zogierTi sacnobaro naSromi miuTiTebs
konkretuli muxlis citirebisTvis Sesaferis URL-s; sasurvelia misi
gamoyeneba nacvlad saZiebo sistemebis mier generirebuli naklebad sando
URL-isa.
P: (onlainenciklopedia britanika, ix.`sibeliusi, jini~,
http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article?tocld=9378608 [bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1
ivnisi])
19.5.4 recenziebi, kritikuli statiebi
wignebis, speqtaklebis da a.S. naSromebis recenzia SeiZleba, daibeWdos
sxvadasxva periodul gamocemebSi. Tqvens bibliografiaSi CasviT
mimomxilvelis gvari da saxeli, sityva(recenzia), romelsac mosdevs
mimoxiluli naSromis saxelwodeba da avtori (an kompozitori, reJisori da
a.S.); adgili da TariRi (im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saubaria speqtaklze) da bolos
is perioduli gamocema, romelSic daibeWda mimoxilva.
R: taubi, riCardi p. 2004. naSromis sazogadoebrivi (saxelmwifo) sacxovrebeli
binebis aRdgena: naxevarsaukunovani brZola sam sazogadoebriv raionSi
mimoxilva lorens j. veilis avtorobiT. sociologiis amerikuli
Jurnali110, # 3 (noemberi): 797-99.
iSevudi, Carlzi. 2005. cisferi Citunas mimoxilva, avtori - Ceril l. vesti,
reJisori – seret skoti. seqand sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki. niu iork Taimsi.
24 ivnisi.
kozini, aleni. 2000. timoTi feinis (violino) da stiven bekis (fortepiano)
mier Sesrulebuli koncertis mimoxilva. niu iuorki, 92-e quCa Y, niu iorki.
niu iork Taimsi. 21 aprili.
19.5.5 reziumeebi, mimoxilvebi
samecniero statiebis, sakonferencio naSromebis, disertaciebis da a.S.
reziumeebi SeiZleba, gamoqveyndes sakuTriv naSromTan erTad an specialur
gamocemebSi (Cveulebriv, JurnalebSi), romlebic Sedgeba mxolod da mxolod
reziumeebisgan.
368
daurTeT sakuTriv naSromis sruli miTiTeba. Tu reziume ibeWdeba
naSromTan erTad, miTiTebaSi sityva reziumeCasviT saTauris Semdeg.Tu
reziume ibeWdeba sxva gamocemaSi, sityvebi reziume . . . –SiCasviT sawyisi
miTiTebis Semdeg da miuTiTeT reziumes adgilmdebareoba.dasviT sakuTriv
naSromis TariRi, nacvlad reziumes TariRisa, avtoris gvarisa da saxelis
Semdeg.
R: ludersi, jozefi. 2006. moZraobis warmatebis ekonomika: biznesis reagireba
samoqalaqo uflebebis mobilizaciaze. reziume. amerikuli sociologiis
Jurnali111, # 4 (ianvari): 963.
albini, sesilia. 2003. molaparakebebi saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis
sakiTxebze: globaluri sazogadoebrivi saqoneli da samarTlianoba.
saerTaSoriso gamokvlevebis mimoxilva29 (ivlisi): 365-85. reziume mSvidobis
kvlevis referatebis JurnalSi 42, publik. nom. 236625 (2005 wlis Tebervali):
6.
19.5.6 bukletebi da angariSebi
miuTiTeT bukletebi, korporaciuli angariSebi, broSurebi da sxva
avtonomiuri publikaciebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns. Tu gakliaT
informacia zogierTi standartuli elementisTvis, rogoricaa avtori da
gamomcemeli, dokumentebis identificirebis mizniT, miuTiTeT sakmarisi
odenobis sxva informacia.
R: klarki, heizeli v. 1957. mesopotamia: or mdinares Soris. mesopotamia, ohaio:
moqalaqeebis universaluri maRaziis dasasruli.
TIAA-CREF. 2005. 2005 wlis wliuri angariSi: kolejis pedagogebis sapensio
aqciebis fondi. niu iorki TIAA-CREF.
19.5.7 gamocemebi mikroformis saxiT
mikroformis saxiT gamocemuli naSromebi, romlebiTac xelmZRvanelobdiT,
maT Soris disertaciebi, Tqvens bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT wignis
msgavsad.nabeWdi formiT an internetiT nasargeblevidisertaciebis
misaTiTeblad(ix.19.6.1.),daurTeT publikaciis forma (mikrofiSa, mikrofilmi
da a.S.) publikaciis faqtebis Semdeg.
R: farveli, beatrisa, 1995. franguli popularuli liTografiuli
gamosaxulebebis miRebis xerxebi. t. 12, liTografia xelovnebasa da
vaWrobaSi. Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba. mikrofiSa.
369
tauberi, abrahami. 1958. damwerlobis reforma SeerTebul StatebSi. en
arbori, miCigani: universitetis mikrofilmebi. mikrofilmi.
Tu SesaZlebelia, teqstobriv miTiTebebSi CasviT adgilis ganmsazRvreli
elementi. Semdeg magaliTSi gverdis nomeri,romelic TvalsaCinoebisTvis
identificirebulia abreviaturiT gv. gvxvdeba nabeWd teqstSi mikrofiSaze;
danarCeni cifrebi aRniSnaven mikrofiSas da kadrs, xolo aso aRniSnavs
rigs.
P: (farveli 1995, gv. 67, 3C12)
19.5.8 CD-ROM-ebi an DVD-ROM-ebi
miuTiTeTCD- an DVD-ROM-ze Cawerili naSromebi, rogorc miuTiTebdiT
analogiur nabeWd naSromebs, ufro xSirad, wignebs.
R: “neiSenal jeografiki” nomrebis sruli krebuli: Jurnalis `National
Geographic~ 110 weli. 2000. CD-ROM. kompiuteruli programuli uzrunvelyofis
gamomcemeli kompania mainsqeipi.
oqsfordis inglisuri leqsikoni. 1999. me-2 gamoc. CD-ROM, versia 2.0. niu
iorki: oqsfordis universitetis gamomcemloba.
19.5.9 onlain monacemTa bazebi
onlainmonacemTa bazebSi gamoqveynebuli samecniero Jurnalebis statiebis
citirebasTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT 19.2.8. sxva tipis onlain monacemTa
bazebis SemTxvevaSi, Tqvens bibliografiaSisrulad miuTiTeT monacemTa
baza, Tu axdenT misgan mravali dokumentis an Canawerebis citirebas.
(miuTiTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, (swori SriftiT), URL-i mTavari
gverdisTvis da Tqvens mier masalis mopovebis TariRi (an TariRebis
diapazoni). gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod da mxolod URL-i sakmarisi ar
aris; unda warmoadginoT sruli informaciapublikaciis Sesaxeb, ramdenadac
es SesaZlebelia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis
SemTxvevaSic.
R: perseusis cifruli biblioTeka. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ (bolos Sesvlis
TariRi 1 Tebervali-31 marti, 2006)
Tu miuTiTebT msgavsi monacemTa bazidan mxolod erT dokuments an
Canawers, Tqvens bibliografiaSi igi CawereT cal-calke. daurTeT
dokumentis avtori da saTauri (Tu xelmisawvdomia), monacemTa bazis saxeli
(swori SriftiT), URL-i konkretuli gverdisTvis da Tqvens mier masalis
370
mopovebis TariRi. onlain monacemTa bazebSi arsebul disertaciebTan
dakavSirebiT ixileT 19.6.1.
R: plini ufrosi. bunebrivi istoria, gamomc. jon bostoki da g. t. raili.
perseusis cifrul biblioTekaSi, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-
bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 31 marti).
Tqvens teqstSi dokumentis Tu Canaweris damowmebisTvis,miuTiTeT
SeZlebisdagvarad amomwuravi informacia, raTa citata bibliografiis
muxlSi moyvanil informaciasTan daakavSiroT. CasviT es informacia
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi (romlis elementebi gamijnulia mZimeebiT)an
teqstSi.
P: (plini ufrosi, perseusis cifruli biblioTeka)
. . . rogorc miTiTebulia plini ufrosis samecniero naSromSi bunebrivi
istoria (perseusis cifruli biblioTeka).
19.6 gamouqveynebeli wyaroebi
wyaroebi, romlebic arasdros gamoqveynebula, SeiZleba, ufro rTuli
mosaZebni iyos mkiTxvelisTvis, vidre gamoqveynebuli, vinaidan isini inaxeba
mxolod erT adgilas da ar arsebobs oficialuri faqtebi maTi gamocemis
Sesaxeb. Tqvens bibliografiaSi msgavsi wyaroebis miTiTebis dros
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili sruli informaciis
darTvas, raTa maqsimalurad davexmaroT mkiTxvels.
gamouqveynebeli naSromebis saTaurebi mocemulia swori SriftiT,
brWyalebSi Causmeladda dauxrelad. es gansxvavebuli formati gamoarCevs
maT msgavsi, magram gamoqveynebuli naSromebisagan.
19.6.1 sadiplomo Temebi da disertaciebi
Tu xelmZRvanelobT gamouqveynebeli disertaciis nabeWdi formiT,CaTvaleT
igi gamouqveynebel xelnawerad.avtoris, TariRis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) da
saTauris Semdeg daurTeT disertaciis tipi da samecniero dawesebuleba.
gamoiyeneTdisertaciisSemoklebuli
variantidis.Sityvisgamouqveynebelixmareba saWiroar aris.
371
R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doqtoris
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.
kulkesi, karen lei. 2003. kurdistanis kartografiuli gamosaxulebebi
beWdviT mediaSi. disertacia magistris samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad,
sirakiusis universiteti.
imisaTvis, rom miuTiToT disertacia, romelsac gaecaniT onlain
monacemTa bazaSi, daurTeT monacemTa bazis saxeli, URL-i da monacemTa
bazaSi SeRwevis TariRibibliografiis sawyisi informaciis Semdeg
(mikroformis saxiT gamoSvebuli gamocemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.5.7.)
R: merfi, priscila koiti. 2000. risi gakeTeba SeuZlia wigns: Cumi gazafxuli da
media-saSualebebSi mowyobili sajaro diskusia. dis. filosofiis doqtoris
samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad, CrdiloeT karolinas universiteti.
linkze: ProQuest Disserations and Theses,
http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=727710781&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=13392&RQT=
309&VName=PQD (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 1 aprili).
19.6.2 Sexvedrebze wakiTxuli leqciebi da moxsenebebi. gamosvlis an moxsenebis
avtoris, TariRis da saTauris Semdeg miuTiTeT sponsori, adgilmdebareoba
da (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi) TaTbiris Catarebis konkretuli dRe.
Sityvagamouqveynebeli saWiro ar aris.
R: trautmeni, joni. 2005. induri bluzi: amerikeli indielebi da musikis
politika, 1890-1935. leqcia, niuberis biblioTeka, Cikago, ilinoisi. 2
Tebervali.
gredi, kareni. 2004. rodesac maRali kultura iyo popularuli kultura.
amerikel istorikosTa organizaciis yovelwliur sxdomaze warmodgenili
moxseneba, bostoni, masaCusetsi. 26 marti.
skoqpoli, Teda. 2003. xma da uTanasworoba: amerikuli samoqalaqo
demokratiis transformacia. saprezidento mimarTva, politikuri mecnierebis
amerikuli asociaciis yovelwliuri sxdoma, filadelfia, pensilvania. 28
agvisto.
19.6.3 interviuebi da piradi urTierTobebi
imisaTvis, rom mivuTiToT gamouqveynebeli interviu (maT Soris, interviu,
romelic Tavad CaiwereT),daiwyeT bibliografiis muxli im piris gvariT da
372
saxeliT, romelsac CamoerTva interviu, da interviueris saxeliT da gvariT;
daurTeT, agreTve, intervius Catarebis adgili da TariRi (Tu cnobilia) da
nebismieri firisa Tu transkriptis (Tu aris xelmisawvdomi)
adgilmdebareoba. (radio- an telemauwyeblobiT gadacemuli interviuebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 19.8.3)
R: makmilani, endriu. 2007. avtoris mier CamorTmeuli interviu. san diego,
kalifornia. 2 marti.
spoki, benjameni. 1974. milton j. e. senis mier CamorTmeuli interviu. 20
noemberi. interviu 67A, Canaweri, senis zepiri istoriis koleqcia, medicinis
erovnuli biblioTeka, betesda, merilendi.
teqstobriv miTiTebebSi miuTiTeT respodnetis da ara interviueris saxeli.
P: (makmilani 2007)
(spoki 1974)
Tu ar SegiZliaT im piris vinaobis gamJRavneba, romelsac interviu
CamoarTves, gamoiyeneT mxolod teqstobrivi miTiTebebi konteqstisTvis
Sesaferisi informaciiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT am informaciis zogierTi
nawilis an sruli informaciis teqstSi CarTva, magram ar aris saWiro
intervius miTiTeba bibliografiaSi. ganmarteT vinaobis ardasaxelebis
faqti sqolioSi an winasityvaobaSi (`yvela interviu iyo konfidencialuri;
im pirTa vinaobas, visac CamovarTviT interviuebi, ar vasaxelebT erToblivi
SeTanxmebis safuZvelze~
P: (interviu jandacvis sferos muSakTan, 2006 wlis 10 agvisto)
miuTiTeT saubrebi, werilebi, eleqtronuli werilebi da a.S.
mxolodteqstobriv miTiTebebSi. zogadad ar aris saWiro maTi miTiTeba
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, uCvenoT konkretuli
komunikaciis faqti, romelsac kritikuli mniSvneloba aqvs Tqveni
argumentaciis gasamyareblad an, romelsac xSirad citireben. is ZiriTadi
elementebi, romlebic mZimeebiTunda gamoiyos, arissxvaadamianis saxeli da
gvari, TariRi da komunikaciis tipi. bevr SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, es
informacia teqstSi nawilobriv an sruladCarToT. gamotoveT eleqtronuli
fostis misamarTebi. EleqtronulmisamarTebze gagzavnili Setyobinebebis
miTiTebis Sesaxeb ixileT 19.7.3-Si.
373
P: (maqsin grini, 2005 wlis 29 seqtemberi, avtoris misamarTze gagzavnili
eleqtronuli werili)
2006 wlis 12 oqtombers avtorTan gamarTul satelefono saubarSi
polkovnikma viliam riCma gamoaSkarava, rom . . .
19.6.4 xelnawerTa koleqciebi
gamouqveynebel xelnawerTa koleqciebSi daculi dokumentebi Seicavs
gamoqveynebul wyaroebze ufro rTul da mravalferovan elementebs. Tqvens
miTiTebas daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti saidentifikacio informacia,
Sesabamisad daaformateT elementebi da moargeTaq moyvanili zogadi
modelebi saWiroebis mixedviT.
Sesatani elementebi da maTi Tanmimdevroba.Tu koleqciidanmravali
dokumentis citirebas axdenT, Tqvens bibliografiaSi `koleqciis~ saxeliT
miuTiTeT mTeli koleqcia, masSi Semavali dokumentebis avtor(eb)i an arqivi.
iseTitipis gamouqveynebeli masalisTvis, romelic arqivebSiar inaxeba,
SecvaleT koleqciasTandakavSirebuli informacia frazebiT `avtoris
mflobelobaSia~ an `kerZo koleqcia~ da nu axsenebT adgils. nu daurTavT
TariRs, vinaidan koleqciaTaumravlesoba Seicavs sxvadasxva TariRiT
daTariRebul dokumentebs.
R: egmontis xelnawerebi. filifsis koleqcia. jorjias universitetis
biblioTeka, atensi.
hausi, edvardi m., dokumentebi. ielis universitetis biblioTeka, niu heiveni,
koneqtikuti.
monobis gauqmebis pensilvaniis sazogadoeba. dokumentebi. pensilvaniis
historiuli sazogadoeba, filadelfia.
stroteri, frenCi da edvard louri. dauTariRebeli korespondencia.
herbert huveris saprezidento biblioTeka, dasavleTis filiali, aiova.
`mSrali kanonis~ Sesaxeb erovnuli reformis momxre qalTa organizaciis
dokumentebi. elis belin diuponis failebi, pier s. diuponis dokumentebi.
istoriuli biblioTeka elefterian milz historikal laibreri,
vilmingtoni, delaveri.
imisaTvis, rom moaxdinoT amgvari koleqciidan Tqvens teqstSi calkeuli
dokumentis citireba, gamoyenebuli bibliografiis muxlSi miuTiTeT avtori
374
da TariRi, dokumentis saTauri an tipi da koleqciis an arqivis
saxeli.gamoyaviT elementebi mZimeebiT. bevr SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba, es
informacia nawilobriv an srulad CarToT teqstSi.
P: (jeims oglTorpi ndobiT aRWurvil pirebs, 1733 wlis 13 ianvari, egmontis
xelnawerebi)
ndobiT aRWurvili pirebis misamarTiT 1733 wlis 13 ianvars gagzavnil
werilSi (egmontis xelnawerebi) jaims oglTorpma ganacxada . . .
Tu axdenT koleqciidan mxolod erTi dokumentis citirebas, igi
calkeCasviT bibliografiaSi da ixelmZRvaneleT teqstobrivi
miTiTebebisTvis gankuTvnili Cveulebrivi modeliT.
R: dinkeli, jozefi. 1869. elisabed keri agasis TxovniT dawerili lui agasis
aRwera. agasis dokumentebi. houtonis biblioTeka, harvardis universiteti,
kembriji, masaCusetsi.
elementebis daformatebis wesi.warmogidgenT ramdenime rekomendacias
xelnawerTa koleqciebSi arsebuli dokumentebis specialur
daformatebasTan dakavSirebiT.
• individualuri saTaurebi - ganzogadebuli saTaurebi. miuTiTeT rogorc individualuri, ise, ganzogadebuli saTaurebi, rogoricaa angariSian
oqmi, swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis an daxrili Sriftis gareSe.
• informaciis lokalizeba. zogierTi xelnaweri SesaZloa, Seicavdes
gverdebis nomrebs, romlebic SeiZleba, moTavsdes teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi.mraval xelnawers eqneba sxva tipis lokatori an saerTod ar
eqneba is. ufro Zveli formatiT nacvlad gverdebisa. zogierT
xelnawerebis koleqcias gaaCnia saidentifikacio seriebi an failebis
nomrebi, romlebic SeiZleba daurToT miTiTebas.
• dokumentebi da xelnawerebi. xelnawerTa koleqciebis saTaurebSi
terminebi dokumenti da xelnawerebi sinonimebia. orive termini misaRebia,
iseve, rogorc maTi abreviaturebi.
• werilebi.. imisaTvis, rom moaxdinoT werilis citireba teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi, daiwyeT werilis avtoris gvariT, Semdeg ki miuTiTeT
werilis mimRebis gvari. gamotoveT sityva werili,romelic igulisxmeba.
magram sxva formis komunikaciis SemTxvevaSi, daakonkreteT komunikaciis
tipi (depeSa, memorandumi).
375
19.7 araoficialurad gamoqveynebuli eleqtronuli wyaroebi
masalas, romelic araoficialurad qveyndeba internetSi, xSirad ar
eqneba publikaciis iseTi standartulimonacemebi, rogoricaa avtori,
saTauri, gamomcemeli an TariRi. maSinac ki, rodesac SegiZliaT,
publikaciis Sesaxeb mxolod Zalian mwirimonacemebis mopoveba an
saerTod ver adgenT maT, mainc unda miuTiToT bibliografiaSi URL-ze
meti informacia. Tu miuTiTebT mxolod URL-s da isSeicvleba an
moZveldeba, Tqveni miTiTeba gamousadegari xdeba mkiTxvelebisTvis. URL-i
miuTiTebs, sad ido masala, rodesac Tqven mas ecnobodiT;sruli
miTiTeba,aseve,unda uCvenebdes wyaros da Tqvens mier misi ukanasknelad
monaxulebis TariRs (ix.15.4.1).
19.7.1 vebgverdebi
wignebisa da perioduli gamocemebis garda, onlain wyaroebidan miRebul
sxva originalur masalasTan dakavSirebiT bibliografiaSi SeitaneT rac
SeiZleba meti informacia Semdegi CamonaTvlidan: avtori, gverdis
saTauri (swori SriftiT, brWyalebis gareSe), saitis saxeli an
mflobeli, URL-i da saitze Sesvlis TariRi (an saitze Sesvlis
TariRebis diapazoni).
R: evanstonis sajaro biblioTekis mzrunvelTa sabWo. evanstonis sajaro
biblioTekis strategiuli gegma, 2000-2010: sazogadoebasTan
urTierTobebis aTwleuli. evanstonis sajaro biblioTeka.
http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1
ivnisi-15 agvisto).
Tu avtori dasaxelebuli ar aris, miuTiTeT saitis mflobelis
saxeli.
R: amerikel mecnierTa federacia. rezoluciis Sedareba: sanomre niSnebisa
da saTaurebis (hedlainebis) wakiTxva. http://www.fas.org/irp/imint/resolve5.html
(bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).
araoficialur saitebze, rogoricaa personaluri gverdebi da
gasarTobi saitebi,romlebsac SeiZleba, arc hqondeT saTaurebi,
gamoqveynebuli masalebisTvis ixmareT aRwerilobiTi frazebi
376
R: kemp takonikis gamoSveba. 1955 wlis fotogalerea.
http://www.taconicalumni.org/1955.html (bolo Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis 1 ivnisi).
imisaTvis, rom Tqvens teqstSi miuTiToT vebsaiti oficialuri
publikaciis TariRis gareSe, CasviT avtoris an saitis mflobelis
saxeli an bibliografiis muxlSi gamoyenebuli aRwerilobiTi fraza.
CasviT es informacia frCilebSi an teqstSi.
rogorc iyo miTiTebuli amerikel mecnierTa federaciis vebsaitze . . .
19.7.2 veblogze gamoqveynebuli Canawerebi da komentarebi
Tu miuTiTebT veblogze (an blogze) gamoqveynebul informacias da
komentarebs, daurTeT veblogi Tqvens bibliografias.amisaTvisunda
ixelmZRvaneloT vebsaitebis sabazo modeliT. saitis mTavari
gverdisTvismiuTiTeT URL-i.
R: beker-pozneris blogi. http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/ (bolos Sesvlis
TariRi 2006 wlis 28 marti).
veblogzegamoqveynebuli calkeuli infoirmaciisa da komentarebis
citireba xdeba mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi. is ZiriTadi elementebi,
romlebic gamoiyofa mZimeebiT, aris avtoris saxeli da gvari, veblogis
saxeli da miniSneba imaze, Tu romelia veblogze (saitis avtoris
mier)gamoqveynebuli Canaweri da romeli _ komentari,(dawerili sxva
adamianis mier) da gamoqveynebis TariRi. Tu avtoris saxeli arasrulia an
fsevdonimia, miuTiTeT igi, rogorc saxeli.xSirad SeiZleba, es
informacia teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.
P: (piter pirsoni, beker-pozneris blogi, komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6
marts)
. . . geri bekeris Tanaxmad (komentari, gagzavnili 2006 wlis 6 marts, beker-
pozneris blogze). sapasuxo komentarebi ekuTvnis piter pirsons (gagzavna
6 marts) da bils (gagzavna 10 marts) . . .
19.7.3 adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siebi
adresatTa eleqtronuli misamarTebis siidanmasalis citirebis mizniT
daurTeT avtoris saxeli da gvari, gagzavnis TariRi da siis saxeli.
gamotoveT eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. msgavsi informaciis
citireba, rogorc wesi, xdeba mxolod teqstobriv miTiTebebSi, sadac
elementebi gamoyofilia mZimeebiT. zogadad saWiro ar aris maTi CarTva
377
Tqvens bibliografiaSi, magram SeiZleba, moisurvoT, CarToT Tqveni
argumentaciis gamyarebisTvis kritikulad mniSvnelovani an xSirad
miTiTebuli specialuri informacia. xSirad SeiZleba, es informacia
teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarToT.
P: (jon paueli, 2004 wlis 30 oqtomberi, eleqtronuli werili greipvainis
eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze)
greipvainis eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebze 2004 wlis 30 oqtombers
gagzavnil eleqtronul werilSi jon paueli acxadebs ..
19.8 vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovnebis wyaroebi
vizualuri da saSemsruleblo xelovneba gvaZlevs mravalgvar
wyaros: vizualur gamosaxulebebs, cocxal warmodgenebs, tele da
radiogadacemebs, teqstur da sxvadasxva mediaCanawerebs. zogierTi
aseTi wyaros citireba SeiZleba, rTulic iyos, Tu maT Tan ar
axlavs gamoqveynebuli wyaroebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
saidentifikacio informacia. aseTi wyaroebis miTiTebas daurTeT
SeZlebisdagvarad bevri saidentifikacio monacemi, Tanmimdevrulad
daaformateT elementebi da miTiTebebs saWiroebisamebr miusadageT
winamdebare nawilSi mocemuli zogadi modelebi.
am nawilSi CamoTvlili wyaroebis umetesoba mxolod teqstur
miTiTebebSi unda aRniSnoT an sulac, teqstSi CarToT misi
ZiriTadi elementebi. zogadad, saWiro ar aris am wyaroebis
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi CarTva, magram garkveul SemTxvevebSi
SeiZleba, amis gakeTeba mogiwioT. SeiZleba, moisurvoT, miTiTebebis
CamonaTvalSi CarToT konkretuli wyaro, romelic kritikulad
mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentaciis dasabuTebisTvis, an romelic
xSiradaa citirebuli. Tu naSroms iseTi disciplinisTvis werT,
rogoricaa xelovneba, mediakvlevebi an sxva msgavsi sagani,
rCevisTvis Tqvens pedagogs mimarTeT.
19.8.1 vizualuri wyaroebi
378
ferweruli namuSevrebi, qandakebebi, fotosuraTebi da
xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi. ferweruli naxatebi, skulpturebi,
fotosuraTebi da xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebebi aRiniSneba mxolod
teqstur miTiTebebSi. miTiTebas daurTeT mxatvris saxeli da gvari,
nawarmoebis saxelwodeba da Seqmnis TariRi (romelsac win uswrebs
ca. [circa], Tu TariRi miaxloebiTia), aseve im dawesebulebis
saxelwodeba da adgilmdebareoba, romelSic igi inaxeba (aseTis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi). ferweruli namuSevrebisa da skulpturebis
saxelwodebebi daxrili SriftiT dawereT, xolo fotosuraTebis
saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT miuTiTeT da brWyalebSi CasviT.
gamoyaviT elementebi mZimeebiT.
P: (jorjia o’kifi, kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, miluokis xelovnebis
muzeumi)
(mikelanjelo, daviTi, 1501-4, akademiis galerea, florencia)
(anseli, adamsi, `CrdiloeTi gumbaTi, kalaTisebri gumbaTi,
hofmanis mTa, iosemiti~, ca. 1935, smiTsonis amerikuli xelovnebis
muzeumi, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi)
teqsturi miTiTebebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, zogjer
xelovnebis nimuSebis citireba elementebis teqstSi CarTviTac
SegiZliaT,
o’kifma pirvelad warmoadgina es teqnika suraTSi kldis
sakvamurebi (1938; miluokis xelovnebis muzeumi).
Tu xelovnebis nawarmoebi gamoqveynebul wyaroSi naxeT da
adgilobrivi wesebi Tqvengan am wyaros identificirebas moiTxovs,
SeiyvaneT gamoqveynebuli wyaro miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi . teqstur
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT avtori da TariRi nacvlad dawesebulebis
saxelisa da adgilmdebareobisa. onlain suraTebTan dakavSirebiT
ix. 19.8.6.
379
R: linsi, barbara buleri, lesli poling-kempesi da frederik v.
terneri. 2004. jorjia o’kifi da niu meqsiko: adgilis SegrZneba.
prinstoni: prinstonis universitetis gamomcemloba.
P: (jorjia o’kifi, kldis sakvamurebi, 1938, linsis, poling-kempesisa
da terneris naSromSi 2004, 25)
sxva grafikuli wyaroebi. SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi grafikuli
wyaroebis citireba, rogoricaa sareklamo gancxadebebi presaSi,
rukebi, karikaturebi da a.S. aRniSneT aseTi wyaroebi mxolod
teqstur miTiTebebSi, miusadageT maT xelovnebis nimuSebisTvis
gankuTvnili sabaziso modelebi da daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti
informacia. miuTiTeT saxelwodebebi swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi
CasmiT da aRniSneT grafikis tipi, Tu is saxelwodebidan cxadi ar
aris. onlain grafikis Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.6.
P: (ojaxSi wera-kiTxvis codnis erovnuli centri, `imitom, rom
SemiZlia kiTxva~, reklama (gancxadeba), Jurnali atralntik mansli,
2006 wlis aprili, 59)
19.8.2 cocxali Sesruleba
Teatri, musika da cekva. aRniSneT cocxali Teatraluri,
musikaluri an sacekvao Sesruleba mxolod frCilebSi Casmul
miTiTebebSi. aRniSvnas daurTeT Sesrulebuli nawarmoebis
saxelwodeba, yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari da maT
mier Sesrulebuli rolebi, romel TeatrSi, darbazSi da a.S
gaimarTa warmodgena, warmodgenis geografiuli mdebareoba da
TariRi. piesebis da didi musikaluri kompoziciebis saTaurebi
dawereT daxrili SriftiT, xolo ufro mcire namuSevrebis
saTaurebi miuTiTeT swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT.
saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis weris
stili. Tu citata xazs usvams individis Sesrulebas,
Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari miuTiTeT nawarmoebis saTauris win.
gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.
380
P: (cisferi Cituna, avtori Ceril l. vesti, reJisori sirit skoti,
seqond sTeijis Teatri, niu iorki, 2005 wlis 22 ivnisi)
(iuja vangi, pianisti, `valsi~, kompozitori moris raveli,
simfoniuri centri, Cikago, 2006 wlis 26 marti)
teqsturi miTiTebebis gamoyenebis nacvlad, xandaxan, citireba
cocxali Sesrulebis Sesaxeb elementebis teqstSi CasmiTac
SegiZliaT.
iuja vangis mier Sesrulebulma moris ravelis `valsma~ (2006 wlis
26 marti, simfoniuri centri, Cikago) warmoaCina mis mier . . . gageba
. . .
Tu cocxali Sesruleba CanawerSi ixileT an moismineT,
miuTiTeT es Canaweri. audio Canaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.4; video
CanawerTan dakavSirebiT _ 19.8.5; inlain failebis Sesaxeb _ 19.8.6.
kinosuraTebi. Tu filmi kinoTeatrSi naxeT, cocxali Sesrulebis
miTiTebis msgavsad, teqstur miTiTebebSi aRniSneT an CarTeT
elementebi teqstSi. (videoCanawerebSi nanaxi filmebis Sesaxeb ix.
19.8.5; onlain nanaxi kinofilmebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.6.) miuTiTeT
kinosuraTis saxelwodeba, reJisori, mwarmoebeli kompaniisa an
distributoris saxelwodeba da filmis gamoSvebis weli (daxrili
SriftiT). saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis
weris stili. gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT. Tu saWiroa,
aRwereT Tqvens mier citirebuli epizodis moqmedebis adgili.
P:
(kapote, reJisori benet mileri, kinostudia soni fiqCerz klasiqsi,
2005, Sesavali scena)
19.8.3 satelevizio programebi da sxva samauwyeblo wyaroebi
programebi. miuTiTeT teleprogramebi, radioprogramebi da sxva
samauwyeblo wyaroebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi. daurTeT
programis saxeli da TariRi, rodesac naxeT an moismineT gadacema.
SegiZliaT, agreTve, aRniSnoT epizodis saTauri da nomeri (Tu
381
xelmisawvdomia), yvela wamyvani Semsruleblis saxeli da gvari (Tu
Tqvens diskusias Seesabameba), adgili, saidanac xdeba mauwyebloba
da Tavdapirveli mauwyeblobis TariRi (Tu gansxvavdeba im
TariRisgan, rodesac Tqven naxeT an moismineT gadacema). dawereT
daxrili SriftiT programebis saxelebi, xolo epizodebis an
segmentebis saTaurebi – swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi CasmiT.
gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.
P: (sainfeldi, `sapirispiro~, epizodi 86, 2005 wlis 22 seqtemberi
[Tavdapirvelad gavida eTerSi 1994 wlis 19 maisi])
(mTavari sainformacio programa yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT,
erovnuli sazogadoebrivi radio NPR, 2006 wlis 20 aprili)
xSirad, teqsturi miTiTebebis nacvlad, SegiZliaT, amgvari
programebi aRniSnoT ZiriTadi elementebis teqstSi CarTviT,
gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac zogierTi an yvela damatebiTi
elementi ar aris xelmisawvdomi an ar Seesabameba citirebas.
sainfeldis epizodi saTauriT `sapirispiro~ (eTerSi gavida 2005
wlis 22 seqtembers) SesaniSnavad gadmoscems am Txrobis
struqturas.
Tu programa CanawerSi naxeT an moismineT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
videoCanaweris Sesaxeb ix. 19.8.5; onlain failebis Sesaxeb - 19.8.6.
interviuebi. miuTiTeT mauwyeblis meSveobiT gadmocemuli
interviuebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis
CarTviT. miiCnieT respodenti avtorad da citirebis konteqstSi
miuTiTeT interviueris vinaoba. daurTeT, agreTve, mauwyeblobis
forumi da TariRi. saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT
saTaurebis weris stili. gaacalkeveT elementebi mZimeebiT.
gamouqveynebeli interviuebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.6.3.
P: (kondolisa raisi, jim lereris mier CamorTmeuli interviu,
satelevizio sianformacio programa niu auerz, sazogadoebrivi
samauwyeblo samsaxuri, 2005 wlis 28 ivlisi)
382
reklamebi. miuTiTeT mauwyeblobis saSualebebiT gadmocemuli
reklamebi mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi elementebis
CasmiT. daurTeT rac SeiZleba meti informacia.
P: (federal eqspresi, `mRvimis kacis~ reklama, eTerSi gavida super
boulis me-40 matCis dros, 2006 wlis 5 Tebervali)
19.8.4 audio Canawerebi
Tu audio CanawerSi moismineT musikaluri Sesruleba an
deklamacia, miuTiTeT Canaweri. gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad,
aseT Canawerebs, zogadad, ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi
saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiro iqneba maTi aRniSvna
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. teqstur miTiTebebSi unda aRniSnoT
mxolod avtori da TariRi.
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi Canawerebi aRniSneT kompozitoris
an Semsruleblis saxelis qveS imis mixedviT, Tu romeli ufro
Seesabameba Tqvens msjelobas. imisaTvis, rom sxva msgavsi
Canawerebisgan ganasxvavoT, daurTeT SeZlebisdagvarad meti
informacia: kompaniis saxeli, Canaweris saidentifikacio nomeri,
Canaweris forma (kaseta, kompaqtdiski) da saavtoro uflebis
miniWebis an Canaweris gakeTebis TariRi (an orTave). SeamokleT
kompaqtdiski, rogorc CD.
R: beTxoveni, ludvig van. 1992. sonata # 29 fortepianosTvis
“hemmerklavier.” rudolf serkini. ProArte Digital CDD 270.
andersoni, dugi. 2001. vokalur-instrumentaluri jgufi Frostwork.
OAR 1001, Dolby HX PRO. audiokaseta.
bernstaini, leonardi, diriJ. 1985. simfonia # 5, kompozitori
dimitri SostakoviCi. niu iorkis filarmoniuri orkestri. CBS IM
35854.
musikaluri Canaweris msgavsad, miuTiTeT dramatuli piesebis,
prozisa da poeziis, leqciebisa da amgvari sajarod wakiTxuli
masalebis Canawerebi.
383
R: tomasi, dilani. 1950. radio piesa rZis xis qveS. Semsruleblebi
dilan tomasi da sxvebi. Caedmon TC-2005 (audiokaseta), CDLS-2005 (CD).
imisTvis, rom teqstSi miuTiToT masala, romelsac ar aqvs
Caweris oficialuri TariRi, aRniSneT is miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi
da nawarmoebis saTaurSi miuTiTeT kompozitoris an Semsruleblis
gvari da saxeli. CasviT es informacia frCxilebSi an teqstSi.
19.8.5 videoCanawerebi
Tu cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi, satelevizio programa, an sxva
samauwyeblo wyaro videoCanawerSi naxeT, miuTiTeT Canaweri.
gamoqveynebuli naSromebis msgavsad, amgvar Canawerebs, zogadad,
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da
isini miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi unda ganTavsdes. teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod avtori da TariRi.
videoCanawerebis miTiTebisas, zogadad, vxelmZRvanelobT
wignebisTvis gankuTvnili nimuSebiT, Canaweris formis damatebiT
(VHS, DVD). gaiTvaliswineT, rom meore magaliTSi miTiTebulia 2001
wlis gamoSvebis masala, amitom filmis Tavdapirveli gamosvlis
TariRi gamotovebulia.
R: hendeli, georgi fridrixi. 1988. mesia. VHS. atlantas simfoniuri
orkestri da kameruli gundi, diriJori robert Sou. batavia, ohaio:
video saunje.
klizi, joni, teri jiliami, erik aidli, teri jonsi da maikl
palini. 2001. komentarebi. dosko 2. monti piToni da wminda graali,
spec. gamoc. DVD. diriJori teri jiliami da teri jonsi. kalver-
siti, kalifornia: kompania kolamvia tristar houm enterteimenti.
19.8.6 onlain multimediuri failebi
Tu onlain naxeT gamosaxuleba, cocxali Sesruleba, kinofilmi,
satelevizio programa, an sxva samauwyeblo wyaro (podkastebis
CaTvliT), miuTiTeT onlain faili. iseve, rogorc gamoqveynebuli
naSromebi, onlain multimediur failebs, zogadad, ucvleli da
384
xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da saWiroa maTi
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi Seyvana.
citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT aRwerili Sesabamisi tipis
wyarosTvis gankuTvnili principebiT. Tu rTulia failis TariRis
gansazRvra, ixmareT aRniSvna TariRis gareSe an miuTiTeT sxva
mxriv Sesaferisi TariRi. amasTan, miuTiTeT saitis saxeli da
failis tipi. daurTeT URL-i da saitze Sesvlis TariRi.
gaiTvaliswineT, rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi; unda
warmoadginoT damatebiTi informacia, raTa mkiTxvels SeeZlos
wyaros moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu fails ar aqvs
individualuri URL-i (rogorc qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi),
miuTiTeT mTeli saiti.
R: bi-bi-si. TariRis gareSe. `bleri akeTebs gancxadebas axali
afrikuli komisiis Sesaxeb~. bi-bi-sis sainformacio vebsaiti bi-bi-
sis axali ambebis veb gverdi. vindousis mediapleeris videofaili.
http://news.bbc.uk/nolavconsole/ifs_news/hi/newsid_5110000/newsid_5119200/nb_wm_
5119262.stm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2006 wlis 27 ivnisi).
mocarti, volfgang amadeusi. 1778. `alegro moderato~, sonata # 10
fortepianosTvis do maJorSi. kusnt de fugi. MIDI faili.
http://www.kunstderfuge.com/mozart.htm (bolos Sesvlis TariRi 2005 wlis
19 noemberi).
oficialuri TariRis armqone failis citirebisas, aRniSneT
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi avtoris saxeli da gvari da saTauri.
daurTeT es informacia frCxilebSi an teqstSi. Tu saWiroa,
miuTiTeT, agreTve, citirebuli masalis failSi gamoCenis dro.
P: (BBC TariRis gareSe, 3:43)
19.8.7 teqstebi vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi
vizualur da saSemsruleblo xelovnebaSi teqstebs, zogadad,
ucvleli da xelmisawvdomi saidentifikacio monacemebi aqvs da
385
isini miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi unda SeiyvanoT. teqstobriv
miTiTebebSi aRniSneT mxolod avtori da TariRi.
gamofenebis katalogebi. miuTiTeT gamofenis katalogi iseve,
rogorc wigns miuTiTebdiT. miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi,
gamoqveynebis monacemebis Semdeg, CawereT gamofenis saxelwodeba da
adgilmdebareoba(ebi).
R: barteri, judiTi a., red. 1998. meri keseti: Tanamedrove qali. Cikago:
Cikagos xelovnebis instituti, gari n. abramsTan TanamSromlobiT.
gamoqveynda erTdroulad gamofenasTan `meri keseti: Tanamedrove
qali~, romelic moewyo bostonis natifi xelovnebis muzeumSi,
vaSingtonis, kolumbiis olqi, erovnul galereaSi da Cikagos
xelovnebis institutSi.
piesebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ganTqmuli piesebi SegiZliaT,
aRniSnoT mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi. (ix., agreTve, 19.5.1.)
saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT mTavruli asoebiT saTaurebis weris
stili. daaSoreT elementebi mZimeebiT. gamotoveT publikaciis
monacemebi da miuTiTeT nawyvetebi aqtisa da scenis (an sxva
dayofis) da ara gverdis nomris mixedviT.
P: (iujin o’neili, grZeli mogzauroba RameSi, aqti 2, scena 1)
Tu Tqveni naSromi exeba literaturul kvlevas an teqstebis Rrma
analizs, an Tu bundovani nawarmoebis citirebas akeTebT, yvela
piesa miuTiTeT ise, rogorc miuTiTebdiT wigns da aRniSneT is
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. pasaJebi miuTiTeT gverdebiT an
danayofebiT adgilobrivi moTxovnebis mixedviT.
R: bagnoldi, inidi. 1953. carcis baRi. niu iorki: gamomcemloba rendom
hausi Random House.
anui, Jani. 1996. Tomas beketi. mTargm. lusien hili. niu iorki:
gamomcemloba riverhed buqsi Riverhead Books.
P: (bagnoldi 1953, 8-9)
(anui 1996, moqm. 1, sc. 1)
386
partiturebi. miuTiTeT gamoqveynebuli partituta ise, rogorc
miuTiTebdiT wigns.
R: verdi, juzepe. 1998. korsari (tragikuli melodrama sam moqmedebad).
libretos avtori franCesko maria piave. gamomc. elisabed hadsoni.
2 t. juzepe verdis naSromebi, ser. 1, operebi. Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba; milani: gamomcemloba j. rikordi G.
Ricordi.
mocarti, volfgang amadeusi. 1960. sonatebi da fantaziebi
fortepianosTvis. momzadebuli originalebidan da yvelaze
adrindeli beWdviTi wyaroebidan naTan broderis mier. gadaxed.
gamoc. brin mari, pensilvania: gamomcemloba Theodore Presser.
miuTiTeT gamouqveynebeli partitura ise, rogorc
miuTiTebdiT gamouqveynebel masalas xelnawerTa koleqciebidan.
R: Seipi, ralfi. 1966. partita violinosTvis da cameti
SemsruleblisTvis. partitura. specialuri koleqcia, jozef
regenSteinis biblioTeka. Cikagos universiteti.
19.9 sajaro dokumentebi
sajaro dokumentebi moicavs msoflios yvela donis mTavrobebis
mier gamoSvebuli wyaroebis erTobliobas. winamdebare nawilSi
warmodgenilia gavrcelebuli tipis inglisurenovani sajaro
dokumentebisTvis gankuTvnili zogadi principebi; Tu dagWirdebaT
sxva tipis dokumentebis miTiTeba, ixelmZRvaneleT yvelaze
miaxloebuli, saWiroebisamebr adaptirebuli modeliT.
sajaro dokumentebi Seicavs ufro rTul da mravalferovan
elementebs, vidre gamoqveynebuli wyaroebi. miTiTebebSi daurTeT
SeZlebisdagvarad meti saidentifikacio informacia,
Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT elementebi da, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, miTiTebebs miusadageT zogadi modelebi.
am nawilis umetesi nawili exeba dokumentebs, romlebic
gamoaqveynes aSS-s samTavrobo organoebma da saagentoebma. kanadisa
387
da gaerTianebuli samefos mTavrobebisa da, aseve, saerTaSoriso
organoebis mier gamoqveynebuli dokumentebis Sesaxeb ix. 19.9.9-
19.9.11. zogadad, gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesaxeb
ix. 19.9.12.
19.9.1 Sesatani elementebi, maTi Tanmimdevroba da daformatebis wesi
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi SeitaneT rac SeiZleba meti qvemoT
CamoTvlili elementi:
• mTavrobis (qveynis, Statis, qalaqis, olqis an sxva qvedanayofis) da
saxelisuflo organos (sakanonmdeblo organos, aRmasrulebeli
departamentis, sasamarTlo biuros, sabWos, komisiis an komitetis)
saxeli, romelmac gamosca dokumenti;
• gamoqveynebis TariRi;
• individualuri avtoris, redaqtoris an Semdgenlis saxeli da
gvari, Tu miTiTebulia;
• angariSis nomeri an sxva saidentifikacio informacia;
• monacemebi gamocemis Sesaxeb: gamocemis adgili da gamomcemlis
gvari da saxeli, Tu es ukanaskneli gansxvavdeba gamomcemeli
organosgan (19.9.2-19.9.4-Si ganxiluli aSS-s federaluri mTavrobis
mier gamocemuli yvela publikaciisTvis Sesabamisad gamoiyeneT
aRniSvnebi;
• gverdis nomrebi an sxva lokalizatorebi, Tu saWiroa;
CamoTvaleT Sesabamisi elementebi zemoT naCvenebi
TanmimdevrobiT. zogierTi tipis dakumentTan dakavSirebiT
daSvebuli gamonaklisebi ganxilulia 19.9-is momdevno nawilebSi.
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1956. 1956
wlis erToblivi usafrTxoebis aqti. 84-e kongr., me-2 ses. sen. ang.
2273.
teqstur miTiTebebSi avtoris adgilze CawereT is
informacia, romelic miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi TariRis win aris
moyvanili. Tu es informacia grZelia, miTiTebebSi SegiZliaT, is
388
logikurad da Tanmimdevrulad SeamokloT. bevr SemTxvevaSi
teqsturi miTiTebebis nacvlad, SeiZleba, moaxerxoT am
informaciis teqstSi srulad an nawilobriv CarTva.
P: (aSS-is senati 1956, 9-10)
. . . rogorc daadgina senatis sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetma
Tavis angariSSi, romelic Tan axlavs 1956 wlis erToblivi
usafrTxoebis aqts (9-10).
19.9.2 kongresis publikaciebi
kongresis publikaciebis SemTxvevaSi, miTiTebebis CamonaTvlis
muxlebi, Cveulebriv, iwyeba aRniSvniT aSS-is kongresi, romelsac
mosdevs senati an warmomadgenelTa palata. (gamartivebis mizniT,
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT, ubralod, aSS-is senati an aSS-is
warmomadgenelTa palata. sxva gavrcelebuli elementebia komiteti
da qvekomiteti; gamoqveynebis TariRi; dokumentis saTauri;
kongresisa da sxdomis nomeri (aseTi SemoklebiT: kongr. da ses.)
da dokumentis nomeri da aRwera (magaliTad, H. Doc. 487), Tu es
informacia xelmisawvdomia.
debatebi. 1873 wlidan kongresSi gamarTul debatebs mTavroba
aqveynebda aSS-is kongresis oficialur gamocemaSi `kongreSenal
rekord~ (kongresis reestri). yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia,
miuTiTeT gamocemis tomebi, romlebSic xSirad aisaxeba
cvlilebebi. daiwyeT teqsturi miTiTebebi abreviaturiT kongr.
reest. da daurTeT tomis da nawilis nomrebi, aseve gverdebis
nomrebi.
R: aSS-is kongresi. kongresis reestri. 1930. 71-e kongr., me-2 ses. t. 72,
naw. 10.
P: (kongr. reest. 1930, 72, naw. 10: 10828-30)
389
Tu gesaWiroebaT momxseneblis da gansaxilveli sakiTxis
miTiTeba, CasviT es monacemebi teqstSi, xolo teqstur miTiTebebSi
warmoadgineT mxolod monacemebi publikaciis Sesaxeb.
masaCusetsis senatorma kenedim Tavis gamosvlaSi isaubra erTobliv
rezoluciaze birTvuli iaraRis gayinvis da SezRudvis Sesaxeb
(kongr. reest. 1982, 128, naw. 3: 3832-34).
1874 wlamde kongresSi gamarTuli debatebi qveyndeboda
gamocemaSi `SeerTebuli Statebis kongresis istoria~ (romelic,
aseve cnobilia sxva saxelebiT) da moicavs 1789-1824 wlebis
periods, `kongreSenal dibeits~ (kongresis debatebi) (1824-37) da
`kongreSenal gloub~ (kongresis samyaro) (1833-73). miuTiTeT es
dokumentebi iseve, rogorc miuTiTebdiT ,,kongreSenal rekords”.
angariSebi da dokumentebi. senatis (SemoklebiT sen.), aseve
warmomadgenelTa palatis (SemoklebiT war. pal.) angariSebisa da
dokumentebis citirebisas daurTeT rogorc kongresis, aseve
sesiebis nomrebi da, Tu SesaZlebelia, seriis nomeric.
R: aSS-is kongresi. warmomadgenelTa palata. 1947. saerTaSoriso
savaluto da finansuri sakiTxebis erovnuli sakonsultacio
sabWos saqmianobis 1947 wlis 31 martis angariSi. 80-e kongr., 1-li
ses. war. pal. dok. 365.
P: (aSS-is war. pal. 1947, 4)
mosmenebi. konkresis komisiebisTvis micemuli Cvenebebis Canawerebi,
Cveulebriv, qveyndeba saTaurebiT, romlebsac aRniSnaven
miTiTebebSi. avtorad miuTiTeT Sesabamisi komiteti.
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. sagareo urTierTobaTa komiteti. 1985.
SimSili afrikaSi: mosmenebi sagareo urTierTobaTa komitetSi. 99-e
kongr., 1-li ses., 17 ianvari.
P: (aSS-is senati 1985, 53)
390
kanonproeqtebi da rezoluciebi. kongresis kanonproeqtebi
(sakanonmdeblo iniciativebi) da rezoluciebi qveyndeba bukletis
formiT. miTiTebebSi warmomadgenelTa palataSi wardgenili
kanonproeqtebis da rezoluciebis Semoklebad gamoiyeneba war. pal.
(HR), xolo senatSi wardgenili kanonproeqtebisa da rezoluciebis
Semoklebad - sen. daurTeT ,,kongreSenal rekordSi” gamoqveynebuli
publikaciis detalebi (Tu xelmisawvdomia).
R: aSS-is kongresi. warmomadgenelTa palata. 1985. 1985 wlis sakvebis
usafrTxoebis aqti. war. pal. 2100. 99-e kongr., 1-li ses., kongresis
reestri 131, # 132, yoveldRiuri gamoc. (8 oqtomberi): war. pal. 8353-
8486.
P: (aSS-is warmomadgenelTa palata 1985, war. pal. (H) 8461)
sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. kanonproeqtebi an rezoluciebi, romlebic
kanonad damtkicda jer calke ibeWdeba, Semdeg ki ikribeba da
ikinZeba yovelwliur tomebad saxelwodebiT: `SeerTebuli Statebis
kanonebis krebuli~. am krebulis gamoqveyneba daiwyo 1874 wels.
mogvianebiT am tomebs aerTianeben SeerTebuli Statebis kodeqsSi.
miuTiTeT aSS-is sakanonmdeblo aqti, aSS-is kodeqsi an orive;
gansakuTrebuli debulebebi miuTiTeT nawilis mixedviT (romelsac
win uswrebs nawilis simbolo da intervali), xolo aqtebi –
gverdebis mixedviT.
teqstur miTiTebebSi daurTeT aqtis miRebis weli;
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi SeitaneT agreTve aqtebis krebulis
gamoqveynebis TariRi. is SeiZleba, gansxvavdebodes kanonis miRebis
wlisgan.
R: 1946 wlis aqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb. sajaro kanoni 585. 79-e
kongr., me-2 ses. 1 agvisto.
aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb. 1970. aSS-is kodeqsi 15
(2000), §§ 1681 da Semdgomi.
391
1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb.
sajaro kanoni 91-190. aSS-is kanonebis krebuli 83 (1970): 852.
kodificirebulia aSS-is kodeqsiT 42 (2000), §§ 4321 da Semdgomi.
P: (1946 wlis aqti atomuri energiis Sesaxeb)
(aqti kreditebis zusti angariSgebis Sesaxeb 1970)
(1969 wlis aqti erovnuli garemosdacviTi politikis Sesaxeb., par.
102)
1874 wlamde kanonebi qveyndeboda Cvidmettomian `amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebulSi~, 1789-1873. am
krebulis miTiTebebi Seicavs tomis nomers da misi gamoqveynebis
TariRs.
19.9.3 saprezidento gamocemebi
saprezidento gamocemebi, brZanebulebebi, vetoebi, mimarTvebi da a.S.
qveyndeba `saprezidento dokumentebis yovelkvireul krebulSi~ da
`SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebSi~.
mowodebebi da brZanebulebebi Tavsdeba, agreTve, yoveldRiur
`federalur reestrSi~, Semdeg ki qveyndeba `federaluri
normatiuli aqtebis krebulis~ me-3 titulSi. saprezidento
gamocemebi wyarod gamoiyeneT `krebulSi~ gamoqveynebis Semdeg.
R: aSS-is prezidenti. 1984. proklamacia. aqti karibis zRvis auzis
ekonomikuri aRdgenis Sesaxeb, proklamacia 5142, proklamacia
Sesworebis Setanis Sesaxeb 5133. federaluri reestri 49, # 2, gv. 341
(4 ianvari).
aSS-is prezidenti. 1971. prezidentis brZanebuleba # 11,609.
federaluri normatiuli aqtebis krebuli, saTauri 3, gv. 586 (1971-
75).
P: (aSS-is prezidenti 1984, 341)
(aSS-is prezidenti 1971)
392
aSS-s prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi ikribeba or
mravaltomeul naSromSi: `prezidentebis mimarTvebis da
dakumentebis krebuli”, 1789-1897, –da `SeerTebuli Statebis
prezidentebis sajaro dokumentebi~. es ukanaskneli gankuTvnilia
momavali mTavrobebisTvis.
R: huveri, gerberti. 1977. SeerTebuli Statebis prezidentebis sajaro
dokumentebi: gerbert huveri, 1929-33. t. 4, vaSingtoni, kolumbiis
olqi: samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P: (huveri 1977, 178-83)
19.9.4 samTavrobo dawesebulebebisa da saagentoebis gamocemebi
saministroebi, sammarTveloebi da saagentoebi gamoscemen
angariSebs, biuletenebs, cirkularebsa da sxva masalebs. saTauris
Semdeg daurTeT miTiTebuli avtoris saxeli da gvari.
R: aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro. sasargeblo wiaRiseulis marTvis
samsaxuri. 1984. navTobis daRvris riskis analizi meqsikis yures
centraluri (1984 aprili) da dasavleTi nawilebisTvis (1984
ivlisi), moamzada robert p. labelma. sajaro angariSi, aSS-is
geologiuri samsaxuri. denveri.
aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. 1975. mTliani binis qiris
mediana SeerTebuli Statebis olqebis mixedviT, 1970. moamzada
geografiis ganyofilebam sabinao mSeneblobis ganyofilebasTan
erTad, mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. vaSingroni, kolumbiis olqi:
samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P: (aSS-is Sinagan saqmeTa saministro 1984, 3)
(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 1975, 15-16)
samTavrobo komisiebis, magaliTad, kavSirgabmulobis
federaluri komisiis an fasiani qaRaldebisa da birJebis komisiis
mier gamocemuli biuletenebis, cirkularebis, angariSebisa da
kvlevebis citireba xdeba zustad iseve, rogorc sakanonmdeblo
393
angariSebisa. isini xSirad klasificirdeba, rogorc
warmomadgenelTa palatis (war. pal.) an senatis (sen.) dokumentebi.
R: aSS-is kongresi. senati. 1935. federaluri vaWrobis komisiis
angariSi sazogadoebrivi sargeblobis (komunaluri) korporaciebis
Sesaxeb. 70-e kongr., 1-li ses., sen. dok. 91, naw. 71A.
aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia. 1983.
fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisiis wliuri
angariSi finansuri wlisTvis. vaSingtoni, kolumbiis olqi:
samTavrobo beWdvis sammarTvelo.
P: (aSS-is senati 1935, 1)
(aSS-is fasiani qaRaldebisa da sabirJo operaciebis komisia 1983,
42)
19.9.5 aSS-s konstitucia
aSS-s konstitucia aRiniSneba mxolod teqstur miTiTebebSi; ar aris
aucilebeli misi CarTva miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. daurTeT muxli
an Sesworeba, nawili da, Tu saWiroa, punqtic. iseTi terminebisTvis,
rogoricaa Sesworeba da nawili, gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi da,
Tu moisurvebT, abreviaturebi.
P: (aSS-is konstitucia, mux. 2, naw. 1, punq. 3)
(aSS-is konstitucia, Seswor. 14, naw. 2)
xSir SemTxvevaSi, SegiZliaT, teqstSi CarToT
saidentifikacio monacemebi. aseT dros nawilebis saxelebi
dawereT sityvierad. Tu Sesworebebis nomrebs cifrebis nacvlad
sityvierad werT, sityvebis pirveli asoebi mTavruliT dawereT.
aSS-is konstitucia, 1-l muxlSi, me-9 nawilSi, krZalavs
sasamarTlo brZanebis SeCerebas (gadavadebas), `garda SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac ajanyebis an samxedro Semosevis SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba,
saWiro iyos sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad~.
pirveli SesworebiT daculia azris Tavisuflad gamoTqmis ufleba.
394
19.9.6 xelSekrulebebi
1949 wlamde xelmowerili xelSekrulebebis teqstebi qveyndeba
`SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebulSi~; araoficialur
miTiTebaSi gamoiyeneba terminebi `xelSekrulebebis seria~ an
`saprezidento SeTanxmebebis seria~. 1949 wels an mas Semdeg
xelmowerili xelSekrulebebi Tavmoyrilia dokumentSi
`SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebi~, 1950- an `xelSekrulebebi da sxva saerTaSoriso
aqtebis seriebi~, 1946-). orze meti saxelmwifos monawileobiT
dadebuli xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba, moiZebnos dokumentSi
`gaerTianebuli erebis xelSekrulebebis seria: gaerTianebuli
erebis samdivnoSi daregistrirebuli an daarqivebuli, an
aRricxvaSi gatarebuli xelSekrulebebi da saerTaSoriso
SeTanxmebebi~. 1920-1946 wlebSi dadebuli amgvari xelSekrulebebi
Tavmoyrilia ,,erTa ligis xelSekrulebebis seriaSi".
miuTiTeT xelSekrulebebis saxelebi swori SriftiT,
brWyalebis gareSe. dawereT daxrili SriftiT gamocemebis
saxelebi, im SemTxvevaSic, Tu isini mravaltomeuli naSromebia da
ara seriebi. zusti TariRi aRniSnavs dokumentze xelmoweris
TariRs da misi miTiTeba SeiZleba xelSekrulebis gamoqveynebis
welTan erTad.
R: aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti. 1963. birTvuli iaraRis gamocdis
akrZalva, 5 agvisto, 1963. SeerTebuli Statebis xelSekrulebebi da
sxva saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi 14, naw. 2.
SeerTebuli Statebi. 1922. xelSekruleba samxedro-sazRvao
SeiaraRebebis SezRudvis Sesaxeb. 1922 wlis 26 Tebervali.
SeerTebuli Statebis kanonebis krebuli 43, naw. 2.
P: (aSS-is saxelmwifo departamenti 1963)
(SeerTebuli Statebi 1922)
395
19.9.7 sasamarTlo saqmeebi
yvela instanciis sasamarTlos saqmeebis miTiTeba erTnairad xdeba.
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi daxrili SriftiT miuTiTeT saqmis
sruli saxeli (v _ laT., winaaRmdeg, mTarg. SeniSvna) abreviaturis
CaTvliT). daurTeT tomis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaTa krebulis saxeli (SemoklebiT; ix. qvemoT), seriis
rigiTi nomeri (Tu saWiroa), gadawyvetilebis sawyisi gverdis
nomeri, sasamarTlos Semoklebuli saxeli da TariRi, sxva
Sesabamisi informacia, magaliTad, amkinZavi samsaxuri, an Statis, an
adgilobrivi sasamarTlos saxeli (Tu miTiTebuli ar aris
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis Semdgenis saxelSi).
R: SeerTebuli Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg. 222 F.3d 141 (4th
• aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebis moyvanisas, miuTiTeT `SeerTebuli Statebis
uzenaesi sasamarTlos moxsenebebi~ (SemoklebiT `aSS-s uzenaesi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~, Tu is jer ar aris
asaxuli pirvel dokumentSi.
Cir. 2000).
mogebaSi monawileobis gegma embank dalasis winaaRmdeg, N.A. 683 fed.
dam. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988).
erTaderTi elementi, romelic gansxvavdeba sasamarTlos
instanciis mixedviT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis
saxelia. qvemoT CamoTvlilia yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxelebi.
R: korporacia ei-ti end ti korp. Aiova iutilitizis winaaRmdeg 525
a.S.S. 366 (1999).
S.p.p. artur Andersen i SeerTebuli Statebis winaaRmdeg. 125 S. Ct. 2129
(2005).
• ufro dabali instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebi. ufro dabali
instanciis federaluri sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebebis
moyvanisas, miuTiTeT `federaluri sasamarTloebis
gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~ an `aSS-s saolqo sasamarTloebisa da
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis krebuli~.
396
R: SeerTebuli Statebi dennisis winaaRmdeg. 183 F. 201 (2d Cir. 1950).
itoni ai-bi-em korp.-is winaaRmdeg 925 fed. dan. 487 (S.D. Tex. 1996).
• Statisa da adgilobrivi sasamarTloebi. Statis da adgilobrivi
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis citirebisas, sadac SesaZlebelia,
miuTiTeT sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebulis oficialuri
saxelmwifo Semdgenebi. Tu komerciul krebuls iyenebT, miuTiTeT
igi, rogorc es naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil meore magaliTSi. Tu
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis krebuli ar asaxelebs sasamarTlos,
miuTiTeT is frCxilebSi TariRis win.
R: viliamsi devisis winaaRmdeg. 27 kalif. kal. 2d 746 (1946).
bivens moblis winaaRmdeg. 724 So. 2d 458. (misisipis saapel. sas. 1998).
sasamarTlo saqmis citirebisas teqstSi miuTiTeT saqmis
saxeli da TariRi (Tu konkretul formulirebas uTiTebT,
daurTeT, aseve, gverdis nomeric). xSir SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba,
teqstSi erT-erTi an orive elementi SeitanoT.
P: (SeerTebuli Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg 2000)
. . . misi principis saukeTeso magaliTi iyo saqme SeerTebuli
Statebi qrismasis winaaRmdeg (2000).
19.9.8 Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebi
Statis da adgilobrivi mTavrobis dokumentebis citireba gaakeTeT
iseve, rogorc federaluri dokumentebisa. ixmareT swori Srifti
(brWyalebis gareSe) Statis kanonebisa da municipaluri
dadgenilebebisTvis; ixmareT daxrili Srifti kodeqsebisTvis
(krebulebisTvis). sadac saWiroa, daurTeT saxeli, raTa aRniSnoT
kodeqsis romeli versiidanaa citata moyvanili. Semdeg frCxilebSi
miuTiTeT kodeqsis gamocemis TariRi.
R: kanoni metamfetaminis moxmarebis kontrolis da sazogadoebis
dacvis Sesaxeb. 2005. ilinoisis sakanonmdeblo aqtebis krebuli,
Tavi 720, naw. 646/10 (2005).
ilinoisis garemos xarisxis dacvis instituti (igxi). 1977. gogirdis
dioqsidis da aerozolebis da myari nawilakebis emisiis winaaRmdeg
397
brZolaSi sazogadoebis CarTvis mimoxilva da reziume. moamzada
sidnei m. marderma. igxdi-s dokuemnti # 77/21. Cikago.
P: (niu meqsikos konstitucia, mux. 4, naw. 7)
(kanoni metamfetaminis moxmarebis kontrolis da sazogadoebis
dacvis Sesaxeb 2005)
19.9.9 kanadis samTavrobo dokumentebi
kanadis samTavrobo dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-s sajaro
dokumentebis msgavsad. miTiTebebi daiwyeT sityviT kanadis, Tu igi
calsaxad ar aris gasagebi konteqstidan. SeamokleT sityvebi Tavi
(T.) da nawili (naw),
saparlamento debatebi gamoicema calke seriebad: `TemTa
palatis debatebi~ da `senatis debatebi~. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT
gamomsvlelis saxeli da gvari. provinciebisa da teritoriebis
sakanonmdeblo organoebi gamoscemen sakuTar debatebs.
R: kanada. manitoba. sakanonmdeblo asamblea. 2000. debatebi da
protokolebi. 17 agvisto.
P: (kanada 2000, 5326)
saparlamento sakanonmdeblo aqtebis miTiTebisas daurTeT
sakanonmdeblo aqtis nomeri, saxeli, miRebis weli, sadac saWiroa,
sesiis nomeri, parlamentis nomeri da, saWiroebisamebr, damatebiTi
informacia.
R: kanonproeqti C-40. kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb. 1999. me-2 ses., 36-e
parlamenti, 1998, punq. 1. kanadis statutebi, T. 18.
P: (kanonproeqti C-40, kanoni eqstradiciis Sesaxeb 1999)
kanadis aqtebi pirvelad yovelwliur `kanadis statutebSi~
gamoqveynda, 1985 wels ki is gaaerTianes dokumentSi `kanadis
gadamuSavebuli aqtebi~. sadac SesaZlebelia, gamoiyeneT bolo
wyaro da daasaxeleT aqtis saxeli, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
krebulis Semdgeni, Sedgenis weli, Tavi da nawili.
398
R: kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb, kanadis gadamuSavebuli
aqtebi 1985, T. W-9, naw. 1.
kanoni adamianis reproduqciis damxmare saSualebebis Sesaxeb,
kanadis statutebi 2004, c.2, s. 2.
P: (kanoni kanadis cocxali bunebis Sesaxeb 1985)
19.9.10 britanuli samTavrobo dokumentebi
britaneTis samTavrobo dokumentebi miuTiTeT aSS-is sajaro
dokumentebis msgavsad. citirebebi daiwyeT fraziT `gaerTianebuli
samefo~, Tu es koteqstidan calsaxad cxadi ar aris. britanuli
saxelmwifo dokumentebis umetesobas misi udidebulesobis (mefis
an dedoflis) saxelmwifo kancelaria gamoscems londonSi.
saparlamento debatebi gamoicemoda ramdenime seriad, xolo
1909 wlidan – gamoicema calke-calke seriebad lordTa da TemTa
palatebisTvis. miTiTebebi Seicavs TariRs, serias, tomis nomers da
(Tu saWiroa) svets an xandaxan gverdis nomers. zog SemTxvevaSi
SegiZliaT, miuTiToT tomis konkretuli dokumenti.
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. 1879. saparlamento debatebis oficialuri
angariSi. me-3 ser., t. 249.
CerCili, uinstoni. 1945. TemTa palataSi warmoTqmuli sityva, 18
ianvari. saparlamento debatebi, TemTa palata, me-5 ser., t. 407 (1944-
45), svetebi 425-46.
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo, svetebi 611-27)
(CerCili 1945, svetebi 425-46)
parlamentis mier calke gamocemuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi,
moxsenebebi da dokumentebi yoveli sesiis dasasruls erTad
gamoicema tomebad. am tomebs `sesiis dokumentebi~ (Sessional Papers)
ewodeba. yoveli tomi Seicavs nawilis saxels.
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. TemTa palata. 1983. saxalxo ganaTlebis
adgilobrivi organoebis mTavari administratoris TanaSemwis
399
amJamindeli da momavali roli. sesiis dokumentebi, 1982-83.
patimrebisTvis profesiis swavleba cixeebSi. 25 aprili. t. 2.
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo 1983, t. 2, par. 9.14, gv. 102)
parlamentis aqtebi, rogorc wesi, aRiniSneba mxolod
teqstur miTiTebebSi an teqstSi. aucilebeli ar aris maTi CarTva
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi. Tumca, SegiZliaT, CamonaTvalSi CarToT
is naSromi, romelic kritikulad mniSvnelovania Tqveni argumentis
gasamyareblad an romelic xSirad gaqvT gamoyenebuli. aqtebis
citirebisas miuTiTeT saxeli (swori SriftiT, brWyalebSi Casmis
gareSe), TariRi da Tavis nomeri (T. TavisTvis; arabuli cifri
saxelmwifo nomrisTvis, nusxuri romauli cifrebi adgilobrivi
nomrisTvis). 1963 wlamde gamoSvebuli aqtebis aRniSvnisas miuTiTeT
monarqis mefobis weli, monarqis saxeli (SemoklebiT) da rigiToba
(arabulad).
P: (1701 wlis aqti taxtis memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, 12 da 13 uil. 3, T. 2)
(1963 wlis qti konsolidirebuli fondis Sesaxeb, T. 1)
(1967 aqti manCesteris korporaciis Sesaxeb, T. xl)
britanuli istoriuli Canawerebis mravali krebuli arsebobs.
zogierTi maTgani saxelmwifo arqivSi Senaxuli dokumentebis
aslia.
R: gaerTianebuli samefo. 1890-1907. inglisis saidumlo sabWos aqtebi.
gamomc. j. r. deisenti. 32 tomi. londoni.
gaerTianebuli samefo. dauTariRebeli. gaerTianebuli samefos
parlamentis oficialuri dokumentebi . . . (1278-1504). 6 tomi.
paginaciis gareSe
gaerTianebuli samefo. 1810-28. samefo aqtebi. gamomc. e. ludersi da
sxvebi. 11 tomi. londoni.
P: (gaerTianebuli samefo, 1810-28)
400
19.9.11 saerTaSoriso organoebis gamocemebi
saerTaSoriso organizaciebis, magaliTad, gaerTianebuli erebis,
dokumentebis citirebisas, miuTiTeT sanqciis gamcemi organo (da,
sadac saWiroa, avtori da redaqtori), TariRi da dokumentis Tema
an saxeli. daurTeT, agreTve, seriis da gamocemis nomrebi,
gamocemis adgili da gamomcemeli. sayovelTaod cnobili mTavari
organoebis citirebisas SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi
(gaero _ gaerTianebuli erebi, mso _ msoflio savaWro organizacia
da a.S.).
R: erTa liga. 1935. rusuli warmoSobis qalebis mdgomareoba Soreul
aRmosavleTSi. ser. LoNP, IV.3. Jeneva: erTa liga.
generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebis da vaWrobis Sesaxeb (gStv). 1994.
mravalmxrivi savaWro molaparakebebis urugvais raundis Sedegebi:
normatiuli aqtebis teqstebi. Jeneva: gStv-is samdivno.
P: (erTa liga 1935)
(gStv 1994)
19.9.12 gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebi
gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis citirebisas
ixelmZRvaneleT 19.6.4-Si aRwerili modelebiT.
aSS-is mTavrobis gamouqveynebeli dokumentebis umravlesoba
inaxeba erovnul arqivebSi, vaSingtonSi, kolumbiis olqSi an mis
filialebSi. yvela am masalis, maT Soris, filmebis,
fotosuraTebis da audio Canawerebis, aseve, teqsturi masalebis
citireba xdeba Canaweris jgufis nomris mixedviT.
kanadis gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo dokumentebis Sesanaxi
dawesebulebaa kanadis erovnuli arqivebi otavaSi, ontario.
gaerTianebul samefos aqvs gamouqveynebeli samTavrobo
dokumentebis ramdenime sacavi, kerZod, saxelmwifo arqivi da
britaneTis muzeumi, orive maTgani mdebareobs londonSi.
401
19.9.13 sajaro dokumentebi onlain reJimSi
sajaro dokumentebis citirebisas ixelmZRvaneleT 19.9-Si
warmodgenili Sesabamisi magaliTebiT. amasTan, daurTeT URL-i da
masalis internetiT gacnobis TariRi (ix. 15.4.1). gaiTvaliswineT,
rom mxolod URL-i ar aris sakmarisi; SeZlebisdagvarad unda
miuTiToT wyaros yvela monacemi, raTa mkiTxvelma SeZlos wyaros
moZieba URL-is Secvlis SemTxvevaSic. Tu gverdebis nomrebi
xelmisawvdomi ar aris, miTiTebuli nawyvetis adgilmdebareobis
aRniSvna teqstur miTiTebebSi aRwerilobiTi lokalizatoris
damatebiT SegiZliaT (rogoricaa wina qvesaTauri).
R: aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro. 2004. Semosavali, siRaribe da
dafarva janmrTelobis dazRveviT SeerTebul StatebSi, 2004.
http://www.census.gov/prod/2005pubs/p60-229.pdf (bolos Sesvlis TariRi
2005 wlis 19 dekemberi).
P: (aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004, saTauris `Semosavlis da
siRaribis donis fardoba~ qveS)
an
(aSS-is mosaxleobis aRweris biuro 2004)
19.10 erT wyaroSi miTiTebuli meore wyaro
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobis mqone mkvlevrebi Tavs arideben im
citatebis moyvanas, romlebic maT originalSi ar unaxavT. Tu erTi
wyaro miuTiTebs sxva sasargeblo wyaroze, savaraudod, Tqveni
mkiTxvelebi amjobineben, rom moiZioT orginali, raTa gadaamowmoT
rogorc miTiTebis sizuste, ise is, Tu ramdenad sworad gadmoscems
citata originalis azrs.
amasTan, Tu originaluri wyaro xelmisawvdomi ar aris,
miTiTebebis CamonaTvalSi aRniSneT is amgvarad: `miTiTebuli
402
meorad wyaroSi~. teqstur miTiTebebSi SeitaneT mxolod
originaluri wyaros avtoris gvari.
R: Jukofski, lui. 1931. gulwrfeloba da xorcis Sesxma. Jurnali
poezia 37 (Tebervali): 269. citirebulia naSromSi boni kostelo,
mariana muri: warmosaxviTi simdidreebi (kembriji, masaCusetsi:
harvardis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1981).
P: (Jukofski 1931, 269)
msgavsi situacia SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesac uTiTebT
citatas, romelic meorad wyaroSi ipoveT, xolo am meorad wyaroze
ki pirvelwyaros miTiTebiT gadaxvediT. (ix. 3.1.1). xSirad ver
SeZlebT, gaecnoT pirvelwyaros, gansakuTrebiT, Tu is
gamouqveynebeli xelnawerebis krebulia. am SemTxvevaSi,
ixelmZRvaneleT zemoT mocemuli principebiT.
403
nawili III
stili
20 orTografia (marTlwera)
20.1 mravlobiTi ricxvi
20.1.1 zogadi wesi
20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva
20.2.1 zogadi wesi
20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi
20.3.1Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedsarTavi
saxelebi
20.3.2 Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc arsebiTi da
zedsarTavi saxelebi
20.3.3 prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi
20.4 striqonis gadatana
20.4.1 sityvebis gadatana
20.4.2 intervalebis gadatana da punqtuacia
werisas misdieT amerikul wesebs da iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni,
citirebebis SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, sadac Cveulebrivad zustad
unda misdioT originalur damwerlobas (ix. 25-e Tavi). Tu
gagiCndaT eWvi, mimarTeT leqsikons. Tumca, unda icodeT, rom
leqsikonebSi xSirad gansxvavebulad aris mocemuli erTi da imave
sityvis damwerloba da zogi leqsikoni sxvebTan SedarebiT ufro
zusti da Tanamedrovea.
404
orTografiis TvalsazrisiT, yvelaze sando da
avtoritetuli leqsikonia `vebsteris mesame axali saerTaSoriso
leqsikoni~ (Webster’s Third New International Dictionary) an misi
Semoklebuli varianti –`meriem-vebsteris sauniversiteto
leqsikonis~ (Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary)meTerTmete gamocema.
Semoklebuli varianti xelmisawvdomia wignis, CD-ROM-isa da
vebformatis saxiT. adamianebis saxelebi da geografiuli
adgilebis dasaxelebebi ixileT,,vebsteris” leqsikonis bolos an
`meriem-vebsteris biografiuli leqsikonisa~ (Merriam-Webster’s
Biographical Dictionary)da `meriem-vebsteris geografiuli leqsikonis~
(Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary) calke gamocemebSi.
Tu ,,vebsteris” leqsikonSi erTi da imave sityvis sxvadasxva
dawerilobaa mocemulivariantis amosarCevad ixelmZRvaneleT
Semdegi principebiT: sadac variantebi gamoyofilia sityviT `an~
(or), airCieT erT-erTi varianti da mudmivad isgamoiyeneT; sadac
variantebi gamoyofilia sityviT `aseve~, ixmareT pirveli. Tu
,,vebsteris” leqsikonSi moyvanili sasurveli
dawerilobagansxvavdeba Tqvens disciplinaSi miRebuli
variantisgan, ixelmZRvaneleT Tqveni disciplinis dawerilobiT.
sxvadasxva disciplinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis
saxelmZRvaneloebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.
umetesi teqsturi procesorisorTografiis Semowmebis
funqcias SeuZlia zogi, magram ara uklebliv yvela,
orTografiuli Secdomis dafiqsireba. magaliTad, igi ver
gamoicnobs imas, rom Tqven dabeWdeT sityva and, magram
gulisxmobdiT sityvas an-s, an dawereT sityva quite sityvis quiet-
isnacvlad. is, savaraudod, ver dagexmarebaT sakuTari saxelebis an
ucxouri sityvebis beWdvisas da SeiZleba, ise masStaburad
SegacvlevinoT damwerloba, rom orTografia araswori gamovides.
405
damwerlobis Semowmebis funqcia ver Secvlis karg leqsikons an
saguldagulo koreqturas.
winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT zogad saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebs damwerlobis im SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
leqsikonebis umravlesobaSiver naxavT. Tu muSaobT sadiplomo
naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens ganyofilebas an universitets
SeiZleba,damwerlobis specialuri moTxovnebi hqondes (specifikuri
leqsikonebis gamoyenebis CaTvliT). es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi,
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi moipoveba. Tu muSaobT sakurso
naSromze, Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, aseve, mogTxovoT,
ixelmZRvaneloT damwerlobis garkveuli principebiT. gaerkvieT am
moTxovnebSi, sanam Tqvens naSromsmoamzadebT. isini winamdebare
TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.
20.1 mravlobiTi ricxvi
20.1.1 zogadi wesi
sazogado arsebiTi saxelebisTvis mravlobiTi ricxvi awarmoeT aso
s-isdamatebiT (an es-is damatebiT sityvebisTvis, romlebic mTavrdeba
daboloebiT ch, j, s, sh, x, an z). leqsikonebis umravlesoba iZleva
mravlobiT formebs mxolod im sityvebisTvis, romlebic ar
emorCileba zogad wess.
zogadi wesi vrceldeba adamianebis gvarebze da sxva sakuTar
arsebiT saxelebze, maT Soris, ZirZveli amerikuli tomebis
saxelebze. Tu aseTi arsebiTi saxeli mTavrdeba y-ze, nu SecvliT y-
sie-iT, rogorc moiTxoveba sazogado arsebiTi saxelebisTvis. (nu
agerevaT mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi kuTvnilebiTi brunvis
formebSi, romlebic aRwerilia 20.2-Si).
the Costellos the two Germanys
the Frys (not the Fries) the Hopis of Arizona (not the Hopi)
the Rodriguezes
406
20.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
Sedgenili sityvebi. ori arsebiTi saxelisgan Semdgari Sedgenili
sityvebis SemTxvevaSi bolo arsebiT saxels daumateTs-i daes-i.
bookkeepers district attorneys actor-singers
Tu arsebiT saxels mohyveba windebuliani frazaan
zedsarTavi saxeli, mTavar arsebiT saxelsdaurTeT s-i anes-i.
sisters-in-law attorneys general men-of-war
asoebi da ricxviTi saxelebi. umetes SemTxvevebSi, mTavruli
asoebisa da ricxviTi saxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvi awarmoeT
mxolod s-is (da ara ‘s-is) darTviT.
The three Rs the 1950s 767s
amasTan, nusxuri asoebis da zogierTi calkeuli mTavruli asos
SemTxvevaSi,s-s apostrofis gareSe sxva sityvis (is, As) an
abreviaturis (ms) STabeWdilebis SeqmnaSeuZlia. Tukis-igaugebrobas
iwvevs, daurTeT apostrofi. apostrofi da s-i swori SriftiT
iwereba maSinac, roca aso daxrili StifriT aris dawerili (ix.
22.2.2).
dotting all the i’s x’s and y’s three A’s and two B’s
abreviatura.abreviaturebis mravlobiTi ricxvis formebi awarmoeT
Sida wertilebis gareSe da mxolod s-is darTviT. Tu abreviaturis
mxolobiTi ricxvis forma mTavrdeba wertiliT, dawereT s-i
wertilis win. (ix.24.1.3 abreviaturebis punqtuaciis Sesaxeb).
URLs vols.
DVDs eds.
daurTeT apostrofi s-is win mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
abreviatura Seicavs Sida wertilebs an rogorc mTavrul, ise
nusxur asoebs.
407
PhD’s (or Ph.D.’s; see 24.2.3)
ramdenime abreviaturas aqvs mravlobiTi ricxvis arawesieri
forma (ix., aseve,24.7).
pp. (p.-is mravlobiTi, page) nn. (n.-is mravlobiTi, note)
Tu Tqveni naSromi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs exeba da
iyenebT sazomi erTeulebis abreviaturebs (ix.24.5), ixmareT erTi da
igive abreviatura rogorc mxolobiTi, ise mravlobiTi
formebisTvis.
6 kg 37 m
20.2 kuTvnilebiTi brunva
2
terminebi daxrili SriftiT da brWyalebSi. daxrili SriftiT
dawerili terminis mravlobiTi ricxvis sawarmoeblad daurTeT mas
mxolods-i(da ara’s)swori SriftiT. nu awarmoebT brWyalebSi
Casmuli terminis mravlobiT ricxvs ‘s-is darTviT; xelaxla
CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
two Chicago Tribunes
. . . included “To be continued” many times
da ara
. . . included many “To be continued’s”
20.2.1 zogadi wesi
sazogado da sakuTari saxelebis umetesobis, aseve s-iT, x-iT an z-iT
daboloebuli sityvebis, kuTvnilebiTi forma awarmoeT apostrofisa da
s-is darTviT. es wesi. aseve, moqmedebs arsebiT saxelad gamoyenebuli
asoebis, ricxviTi saxelebisa da abreviaturebis kuTvnilebiTi formis
warmoebaze (erTmaneTSi ar agerioT kuTvnilebiTi da mravlobiTi forma,
romelic 20.1-Sia ganxiluli). gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebisTvis ixileT
20.2.2.
408
An argument’s effects Steven’s poems 2009’s economic outlook
the phalanx’s advance Diaz’s revolt JFK’s speech
usulo arsebiTi saxelebi, garda drois monakveTis aRmniSvnelisa,
iSviaTad iRebs kuTnilebiT formas.
A day’s length magram ara The house’s door
mravlobiTi ricxvis sazogado da sakuTari saxelebis kuTnilebiTi
forma awarmoeT mxolod apostrofis dasmiT. gansakuTrebuli
SemTxvevebisTvis ixileT 20.2.2.
Politicians’ votes ara Politicians’s votes
The Rodriguezes’ house ara The Rodriguezes’s house
im arsebiTi saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi forma, romelTac arawesieri
mravlobiTi forma aqvs da s-iT ar bolovdeba, awarmoeT apostrofis
Semdeg s-is darTviT.
the mice’s nest children’s literature
20.2.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
S-iT daboloebuli mxolobiTi arsebiTi saxelebi. Semdegi tipis
arsebiTi saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi brunva awarmoeT mxolod
apostrofis meSveobiT:
• arsebiTi saxelebi, romliTac moixsenieben jgufs an koleqtiur
erTobas, magramgramatikaSi miCneulia mxolobiTad nouns that name a group or collective entity but are treated as grammatically singular.
politics’ true meaning the United States’ role
• arsebiTi saxelebi, romlebic bolovdeba munj s-ze.
Descartes’ Discourse on Method Albert Camus’ novels
• mravalmarcvliani arsebiTi saxelebi, umaxvilo daboloebebiT,
romelic warmoiTqmeba, rogorc eez, maT Soris, mravali berZnuli
da Zvel berZnulad qceuli saxelebi hellenized names.
Aristophanes’ plays the Ganges’ source Charles Yerkes’ ideas
• s-zean bgera s-ze daboloebuli arsebiTi saxelebi For . . . sakegamoTqmebSi
409
for conscience’ sake
for appearance’ sake
amis sanacvlod, SegiZliaT, xelaxla CamoayaliboT winadadeba,
romelic Seicavs erT-erT aseT gamonakliss. (am situaciaSi U.S.
abreviaturis xmarebis wesis Sesaxeb ix.24.3.1.)
the role of the United States nacvlad the United States’ role
for the sake of appearance nacvlad for appearance’ sake
Sedgenili sityvebi. mxolobiTi Sedgenili sityvebis kuTvnilebiTi
brunva awarmoeT bolo sityvisTvis apostrofis da s-is darTviT,
maSinac, roca pirveli mTavari arsebiTi saxelia.
his sister-in-law’s business the attorney general’s decision
moerideT kuTvnilebiTi brunvis xmarebas mravlobiT ricxvSi myof
Sedgenil sityvebSi, romlebSic arsebiT saxels mosdevs
windebuliani fraza an zedsarTavi saxeli; xelaxla CamoayalibeT
winadadeba.
decisions of the attorneys general da ara attorneys’ general decisions
ramdenime arsebiTi saxeli. Tu kuTvnilebiTi brunva aRniSnavs,
rom ori an meti obieqtidan TiToeulical-calke flobs raimes,
CasviT yvela arsebiTi saxeli kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi.
New York’s and Chicago’s teams historians’ and economists’ methods
Tu kuTvnilebiTi brunva aRniSnavs, rom ori an meti obieqti
erToblivad flobs raimes, CasviT kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi mxolod
bolo arsebiTi saxeli.
Minneapolis and St. Paul’s teams historians and economicsts’ data
daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili da brWyalebSi Casmuli terminebi.
Tu daxrili SriftiT dabeWdili termini kuTvnilebiT brunvaSia,
rogorc apostrofi, iseve s-i unda daibeWdos swori SriftiT. nu
CasvamT kuTvnilebiT brunvaSi brWyalebSi moqceul termins;
xelaxla CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
the Atlantic Monthly’s editor admirers of “Ode on a Grecian Urn”
410
20.3 Sedgenili da prefiqsebiT warmoebuli sityvebi
Znelia winaswar Tqma, rodis unda daurToT Sedgenil sityvas an
Sedgenil modifikators defisi, davtovoT udefisod (intervaliT
da ara defisiT elementebs Soris) an uintervalod(daweroT
rogorc erTi sityva). am SemTxvevaSi saukeTeso avtoritetiTqveni
leqsikonia. Tu leqsikonSi ver moZebniT Sedgenil sityvas,
ixelmZRvaneleT Semdgom paragrafebSi Camoyalibebuli principebiT,
raTa gansazRvroT, unda ixmaroT Tu ara defisi. Tu vercerT
magaliTSi vermoaxerxebT formis moZebnas, datoveT Sedgenili
sityva udefisod.
qvemoT Camoyalibebuli modelebi ar aris upirobo wesebi.
konteqstidan, piradi gemovnebidan an Tqvens disciplinaSi miRebuli
xmarebis wesidan gamomdinare,mravali individualuri SemTxvevis
gansazRvramogixdebaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom qvemoT
SemoTavazebuli defisis dasmis magaliTebi logikuri da
wasakiTxad ufro advilia, zogierTi maTgani mxolod da mxolod
tradiciulia.
20.3.1 Sedgenili sityvebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba, rogorc zedsarTavi
saxelebi
zogi Sedgenili sityva gamoiyeneba, rogorc mxolod zedsarTavi
saxeli. umetes SemTxvevebSi, aseTi Sedgenili sityva dawereT
defisiT, Tu igi win uswrebs mis mier gansazRvrul arsebiT
saxels; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, datoveT igi udefisod.
arsebiTi saxelis win arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg
open-ended question most of the questions were open ended
full-length treatment treatment is full length
duty-free goods goods brought in duty free
thought-provoking commentary commentary was thought provoking
over-the-counter drug drug sold over the counter
a frequently referred-to book this book is frequently referred to
411
spelled-out numbers numbers that are spelled out
arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi:
• Tu Sedgenil sityvas, romelic, Cveulebriv, defisiTiwereba, win
uswrebs da gansazRvravs zmniszeda (magaliTad, very), amoiReT
defisi, radgan sityvebis dajgufeba isedac gasagebi iqneba
mkiTxvelisTvis.
modifikatoris mqone arsebiTi
saxelis win
modifikatoris mqone arsebiTi
saxelisSemdeg
a well-known author a very well known author
an ill-advised step a somewhat ill advised step
• dawereT defisiT all-iT dacross-iT dawyebuliSedgenili sityvebi,
garda ramdenime sityvisa, romlebic tradiculad erTad iwereba,
magaliTad, crossover (Tu geeWvebaT, CaixedeT leqsikonSi).
arsebiTi saxelis win arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg
all-encompassing treatment text that includes cross-references
• dawereT erTad terminebiT borne, like dawide daboloebuli Sedgenili
sityvebi, Tu Sedgenili sityvis pirvel nawils ara aqvs sami an
samze meti marcvali, Tu igi ar aris sakuTari arsebiTi saxeli an
Tu ar bolovdeba imave asoze, romliTac iwyeba Semdegi termini.
zogadi modeli gamonaklisebi
foodborne mosquito-borne
childlike bell-like
worldwide Chicago-wide
• SedarebiTi konstruqciebi, dawyebuli iseTi terminebiT, rogoricaa
more/most, less/least dabetter/best unda daiweros defisiT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, roca SesaZlebelia, gaugebari iyos, SedarebiTi
termini gansazRvravs zedsarTav saxels, romelic mas Sedgenili
saxelis SigniTmosdevs, Tu Sedgenili sityvis Semdegmdgom arsebiT
saxels.
412
gansazRvravs zedsarTav
saxels
gansazRvravs arsebiT saxels
colleges produce more-skilled workers we hired more skilled workers for the
holidays
• konstruqciebi, romlebic Seicavs ly –ze daboloebul zmnizedas,
romelsac mosdevs zedsarTavi saxeli, ar aris Sedgenili sityvebi
da ar iwereba defisiT arc erT konteqstSi.
arsebiTi saxelis win arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg
highly developed species the species was highly developed
widely disseminated literature literature has been widely disseminated
20.3.2 Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic gamoiyeneba rogorc arsebiTi da
zedsarTavi saxelebi
zogi Sedgenili sityva Tavdapirvelad arsebiTi saxelia. Tumca,mas
SeuZlia, aseve, zedsarTavis saxelis funqciis Sesruleba, rodesac
is win uswrebs da gansazRvravs sxva arsebiT saxels. (20.3.1-Si
moyvanili magaliTebisgan gansxvavebiT, es Sedgenili sityvebi
arsebiTi saxelis Semdeg iSviaTad gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelebad
da, Tanac, gamoiyeneba mxolod iseT zmnasTan, rogoricaa was an are,
rogorc naCvenebia qvemoT, mesame magaliTSi). umetes SemTxvevaSi
defisiT dawereT Sedgenili sityva, rodesac igi win uswrebs
arsebiT saxels, romelsac igi gansazRvravs; winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, dawereT defisis gareSe.
zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTis
win
arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli
arsebiTis Semdeg
the decision-making process decision making became her specialty
a continuing-education course a program of continuing education
a middle-class neighborhood her neighborhood was middle class
arsebobsramdenime gamonaklisi:
413
• Sedgenili sityva, romelic iwyeba e-Ti (electronic-is Semoklebuli
varianti), ex-iT anself-iT, yvela konteqstSi defisiTdawereT. erTi
gamonaklisi: Tuself-s win uswrebs un-i, Sedgenili sityva iwereba
erTad, (magaliTad, unselfconscious).
ex-husband self-destructive e-mail
• Sedgenili sityva, romelic bolovdeba elect-ze, yvela konteqstSi
defisiTdawereT, Tu Tanamdebobis saxelwodeba Sedgeba mxolod
erTi sityvisgan, magram dawereT defisis gareSe, rodesac
Tanamdebobis saxelwodeba Sedgeba ori an orze meti sityvisgan.
president-elect district attorney elect
• ori SeTanxmebuli arsebiTi saxelisgan Semdgari Sedgenili sityva,
romelTa dakavSireba SesaZlebelia kavSiriT and, yvela konteqstSi
defisiTdawereT.
actor-singer mother-daughter relationship
city-state parent-teacher conference
• mimarTulebis aRmniSvneli sityvebisgan Semdgari Sedgenili sityva
dawereT erTad, Tu termini aRwers erT mimarTulebas. Tu
Sedgenili sityva Seicavs SeTanxmebul arsebiT saxelebs, romelTa
dakavSireba SesaZlebelia kavSiriT and anwindebuli by, dawereT sityva defisiT.
northeast a street running north-south
southwest east-southeast winds
• Sedgenili sityvebi, romelic aRwers naTesaur kavSirebs, iwereba
rogorc erTad, ise, defisiT. Tu geparebaT eWvi sityvis
marTlweraSi, CaixedeT leqsikonSi. (qorwinebiTi naTesauri
kavSirebis aRmniSvneli Sedgenili arsebiTi saxelebis (in-laws)mravlobiTi ricxvisa da kuTvnilebiTi brunvis formebis
Sesaxeb ix., Sesabamisad, 20.1.2 da 20.2.2.)
grandfather stepdaughter great-grandmother son-in-law
• zogi cnobili fraza yovelTvis defisiT iwereba.
stick-in-the-mud jack-of-all-trades
414
sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis Semcveli Sedgenili
sityvebi.dawereT defisis gareSe im Sedgenili sityvebis
umravlesoba, romlebic Seicavs sakuTar arsebiT saxelebs,
eTnikuri jgufebis saxelebis CaTvliT.
zedsarTavi saxeli arsebiTis
win
arsebiTi saxeli an zedsarTavi
saxeli arsebiTis Semdeg
African American culture an African American has written
French Canadian explorer the explorer was French Canadian
Middle Eastern geography the geography of the Middle East
State Department employees employed by the State Department
Korean War veterans veterans of the Korean War
magram, Tu pirveli termini Semoklebulia,dawereT defisiT.
Afro-American culture an Afro-American has written
Tu SeiZleba SeTanxmebuli terminebis dakavSireba kavSiriT and,
dawereT terminebi defisiT.
Israel-Egypt peace treaty Spanish-English dictionary
ricxvebis Semcveli Sedgenili sityvebi. rodesacSedgenili sityva
Seicavs ricxvs, dawereT igi defisiT, Tu ricxvi win uswrebs
arsebiT saxels, romelsac igi gansazRvravs; winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, dawereT defisis gareSe. (ricxviTi saxelebisada
sityvebiT dawerili cifrebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix. 23-e Tavi)
zedasarTavi saxeli
arsebiTis win
arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli
arsebiTis Semdeg
fifty-year project the project took fifty years
four-year-old child the child was four years old
twentieth-century literature studied the literature of the twentieth century
third-floor apartment she lived on the third floor
214-day standoff standoff that lasted 214 days
415
arsebobs ramdenime gamonaklisi:
• yovelTvis defisis gareSe dawereT sityva percent-isSemcveli
Sedgenili sityva, xolo ricxvi miuTiTeT arabuli cifrebiT
(ix.23.1.3).
a 15 percent increase increased by 15 percent
• wiladis sityvebiT dasawerad yovelTvis ixmareT defisi. (ricxviTi saxelebsa dawiladebSi cifrebis sityvierad daweris Sesaxeb ix. 23.1.3)
a two-thirds majority a majority of two-thirds
• wiladSi, romelic iwyeba sityviT half anquarter, ixmareT defisi, Tu
igi win uswrebs arsebiT saxels, romelsac gansazRvravs;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, datoveT defisis gareSe.
zedsarTavi saxeli
arsebiTis win
arsebiTi an zedsarTavi saxeli
arsebiTis Semdeg
a half-hour session after a half hour had passed
a quarter-mile run ran a quarter mile
• ricxvebis intervalis Semcveli Sedgenili sityvebis SemTxvevaSi
ixmareT defisi orive terminSi, magram pirvel terminSi gamotoveT
Sedgenili sityvis meore nawili.
five- to ten-minute intervals eight- to ten-year-olds
20.3.3 prefiqsebis warmoebuli sityvebi
prefiqsebis meSveobiT warmoqmnili sityvebi, rogorc wesi, iwereba,
rogorc erTi sityva, iqneba es arsebiTi saxeli (postmodernism),
zmnebi(misrepresent), zedsarTavi saxeli (anterbellum) Tu
zmnizeda(prematurely). Tumca, qvemoT CamoTvlil SemTxvevebSi ixmareT
defisi:
• rodesac prefiqsi erTvis sityvas, romelic iwyeba mTavruli asoTi
sub-Saharan magram subdivision
416
pro-Asian magram pronuclear
• rodesac prefiqsi erTvis ricxviT saxels
pre-1950 magram predisposed
mid-80s magram midlife
• imisaTvis, rom ganvacalkevoT orii,ori a an sityvebis an
marcvlebissxva kombinaciebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT gaugebrobis
gamowveva
anti-intellectual magram antidepressant
semi-invalid magram semiopaque
• rodesac prefiqsi win uswrebs defisiT an defisis gareSe daweril
Sedgenil sityvas
non-coffee-drinking magram nonbelief
post-high school magram postgame
• ormag prefiqsSi ganmeorebiTi terminebisgamosayofad
sub-subentry
• rodesac prefiqsi calkea warmodgenili
pre- and postwar macro- and microeconomics
es modelebi vrceldeba sityvebze, romlebic iwarmoeba
qvemoT mocemuli da sxva prefiqsebis meSveobiT.
ante cyber macro multi proto super
anti extra mega neo pseudo supra
bi hyper meta non re trans
417
bio infra micro post semi ultra
co inter mid pre socio un
counter intra mini pro sub
es modelebi, aseve, vrceldeba iseT windebulebze, rogoricaa
over daunder, romlebic SeiZleba, daerTos sityvebs imave adgilze,
sadac prefiqsebi.
overachiever underhanded over- and underused
20.4 striqonis gadatana
20.4.1 sityvebis gadatana
umetes naSromebSi, sityvebi, romlebsac unda daerTos defisi
(gadatanis niSani) striqonis bolos, aris is sityvebi, romlebic
Segnebulad dawereT defisiT, magaliTad, Sedgenili sityvebi
(ix.20.3). daayeneT Tqveni teqsturi procesori marcxniv sworebaze
(`uswormasworo~ marcxena mijniT) da nu gamoiyenebT defisebis
avtomaturad dasmis funqcias.
magram, Tu Tqvengan moiTxoveba rogorc marcxena, aseve, marjvena
mijnebis gaTanabreba, SeiZleba, mogixdeT defisebis dasma
striqonebSi, raTa Tavi aaridoT sityvebs Sorisdid daSorebebs. nu
daaboloebT defisebiT (gadatanis niSnebiT) oTx an oTxze met
Tanmimdevrul striqons (ris Sedegadac miviRebT mijnis gaswvriv
`defisebis blokirebas~) da mTlianad teqsturi procesoris
avtomatur funqcias nu miandobT defisebis dasmas. zogadad, es
ufro saimedo iqneba, Tumca, ar gamoricxavs Secdomebis daSvebas.
amitom SeamowmeT teqsturi procesoris mier gadatanili sityvebi.
Tu raimem dagaeWvaT, CaixedeT leqsikonSi, sadac mTavari sityvis
418
dasawyisSi centrirebuli wertilebiT an msgavsi saSualebebiT
miTiTebulia sityvebis gadatanis misaRebi variantebi.
erT-erTi specifikuri tipis problema ukavSirdeba sityvebs,
romlebic erTnairad iwereba, magram sxvadasxvanairad gamoiTqmis.
aseTi sityvebi SeiZleba, gansxvavebulad iyofodes marcvlebad,
magaliTad, rec-ord dare-cord. Tqvenma teqsturma procesorma
SeiZleba,konteqstisgan ganurCevlad, erTnairad gadaitanos es
sityvebi,
20.4.2 intervalebis gadatana da punqtuacia
Tqvenma teqsturma procesorma SesaZloa,arasworad gadaitanos
intervalebi da punqtuaciis niSnebi. yovelTvis SeamowmeT Tqveni
naSromi da naxeT, xom ar aris arasworad gadatanili intervalebi
an punqtuaciis niSnebi.
inicialebi. Tu pirovnebis saxelis da meore saxelis nacvlad
gamoiyeneba inicialebi, datoveT intervali maT Soris, magram nu
gayofT da gadaitanT maT meore xazze. Tu saWiroa, SegiZliaT,
datovoT inicialebi da gadaitanoT gvari. ix., aseve,24.2.1.
M. F. K. Fusher M. F. K. / Fisher magram ara M. / F. K. Fisher
• ricxvebi da TariRebi. nurasdros gadaitanT meore striqonze
cifrebiT daweril ricxvebs (25,000) an nebismier termins, romelic
Seicavs cifrebs,mimatebis simbolos, abreviaturebs an sazom
erTeulebs(10%; £6 4s. 6d.; 6:40 p.m.; AD 1895; 245 ml). TariRebSi nu
gayofT Tvis dRes da Tvis saxels (February 15). dawvrilebiT
ricxvebisa da TariRebis sistemebis Sesaxeb ix. 23-e TavSi.
• abreviaturebi. nu gadaitanT abreviaturebs meore striqonze, maTSi
arsebuli mTavruli asoebis, punqtuaciisa da intervalebis
miuxedavad (BA, U.S., NATO, p.m., kg, PhD, Gov. Gen.). erTaderTi
gamonaklisia, rom abreviatura, romelic ukve Seicavs defiss,
419
magaliTad, AFL-CIO, SeiZleba,gaiyosdefisze. 24-e TavSi ixileT meti
informacia abreviaturebis Sesaxeb.
• punqtuacia. nurasdros daiwyebT striqons damamTavrebeli
brWyaliT, frCxiliT an kvadratuli frCxiliT. nurasdros
daamTavrebT striqons gamxsneli brWyaliT, frCxiliT an
kvadratuli frCxiliT, an (a)-iT an (l)-iT, rogorc CamonaTvalis
dawyebisas. punqtuaciis Sesaxeb meti informaciisTvis ixileT 21-e
Tavi da siebis Sesaxeb _ 23.4.2. nu gadaitanT meore striqonze
mravalwertils (ix.25.3.2); am problemis Tavidan aridebis mizniT
gamoiyeneT Tqveni teqsturi procesoris mravalwertilis funqcia.
• URL-ebi da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebi. moerideT URL-ebis da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebis gadatanas meore striqonze.
TuU gixdebaT maTi gadatana, dasviT gadatanis niSani ori
wertilis, daxrili xazis (an ormagi daxrili sazis) an simbolos
@ Semdeg, magram wertilis an nebismieri sxva punqtuaciis an
simbolos win. defisebi xSirad URL-is an eleqtronuli fostis
misamarTebis nawilia, amitom, gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad,
nurasdros daurTavT defiss gadatanis niSnad an nu gadaitanT
URL-s an misamarTs arsebul defisze.
http://
www.press.uchicago.edu
http://www
.press.uchicago.edu
http://www.press.uchicago.edu/
cgi-bin/hfs.cgi/00/12917.ctl
Tu Tqveni teqsturi procesori avtomaturad aformatebs
URL-ebs da eleqtronuli fostis misamarTebs hiperteqsturi
kavSiris saxiT, mas SeuZlia am nawilebis dayofa zemoxsenebuli
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis darRveviT. mraval dasayenebel
parametrSi aseTi dayofa misaRebia imdenad, ramdenadac mkafiod
dgindeba sruli URL-i an misamarTi hiperteqsturi kavSiris saxiT
(xazgasmiT an meore feriT) da ar erTvis zedmeti defisebi
striqonis gadatanis saCveneblad.
420
21 punqtuacia
21.1 wertili
21.2 mZime
21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi
21.2.2 rigebi
21.2.3araSemzRudavi winadadebebi da frazebi
21.2.4 mZimis gamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi
21.3 wertil-mZime
21.4 ori wertili
21.5 kiTxvis niSani
21.6 Zaxilis niSani
21.7 defisi da tireebi
21.7.1 defisi
21.7.2 tire
21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi
21.8 frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi
21.8.1 frCxilebi
21.8.2 kvadratuli frCxilebi
21.9 daxrili xazebi
21.10 brWyalebi
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi
21.11.1 sasveni niSnebis gamotoveba
21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba
winamdebare YTavSi warmodgenilia punqtuaciis zogadi
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi Tqveni naSromisTvis. zogi wesi mkafiod
aris Camoyalibebuli, zogi ki ara, amitom xSirad mogiwevT saR
azrs da maxvil yurs miendoT.
421
specialur elementebs, rogoricaa abreviaturebi, citirebebi
da miTiTebebi, punqtuaciis Tavisiwesebi aqvs, romlebic ganixileba
winamdebare wignis Sesabamis TavebSi.
Tu werT sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias, Tqvens
ganyofilebas an universitets punqtuaciasTan dakavSirebiT
SeiZleba, specifikuri moTxovnebihqondes. am moTxovnebis Sesaxeb
informacias, Cveulebriv, awodebs sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis ganyofileba. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma
pedagogma SeiZleba, mogTxovoT, ixelmZRvaneloT punqtuaciis
garkveuli principebiT. gaecaniT am moTxovnebs, vidre moamzadebT
naSroms. maT upiratesoba aqvT winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebTan SedarebiT. sxvadasxva disciplinaSi
miRebul stilTan dakavSirebuli miTiTebebi ixileT
bibliografiaSi.
21.1 wertili
wertiliT bolovdeba TxrobiTi an brZanebiTi winadadeba da iribi
SekiTxva. wertiliT, aseve, SeiZleba, dabolovdes winadadebis
fragmenti, Tu konteqstidan naTlad ikveTeba misi ritorikuli
funqcia. Tumca,akademiur nawerSi wertilis ase gamoyeneba iSviaTia.
yvela am SemTxvevaSi wertili azrisdamasrulebeli simboloa da
mas erTi intervaliunda mosdevdes.
Consider the advantages of this method.
The question was whether these differences could be reconciled.
vertikalur nusxaSi CamoTvlili punqtebis bolos wertili
unda dasvaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu punqtebi dasrulebuli
winadadebebia (ix.23.4.2). sxva SemTxvevebSi nu dasvamT saboloo
wertilebs ukanaskneli punqtis boloSic ki da nu daiwyebT pirvel
sityvebs mTavruli asoTi.
The report covers three areas:
1. the securities markets
422
2. the securities industry
3. the securities industryin the economy
individualuri wertilebis gamoyeneba, aseve, SeiZlebasxva
konteqstSi, maT Soris, abreviaturebSi (kerZod, ix.24.1.3) da
miTiTebebSi (16.1.2 da18.1.2), aseve, URL-ebSi (20.4.2, 17.1.7 da 19.1.8), sadac
maT xSirad uwodeben wertilebs.wertilebis rigi SeiZleba
gamoyenebul iqnes citirebebSi (ix.25.3.2), sadac maT uwodeben
mravalwertils, cxrilebSi (26.2.6) da satitulo elementebis
gverdebze (A.2.1), sadac maT uwodebebn punqtirs.
nu ixmarT wertilebs Tavis an nawilis saTauris, umetesi
qvesaTauris (ix. A.2.2) an cxrilebis saTaurebis Semdeg (26.2.2).
suraTebis warwerebSi wertilebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 26.3.2.
21.2 mZime
mZime gamoyofs komponentebswinadadebis SigniT, maT Soris,
damoukidebel da damokidebul winadadebebs, frazebsa da calkeul
sityvebs. mas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba maSin, rodesac
mkiTxveli SeiZleba, ver gaerkves, sad mTavrdeba damoukidebeli da
damokidebuli winadadeba an fraza da iwyeba sxva winadadeba an
fraza:
Before leaving the members of the committee met in the assembly room.
Before leaving, the members of the committee met in the assembly room.
ricxvebSi mZimeebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.2.2. miTiTebebSi
mZimeebis xmarebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.2 da 18.1.2.
21.2.1 damoukidebeli winadadebebi
winadadebaSi, romelic Sedgeba ori an orze meti damoukidebeli
winadadebisgan, romlebic gaerTianebuliadamakavSirebeli
sityvebiT(and, but, or , nor, for, so, yet), dasviT mZime kavSiris win. es ar
aris upirobo wesi; mZimis dasma saWiro ar aris or mokle,
423
damoukidebel winadadebas Soris, romlebsac ar aqvs Sida
punqtuacia.
Students around the world want to learn English, and many young Americans are eager to
teach them.
The senator arrived at noon and the president left at one.
winadadebaSi, romelic Seicavs sam an samze met mokle da
martiv damoukidebel winadadebebs Sida punqtuaciis gareSe,
gamoyaviT winadadebebi mZimeebiT da CasviT damakavSirebeli sityva
bolo winadadebis win. (yovelTvis CasviT mZime kavSiris win). Tu
winadadebebi ufro grZeli da ufro rTulia, gamoyaviT isini
wertil-mZimiT (ix.21.3) an,umjobesi iqneba,sxvagvarad CamoayaliboT
winadadeba.
The committee designed the questionnaire, the field workers collected responses, and the
statistician analyzed the results.
The committee designed the questionnaire, which was short; the field workers, who did
not participate, collected responses; and the statistician analyzed the results, though not
until several days later.
nu dawerT mZimes ori qvemdebaris an ori Semasmenlis
damakavSirebeli kavSiris win.
The agencies that design the surveys and the analysts who evaluate the results should
work together. :
They do not condone such practices but attempt to refute them theoretically.
rodesac winadadeba iwyeba fraziT an damokidebuli
winadadebiT, romelic gansazRvravs momdevno or damoukidebel
SeTanxmebul winadadebas, dasviT mZime Sesavali elementis Semdeg,
magram ara or damoukidebel winadadebas Soris.
Within ten years, interest rates surged and the housing market declined.
424
21.2.2 rigebi
seriaSi, romelic Sedgeba sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan
an Sida punqtuaciis armqone winadadebisgan,elementebi gamoyaviT
mZimeebiT. yovelTvis dasviT mZime im kavSiris win, romelsac
Semohyavsboloelementi.
The governor wrote his senators, the president, and the vice president.
Attending the conference were Fernandez, Sullivan, and Kendrick.
The public approved, the committee agreed, but the measure failed.
nu ixmarT mZimeebs, Tu rigis yvela elementi dakavSirebulia
kavSirebiT.
The palette consisted of blue and green and orange.
Tu sami an samze meti sityvisgan, frazisgan an winadadebisgan
Semdgari rigi bolovdeba gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmiT (da
a.S.) (and so forth, and so on, and the like, anetc.), am bolo gamoTqmis
punqtuacia igivea, rac rigis bolo elementisa. Tumca, SegiZliaT,
mZime daamatoT gagrZelebis gamomxatveli gamoTqmis Semdeg, raTa
Tavidan aiciloT gaugebroba grZeli rigis Semdeg.
They discussed movies, books, plays, and the like until late in the night.
Management can improve not just productivity, but hours, working conditions, training,
benefits, and so on, without reducing wages.
ixmareT wertil-mZime rigSi elementebis gamosayofad, Tu erTi an
erTze meti elementi Seicavs mZimeebs an Tu elementebi grZeli da
rTulia (ix.21.3).amasTan, Tu aseTi rigi moqceulia winadadebis
mTavari zmnis win, Tavidan CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
The three cities that we compare are Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and
Pasadena, California.
da ara
Hartford, Connecticut; Kalamazoo, Michigan; and Pasadena, California, are three cities
worth comparing.
425
21.2.3 araSemzRudveli winadadebebi da frazebi
ixmareT mZimeebiaraSemzRudveli winadadebis orive mxridan
gamosayofad.winadadebaaraSemzRudvelia, Tu ar aris aucilebeli
mis mier gansazRvruli arsebiTi saxelis erTmniSvnelovani
identificireba.
These five books, which are on reserve in the library, are required reading.
aq fraziT Semdgari arsebiTi saxeli These five books
erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs im wignebs, romlebsac gulisxmobs
avtori; wignebis Semdgomi identificirebisTvissaWiroar aris
araSemzRudveli winadadeba. meores mxriv, qvemoT moyvanil
winadadebaSi damokidebuli winadadebathat are required
readingSemzRudvelia, radgan miuTiTebs im konkretul wignebze,
romlebic savaldebulod wasakiTxia. amitom es winadadeba ar aris
gamoyofili mZimeebiT.
The books that are required reading are on reserve in the library.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nacvalsaxeliwhich xSirad ixmareba
SemzRudvel winadadebebTan, yuradRebiani avtorebi cdiloben,
SeinarCunon gansxvaveba SemzRudvel nacvalsaxelsa that (mZimis
gareSe) da araSemzRudvel nacvalsaxels which (mZimiT) Soris.
igive principebi vrceldeba SemzRudvel da araSemzRudvel
frazebze.
The president, wearing a red dress, attended the conference.
The woman wearing a red dress is the president.
426
21.2.4 mZimisgamoyenebis sxva SemTxvevebi
mZimeebs iyeneben sxva situaciebSi. (TariRebSi mZimeebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.1.)
• Sesavali sityvebi da frazebi. rodesac iwyebT winadadebas
mravalsityviani SesavliT, mas boloSidausviT mZime,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu saubrisas am momentSi normaluria mcire pauza.
mZimis dasma ar aris aucilebeli mokle windebuliani frazis
Semdeg, garda SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mZimis gareSe winadadeba
SeiZleba, arasworad iqnes gagebuli.
If the insurrection is to secceed, the army and police must stand side by side.
Having accomplished her mission, she returned to headquarters.
To Anthony, Blake remained an enigma.
After this week the commission will be able to write its report.
ori an orze meti zedsarTavi saxeli, romelic win uswrebs
arsebiT saxels. gamoyaviT mZimeebiT ori an orze meti zedasarTavi
saxeli iq, sadac winadadebis azris damaxinjebis gareSe SeiZleba
maTi dakavSireba kavSiriTand. nu ixmarT mZimes, Tu pirveli
zedsarTavi saxeli gansazRvravs meores da misi amoRebis Sedegad
icvleba winadadebis azrs.
It was a large, well-placed, beautiful house.
They strolled out into the warm, luminous night.
She refused to be identified with a traditional political label.
• ganmartebiTi komentarebi. iseT sityvebs da frazebs,
rogoricaanamely, that is anfor example, Cveulebriv, SemoyavT
ganmartebiTi komentari. amrigad, yvela am sityvis Semdeg iwereba
mZime da SeiZleba,saWiro gaxdesmaT win wertil-mZimis an wertilis
427
dasma. amasTan, rodesac iyenebT kavSirsor mniSvnelobiT `sxva
sityvebiT~, dasviT mZime mis win. (es da sxva msgavsi gamoTqmebi
SeiZleba, aseve gamovyoT tireebiT an frCxilebiT; ix.21.7.2 da 21.8.1.)
Many people resent accidents of fate; that is, they look on illness or bereavement as
undeserved.
The compass stand, or binnacle, must be visible to the helmsman.
• CanarTebi. sityva an fraza CanarTia, Tu mosdevs arsebiT saxels da
asrulebs araSemzRudveli winadadebis funqcias (ix.21.2.3). aseTi
elementi gamoiyofa mZimeebiT. Tumca, rodesac danarTi (apozitivi)
saWiroa mis mier gansazRvruli arsebiTi saxelis
identificirebisTvis, mZimeebi ar iwereba.
Smith, a Reed College graduate, taught at Harvard for several years.
Kierkegaard, the Danish philosopher, asked, “What is anxiety?”
magram
The Danish philosopher Kierkegaard asked, “What is anxiety?”
• geografiuli saxelebi. geografiul saxelebSi mZimeebi dasviT
mravaljeradi individualuri elementebis gamosayofad.
(misamarTebSi mZimeebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ix.23.1.7.)
Cincinnati, Ohio, is on the Ohio River.
The next leg of the trip was to Florence, Italy.
• Sorisdebulebi da maerTebeli zmnizedebi. gamoyaviT
Sorisdebulebi, maerTebeli zmnizedebi da a.S. azrovnebaSi an
winadadebis riTmSi Seferxebis miniSnebis mizniT. Tumca, gamotoveT
mZimeebi, rodesac aseTi elementebi ar arRvevs uwyvetobas da
kiTxvisas ar moiTxovs pauzas.
Nevertheless, it is a matter of great importance.
It is, perhaps, the best that could be expected.
428
Perhaps it is therefore clear that no deposits were made
• dapirispirebuli elementebi. gamoyaviT mZimeebiT not, not only an
msgavsi gamoTqmiT dawyebuli Sorisdebuli frazamxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu gindaT, rom mkiTxvelma gaakeTos pauza am frazis
win. ixmareT mZime the more . . . the more tipis winadadebebs Soris, Tu, ra Tqma unda, isini Zalian mokle ar aris an Tu isini, savaraudod,
arasworad iqneba gagebuli.
The idea, not its expression, is significant.
She was delighted with, but also disturbed by, her new freedom.
The more it stays the same, the less it changes.
• CarTuli elementebi. subieqtsa da zmnas Soris an zmnasa da mis obieqts Soris CarTuli elementis gamoyofisas ixmareT mZimeebi. Tu
aRmoCndeba, rom winadadebaSi gamoyofT erTze met aseT CarTul
elements, xelaxla CamoayalibeT winadadeba.
The Quinn Report was, to say the least, a bombshell.
Wolinski, after receiving instructions, left for Algiers.
• gameorebuli sityvebi. ixmareT mZimeidenturi sityvebis
gamosayofad. gamonakliss warmoadgens sityvathat.
They marched in, in twos.
Whatever is, is right.
magram
He gave his life so that that cause might prevail.
21.3 wertil-mZime
wertil-mZimiT aRiniSneba imaze didi pauza winadadebaSi vidre es
mZimiT miiRweva.ixmareT wertil-mZime rTul winadadebaSi im
429
damoukidebeli winadadebebis gamosayofad, romlebic ar aris
dakavSirebuli maerTebeli kavSiriT(and, but, or, nor, yet, for, so).
One hundred communities are in various stages of completion; more are on the drawing
board.
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, ixmaroT wertil-mZime maerTebel kavSirTan
erTad, Tu winadadebebi grZelia da maTSi mZimeebi an sxva sasveni
niSnebia. aseT SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa, mogixdeT wertil-mZimis
wertiliT Secvla.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aSS-s mrewvelobaSi produqtiuloba erT sul
mosaxleze gacilebiT metia, vidre CineTSi, CineTSi sul ufro
izrdeba kargi ganaTlebis mqone axalgazrda muSaxelis raodenoba;
magram, kidev ufro mTavari isaa, rom, codna, romelic SeiZleba,
gadaeces erTi xalxidan meores, msoflios umniSvnelovanes
ekonomikur resurad iqca.
ixmareT wertil-mZime iseT sityvebis win, rogoricaathen,
however, thus, hence, indeed, accordingly, besides, datherefore, rodesac am
sityvebs or damoukidebel winadadebas Soris Sualeduri
(gardamavali) funqcia akisria.
Some think freedom always comes with democracy; however, many voters in many
countries have voted for governments that they know will restrict their rights.
Tu elementebs rigSi Sida punqtuaciaaqvs, ganacalkeveT isini
wertil-mZimeebiT (ix., aseve,21.2.2).
Green indicates vegetation that remained stable; red, vegetation that disappeared; yellow,
new vegetation.
430
21.4 ori wertili
or wertils Semoyavs winadadeba, fraza an elementebis rigi,
romlebic afarToebs, ganmartavs an magaliTebis saxiT aCvenebs
manamde warmodgenili elementis azrs. misi funqcia damoukidebel
winadadebebs Soris axlos aris wertil-mZimis funqciasTan, Tumca,
igi ufro metad amaxvilebs yuradRebas balansze an Sedegze.
People expect three things of government: peace, prosperity, and respect of civil rights.
Chinese culture is unnrivaled it its depth and antiquity: it is unmatched in its rich artistic
and philosophical records.
ixmareT ori wertili sailustracio masalis an CamonaTvlis
Semosayvanad. nu dasvamT ori wertils uSualod zmnis Semdeg; amis
nacvlad, gamoiyeneT Sesavali elementi, rogoricaathe following or as
follows. (ix., aseve, 23.4.2.)
The qualifications are as follows: a doctorate in economics and an ability to communicate
statistical data to a lay audience.
nacvlad Semdegisa:
The qualifications are: a doctorate in economics . . .
sayuradReboa, rom winadadebis SigniT ori wertilis momdevno
pirveli sityva, rogorc wesi, ar iwyeba mTavruli asoTi, Tu igi ar
aris sakuTari saxeli. (ori wertiliT Semoyvanil citirebebSi
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25-e Tavi.)
ori wertili aseve iwereba saTaurebSi (ix.17.1.2 da 19.1.3),
drois aRniSvnebSi (23.1.5), URL-ebSi (17.1.7 da 19.1.8).miTiTebebSi
sxvadasxva gziT gamoiyeneba ori wertili.
431
21.5 kiTxvis niSani
dasviT kiTxvis niSani SekiTxvis saxiT Camoyalibebuli sruli
winadadebis bolos. Tu kiTxvis niSani bolo sasveni niSania, mas
Semdeg saWiroa erTi intervali.
Who would lead the nation in its hour of need?
dasviT kiTxvis niSani SekiTxvis formiT Camoyalibebuli da
mTliani winadadebis nawilis saxiT Casmuli winadadebis Semdeg.
nu ixmarT brWyalebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac, danarCeni
winadadebisgan gansxvavebiT, SekiTxva citireba.
Would the union agree? was the critical question.
Tu Casmuli kiTxva winadadebis boloSia, nu dasvamT wertils
kiTxvis niSnis Semdeg. Tqvengan ar moiTxoveba Casmuli kiTxvis
pirveli sityvis mTavruli asoTidawyeba, Tumca sawyisi mTavruli
aso exmareba mkiTxvels SekiTxvis identificirebaSi, gansakuTrebiT,
Tu igi Seicavs Sida punqtuacias. Tu winadadeba mouqneli xdeba,
SegiZliaT kiTxvis xelaxali Camoyalibeba TxrobiTi winadadebis
formiT, romelsac wertilimosdevs.
Several legislators raised the question, Can the fund be used in an emergency, or must it
remain dedicated to its original purpose?
Several legislators raised the question of using the fund in an emergency, which was not
its original purporse.
kiTxvis niSniT SesaZlebelia, agreTve, daeWvebis an
gaurkvevlobis gadmocema, magaliTad, TariRSi.
The painter Niccolò dell’Abbate (1512?-71) assisted in the decorations at Fontainebleau.
fermweri
432
21.6 Zaxilis niSani
Zaxilis niSani iSviaTad Tu gamoiyeneba akademiur nawerSi, garda im
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac is citirebuli masalis nawilia. am
SemTxvevaSi, Tu Zaxilis niSani bolo sasveni niSania winadadebaSi,
mas unda mosdevdes erTi intervali.
21.7 defisi da tire
21.7.1 defisi
defisebi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva konteqstSi, maT Soris rTul
sityvebSi (ix.20.3) da CaTvliT ricxvebSi (inclusive numbers)(23.2.4).
21.7.2 tire
tire aris gagrZelebuli defisi, romelic mZimeebis (ix. 21.2) da
frCxilebis (ix. 21.8.1) msgavsad, gamoiyeneba teqstis gamosayofad,
Tumca,tire teqsts maTze gamokveTilad gamoyofs. teqnikurad mas
em-tire ewodeba (kompiuteruli fontebis SemoRebamde igi zustad
mTavruli aso m-issiganis toli iyo) da es simbolo moipoveba
umetes teqstur procesorSi.2
2 arsebobs tires meore tipi, romelsac ewodeba en-tire (tire, romelic Tavis droze
zustad Seesabameboda mTavruli aso n-is siganes), romelic gamoiyeneba gamoqveynebul
naSromebSi da aRniSnavs intervals (“through”), rogorc wesi, ricxvebTan an TariRebTan
mimarTebaSi (1998-2008). SesaZlebelia, agreTve, misi sxva konteqstSi gamoyeneba, amas
ambobs `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ (Chicago Manual of Style) me-15 gamocemis (2003)
nawilSi 6 83. Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi moiTxovs mis
gamoyenebas, niSani SegiZliaT naxoT umetes teqstur procesorSi; sxva SemTxvevebSi am
konteqstSi ixmareT defisi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom winamdebare wignSi, sadac saWiroa,
gamoiyeneba en tireebi (en dashes), iseve, rogorc adrindel miTiTebaSi `Cikagos
saxelmZRvanelosTan~ (Chicago Manual) dakavSirebiT.
misi warmodgena SesaZlebelia ori
Tanmimdevruli defisis formiT, Tumca,umetes teqstur procesors
433
ormagi defisis em-tired avtomaturad gadayvanis funqcia aqvs. nu
datovebT intervals tires orive mxareze.
frCxilebSi Casmuli elementis gamoyofis mizniT tireebis
gamoyenebisas daawyvileT isini, rogorc daawyvilebdiT mZimeebs an
frCxilebs. Tumca, imis gamo, rom isini sakmaod TvalSisacemia, nu
ixmarT erT winadadebaSi erTze met wyvils; amis nacvlad, ixmareT
frCxilebi maTSi Casmuli informaciis meore fenisTvis.
The influence of three impressionists—Monet (1840-1926), Sisley (1839-99), and Degas
(1834-1917)—is obvious in her work.
Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT erTi tires gamoyeneba gamaZlierebeli an
ganmmartebelielementis gamosayofad.
It was a revival of a most potent image—the revolutionary idea.
ixmareT tire an tireebis wyvili, romelic gamoyofs frazas, raTa
gadmosceT azrovnebis nakadis mkveTri rRveva, rac, aseve,
winadadebis struqturis rRvevasiwvevs.
Rutherford—how could he have misinterpreted the evidence?
Some characters in Tom Jones are “flat”—if you do not object ot this borrowing of E. M.
Forster’s somewaht discredited term—because they are caricatures of their names.
tirem SeiZleba, aseve, Semoiyvanos Semajamebeli subieqti
ramdenime elementis CamoTvlis Semdeg.
The statue of the discus thrower, the charioteer of Delphi, the poetry of Pindar — all
represent the great ideal.
434
21.7.3 mravaljeradi tireebi
Tu axdenT citirebas damaxinjebuli an Znelad gasarkvevi
teqstidan an warmoadgenT uwmawur (salanZRav) sityvas, miuTiTeT
gamotovebuli sityva an gamotovebuli aso 2-em tires (2-em dash)
meSveobiT (romelic Sedgeba ori Tanmimdevruli em-tires an oTxi
defisisgan). gamotovebuli sityvisTvis datoveT intervali tires
orive mxares; gamotovebuli asoebisTvis nu datovebT intervals
tiresa da sityvis nawils Soris.
The vessel left the ---- of July.
H----h? [Hirsch?]
It was a d---- shame.
3-emtire (romelic Seicavs sam Tanmimdevrul em tires an eqvs
defiss) gamoiyeneba bibliografiaSi avtoris an redaqtoris
gvarebis ganmeorebiT misaTiTeblad (ix. 16.2.2. da 18.2.1).
21.8 frCxilebi da kvadratuli frCxilebi
21.8.1 frCxilebi
frCxilebi, rogorc wesi, gamoyofs winadadebaSi ganmartebiT an
Sewyvetis elementebs, dawyvilebuli mZimeebis (ix.21.2) da tireebis
(21.7.2) msgavsad. zogadad, ixmareT mZimeebi mTavar winadadebasTan
mWidrod dakavSirebul masalasTan, tireebi da frCxilebi –
naklebad dakavSirebul masalasTan. abreviatuebie.g. dai.e.,
romlebsac SeuZliaT ganmartebiTi komentaris Semoyvana (ix. 24.7),
gamoiyeneba mxolod frCxilebSi an SeniSvnebSi.
The conference has (with some malice) divided into four groups.
435
Each painting depicts a public occasion, in each–a banquet, a parade, a coronation
(though the person crowned is obscured)–crowds of people are pictured as swarming
ants.
There are tax incentives for “clean cars” (e.g., gasoline-electric hybrids and vehicles
powered by compressed natural gas and liquefied propane).
frCxilebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba, aseve, miTiTebebSi (ix. Tavebi
16 da 18) da nusxaSi an sqemaSi cifrebis an asoebis gamosayofad (ix.
23.4.2).
21.8.2 kvadratuli frCxilebi
kvadratuli frCxilebi yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba citirebul
monakveTSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis saCveneblad (ix.25.3
magaliTebisTvis). maTi xmareba SesaZlebelia, aseve,
frCxilebSiCasmuli masalis meore fenis gamosayofad.
He agrees with the idea that childhood has a history (first advanced by Philippe Ariès
[1914-84] in his book Centuries of Childhood [1962]).
21.9 daxrilixazebi
marcxniv daxrili xazi (‘/’) gamoiyeneba wiladebSi (ix.23.1.3) da
poeziis citirebebSi (ix.25.2.1). erTmagi da ormagi xazebi,
aseve,marjvniv daxrili xazebi (“\”) gvxvdeba URL-ebSi da sxva
eleqtronul parametrebSi (ix. 20.4.2).
21.10 brWyalebi
citirebul masalaSi brWyalebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.1.
saTaurebSi da sxva specifikur situaciebSi maTi xmarebis Sesaxeb
ixileT 22.3.2. miTiTebebSi maTi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 16.1.4 da
18.1.4.
436
zogierTi dargi – magaliTad, lingvistika, filosofia da
Teologia – sityvebisa da cnebebis gamosayofad iyenebs erTmag
brWyalebssingle quotation marks. am SemTxvevaSi damamTavrebeli brWyali
win unda uswrebdes mZimes an wertils (ix.21.11.1).
kami ‘hair, beard’
The variables of quantification, ‘something’, ‘nothing’, . . .
sxva danarCeni dargebis umetesobaSiterminebis gansazRvrebebSi
brWyalebis da daxrili xazebis gamoyenebisas ixelmZRvaneleT
22.2.2-issaxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT.
21.11 mravaljeradi sasveni niSnebi
winamdebare TavSi mocemuli saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi zogjer
iTvaliswinebs erTad ori sasveni niSnis xmarebas – magaliTad,
wertilisa da damaboloebeli frCxilisa. qvemoT moyvanili
saxelmZRvanelo principebi aregulirebs erT-erTi sasveni niSnis
gamotovebas da sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevrobas orives gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi.
21.11.1 sasveni niSnebis gamotoveba
mravalwertilis gamoklebiT, nurasdros ixmarT or wertils
erTad, rogorc es xdeba maSin, rodesac abreviaturiT bolovdeba
winadadeba. datoveT abreviaturis wertili, Tu winadadeba
sruldeba kiTxvis niSniT an Zaxilis niSniT.
The exchange occurred at 5:30 p.m.
Could anyone match the productivity of Rogers Inc.? \
Tu konteqsti moiTxovs rogorc mZimis, aseve, ufro Zlieri
sasveni niSnis, magaliTad, kiTxvis niSnis an tiresdasmas, amoiReT
mZime.
If he had read “What Do Dogs Think?” he would have known the answer.
While the senator couldn’t endorse the proposal – and he certainly had doubts about it –
he didn’t condemn it.
437
21.11.2 sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevroba
momijnave sasveni niSnebis yvelaze savaraudo SemTxvevebi moicavs
damaboloebel sasven niSnebs brWyalebTan, frCxilebTan an
kvadratul frCxilebTan erTad. sasveni niSnebis xmarebis
amerikuli varianti eyrdnoba sasveni niSnebis Tanmimdevrobis
ramdenime sando saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebas.
brWyalebTan erTad
saboloo mZime an wertili TiTqmis yovelTvis win uswrebs
damaboloebel brWyals, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ar aris igi
citirebuli masalis nawili.
In support of the effort “to bring justice to our people,” she joined the strike.
She made the argument in an article titled “On ‘Managing Public Debt.’”
aris erTi gamonaklisi: Tu erTmagi brWyalebi gamoiyeneba
specialuri terminebis gamosayofad garkveul dargebSi, rogoricaa
lingvistika, filosofia da Teologia (ix.21.10), dasviT wertili an
mZime damaboloebeli brWyalis Semdeg.
Some contemporary theologians, who favored ‘religionless Christianity’, were
proclaiming the ‘death of God’.
kiTxvis niSnebi da Zaxilis niSnebi win uswrebs
damaboloebel brWyals, Tu isini warmoadgens citirebuli masalis
nawils. isini mosdevs brWyals, Tu Seexeba mTel winadadebas,
romelSic Cndeba citireba.
Her poem is titled “What Did the Crow Know?”
Do we accept Jefferson’s concept of “a natural aristocracy”?
wertil-mZime da ori wertili yovelTvis mosdevs brWyalebs.
Tu citireba bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an ori wertiliT, SecvaleT
is wertiliT an mZimiT, raTa miusadagoT mTavari winadadebis
struqturas (ix. 25.3.1).
He claimed that “every choice reflects an attitude toward Everyman”; his speech then
enlarged on the point in a telling way.
438
The Emergency Center is “almost its own city”: it has its own services and governance.
frCxilebTan da kvadratul frCxilebTan erTad.mTliani
winadadebis frCxilebSi Casmisas dasviT am winadadebis
damasrulebeli wertili (an sxva damaboloebeli sasveni niSani)
bolo frCxilis win. magram wertili frCxilis gareTdasviT, Tu
frCxilebSi Casmuli masala, gramatikulad dasrulebuli
winadadebac ki, wina winadadebas ganmartavs an agrZelebs mis azrs.
igive principebi vrceldeba kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmul
masalazec.
We have noted similar motifs in Japan. (They can also be found in Korean folktales.)
Myths have been accepted as allegorically true (by the Stoics) and as priestly lies (by the
Enlightenment).
(The director promised completion “on time and under budget” [italics mine].)
frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebis damaboloebeli punqtuaciis
Sesaxeb ixileT 25.2.
439
22. saxelebi, specialuri terminebi da naSromebis saTaurebi
22.1 saxelebi
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi
22.1.2 istoriuli movlenebi, kulturuli terminebi da drois
aRniSvnebi
22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi
22.2 specialuri terminebi
22.2.1 ucxoenovani terminebi
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi
22.3 naSromebis saTaurebi
22.3.1 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna
22.3.3 punqtuacia
winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebulia saxelebis, specialuri
terminebis da naSromebis saTaurebis warmodgenis zogadi
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi. am TavSi, aseve,ganxilulia, Tu ra
SemTxvevebSi unda gamoviyenoT mTavruli an nusxuri asoebi
sityvebis dasawyisSi da rodis unda gamoviyenoT brWyalebi an
daxrili Srifti (gansxvavebiT swori Sriftisgan) sityvebis,
frazebisa Tu saTaurebis gamosayofad.
zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, mogixdeT am saxelmZRvanelo
principebis misadageba SemTxvevebTan, romlebic ar aris moyvanili
winamdebare naSromSi. Tu es ase moxdeba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni. Tu
ar SegiZliaT daxrili Sriftis xmareba, mimarTeT xazgasmas.
TumuSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens
ganyofilebas an universitets SeiZleba,hqondes saxelebis,
specialuri terminebisa da saTaurebis daweris gansakuTrebuli
moTxovnebi. es moTxovnebi, rogorc wesi, moipoveba Tezisebisa da
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi. Tu muSaobT saklaso naSromze,
440
Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, aseve, mogTxovoT daicvaT msgavsi
naSromebis warsadgenad saWiro principebi. ganixileT es
moTxovnebi, sanam moamzadebT Tqvens naSroms. isini winamdebare
TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.
sxvadasxva disciplinaSi arsebul stilTan dakavSirebiT
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.
22.1 saxelebi
sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi an saxelebi iwereba mTavruli asoebiT,
Tumca xSirad rTulia, ganvasxvavoT saxeli zogadi terminisgan.
winamdebare nawilSi ganxilulia yvelaze gavrcelebuli
SemTxvevebi. ufro detaluri informaciis misaRebad ixileT
`Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-8
Tavi (Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition (2003)).
teqstSi saxelebi, Cveulebriv, warmodgenilia swori SriftiT,
Tumca, aris ramdenime gamonaklisi, romelic ganxilulia 22.1.3-Si.
22.1.1 xalxebi, geografiuli adgilebi da organizaciebi
zogadad dawereT mTavruliT konkretuli xalxis, geografiuli
adgilebisa da organizaciis dasaxelebis yoveli elementis
pirveli aso. amasTan, sakuTari saxelebi, romlebic Seicavs
nawilakebs (magaliTad, de davan) an rTuli gvarebi SeiZleba,
gansxvavdebodes mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.
daeWvebis SemTxvevaSi CaixedeT `vebsteris biografiul leqsikonSi~
an sxva avtoritetul leqsikonSi, windebulebi (of) da kavSirebi
(and), romlebic saxelebis Semadgeneli nawilebia, rogorc wesi,
nusxuriT iwereba, rogorc, magaliTad, artikli the saxelis win.
saxelebis kuTvnilebiTi brunvis formebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT
20.2. abreviaturebi saxelebTan erTad ixileT 24.2-Si. ricxvebis
Semcveli saxelebi ixileT 23.1.6-Si.
441
Eleanor Roosevelt the Unived States Congress
W. E.B. Du Bois the State Department
Ludwig van Beethoven the European Union
Victoria Sackville-West the University of North Carolina
Chiang Kai-shek the Honda Motor Company
Sierra Leone Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Central America the University of Chicago Press
New York City the National Conference of Christians and Jews
the Atlantic Ocean the Roman Catholic Church
the Republic of Lithuania the Allied Expeditionary Force
profesiis gamomxatveli tituli uSualod piradi saxelis
win mTavruli asoTiiwereba, rogorc saxelis nawili. Tu tituls
calke an piradi saxelis Semdeg iyenebT, is iqceva nawarmoeb
terminad da iwereba patara asoTi. igive principi vrceldeba sxva
saerTo terminebze, romlebic geografiuli adgilis an
organizaciis saxelwodebis nawilia.
President Harry Truman announced the president announced
Professors Harris and Wilson wrote the professors wrote
next to the Indian Ocean next to the ocean
students at Albion College students at the college
442
mTavruliT iwereba, aseve, eTnikuri da nacionaluri jgufebis
saxelebi, rac ar vrceldeba socio-ekonomikuri fenis aRmniSvnel
terminebze. (orive tipis Sedgenil sityvebSi defisis dasmis Sesaxeb
ixileT 20.3.2. tomebis saxelebis, magaliTad, Hopi, mravlobiTi
ricxvis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.1.)
Arab Americans the middle class
Latinos blue-collar workers
mTavruliT dawereT arsebiTi saxelebisgan warmoebuli
zedsarTavi saxelebi, garda SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maT dakarges
uSualo asociacia konkretul pirovnebebTan an geografiul
adgilebTan da gadaiqcnen yoveldRiuri salaparako enis nawilad.
Machiavellian scheme french fries
Roman and Arabic art roman and arabic numerals
22.1.2 istoriuli movlenebi, kuturuli terminebi da drois aRniSvnebi
mravali istoriuli periodisa da movlenis saxeli,
tradiciisamebr, mTavruli asoebiT iwereba; ufro zogadi terminebi
_Cveulebriv,nusxuriT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac isini
Seicavs sakuTar saxels. daicaviT Tqvens disciplinaSi arsebuli
wesebi.
the Bronze Age ancient Rome
the Depression the nineteenth century
the Industrial Revolution the Shang dynasty
Prohibition the colonial period
the Seven Years’ War the baby boom
443
kulturis stilis, moZraobebisa da skolebis aRmniSvneli
arsebiTi saxelebi da zedsarTavi saxelebi zogadad mTavruliT
iwereba mxolod maSin, rodesac isini warmoebulia sakuTari
saxelebisgan an rodesac saWiroa, ganvasxvavoT isini saerTo
terminebisgan (magaliTad,Stoicism). am SemTxvevaSic daicaviT Tqveni
disciplinis wesebi.
classical Aristotelian reasoning
impressionism Dadaism
modernism Hudson River school
deconstruction Romanesque architecture
kviris dReebis, Tveebisa da dResaswaulebis saxelebi iwereba
mTavruli asoTi, xolo weliwadis droebis – ara. meti informacia
TariRis sistemebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.
Tuesday September Independence Day spring
22.1.3 sxva tipis saxelebi
sxva tipis saxelebis werisas, aseve, vxelmZRvanelobT mTavruli
asoebis gamoyenebis specialuri nimuSebiT, xolo zogierTi maTgani
daxrili SriftiT unda daiweros.
• akademiuri kursebi da sagnebi. dawereT mTavruliT specialuri
kursebis saxelebi da ara zogadi sagnebis an kvlevis sferoebis
saxelebi, garda enebis saxelebisa.
Introduction of Asian Art art history
Topics in Victorian Literature English literature
• aqtebi, xelSekrulebebi da samTavrobo programebi. dawereT
mTavruliT aqtebis, xelSekrulebebis, samTavrobo programebisa da
msgavsi dokumentebisa Tu organizaciebis oficialuri an miRebuli
saxelwodebebi, xolo nusxuriT – araoficialuri an saerTo
saxelwodebebi.
the United States (or U.S.) Constitution the due process clause
the Treaty of Versailles the treaty
Head Start `hed starti~ (ganmanaTlebeli da
444
samedicino programa)
• brendebis saxelebi. dawereT mTavruliT produqtebis brendebis
saxelebi, magram nu ixmarT simboloebs ® anTM
Coca-Cola cola
Xerox photocopy
saxelebis Semdeg.
amasTan,Tu ar saubrobT specifikur produqtze, ixmareT saerTo
termini brendis saxelis nacvlad.
• eleqtronuli teqnologia. dawereT mTavruliT kompiuteruli
aparaturisa da programebis, qselebis, brauzerebis, sistemebisa da
enebis saxelebi da am saxelebis Semoklebuli formebi.
Windows XP the Internet; the Net
Internet Explorer the World Wide Web; the Web
• sasamarTlo saqmeebi. dawereT mTavruliT da daxrili SriftiT
sasamarTlo saqmeebis saxelwodebebi; dawereT daxrili SriftiT
asov. (versus). SegiZliaT, saqmis saxelwodebis Semokleba misi
srulad miTiTebis Semdeg. sasamarTlo saqmeebis miTiTebebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 17.9.7. da 19.9.7.
• gemebi, sahaero xomaldebi da sxva satransporto saSualebebi. dawereT mTavruliT da daxrili SriftiT gemebis, sahaero
xomaldebisa da sxva satransporto saSualebebis saxelebi. Tu
saxelebis win gvxvdeba iseTi abreviaturebi, rogoricaa USS (United States ship) an HMS (Her [or His] Majesty’s ship), nu dawerT daxrili
SriftiT am abreviaturebs an nu ixmarT sityvas ship saxelTan
erTad.
pirveli miTiTeba Semdgomi miTiTebebi
Miranda v. Arizona Miranda
United States v. Carlisle Carlisle
USS Constitution Spirit of St. Louis
HMSSaranac the space shuttle Endeavor
• mcenareebi da cxovelebi. humanitaruli an socialuri
mecnierebebisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSinu dawerT mTavruliT
445
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis saxeobebis dasaxelebebs.mTavruliT
iwereba mxolod maTi warmoSobis mimaniSnebeli geografiuli
adgilis dasaxeleba. saxeobebis ornawiliani laTinuri saxelebi
iwereba daxrili SriftiT, gvariiwereba mTavruliT, xolo saxeoba
(an specifikuri epiTeti) nusxuri asoebiT. tipebis, rigebis da a.S.
saxelebi iwereba swori SriftiT. sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebebisadmi miZRvnil naSromebSi ixelmZRvaneleT Tqvens
disciplinaSi miRebuli wesebiT.
rhesus monkey Rocky Mountain sheep Rosa caroliniana Chordata
22.2 specialuri terminebi
zogi specialuri termini moiTxovs daxrili Sriftis, brWyalebisa
da mTavruli asoebis xmarebas.
22.2.1 ucxoenovani terminebi
dawereT daxrili SriftiT calkeuli ucxo enaze dawerili
sityvebi da frazebi, romlebic, savaraudod, ucnobi iqneba
inglisurenovani mkiTxvelisTvis da dasviT mTavruli asoebi iseve,
rogorc maT originalisenaze svamen. (Tu ar iciT ama Tu im enis
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis principebi, CaixedeT avtoritetul
wyaroSi, rogoricaa `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis
me-15 gamocemis me-10 Tavi. ucxoenovani naSromebis saTaurebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 22.3.1.
This leads to the idea of bermensch and to the theory of the acte gratuit and surrealism. .
nu dawerT daxrili SriftiT ucxoenovan saxelebs an pirad
titulebs (wodebebs), romlebic maT axlavT.
Padre Pio
the Académie Française
the Pierto del Sol
Tu Tqven gansazRvravT ucxoenovan termins, CasviT
gansazRvrebaterminis Semdeg teqstSi an SeniSvnaSi frCxilebSi an
brWyalebSi.
The usual phrase was ena tuainu-iai, “I wanted to eat.”
446
According to Sartrean ontology, man is always de trop (in excess).
ucxoenovani wyaroebidan moyvanili ufro grZeli
citatebisTvis gamoiyeneT swori Srifti. dawereT daxrili
SriftiT mTliani citata an masSi arsebuli nebismieri sityva
mxolod maSin, Tu isini daxrili SriftiT aris warmodgenili
originalSi. CasviT citata brWyalebSi teqstis SigniT an
gamoiyeneT blok-citata 25.2-Si Camoyalibebuli principebis
Sesabamisad.
The confusion of le pragmatisme is traced to the supposed failure to distinguish “les
propriétés de la valeur en général” from the incidental.
22.2.2 terminebad gansazRvruli sityvebi
Tqvens mier gansazRvruli ZiriTadi terminebis xazgasmis mizniT,
maTi pirvelad moxseniebisas dawereT isini daxrili SriftiT,
Semdeg ki ixmareT swori Srifti. SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT brWyalebi
(e.w. `gamafrTxilebeli brWyalebi’’), raTa gaafrTxiloT mkiTxveli,
rom arastandartulad an ironiuli kuTxiT iyenebT termins.
zedmeti xmarebis SemTxvevaSi es ori meTodi naklebad efeqturi
xdeba.
The two chief tactics of this group, obstructionism and misinformation, require careful
analysis.
Government “effeciency” resulted in a huge deficit.
dawereT termini daxrili SriftiT, Tu mas moixseniebT,
rogorc termins.
The term critical mass is more often used metaphorically than literally.
How did she define the word existential?
magram
A critical mass of students took existential philosophy.
dawereT daxrili nusxuri SriftiT asoebi, romlebic calke
moixsenieba. niSnebis da magaliTebis gamomxatveli sityvebi iwereba
swori SriftiT da mTavruliT. amgvarad gamoyenebuli sityvebis
mravlobiTi ricxvis formebis Sesaxeb ixileT 20.1.2.
447
Many of the place-names there begin with the letters h and k.
In her senior year, she received an A and six B’s.
Imagine a group of interconnected persons: A knows B, B knows C, and C knows D.
22.3 naSromebis saTaurebi
rodesac miuTiTebT werilobiT, mxatvrul an samauwyeblo
namuSevars, warmoadgineT misi saTauri zustad iseve, rogorc is
naCvenebia originalur namuSevarSi an, Tu originali xelmisawvdomi
ar aris, - avtoritetul wyaroSi.
yovelTvis daicaviT aseT saTaurebSi originaluri
damwerloba (maT Soris, dasmuli defisebi), maSinac, rodesac igi
ar Seesabameba me-20 TavSi aRweril Tanamedroveamerikul wesebs,
ixileT 17.1.2 saTaurebis punqtuaciaSi zogierTi dasaSvebi
cvlilebis Sesatanad, rogoricaa ori wertilis xmareba saTaursa
da qvesaTaurs Soris da mZimis darTva TariRebis win.
akademiuri tradiciisamebr, saTaurebi iwereba mTavruli
asoebis gamoyenebisa da teqstis moniSvnis (daxrili Srifti,
brWyalebi an arcerTi) specifikuri modelebiT, imisda miuxedavad,
Tu rogor aris warmodgenili originalSi. teqstSi da miTiTebebSi
gamoyenebuli saTaurebisTvis principebi,garkveulwilad,
gansxvavebulia.
22.3.1 mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba
saTaurebs aqvs mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis ori modeli:
saTauris stili (headline style) da winadadebis stili(sentence style).
warmoadgineT teqstSi moxseniebuli saTaurebis umetesoba saTauris
stilSi. ucxoenovani saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi isargebleT
winadadebis stiliT.
miTiTebebSi arCevani damokidebulia im miTiTebis stilze,
romliTac sargeblobT: zogadad, saTauris stili gamoiyeneba
bibliografiuli miTiTebebisTvis da winadadebis stili _
448
miTiTebebis CamonaTvlisTvis. (aris ramdenime gamonaklisi; ixileT,
Sesabamisad, me-17 da me-19 Tavebi.)
Tqveni naSromisada misi nebismieri nawilebis an Tavebis
saTaurebisTvis isargebleT saTauris stiliT, Tu Tqvens
disciplinaSi ar aris miRebuli winadadebis stili (ix. A.1.5).
saTauris stili. saTauris stilis mizaniateqstidan saTaurebis
mkafiodgamokveTa. am stilSi mTavruliT dawereT saTauris da
qvesaTauris yvela sityvis pirveli a,so garda Semdegi
gamonaklisebisa:
• nu dawerT mTavruliT artiklebs (a, an, the),kavSirebs (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) an sityvebs to daas, Tu aseTi sityva ar aris saTauris an qvesaTauris pirveli an bolo sityva.
• nu dawerT mTavruliT windebulebs (of, in, at, above, under da a.S.),
TumaTze ar keTdeba aqcenti (through - A Rover Runs Through It-Si) Tu isini ar gamoiyeneba zmnizedebis (up - Look Up), zedsarTavi saxelebis
(on - The On Button) an kavSirebis (before - Look Before You Leap) funqciiT.
• nu dawerT mTavruliT defisiani Sedgenili sityvis meore (an
momdevno) nawilebs, Tu isini ar aris sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebi
an zedsarTavi saxelebi. (nu dagaviwydebaT saTaurebSi defisebis
dasmis originaluri wesis SenarCuneba maSinac, roca igi
gansxvavdeba 20.3-Si ganxiluli principebisgan.)
• nu dawerT mTavruliT sakuTari arsebiTi saxelebis im nawilebs,
romlebic,Cveulebriv, nusxuriT iwereba, rogorc es naCvenebia22.1.1-Si( Ludwig van Beethoven).
The Economic Effects of the Civil War in the Mid-Atlantic States
To Have and to Hold: A Twenty-first-century View of Marriage
All That Is True: The Life of Vincent van Gogh, 1853-90
Four Readings of the Gospel according to Mathew
Self-government and the Re-establishement of a New World Order ena
Global Warming: What We Are Doing about It Today
Still Life with Oranges
E-flat Concerto
449
miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri mokle sityva am stilSi nusxuriT
iwereba,mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebas sityvis sigrZe ar
gansazRvravs. saWiroa mokle zmnebis (is, are), zedsarTavi saxelebis
(new), piris nacvalsaxelebis (it, we) da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis
(that) mTavruli asoebiT dawera, vinaidan isini zemoT CamoTvlili
gamonaklisebis siaSia. dawereT nuxuriT grZeli windebulebi
(according), radgan isini gvxvdeba gamonaklisebs Soris.
dauSvebelia ori tipis saTauris saTauris stilSi
warmodgena maSinac, Tu am stils Tqven iyenebT yvela sxva
saTaurisTvis:
• sxva enebze, garda inglisurisa, daweril saTaurebSi ixmareT
winadadebis stilis kapitalizacia (ixileT qvemoT).
• meTvramete saukuneSi da ufro adre gamoqveynebuli naSromebis
saTaurebSi ucvlelad datoveT originaluri mTavruli asoebis
gamoyenebis stili (da orTografia), Tumca,gaiTvaliswineT, rom
sityvebSi, romelTa yvela asoc originalSi mTavruliT aris
dawerili, mxolod pirveli aso unda daweroT mTavruliT.
A Treatise of morall philosophy Contaynyge the sayings of the wyse
winadadebis stili. saTauris stilisgan gansxvavebiT, winadadebis
stilisaTaurebis warmodgenis ufro martivi, magram naklebad
gamorCeuli saSualebaa. am stilSi mTavruliT dawereT mxolod
saTauris da qvesaTauris pirveli sityvis pirveli aso da
nebismieri momdevno sakuTari arsebiTi saxeli da sakuTari
zedsarTavi saxeli.
Seeing and selling late-nineteenth-century Japan
Natural crisis: Symbol and imagination in the mid-American farm crisis
Religious feminism: A challenge from the National Organization for Women
The last supper
winadadebis stili gamoiyeneba, agreTve, ucxourenovani
naSromebis saTaurebisTvis. ucxo enebis mTavruli asoebiT daweris
450
principebi gansxvavdeba inglisuri enis principebisgan, amitom Tu
ar xarT darwmunebuli konkretuli ucxo enis principebSi,
CaixedeT avtoriterul wyaroSi.
Speculum Romanae magnificentiae
Historia de la Orden de San Gerónimo
Reallexikon zur deutschen Kunstgeschichte
Phénoménologie et religion. Structures de l’institution chrétienne
22.3.2 teqstis tipografiuli moniSvna
specialuri tipografiuli moniSvna – daxrili Srifti da
brWyalebi – aseve,gvexmareba naSromebis saTaurebis teqstidan
gamokveTaSi. winamdebare paragrafSi CamoTvlili saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebi vrceldeba teqstSi gamoyenebul saTaurebze. isini aseve
vrceldeba umetes saTaurze bibliografiis stilis miTiTebebSi
(ix. me-17 Tavi), rac ar SeiZleba, iTqvas sqolioSi miTiTebis
stilSi aRniSnul saTaurebze(ixileT me-19 Tavi).
qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi warmodgenilia saTauris stiliT.
Tumca, saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi, aseve, vrceldeba winadadebis
stilis mqone saTaurebze (ix. 22.3.1).
daxrili Srifti. dawereT daxrili SriftiT SedarebiT
grZeligamoqveynebuli (dabeWdili an eleqtronuli formiT
mocemuli) an sazogadoebisTvis sxvamxriv cnobili naSromebis
saTaurebi, teqstSi (da ara miTiTebebSi) sityva the swori SriftiT
da nusxuri asoebiT iwereba umetesi saTauris dasawyisSi, maSinac,
roca is oficialuri saTauris nawilia. am naSromebis nawilebTan
da amave tipis ufro mokle naSromebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT
qvemoT.
• wignebi (Culture and Anarchy, the Chicago Manual of Style)
• piesebi (A Winter’s Tale) da Zalian grZeli poemebi, gansakuTrebiT
wignis moculobis mqone poemebi (Dante’s Inferno)
451
• samecniero Jurnalebi (Signs), popularuli Jurnalebi (Time), gazeTebi (the Washington Post) da sxva perioduli gamocemebi
• grZeli musikaluri nawarmoebebi (the Marriage of Figaro)
• ferweruli naxatebi (Mona Lisa), qandakebebi (Michelangelo’s David) da sxva xelovnebis nimuSebi, garda fotoebisa
• kinofilmebi (Citizen Kane) da satelevizio (Sesame Street) da
radioprogramebi (All Things Considered)
brWyalebi. ufro mokle naSromis saTauri, romelic SeiZleba
iyos an ar iyos ufro grZeli naSromis nawili (rogoricaa
zemoCamoTvlili naSromebi) CasviT brWyalebSi, magram ar
daweroT daxrili SriftiT:
• Tavi (“The Later Years”) an wignis sxva dasaTaurebuli nawilebi
• mokle moTxrobebi (“The Dead”), mokle poemebi (“The Housekeeper”) da narkvevebi (“Of Books”)
• statiebi an sxva masala samecniero JurnalebSi (“The Function of Fashion in Eighteenth-century America”), popularul JurnalebSi (“Who Should Lead the Supreme Court?”), gazeTebSi (“Election Comes Down to the Wire”) da sxva periodul gamocemebSi
• satelevizio programebis individualuri epizodebi (“The Opposite”)
• mokle musikaluri nawarmoebebi (“The Star-Spangled Banner”)
• fotosuraTebi (Ansel Adam’s “North Dome”)
ixmareT, aseve, brWyalebi da swori Srifti im sruli
naSromebis saTaurebSi, romlebic ar aris oficialurad
gamoqveynebuli, maT Soris Semdegi saxis naSromebisa:
• Tezisebi theses da disertaciebi (“A Study of Kant’s Early Works”)
452
• leqciebi da sxdomebze wakiTxuli moxsenebebi (“Voice and Inequality: The Transformation of American Civic Democracy”)
• dasaTaurebuli dokumentebi xelnawerebis koleqciebSi (“A Map of the Southern Indian District of North America”)
specialuri tipofrafiuli moniSvnis gareSe. dawereT
mTavruliT, magram nu gamoiyenebT daxril Srifts an brWyalebs
Semdegi specialuri tipis saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi:
• wignebis seriebi (Studies in Legal History).
• xelnawerebis koleqciebi (Egmont Manuscripts).
• wminda wignebi (the Bible) da sxva religiuri naSromebi (the Upanishads), aseve, bibliis sxvadasxva versia(the King James Version) da misi wignebi (Genesis; sruli sia ixileT 24.6-Si).
• musikaluri nawarmoebebi, moxseniebuli maTi Janris mixedviT
(Symphony no. 41, Cantata BWV 80), Tumca, am nawarmoebebis
popularuli saxelwodebebi iwereba daxrili SriftiT (the Jupiter Symphony) da Casmulia brWyalebSi (“Ein feste Burg ist unser Gott”), gamomdinare, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, maTi sigrZidan.
• zogadad moxseniebuli vebsaitebi (MSNBC.com), Tumca,
miTiTebebSi vebsaitebis saxelebi iwereba daxrili SriftiT
(Salon.com), xolo calkeuli statiebisa Tu gverdebis saTaurebi
iwereba swori SriftiT da Casmulia brWyalebSi (“The Fix’).
miiCnieT wignebis an sxva naSromebis nawilebis saerTo
aRniSvnebi nebismier sxva sityvad. nu dawerT mTavruliT da nu
ixmarT daxril Srifts an brWyalebs, garda SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac igives izamdiT Cveulebrivi sityvis dawerisas (rogorc
winadadebis dasawyisSi). Tu nawili Seicavs nomers, miuTiTeT igi
arabul ricxvebSi, miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogor aris igi
naCvenebi originalur naSromSi (ixileT 23.1.8).
in Lionel Trilling’s preface as discussed in chapters 4 and 5
453
a comprehensive bibliography killed off in act 3, scene 2
22.3.3 punqtuacia
daicaviT teqstSi saTauris bolos mZimis, wertilis an sxva sasveni
niSnis dasmis standartuli saxelmZRvanelo wesebi. Tu saTauri
bolovdeba TariRebiT, gamoyaviT isini dawyvilebuli mZimeebiT,
winadadebis daboloebis gamoklebiT, sadac damaboloebeli sasveni
niSani enacvleba meore mZimes (ix., aseve,17.1.2). brWyalebSi Casmuli
saTaurebis SemTxvevaSi dasviT mZime an wertili Camketi sasveni
niSnis win (ix., aseve,21.11.2).
Have you ever read The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787?
Her article, “Continuity and Change, 1500-1800,” argues in favor of continuity.
454
23. ricxvebi
23.1 sityvebi Tu ricxvebi?
23.1.1 zogadi wesi
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi
23.1.4 fuli
23.1.5 dro
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad
23.1.7 misamarTebi da magistralebi
23.1.8 gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebi
23.1.9 gantolebebi da formulebi
23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia
23.2.1 ricxvebi mravlobiTSi
23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi
23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi
23.4 teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi
23.4.1 ricxvebi cxrilebSi, suraTebSi da miTiTebebSi
23.4.2 CamonaTvlebi
23.4.3 naSromis struqtura
winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT zogad miTiTebebs ricxvebis
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT. es saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi
vrceldeba humanitaruli da socialuri mecnierebebis TiTqmis
yvela disciplinaze, magram im disciplinebs, romlebic mTlianad
efuZneba ricxobriv monacemebs, SeiZleba, ufro konkretuli
455
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi hqondes. Tu amzadebT naSroms
sabunebismetyvelo an zust mecnierebebSi, an romelime sxva
wmindad teqnikur dargSi, dacaviT am konkretul disciplinaSi
miRebuli wesebi. sxvadasxva disciplinisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi ixileT bibliografiaSi.
zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, mogixdeT am saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis
morgeba im situaciebze, romlebic aq ar aris moyvanili. Tu es ase
iqneba, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni.
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens
ganyofilebas an universitets SeiZleba, gaaCndes specifikuri
moTxovnebi ricxvebis wardgenasTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi,
rogorc wesi, moipoveba sadiplomo namuSevrebisa da disertaciebis
ofisSi. Tu amzadebT saklaso naSroms, Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba,
aseve, mogTxovoT ricxvebis wardgenis garkveuli principebis dacva.
gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi vidre naSromis weras daiwyebT. isini
winamdebare paragrafSi moyvanil saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze
upiratesia.
23.1 sityvebi Tu ricxvebi?
cifrebis wardgenisas yvelaze xSirad dasmuli kiTxvaa, rogor
unda warvadginoT ricxvebi – sityvebiT (twenty-two) Tu ricxvebiT
(22). rodesac ricxvs mosdevs zomis erTeuli, aqac unda
gadawyvitoT, sityvebiT daweroT erTeulis (percent), simbolos (%),
Tu abreviaturis saxiT.
23.1-23.3-Si warmodgenili saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi Seexeba Tqveni
naSromis teqstSi gamoyenebul ricxvebs. cxrilebSi, suraTebSi,
miTiTebebSi da Tqveni naSromis struqturaSi gamoyenebul
ricxvebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT 23.4.
Tu sxvagvarad ar iqna miTiTebuli, ricxvebi am TavSi gulisxmobs
arabul cifrebs (1, 2, 3 da a.S.). romauli cifrebis (i, ii, iii da a.S.)
Sesaxeb ixileT cxrili 23.1.
456
23.1.1 zogadi wesi
vidre SeadgenT Tqveni naSromis proeqts, miiReT gadawyvetileba
rogor warmoadgenT masSi ricxvebs da ganuxrelad daicaviT
arCeuli wesi. Tqveni arCevani damokidebulia imaze, Tu ramden
ricxvobriv monacems warmoadgenT da rogoria Tqvens disciplinaSi
miRebuli wesebi. im SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb, romlis drosac SeiZleba,
SecvaloT zemoaRniSnuli wesi, ixileT 23.1.2-23.1.8.
cxrili 23.1. romauli ricxvebi
arabuli romauli arabuli romauli arabuli romauli
1 I 11 XI 30 XXX
2 II 12 XII 40 XL
3 III 13 XIII 50 L
4 IV 14 XIV 60 LX
5 V 15 XV 70 LXX
6 VI 16 XVI 80 LXXX
7 VII 17 XVII 90 XC
8 VIII 18 XVIII 100 C
9 IX 19 XIX 500 D
10 X 20 XX 1,000 M
SeniSvna: romauli ricxvebi mTavruli asoebiTaa warmodgenili;
cifrebis patara asoebiT warmosadgenad gamoiyeneT igive formebi,
rac mTavrul asoebSi (i I-sTvis, v V-sTvis da a.S.). im ricxvebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebic ar aris cxrilSi mocemuli,
ixelmZRvaneleT warmodgenili nimuSebiT.
Tu humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi mogyavT mxolod
ramdenime raodenobrivi monacemi, erTidan asamde ricxvebi dawereT
sityvierad (fifty-five). dawereT, aseve, sityvierad mrgvali ricxvebi,
457
romlebsac mosdevs: thousand, ten thousand, million da a.S. yvela sxva
cifrisTvis ixmareT arabuli ricxvebi. ixelmZRvaneleT am
modeliT, roca ricxvi gamoxatavs fizikuri sididis sazomis
nawils (manZili, sigrZe, temperatura da a.S.) da nu ixmarT
abreviaturebs am erTeulebTan (ix. 24.5).
After seven years of war came sixty-four years of peace. .
The population of the three states was approximately twelve million. .
He catalogued more than 527 works of art.
Within fifteen minutes the temperature dropped twenty degrees.
Tu Tqveni Tema Zalian damokidebulia ricxobriv monacemebze,
daicaviT sxva wesi: dawereT sityvierad mxolod martivi ricxvebi
da ixmareT cifrebi yvela sxva ricxvisTvis.
This study of 14 electoral districts over seven years included 142 participants.
He hit the wall at 65 miles per hour, leaving skid marks for nine feet.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi zogadi wesi SeiZleba,
iTvaliswinebdes cifrebis gamoyenebas yvela ricxvisTvis, garda im
SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maTiT iwyeba winadadeba (ix. 23.1.2).
SegiZliaT, aseve, raodenobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyenoT
abreviaturebi (ix. 24.5).
rogorc aRmoCnda, saSualo wonam Seadgina 7 gr. – savaraudoze
bevrad naklebi.
rigobiT ricxviT saxelebTanac igive, raodenobiTi ricxviTi
saxelebis gamoyenebis wesebi unda daicvaT. sadac saWiroa, daurTeT
st, nd, rd an th.
On the 122nd and 123rd days of his trip, he received his eighteenth and nineteenth letters
from home.
23.1.2 gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebi
ramdenime gavrcelebul SemTxvevaSi 23.1.1-Si ganxiluli situacia
modifikacias saWiroebs.
458
sawyisi ricxvebi. nurasdros daiwyebT winadadebas ricxviTi
saxeliT. dawereT ricxvi sityvierad an sxvagvarad dawereT
winadadeba, gansakuTrebiT, maSin, rodesac masSi sxva msgavsi tipis
ricxviTi saxelia.
Two hundred fifty soldiers in the unit escaped injury; 175 sustained minor injuries.
an, ukeTesi variantia,
Of the soldiers in the unit, 250 escaped injury and 175 sustained minor injuries.
sityvierad dawerisas gamotoveT terminSi arsebuli sityva and
(miuRebelia two hundred and fifty).
ricxvebis rigi. nu daicavT zogad wess, rodesac erTsa da imave
winadadebaSi warmodgenilia zRvruli sididis zemoT da qvemoT
arsebuli ricxvebis rigi, gansakuTrebiT, rodesac am ricxvebs
erTmaneTs adareben. qvemoT moyvanil magaliTebSi yvela ricxvi
cifrebSia warmodgenili.
Of the group surveyed, 78 students had studied French and 142 had studied Spanish for
three years or more.
We analyzed 62 cases; of these, 59 had occurred in adults and 3 in children.
Tu ganixilavT Tematurad Zalian daaxloebul monacemTa or rigs,
nu daicavT zogad wess da sicxadisTvis sityvierad dawereT erTi
rigis yvela ricxvi da gamoiyeneT ricxviTi saxelebi meore rigis
yvela ricxvisTvis.
programis farglebSi 9 bavSvs daetyo garkveuli gaumjobeseba
eqvsi Tvis Semdeg, xolo 37 bavSvs daetyo mniSvnelovani
gaumjobeseba Tvrameti Tvis Semdeg.
mrgvali ricxvebi. dawereT calke, sityvierad mrgvali ricxvi
(mTeli ricxvi, romelsac mosdevs hundred, thousand, hundred thousand,
million da a.S) (ix. 23.1.1), xolo ramdenime mrgvali ricxvi –
gverdigverd, cifrebiT. Tqven, aseve, SegiZliaT, msxvili mrgvali
ricxvebi warmoadginoT cifrebisa da sityvebis kombinaciis saxiT
(ix., aseve, 23.1.4).
459
They sold 1,500 copies in the first year and 8,000 in the second.
These changes will affect about 7.8 million people in New York alone.
23.1.3 procentebi da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi
gamoiyeneT ricxvebi procentebisa da wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis
saCveneblad, garda winadadebis dasawyisisa (ix. 23.1.2). sityva
procenti percent dawereT sityvebiT, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac
mravlad gixdebaT procentuli cifruli monacemebis Cveneba da
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa disciplinebisa, sadac, rogorc
wesi, ufro misaRebia simbolo % (ricxvis Semdeg Sualeduri
intervalis gareSe). gaiTvaliswineT, rom dauSvebelia percentage
xmareba ricxvTan erTad.
Scores for students who skipped summer school improved only 9 percent. The percentage
of students who failed was about 2.4 times the usual rate.
Within this system, the subject scored 3.8, or 95%.
magram ara
The average rose 9 percentage points.
rodesac erTi da imave tipis punqtisTvis erTsa da imave
winadadebaSi an paragrafSi iyenebT wilobiT ricxviT saxelebsa da
mTel ricxvebs, orive ricxvebis saxiT warmoadgineT.
The average number of children born to college graduates dropped from 2.4 to 2.
kolejis kursdamTavrebulTa Soris Sobadobis saSualo
raodenobam iklo 2.4-dan 2-mde.
dasviT noli 1.00-ze naklebi wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelis win, Tu
warmodgenili sidide SeiZleba, gautoldes an gadaaWarbos 1.00-s;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gamotoveT sawyisi noli.
a mean of 0.73 a loss of 0.08 p < .05
calkeuli wilobiTi ricxviTi saxelis SemTxvevaSi,
ixelmZRvaneleT nawilebis sityvierad daweris zogadi wesiT (ix.
23.1.1). nawilebis sityvebiT dawerisas dawereT defisi maT Soris.
dawereT cifrebiT da nawilebs Soris Sualeduri intervalis
gareSe mTeli ricxvisgan da wiladisgan Sedgenili erTeuli.
460
Trade and commodity services accounted for nine-tenths of all international receipts and
payments.
One year during the Dust Bowl era, the town received only 15/16 of an inch of rain.
ZiriTadi saWreli iaraRis sigrZe, romelsac sazogadoebaSi
iyenebdnen, Seadgenda 2½ futs.
23.1.4 fuli
aSS-is valuta. Tu aSS-is valutas mxolod drodadro moixseniebT,
ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi wesiT (ix. 23.1.1) da dawereT sityvebiT
dollars da cents. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ixmareT ricxvebi
simboloebTan $ an ȼ. gamotoveT aTobiTi wertili da momdevno
nolebi mxolod dolarebSi miTiTebuli Tanxebis dawerisas, Tu
amavdroulad ar aCvenebT wilad.
Rarely do they spend more than five dollars a week on recreation.
The report showed $135 collected in fines. .
After peaking at $200.00, shares of the stock plummeted to $36.75.
warmoadgineT msxvili mrgvali ricxvebi cifrebisa da sityvebis
kombinaciis saxiT.
The deficit that year was $420 billion.
sxva valutebi. garda SeerTebuli Statebis valutisa, sxva
valutebis dawerisas ixelmZRvaneleT aSS dolaris modeliT.
umetes valutebSi fuladi erTeulis simboloebi win uswrebs
ricxvebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropuli qveynebi aTobiT wertils
warmoadgenen mZimeebiT wertilebis nacvlad, Tqven SegiZliaT,
wertilebi gamoiyenoT, garda uSualod wyaroebidan amoRebuli
citatebis dawerisas.
When she returned, she had barely fifty euros in her name.
The household records show that it costs only £36.50.
Its current estimated worth is ¥377 m illion.
evropuli saxelmwifoebis umravlesoba amJamad iyenebs erTian
valutas, romelsac ewodeba evro (ȼ), magram Tu Tqveni naSromi 2002
461
wlamde periodis Temebs eZRvneba, SeiZleba, SegxvdeT iseTi
valutebi, rogoricaa franguli franki (F), germanuli doiCe marka
(DM) da italiuri lira (Lit). britanuli valuta kvlavindeburad
gamosaxulia girvanqa sterlingebSi (£) da pensebSi (p.). Tumca, 1971
wels aTobiT sistemaze gadasvlamde, igi gamoisaxeboda girvanqa
sterlingebSi, SilingebSi da pensebSi (magaliTad, £12 17s. 6d.). unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom billion tradiciul britanul xmarebaSi
aRniSnavs milion milions da ara miliards; gaugebrobis Tavidan
asacileblad nu gamoiyenebT sityvas billion Tanxebis britanul
valutaSi dawerisas.
Tu ar icnobT romelime konkretuli valutis daweris wesebs,
CaixedeT avtoritetul wyaroSi.
23.1.5 dro
drois monakveTebis - saaTi, naxevari saaTi an meoTxedi saaTi –
dawerisas miuTiTeT dro sityvierad, nawilebs Soris defisiT.
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi daakonkreteT in the morning an in the evening.
SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT o’clock, Tumca, kvleviT naSromebSi is
iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
The participants planned to meet every Thursday around ten-thirty in the morning.
Although scheduled to end at 11:00 a.m. , the council meeting ran until 1:37 p.m.
gamoiyeneT noon da midnight (ricxvebis nacvlad) dReRamis am
konkretuli monakveTis aRsaniSnavad.
TariRebSi sityvebis an ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.3.
23.1.6 saxelebi ricxvebTan erTad
zogierTi tipis sakuTari, samTavrobo da organizaciebis saxelebi
da saxelwodebebi Seicavs sityvebiT an cifrebiT gamosaxul
ricxvebs. ixileT, aseve, 22.1 zogadad sakuTari saxelebis mTavruli
asoebiT dawerasTan dakavSirebiT.
• liderebi. erTi da imave saxelis mqone imperatorebs, mefeebs an
papebs ganasxvaveben mTavruliT dawerili romauli cifrebiT
(ix. cxrili 23.1).
462
Charles V Napoleon III Elizabeth II Benedict XVI
• ojaxis wevrebi. identuri saxelebisa da gvarebis mamrobiTi
sqesis ojaxis wevrebs xSirad ganasxvaveben romauli an
arabuli ricxviTi saxelebiT (ix., aseve, 24.2.1). unda
gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saxelsa da ricxviT saxels Soris ar
iwereba mZime.
Adlai E. Stevenson III Michael F. Johnson 2nd
• mTavrobebi da administraciul-teritorialiulri danayofebi. garkveuli dinastiebi, mTavrobebi, mmarTveli organoebi,
administraciul-teritoriialulri da sasamarTlo danayofebi,
aseve, samxedro erTeulebi, Cveulebriv,ad aRiniSneba rigiTi
nomriT arsebiTi saxelis win. rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeliT
arsebiTis win. dawereT asamde nomrebi nomris aRmniSvneli
ricxvi sityvierad da mTavruliT (Tu saWiroa, defisiT nomris
nawilebs Soris); gamoiyeneT cifrebi asis zemoT ricxvebisTvis.
Nineteenth Dynasty Fourteenth Congressional District
Fifth Republic Forty-seventh Ward
Eighty-first Congress Tenth Circuit
109th Congress 101st
• eklesiebi da religiuri organizaciebi. dawereT nomrebi
sityvierad da mTavruliT eklesiebis an religiuri
organizaciebis saxelwodebebis win rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis
formiT (Tu saWiroa, defisiT nomris nawilebs Soris).
Airborne Division
Twenty-first Church of Christ, Scientist
saero organizaciebi. saZmoebisa da kavSirebis adgilobrivi
ganyofilebebis nomrebi dawereT cifrebiT saxelebis Semdeg.
American Legion, Department of Illinois, Crispus Attucks Post no. 1268
United Auto Workers, Local 890
23.1.7 misamarTebi da magistralebi
ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi wesiT (ix. 23.1.1) adgilobrivi danomrili
quCebis dasawerad. Statis, federaluri da StatebsSorisi
magistralebi yovelTvis aRiniSneba nomrebiT, iseve, rogorc
463
quCebis an Senobebis misamarTebi, telefonis da faqsis nomrebi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom teqstSi sruli misamarTis elementebi
gamoyofilia mZimeebiT, magram mZime ar iwereba safosto indeqsis
win. misamarTebSi miRebuli abreviaturebis Sesaxeb ixileT 24.3.2.
The National Park Service maintains as a museum the house where Lincoln died (516
10th
23.2 ricxvebis mravlobiTi forma da punqtuacia
Street NW, Washington, DC 20004; 202-426-6924).
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the apartments at 860-880 North Lake Shore Drive.
Interstate 95 as a critical transportation line from Boston to Miami.
23.1.8 gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebi
nomrebi gamoqveynebuli namuSevrebis nawilebSi mocemulia arabul
ricxvebSi, miuxedavad zogadi wesisa (ix. 23.1.1) da naSromis
sxvadasxva adgilebSi maTi moxseniebisa. ix., aseve, 22.3.2.
chapter 14 part 2 act 1, scene 3
23.1.9 gantolebebi da formulebi
ricxvebi gantolebebsa da formulebSi yovelTvis mocemulia
cifrebiT, miuxedavad zogadi wesisa (23.1.1). detaluri
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi maTematikuri gamosaxulebebis
warmodgenis Sesaxeb ixileT `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~
2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-14 TavSi.
23.2.1 ricxvebi mravlobiTSi
sityvierad dawerili ricxvebis mravlobiTi awarmoeT iseve,
rogorc sxva arsebiTi saxelebis mravlobiTi ricxvi (ix. 20.1).
Half the men surveyed were in their thirties or forties.
cifrebiT warmodgenili ricxvebis mravlobiTi iwarmoeba mxolod
s-is (da ara ‘s-is) damatebiT.
The pattern changed in the late 1990s as more taxpayers submitted 1040s online.
To fly 767s, the pilots required special training.
464
23.2.2 mZimeebi ricxvebSi
oTx an oTxze metniSna ricxvTa umravlesobaSi gamoyaviT mZimeebiT
aTasebi, asobiT aTasebi, milionebi da a.S. sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi oTxniSna ricxvebSi mZimeebi xSirad
gamotovebulia.
1,500 12,275,500 1,475,525,000
nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna wlebSi; ixmareT mZime xuT an xuTze met
niSnian wlebSi (ixileT aseve 23.3).
2007 10,000 BC
nu ixmarT mZimes oTxniSna gverdebis nomrebSi, quCebis misamarTebSi,
telefonis an faqsis nomrebSi, safosto indeqsebSi, erTze nakleb
wilobiT ricxviT saxelebSi an organizaciebis saxelebSi.
page 1012 0.1911 centimetres Committee of 1000
23.2.3 sxva punqtuacia ricxvebSi
ricxvebi zogjer Seicavs Sida sasven niSnebs. sad ixmaroT
wertilebi (aTobiTi ricxvebi decimals), ixileT 23.1.3 da 23.1.4; ori
wertili _ 23.1.5; defisi _ 23.1.1 da 23.1.3; tireebi _ 23.2.4.
23.2.4 CaTvliTi ricxvebi
ricxvebis diapazonis, magaliTad, gverdebis an wlebis, saCveneblad
miuTiTeT Tanmimdevrobis pirveli da bolo (an CaTvliTi) ricxvebi.
Tu cifrebi sityvierad weria, bolosarTebiT from da to aRniSneT
diapazoni; Tu ricxvebi mocemulia cifrebiT, gamoiyeneT es sityvebi
an maerTebeli defisi orive mxridan intervalis gareSe. zogierT
konstruqciaSi, magaliTad, miTiTebebSi, yovelTvis ixmareT
defisebi (ix. Tavebi 16-19). nu gamoiyenebT erTad sityvebs da
defisebs CaTvliTi ricxvebis warmosadgenad.
from 45 to 50 magram ara from 45-50
45-50 magram ara forty-five-fifty
asi an asze meti mniSvnelobis CaTvliTi ricxvebisTvis SegiZliaT,
gamoiyenoT sruli cifrebi defisis orive mxares (245-280 an 1929-
465
1994) an SeamokloT meore ricxvi. 23.2 cxrilSi warmodgenilia
Semoklebis erT-erTi sistema.
es sistema mosaxerxebelia rogorc gverdebis numeraciisTvis, aseve,
wlebis aRniSvnisTvis. mZimeebi ixmareba mxolod xuTniSna
ricxvebTan, rac Zalze iSviaTad xdeba (ix. 23.2.2). Tu ricxvi
Seicavs erT an met mZimes, saWiroebisas, meti TvalsaCinoebisTvis
gaimeoreT ricxvi mZimis marjvniv. nurasdros SeamoklebT romaul
cifrebs (ix. cxrili 23.1).
6,000-6,018 12,473-479 xxv-xxviii
wlebis SemTxvevaSi uCveneT im diapazonis yvela cifri, romelic
Seicavs erTze met saukunes. miuTiTeT, aseve, sruli TariRebi
sistemaSi, romelSic TariRebis daTvla xdeba konkretuli
wertilidan ukana mimarTulebiT (anu BC, “before Christ” da BCE,
“before the common era”Cv.w.aR-mde – Cvens welTaRricxvamde). sxva
SemTxvevebSi isargebleT sistemiT, romelic naCvenebia cxrilSi
23.2. ixileT 23.3 TariRebis sistemebze meti informaciis misaRebad.
the years 1933-36 15,000-14,000 BCE
the winter of 1999-2000 115 BC-10 AD
cxrili 23.2 inkluziuri ricxvebis abreviaciis sistema
pirveli ricxvi meore ricxvi magaliTebi
1-99 dawereT yvela cifri 3-10, 71-72, 96-117
100 an 100-is jeradebi dawereT yvela cifri 100-104, 1100-1113
101-dan 109-mde, 201-dan
209-mde da a.S.
dawereT mxolod Secvlili
nawili
101-8, 1103-4
110-dan 199-mde, 210-dan
299-mde da a.S.
dawereT ori an orze meti
cifri, saWiroebis mixedviT
245-48, 498-532,
1929-94
magram Tu oTxniSna ricxvSi
icvleba sami cifri, dawereT
oTxive cifri
1894-1986, 2787-2816
466
23.3 TariRTa sistemebi
teqstSi TariRebis warmodgena moicavs 23.1 da 23.2-Si moyvanili
problemebis msgavs mraval problemas, iseve, rogorc elementTa
TanmimdevrobasTan da dasaxelebasTan dakavSirebul garkveul
wesebs.
23.3.1 Tve, dRe da weli
dawereT sityvebiT Tveebis saxelebi, rodesac isini Cndeba teqstSi
– calke an TariRebis SemadgenlobaSi. warmoadgineT dReebi da
wlebi ricxvebiT da Tavi aarideT maT gamoyenebas winadadebis
dasawyisSi, sadac saWiro iqneba maTi sityvierad dawera (ix. 23.1.2).
nurasdros SeamoklebT wlebis miTiTebebs (“the great flood of ‘05”).
cxrilebis, suraTebis da miTiTebebis miRebuli abreviaturebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 24.4.2.
Every September, we recall the events of 2001.
magram ara
Two thousand one was a memorable year.
imisaTvis, rom srulad miuTiToT TariRebi, dawereT Tve, dRe
(momdevno mZimiT) da weli, aSS-Si miRebuli praqtikis Sesabamisad.
Tu gamotovebT dRes, gamotoveT mZimec. gamotoveT, aseve, mZime
TariRebSi, romlebSic Tveebis nacvlad miTiTebulia weliwadis
droebi; nu dawerT mTavruliT weliwadis droebs (ix. 22.1.2). Tu
masala, romelic citatad mogyavT, iyenebs britanuli stilis
TariRebis aRniSvnas (15 March 2007), nu SeitanT maTSi cvlilebebs.
President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
By March 1865, the war was nearly over.
The research was conducted over several weeks in spring 2006.
unda aRiniSnos, rom sruli TariRebis aRniSvnebSi dReebi,
zogadad, ar aris warmodgenili rigiTi ricxvebis saxiT – anu
ricxviT saxelebs ar erTvis/mosdevs st, nd, rd an th. gamoiyeneT es
467
daboloebebi mxolod sityvierad daweril ricxvebTan erTad, im
SemTxvevaSi, roca miuTiTebT romelime garkveul TariRs da ar
asaxelebT arc Tves, arc wels.
The date chosen for the raid was the twenty-ninth.
magram ara
The events occurred on June 11th, 1968.
23.3.2 aTwleulebi, saukuneebi da epoqebi
zogadad miuTiTeT aTwleulebi ricxvebiT, saukunis CaTvliT
(ixileT 23.2.1 ricxvebisTvis mravlobiTSi). Tu saukune gasagebia, nu
SeamoklebT ricxvebs (magaliTad, “the ‘90s”); amis nacvlad,
aTwleulis saxeli dawereT sityvebiT. nebismieri saukunis pirveli
ori aTwleuli ar eqvemdebareba arcerT stils da sicxadisTvis
srulad unda iqnes miTiTebuli.
The 1920s brought unheralded financial prosperity.
During the fifties, the Cold War dominated the headlines.
Many of these discoveries were announced during the first decade of the twenty-first
century.
am aRmoCenebis umravlesobis Sesaxeb gamocxadda ocdameerTe
saukunis pirvel dekadaSi.
dawereT saukuneebi ricxvebiT an sityvierad, nusxuriT (ixileT
23.2.1 ricxvebisTvis mravlobiTSi). Tu saukune dawerilia
sityvierad da gamoiyeneba zedsarTav saxelad, romelic win
uswrebs mis mier gansazRvrul arsebiT saxels, rogorc meore
magaliTSia naCvenebi, gamoiyeneT defisi; sxva SemTxvevebSi defiss
nu dawerT.
The Ottoman Empire reached its apex in the 1600s.
She teaches nineteenth-century novels but would rather teach poetry from the twentieth
century.
igi aswavlis mecxramete saukunis romanebs, Tumca, erCivna,
eswavlebina meoce saukunis poezia.
468
epoqebis yvelaze gavrcelebul aRniSvnebSi gamoyenebulia
abreviaturebi BC (“before Christ”) da AD (anno Domini). zog
disciplinebSi iyeneben sxva aRniSvnebs, rogoricaa BCE da CE
(ixileT 24.4.3). AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs wels.
epoqebTan CaTvliTi ricxvebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 23.2.4.
Solomon’s Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 BC and again by the
Romans in AD 70.
23.4 teqstis gareT gamoyenebuli ricxvebi
wina nawilebSi mocemulia saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi naSromis
teqstSi ricxvebis warsadgenad. im ricxvebTan dakavSirebiT,
romlebic gamoiyeneba sakuTriv naSromis struqturaSi an nebismier
sxva adgilas, ixelmZRvaneleT naSromis Sesabamisi nawilebisTvis
da danayofebisTvis gankuTvnili specialuri saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebiT.
23.4.1 ricxvebi cxrilebSi, suraTebSi da miTiTebebSi
cxrilebSi da suraTebze ganTavsebuli cifrobrivi monacemebi
TiTqmis yovelTvis warmodgenilia arabuli cifrebiT. ricxvebi
cxrilebSi, maT Soris, cxrilebis saTaurebSi ganxilulia 26.2-Si;
ricxvebi suraTebze, maT Soris, suraTebis saTaurebSi _ 26.3-Si.
garda ramdenime gamonaklisisa, tomebis, gamocemebis, gverdebis
nomrebisa da sxva mdebareobis maCvenebeli miTiTebisTvis
gamoiyeneba arabuli cifrebi. bibliografiis stilis miTiTebebSi
gamoyenebuli ricxvebi ganxilulia 16.1.5-Si da me-17 TavSi;
miTiTebebis CamonaTvlis stiliT ricxvebis miTiTeba ganxilulia
18.1.5-Si da me-19 TavSi.
23.4.2 CamonaTvlebi
teqstSi, danarTSi an naSromTan dakavSirebul sxva masalebSi
ganxiluli sakiTxebis CamosaTvlelad SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT
ricxvebi.
469
CamonaTvlebi. Tqveni teqsti SeiZleba, Seicavdes im sakiTxebis
siebs, romelTa CamoTvlac xazgasmis mizniT gsurT. rodesac aseTi
siebi mokle da martivia, CarTeT isini erT winadadebaSi. saWiroa
uzrunvelyoT yvela komponentis gramatikuli paraleluroba
(yvela saxelobiTi jgufis zedsarTavi saxelebis da a.S.). yovel
komponents win unda uZRvodes arabuli ricxvi frCxilebSi. orze
meti komponentis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, yovel maTgans unda
mosdevdes mZime (an, Tu komponenti struqturulad rTulia,
wertil-mZime; ix. 21.3). Tu sia teqstSi Semodis dasrulebuli
winadadebis Semdeg, ixmareT ori wertili am winadadebis bolos;
sxva SemTxvevebSi nu ixmarT sasven niSans.
Wilson’s secretary gave three reasons for his resignation: (1) advancing age, (2)
gradually failing eyesight, and (3) opposition to the war.
The committee strongly endorsed the policies of (1) complete executive power, except as
constitutionally limited; (2) strong ligislative prerogatives; (3) limited judicial authority,
especially when it interfered with their own role.
Tu sxva miznebisTvis ukve iyenebT arabul ricxvebs frCxilebSi,
cifrebis nacvlad dawereT asoebi, nusxurad, daxrili SriftiT.
Haskin’s latest theory has several drawbacks; (a) it is not based on current evidence and
(b) it has a weak theoretical grounding.
Tu siaSi CamoTvlili komponentebi grZelia an gsurT, maTTvis meti
mniSvnelobis miniWeba, daawyveT isini vertikaluri siis saxiT. sias
win gauZRveba sruli winadadeba, boloSi ori wertiliT. aqac
saWiroa uzrunvelyoT, rom yvela komponenti iyos gramatikulad
paraleluri. yoveli maTgani daiwyeT msxvili wertiliT an arabuli
ricxviT, romelsac mosdevs wertili frCxilebis gareSe. Tu
komponentebi sruli winadadebebia, dawereT mTavruliT yoveli
winadadebis pirveli aso da dasviT damaboloebeli wertilebi; sxva
SemTxvevebSi ixmareT nusxuri asoebi wertilebis gareSe (ix. 21.1).
470
daalageT erT mwkrivSi ricxvebi wertilebiT, intervali da
pirveli striqonis pirveli sityva.
My research therefore suggests the following conclusions:
1. The painting could not have been a genuine Picasso, regardless of the claims of earlier scholars.
2. It is impossible to identify the true artist without further technical analysis.
teqsturi dokumentis sqema. zog situaciaSi SegiZliaT, daurToT
sqema an msgavsi CamonaTvali Tqveni naSromis danarTSi an naSromis
momzadebis dagegmvis etapze (ix. 6.2.1). isargebleT aRniSvnis im
sistemiT, romelic Seicavs asoebs da romaul da arabul ricxvebs,
gadawieT marjvniv yoveli done tabulaciis erTi klaviSiT
(Cveulebriv, naxevari inCiT). saWiroa, yovel doneze minimum ori
komponenti CamoTvaloT; ori an meti komponentis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, gadaxedeT sqemis struqturas. Tu komponentebi
frazebia, dawereT mTavruliT winadadebis stilSi (ix. 22.3.1) da nu
gamoiyenebT damaboloebel sasven niSans. Tu isini sruli
winadadebebia, dawereT mTavruliT da dausviT sasveni niSnebi,
rogorc nebismier sxva winadadebaSi (ix. magaliTisTvis 6.2.1).
I. Wars of the nineteenth century
A. United States
1. Civil War, 1861-65
a) Cause
(1) Slavery
(a) Compromise
i) Missouri Compromise
ii) Compromise of 1850 . . .
b) Result
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
471
II. Wars of the twentieth century
A. United States
1. First World War . . .
2.
23.4.3 naSromis struqtura
Tqveni naSromi moiTxovs ricxvebis gamoyenebas sxvadasxva
konteqstSi, gverdebis, Tavebis da saTaurebis danomvrisas. danarTSi
ixileT naSromis struqturaSi ricxvebis gamoyenebis detaluri ganxilva.
472
24. abreviaturebi
24.1 zogadi principebi
24.1.1 abreviaturebis tipebi
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi
24.1.3 rogor davaformatoT abreviaturebi
24.2 saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi
24.2.1 sakuTari saxelebi
24.2.2 profesiuli titulebi, wodebebi
24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi
24.2.4 saagentoebi, kompaniebi da sxva organizaciebi
24.3 geografiuli terminebi
24.3.1 geografiuli saxelebi
24.3.2 misamarTebi
24.4 dro da TariRebi
24.4.1 dro
24.4.2 dReebi da Tveebi
24.4.3 epoqebi
24.5 zomis erTeulebi
24.6 biblia da misi wignebi
24.6.1 Zveli aRTqma
24.6.2 arakanonikuri teqstebi
24.6.3 axali aRTqma
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi
24.7 abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi
winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebulia abreviaturebis gamoyenebis
zogadi wesebi. Tavis droze abreviaturebi oficialur
dokumentebSi gamoiyeneboda mxolod ramdenime gansakuTrebul
473
SemTxvevaSi, axla ki isini garTod gamoiyeneba werisas. miuxedavad
amisa, maTi gamoyenebisas konkretuli disciplinebis wesebs unda
misdioT. am TavSi warmodgenili wesebi Seesabameba umetes
humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaSi miRebul wesebs. Tu
amzadebT naSroms sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa disciplinebSi
(natural sciences), fizikaSi, qimiaSi, astronomiaSi, geologiaSi (physical
sciences), maTematikaSi an nebismier sxva teqnikur dargSi, daicaviT
ama Tu im disciplinis wesebi.
zog disciplinaSi SeiZleba, dagWirdeT iseTi abreviaturebis
gamoyeneba, romlebic aq ar ganixileba. `meriam-vebsteris saerTo
sauniversiteto leqsikonSi~ mocemulia mravali abreviatura
mravali dargidan. kidev erT resurss warmoadgens `Cikagos stilis
saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-15 Tavi.
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebi sxvadasxva disciplinaSi miRebul
stilTan dakavSirebiT ixileT bibliografiaSi.
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo naSromze an disertaciaze, Tqvens
ganyofilebas (fakultets, kaTedras) an universitets SeiZleba,
hqondes abreviaturebis gamoyenebis specifikuri moTxovnebi,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, moipoveba sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis ganyofilebaSi. Tu amzadebT saklaso naSroms,
Tqvenma pedagogma SeiZleba, mogTxovoT garkveuli principebis
dacva abreviaturebis gamoyenebis dros. ganixileT es moTxovnebi
manam, vidre moamzadebT Tqvens naSroms. isini am TavSi
SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebze upiratesia.
24.1 zogadi principebi
24.1.1 abreviaturebis tipebi
terminebis Semokleba SesaZlebelia ramdenime gziT. rodesac
termini mokldeba yoveli sityvis mxolod pirvel asoebamde da
warmoiTqmeba, rogorc erTi sityva (NATO, AIDS) da mas akronims
uwodeben; Tu asoebi warmoiTqmeba, rogorc asoebis rigi (EU, PBS),
474
am sityvebs ewodeba abreviatura. sxva terminebi mciredeba
Semoklebis wesiT: rCeba mxolod terminis pirveli da bolo asoebi
(Mr., Dr.) an vardeba bolo asoebi (ed., Tues.). winamdebare TavSi yvela
es forma ganxilulia zogadi terminis abreviaturis saTauriT,
abreviaturebis tipebs Soris zemoxsenebuli gansxvavebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
24.1.2 rodis gamoviyenoT abreviaturebi
umetes naSromebSi mcire raodenobiT gamoiyeneT Semoklebebi,
vinaidan maT gamo teqsti SeiZleba, zedmetad araformaluri an
zedmetad specifikuri gamoCndes. winamdebare TavSi ganxilulia
Semoklebebis is tipebi, romelTa gamoyenebac sjobs sruli,
gavrcobili terminis gamoyenebas, aseve, iseTi Semoklebebi,
romlebic, Tu Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyeneba, misaRebia samecniero
naSromebSi.
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebiT es
daSvebulia, SegiZliaT, Semoklebebi gamoiyenoT saxelebis,
titulebisa da sxva terminebisTvis, romlebsac xSirad xmarobT
Tqvens naSromebSi. pirvelad moxseniebisas srulad miuTiTeT
termini da daurTeT Semokleba frCxilebSi. Semdgom miTiTebebSi
Tanmimdevrulad gamoiyeneT es Semokleba. mravali Semoklebis
gamoyenebisas, SesaZloa, upriani iyos naSromis satitulo
elementebSi Semoklebebis siis darTva, raTa daexmaroT im
mkiTxvelebs, romlebsac, SesaZloa, gamorCaT Semoklebis pirveli
ganmarteba (ix. A.2.1).
Semoklebebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli formaa da xSirad gamoiyeneba
naSromis teqstis gareTac. winamdebare TavSi ganixileba zogi
iseTi Semokleba, romlebic, SesaZloa, gamoiyenebodes cxrilebSi,
suraTebsa da miTiTebebSi. cxrilebsa da suraTebSi gamoyenebuli
Semoklebebi damatebiT ganixileba 26-e TavSi; Semoklebebi sqolios
475
stilis mixedviT ixileT _ 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi; Semoklebebi
teqsturi miTiTebis stilSi ixileT _ 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.
24.1.3 rogor davaformatoT abreviaturebi
miuxedavad imisa, rom Semoklebebi emorCileba winamdebare TavSi
ganxilul zogad wesebs, arsebobs mravali gamonaklisi.
• mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba. Semoklebebis yvela aso iwereba
mTavruliT, nusxuriT an maTi kombinaciiT.
BC p. Gov.
CEO a.m. Dist. Atty.
U.S. kg PhD
• punqtuacia. zogadad, mTavruliT warmodgenili yvela
abreviatura ar Seicavs wertilebs, maSin, rodesac nusxuriT an
mTavruli da nusxuri asoebis kombinaciiT daweril
abreviaturebs aqvs wertili yoveli Semoklebuli elementis
Semdgom. amasTan, rogorc zemoT mocemul magaliTebSi xedavT,
aris gamonaklisebic: abreviatura a.S.S. U.S. Seicavs wertilebs
(ix. 24.3.1); metruli sazomi erTeulebi (ix. 24.5) mocemulia
nusxurSi wertilebis gareSe da abreviaturas PhD ar aqvs
wertilebi. sxva gamonaklisebi moxseniebulia am Tavis sxva
nawilebSi.
• intervalebi. zogadad, nu datovebT intervals asoebs Soris
akronimebSi (NATO) da abreviaturebSi (PBS), Tumca, saWiroa
elementebs Soris intervalis datoveba im abreviaturebSi,
romlebic Semoklebis Sedegad aris warmoebuli (Dist. Atty.). Tu abreviatura Seicavs ampersands (&), nu datovebT intervalebs mis
garSemo (Texas A&M). sakuTar saxelebSi intervalebis dasmis
Sesaxeb ixileT 24.2.1.
• tipografiuli moniSvna. nu dawerT abreviaturebs daxrili
SriftiT.
• ganusazRvreli artiklebi. rodesac abreviatura mosdevs
ganusazRvrel artikls, airCieT artiklebi a da an, imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogor ikiTxeba abreviatura. akronimebi nato,
476
Sidsi (NATO, AIDS) warmoiTqmeba, rogorc sityvebi; akronimebi
(initialisms) (EU) ikiTxeba, rogorc asoebis rigebi.
member nation of NATO a NATO member
person with AIDS an AIDS patient
member nation of the EU an EU member
24.2 saxelebi da saxelwodebebi, titulebi
24.2.1 sakuTari saxelebi
zogadad, pirvelad nu SeamoklebT pirovnebis saxels (Benj. Franklin)
an gvars. mas Semdeg, rac teqstSi miuTiTebT saxelsa da gvars,
SemdgomSi moxseniebisas dawereT mxolod misi gvari. amasTan, Tu
moixseniebT am gvaris matarebel erTze met pirovnebas, gaugebrobis
Tavidan asacileblad, yoveli moxseniebisas, gvarTan erTad
dawereT maTi saxelebic (Alice James, William James). Tu xSirad
moixseniebT am saxelebs naSromSi, sanacvlod SegiZliaT,
gamoiyenoT Tqvens mier SerCeuli abreviaturebi (AJ, WJ), Tumca, am
abreviaturebis dawerisas aucileblad gaiTvaliswineT 24.1.2-Si
aRwerili SemTxvevebi.
zogi pirovneba cnobilia, upirveles yovlisa, inicialebiT
nacvlad saxelisa da/an meore saxelisa. am inicialebs unda
mosdevdes wertili da intervali. amasTan, Tu amoklebT saxelsa da
gvars, gamotoveT wertilebi da intervalebi.
G. K. Chesterton but JFK
M. F. K. Fisher but FDR
socialuri titulebi, magaliTad, Ms. da Mr., yovelTvis iwereba
SemoklebiT, mTavruliT da mosdevs wertili. Tumca, naSromebis
477
umetesobaSi aucilebeli ar aris maTi gamoyeneba, Tu es,
savaraudod, ar iwvevs gaurkvevlobas, vTqvaT, qmris an colis
moxseniebisas.
dawereT Semdegi abreviaturebis Sr., Jr., III (an 3rd), IV (an 4th
Adm.
) msgavsi
abreviaturebi maT win mZimis gareSe. dawereT isini mxolod
saxelisa da gvaris Semdeg da ara mxolod gvarTan erTad,
miuxedavad imisa, rom mefeebi da religiuri moRvaweebi SeiZleba,
cnobili iyvnen mxolod saxeliT. nu dawerT sityvebiT termins,
rodesac is saxelis nawilia (magaliTad, dauSvebelia John Smith
Junior).
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. William J. Kaufmann III Mary II
24.2.2 profesiuli titulebi, wodebebi
zog pirovnebas saxelis garda, aqvs qvemoT CamoTvlili samoqalaqo,
samxedro an religiuri tituli. bevri es tituli tradiciulad
Semoklebulia, rodesac isini win uswrebs saxels da maT nawilad
aris miCneuli. vinaidan yvela es abreviatura oficialuri
(sakuTari) titulis Semoklebuli formaa, mTavruliT iwereba
mxolod pirveli aso, boloSi wertilis darTviT.
Admiral Lt. Leutenant
Ald. Alderman, Alderwoman Lt. Col. Lieutenant Colonel
Atty. Gen. Attorney General Maj. Major
Capt. Captain Pres. President
Col. Colonel Rep. Representative
Dist. Atty. District Attorney Rev. Reverend
Dr. Doctor Sen. Senator
478
Fr. Father Sgt. Sergeant
Gen. General Sr. Sister
Gov. Governor St. Saint
Hon. Honorable
titulis matarebeli pirovnebis pirvelad moxseniebisas dawereT
abreviatura pirovnebis saxeliTa da gvariT. (Tqveni survilisamebr
yovelTvis SegiZliaT titulebis sityvebiT dawera, magram gaakeTeT
es Tanmimdevrulad). Semdgomi moxseniebis dros SegiZliaT, rogorc
wesi, miuTiToT mxolod pirovnebis gvari, magram Tu TqvenTvis
saWiroa titulis gameoreba (raTa ganasxvavoT erTnairi saxelis
mqone ori adamiani an gamoxatoT pativiscema), miuTiTeT tituli
sityvebiT gvarTan erTad. ixmareT sityvebi reverend an honorable
mxolod saxelTan da gvarTan erTad, ra SemTxvevaSic tituls win
unda uswrebdes artikli the.
Sen. Barack Obama Senator Obama
Gen. Richard Myers General Myers
Rev. Jane Schaefer the Reverend Jane Schaefer
Tu iyenebT erT-erT tituls damoukideblad an saxelis Semdeg, is
iqceva saerTo terminad da iwereba nusxuriT, sityvierad.
the senator from Illinois Myers served as a general
zogadi modelis gamonakliss warmoadgens Semokleba Dr. gamoiyeneT
an abreviatura Dr. saxelis win an xarisxis aRmniSvneli
oficialuri abreviatura (ix. 24.2.3), saxelis Semdeg ori mZimiT
gamoyofili, nu gamoiyenebT orives erTad.
Dr. Lauren Shapiro discovered the cause of the outbreak.
doqtor Sapirom aRmoaCina epidemiis afeTqebis mizezi.
479
Lauren Shapiro, MD, discovered . . .
loren Sapirom, medicinis doqtorma, aRmoaCina . . .
Dr. Shapiro discovered . . . doqtorma Sapirom aRmoaCina . . .
The doctor discovered . . . eqimma aRmoaCina . . .
damatebiT warmogidgenT ramdenime sxva profesiul tituls,
romelTa Semoklebac SesaZlebelia piradi saxelis Semdeg. aseTi
titulebi gamoiyofa mZimeebiT, rogorc zemoT moyvanil
magaliTebSi.
JP justice of the peace
LPN licensed practical nurse
MP member of Parliament
SJ Society of Jesus
24.2.3 samecniero xarisxebi
qvemoT CamoTvlili saerTo samecniero terminebis abreviaturebis
gamoyeneba SegiZliaT rogorc teqstSi, aseve sxvaganac. zogi maTgani aris
abreviatura (ix. 24.1.1), dawerili mTavruliT, wertilebis an intervalebis
gareSe. sxvebi Seicavs rogorc inicialebs, ise Semoklebul terminebs da,
Sesabamisad, rogorc mTavrul, ise, nusxur asoebs, Cveulebrivad,
wertilebis an intervalebis gareSe. Tumca, Tu muSaobT Tezisze an
disertaciaze, Tqveni fakultetis (kaTedris) saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebiT
SeiZleba, moiTxoveba am xarisxebis (da SesaZloa, aseve, abreviaturebis)
daformateba Sida wertilebiT, rogorc es miTiTebulia frCxilebSi.
AB Artium Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Arts)
AM Artium Magister (Master of Arts)
BA Bachelor of Arts
BD Bachelor of Divinity
BFA Bachelor of Fine Arts
BM Bachelor of Music
BS Bachelor of Science
DB Divinitatis Baccalaureus (Bachelor of
Divinity)
DD Divinitatis Doctor (Doctor of Divinity)
480
DMin (D.Min.) Doctor of Ministry
EdD Doctor of Education
JD Juris Doctor (Doctor of Law)
LHD Litterarum Humaniorum Doctor (Doctor of
Humanities)
LittD (Litt.D.) Litterarum Doctor (Doctor of Letters)
LLB (LL.B.) Legum Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Laws)
LLD (LL.D.) Legum Doctor (Doctor of Laws)
MA Master of Arts
MBA Master of Business Administration
MD Medicinae Doctor (Doctor of Medicine)
MFA Master of Fine Arts
MS Master of Science
PhB (Ph.B.) Philosophiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of
Philosophy)
PhD (Ph.D.) Philosophiae Doctor (Doctor of
Philosophy)
SB Scientiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of
Science)
SM Scientiae Magister (Master of Science)
STB Sacrae Theologiae Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Sacred
Theology)
24.2.4 saagentoebi, kompaniebi da sxva organizaciebi
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi rogorc teqstSi, aseve,
sxvagan, im samTavrobo saagentoebis, samauwyeblo kompaniebis,
asociaciebis, saZmo da momsaxurebis organizaciebis, kavSirebis da
sxva jgufebis saxelebis da dasaxelebebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic
akronimebiT an abreviaturebiT sayovelTaod cnobilia (ix. 24.1.1).
Tavdapirveli moxseniebisas dawereT sityvebiT sruli saxelwodeba
da frCxilebSi miuTiTeT misi abreviatura (ix. 24.1.2). msgavsi
abreviaturebi iwereba mxolod mTavruli asoebiT, wertilebis
481
gareSe. ixileT qvemoT aseTi abreviaturebis warmomadgenlobiTi
CamonaTvali; am kategoriebSi Semavali sxva saxelebi da
saxelwodebebi (magaliTad, ABA, CBS da NEH) imave WrilSi
ganixileba.
AAAS CNN NAFTA TVA YMCA
AFL-CIO EU NFL UN
AMA FTC NIMH UNESCO
AT&T HMO NSF VA
COC NAACP OPEC WHO
Tu kompaniis abreviatura ar aris sayovelTaod cnobili, dawereT
teqstSi misi saxeli srulad da mTavruliT. SegiZliaT, saxelidan
amoiRoT terminebi Inc. an Ltd. nu dawerT mTavruliT artikls the
saxelis dasawyisSi.
Merck and Company the University of Chicago Press
cxrilebSi, suraTebze da miTiTebebSi SegiZliaT, aseve, daweroT
qvemoT CamoTvlili abreviaturebi kompaniis saxelebSi. miaqcieT
yuradReba gansxvavebebs mTavrulis dasmasa da punqtuaciaSi.
Assoc. Ltd.
Bros. Mfg.
Co. PLC (public limited company)
Corp. RR (railroad)
Inc. Ry. (railway)
LP (limited partnership)
24.3 geografiuli terminebi
24.3.1 geografiuli saxelebi
teqstSi yovelTvis dawereT sityvebiT da mTavruliT qveynebis,
Statebis, olqebis, provinciebis, teritoriebis, wylebis, mTebis da
sxva geografiuli obieqtebis saxelebi (ix. 22.1.1). erTi gamonaklisia
yofili sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri, zogadad
moxseniebuli, rogorc the former USSR.
482
yovelTvis sityvebiT dawereT United States misi arsebiTi saxelis
funqciiT gamoyenebisas. zedsarTavi saxelis funqciiT gamoyenebisas
SegiZliaT, an SeamokloT is, rogorc U.S., an daweroT sityvebiT
(meti formalobisTvis). tradiciisamebr, is Seicavs wertilebs,
miuxedavad imisa, rom akronimia.
She was ineligible for the presidency because she was not born in the United States.
His U.S. citizenship was revoked later that year.
cxrilebSi, suraTebze, miTiTebebSi da safosto misamarTebSi
SeamokleT aSS-is Statebis saxelebi aSS-is safosto samsaxuris
mier SemoRebuli ori asosgan Semdgari uwertilo safosto
kodebis gamoyenebiT.
AK Alaska DE Delaware
AL Alabama FL Florida
AR Arkansas GA Georgia
AZ Arizona HI Hawaii
CA California IA Iowa
CO Colorado ID Idaho
CT Connecticut IL Illinois
DC District of Columbia IN Indiana
KS Kansas NY New York
KY Kentucky OH Ohio
LA Louisiana OK Oklahoma
MA Massachusetts OR Oregon
MD Maryland PA Pennsylvania
ME Maine RI Rhode Island
MI Michigan SC South Carolina
MN Minnesota SD South Dakota
MO Missouri TN Tennessee
MS Mississippi TX Texas
MT Montana UT Utah
NC North Carolina VA Virginia
483
ND North Dakota VT Vermont
NE Nebraska WA Washington
NH New Hampshire WI Wisconsin
NJ New Jersey WV West Virginia
NM New Mexico WY Wyoming
NV Nevada
SegiZliaT, aseve, SeamokloT kanadis provinciebisa da
teritoriebis saxelebi da gamoiyenoT miRebuli abreviaturebi:
AB Alberta NU Nunavut
BC British Columbia ON Ontario
MB Manitoba PE Prince Edward Island
NB New Brunswick QC Quebec
NL Newfoundland and Labrador SK Saskatchewan
NS Nova Scotia YT Yukon
NT Northwest Territories
24.3.2 misamarTebi
teqstSi dawereT sityvebiT da mTavruliT terminebi, romlebic
misamarTebis nawilia, maT Soris qvemoT CamoTvlili da maTi
msgavsi terminebi (magaliTad, sityvis street sxva sinonimebi).
cxrilebSi, suraTebze, miTiTebebSi da safosto misamarTebSi
gamoiyeneT abreviaturebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela abreviatura
iyenebs wertilebs, garda akronimebisa (Northeast da misi msgavsi
terminebi). ixileT 23.1.7, sadac mocemulia teqstSi CarTuli
misamarTis magaliTi.
Ave. Avenue Sr. Street
Blvd. Boulevard N. North
Ct. Court S. South
Dr. Drive E. East
Expy. Expressway W. West
Pkwy. Parkway NE Northeast
484
Rd. Road NW Northwest
Sq. Square SE Southeast
SW Southwest
Tu calke iyenebT erT-erT am termins, igi iqceva saerTo terminad
da iwereba nusxuriT da sityvebiT.
He drove down the street.
The storm came in from the west.
24.4 dro da TariRebi
24.4.1 dro
SegiZliaT, teqstSi da sxvagan gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi a.m. (ante
meridiem an before noon) da p.m. (post meridiem an after noon) konkretuli
drois aRsaniSnavad. abreviatura iwereba nusxuriT, swori SriftiT,
Sualeduri intervalis gareSe. nu dawerT maT sityvebTan in the
morning, in the evening an o’clock erTad; ixileT, aseve, 23.1.5.
24.4.2 dReebi da Tveebi
teqstSi sityvebiT da mTavruliT dawereTYkviris dReebisa da
Tveebis saxelebi; ixileT, aseve, 23.3.1. cxrilebSi, suraTebze da
miTiTebebSi SeiZleba maTi Semokleba, Tu amas Tanmimdevrulad
gaakeTebT. dawereT wertilebi abreviaturebTan.
Sun. Wed. Sat. Jan. Apr. July Oct.
Mon. Thur. Feb. May Aug. Nov.
Tues. Fri. Mar. June Sept. Dec.
24.4.3 epoqebi
arsebobs epoqebis aRniSvnis sxvadasxva sistema da yvela maTganSi
cifrebiT daweril TariRebTan gamoiyeneba abreviatura. yvelaze
gavrcelebuli sistema iyenebs terminebs BC da AD, Tumca, zog
disciplinebSi miRebulia sxvanairi aRniSvnebi, rogoricaa qvemoT
CamoTvlili aRniSvnebi. Tqvens naSromSi yvelgan gamoiyeneT
Sesabamisi abreviaturebi; CasviT yvela aso mTavrulSi, wertilebis
485
gareSe. AD win uswrebs wels; sxva aRniSvnebi mosdevs mas (ix., aseve,
23.2.4 da 23.3.2).
BC before Christ
da
AD anno Domini (in the year of the Lord)
BCE before the common era
da
CE common era
BP before the present
MYA (an mya) million years ago
24.5 sazomi erTeulebi
humanitarul da socialur mecnierebebSi sazomi erTeulebis manZilis,
moculobis, simaRlis da a.S. Cawera aucilebelia. ricxvebis Cawera unda
ganaxorcieloT 23.1.1 ZiriTadi wesebis Sesabamisad.
xuTi mili 150 kilogrami 14.5 metri
zust mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneT ricxvebSi mocemuli sazomebi. (Tqven
SesaZloa gamoiyenoT abreviatura sxva disciplinebSi adgilobrivad
dadgenili wesebis Seasabamisad.) datoveT adgili ricxvsa da
ganzomilebas Soris garda Semdegisa (36o ; 512K), aseve gaxsovdeT, rom
abreviatura igivea rogorc mxolobiTSi aseve mravlobiTSi. sityvierad
CawereT ganzomileba Tu ar iwyeba ricxviT an rodesac ricxvi
sityvieradaa Cawerili. (aseve winadadebis dawyebisas; naxeT 23.1.1).
ineqciiT SevuSviT virusis 10ml implantis axlos.
Sedegebi mocemulia mikrolitrebSi.
Tormeti mikrolitri virusisa miCneul iqna rogorc usafrTxo
raodenoba.
486
sazomi erTeulebis abreviaturis cxrili ixileT 15.55 Cikagos stilis
me-15 gamocema (2003)
24.6 biblia da misi wignebi
rodesac moixseniebT teqstSi bibliis mTlian Tavebs an wignebs, an
arakanonikur teqstebs, dawereT wignebis saTaurebi sityvebiT,
magram nu gamoiyenebT daxril Srifts.
Jeremiah 42-44 records the flight of the Jews to Egypt. The
Revelation of St. John the Divine, known as “Revelation,” closes the New Testament.
bibliis citirebisas muxlebis mixedviT (ix. 17.5.2 da 19.5.2), dawereT
SemoklebiT wignebis saxelebi da maTi danomvrisas, gamoiyeneT
arabuli cifrebi (1 mefeebi). gamoiyeneT, aseve, arabuli cifrebi
Tavebis da muxlebis nomrebisTvis, maT Soris, ori wertilis
dasmiT. vinaidan wminda werilis sxvadasxva versia iyenebs
sxvadasxva saxels da nomers, miuTiTeT versia, romlidanac mogyavT
citata. konteqstidan gamomdinare, SegiZliaT, versiis saxelwodeba
sityvebiT daweroT, Tavdapirvelad mainc, an gamoiyenoT
abreviaturebi (ix.T 24.6.4), winmswrebi an Sida punqtuaciis gareSe.
1 Song of Sol. 2:1-5 NRSV Ruth 3:14 NAB
2:1-5 NRSV 3:14 NAB
Semdeg nawilebSi anbanis mixedviT aris CamoTvlili bibliis
wignebis rogorc tradiciuli, aseve, ufro mokle abreviaturebi.
Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, abreviaturis romeli formaa
Sesaferisi, SeekiTxeT Tqvens pedagogs. sadac ar aris mocemuli
abreviaturebi, dawereT sruli forma.
24.6.1 Zveli aRTqma
gaiTvaliswineT, rom Zveli aRTqmis (Old Testament) abreviaturaa OT.
tradiciuli
abreviatura
ufro mokle
abreviatura
sruli saxelwodeba
487
Amos Am Amos
1 Chron. 1 Chr 1 Chronicles
2 Chron. 2 Chr 2 Chronicles
Dan. Dn Daniel
Deut. Dt Deuteronomy
Eccles. Eccl Ecclesiastes
Esther Est Esther
Exod. Ex Exodus
Ezek. Ez Ezekiel
Ezra Ezr Ezra
Gen. Gn Genesis
Hab. Hb Habakkuk
Hag. Hg Haggai
Hosea Hos Hosea
Isa. Is Isaiah
Jer. Jer Jeremiah
Job Jb Job
Joel Jl Joel
Jon. Jon Jonah
Josh. Jo Joshua
Judg. Jgs Judges
1 Kings 1 Kgs 1 Kings
2 Kings 2 Kgs 2 Kings
Lam. Lam Lamentations
Lev. Lv Leviticus
Mal. Mal Malachi
Mic. Mi Micah
Nah. Na Nahum
Neh. Neh Nehemiah
Num. Nm Numbers
Obad. Ob Obadiah
Prov. Prv Proverbs
Ps. (plural, Pss.) Ps (plural, Pss) Psalms
Ruth Ru Ruth
1 Sam. 1 Sm 1 Samuel
2 Sam. 2 Sm 2 Samuel
488
Song of Sol. Sg Song of Solomon (Song of
Songs)
Zech. Zec Zechariah
Zeph. Zep Zephaniah
24.6.2 arakanonikuri teqstebi apocrypha
arakanonikuri teqstebis (Apocrypha) wignebi Sesulia bibliis
kaTolikur, Tumca, ara ebraul an protestantul, versiebSi. unda
gaiTvaliswinoT, rom Apocrypha-s tradiciuli abreviaturaa Apoc. (ar
arsebobs ufro mokle abreviatura).
tradiciuli
abreviatura
ufro mokle
abreviatura
sruli saxelwodeba
Bar. Bar Baruch
Bel and Dragon - Bel and the Dragon
Ecclus. Sir Ecclesiasticus (Sirach)
1 Esd. - 1 Esdras
2 Esd. - 2 Esdras
Jth. Jdt Judith
1 Macc. 1 Mc 1 Maccabees
2 Macc. 2 Mc 2 Maccabees
Pr. of Man. - Prayer of Manasses (Manasseh)
Song of Three Children - Song of the Three Holy Children
Sus. - Susanna
Tob. Tb Tobit
Wisd. of Sol. Ws Wisdom of Solomon
- - Additions to Esther (Rest of Esther)
24.6.3 axali aRTqma
gaiTvaliswineT, rom axali aRTqmis (New Testament) abreviaturaa NT.
tradiciuli
abreviatura
ufro mokle
abreviatura
sruli saxelwodeba
Acts - Acts of the Apostles
Apoc. - Apocalypse (Revelation)
Col. Col Colossians
489
1 Cor. 1 Cor 1 Corinthians
2 Cor. 2 Cor 2 Corinthians
Eph. Eph Ephesians
Gal. Gal Galatians
Heb. Heb Hebrews
James Jas James
John Jn John (Gospel)
1 John 1 Jn 1 John (Epistle)
2 John 2 Jn 2 John (Epistle)
3 John 3 Jn 3 John (Epistle)
Jude - Jude
Luke Lk Luke
Mark Mk Mark
Matt. Mt Matthew
1 Pet. 1 Pt 1 Peter
2 Pet. 2 Pt 2 Peter
Phil. Phil Philippians
Philem. Phlm Philemon
Rev. Rv Revelation (Apocalypse)
Rom. Rom Romans
1 Thess. 1 Thes 1 Thessalonians
2 Thess. 2 Thes 2 Thessalonians
1 Tim. 1 Tm 1 Timothy
2 Tim. 2 Tm 2 Timothy
Titus Ti Titus
P
24.6.4 bibliis versiebi
qvemoT mocemuli abreviaturebi moicavs bibliis mraval
standartul versias. Tu versia, romelsac Tqven miuTiTebT, ar
aris warmodgenili am siaSi, mimarTeT Tqvens pedagogs.
ARV American Revised Version
ASV American Standard Version
AT American Translation
AV Authorized (King James) Version
CEV Contemporary English Version
490
DV Douay Version
ERV English Revised Version
EV English version(s)
JB Jerusalem Bible
NAB New American Bible
NEB New English Bible
NRSV New Revised Standard Version
RSV Revised Standard Version
RV Revised Version
Vulg. Vulgate
24.6.5 sxva wminda wignebi
sxva mravali religiuri wminda wigni dayofilia bibliis msgavs
nawilebad. sakuTriv wignebis saTaurebi dawereT mTavruliT da
swori SriftiT (Qur’an, Vedas), magram dawereT daxrili SriftiT
maTi nawilebis saTaurebi (al baqara, rig-veda al-Baqarah, Rig-Veda).
miuxedavad imisa, rom ar arsebobs am wignebisa da maTi nawilebis
Semoklebis sayovelTaod miRebuli meTodi, SegiZliaT, bibliis
miTiTebebis punqtuaciis msgavsi sasveni niSnebi gamoiyenoT maTi
miTiTebebisas (ix. aseve 17.5.2 da 19.5.2). Tu wigns aqvs mravaljeradi
danomrili danayofebi, SegiZliaT, SeanacvloT ori wertili
wertilebiT an mZimeebiT an sxvagvarad miuTiToT nawyvetis
adgilmdebareoba.
Qur’an 2:257 an Qur’an 2 (al-Baqarah): 257
Mahabharata 1.2.3
Tu Tqveni naSromi eZRvneba religiuri Temebis gamokvlevas,
mimarTeT Tqvens pedagogs ufro konkretuli saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebis misaRebad.
24.7 abreviaturebi miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi
miTiTebebSi abreviaturebs farTod iyeneben da upiratesobasac
aniWeben, gansakuTrebiT sxva (garda avtorisa) individebis rolis
491
(ed. red., trans. mTargmn.), naSromis nawilebis (vol. t., bk. wig., sec. naw.)
gansazRvrisa da informaciis adgilmdebareobis mosaZieblad (gv. p.,
Sen. n.). Tumca, teqstSi da zog miTiTebebSi saWiroa abreviaturebis
nacvlad sityvebis srulad gamoyeneba. sqolios stilSi
abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi ixileT 16.1.6-Si da me-17 TavSi;
teqstobrivi miTiTebis stilSi abreviaturebis gamoyenebis wesebi
ixileT 18.1.6-Si da me-19 TavSi.
zog disciplinaSi dasaSvebia naSromis teqstSi, frCxilebSi Casmul
winadadebebSi samecniero abreviaturebis gamoyeneba: mag. e.i. e.g. da
i.e. gaecaniT Tqveni disciplinis wesebs abreviaturebis
gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebiT.
qvemoT mocemulia miTiTebebSi da sxva samecniero konteqstSi
gamoyenebuli yvelaze gavrcelebuli abreviaturebis CamonaTvali.
abreviaturebis umravlesobas mravlobiT ricxvSi daurTeT
daboloeba s an es, garda gamonaklisebisa. nu dawerT daxrili
SriftiT laTinuri terminebis abreviaturebs. Tu ar xarT
darwmunebuli ama Tu im abreviaturis saTanado gamoyenebaSi,
mimarTeT avtoritetul wyaros.
abbr. abbreviated, abbreviation
abr. abridged, abridgment
anon. anonymous
app. appendix
assn. association
b. born
bib. Bible, biblical
bibliog. bibliography, bibliographer
biog. biography, biographer
bk. book
ca. circa, about, approximately
cap. capital, capitalize
CD compact disk
cf. confer, compare
492
chap. chapter
col. column
comp. compiler, compiled by
cont. continued
d. died
dept. department
dect. dictionary
diss. dissertation
div. division
DOI digital object identifier
DVD digital versatile (or video) disc
ed. editor, edition, edited by
e.g. exempli gratia, for example
esp. especially
et al. et alii or et alia, and others
etc. et cetera, and so forth
ex. example
fig. figure
ff. and following
fol. folio
ftp file transfer protocol
http hypertext transfer protocol
ibid. ibidem, in the same place
id. idem, the same
i.e. id est, that is
intl. international
intro. introduction
l. (pp. ll.) line
loc. cit. loco citato, in the place cited
misc. miscellaneous
MS (mr. MSS) manuscript
n (mr. nn) note
natl. national
n.b. an NB nota bene, take careful note
n.d. no date
no. number
493
n.p. no place; no publisher; no page
NS New Style (dates)
n.s. new series
op.cit. opera citato, in the work cited
org. organization
OS Old Style (dates)
o.s. old series
p. (mr. pp.) page
par. paragraph
pl. plate; plural
PS postscriptum, postscript
pseud. pseudonym
pt. part
pub. publication, publisher, published by
q.v. quod vide, which see
r. recto, right
repr. reprint
rev. revised, revised by, revision; review, reviewed by
ROM read-only memory
sec. section
ser. series
sing. singular
soc. society
sup. supra, above
supp. supplement
s.v. (pl. s.vv.) sub verbo, sub voce, under the word
syn. synonym, synonymous
trans. translated by, translator
univ. university
URL uniform resource locator
usu. usually
v. (pl. vv.) verse; verso, right
viz. videlicet, namely
vol. volume
vs. or v. versus (in legal contexts, use v.
494
25. citirebebi 25.1 zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba
25.2 citatebis CarTva teqstSi
25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi
25.2.2 blokuri citatebi
25.3 citatebis gardaqmna
25.3.1 dasaSvebi cvlilebebi
25.3.2 gamotovebuli adgilebi
winamdebare Tavi gTavazobT citatebis warmodgenis zogad wesebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela es magaliTi warmodgenilia inglisur
enaze, wesebi, aseve, vrceldeba ucxoenovan citatebze (ixileT,
aseve, 22.2.1).
Tqvens naSromSi sxva avtorebis namuSevrebis CarTvis erT-
erTi variantTaganiauSualod wyaroebidan citireba; alternatiuli
variantebisa da maTi gamoyenebis wesebis Sesaxeb ixileT
7.4.nebismieri variantis arCevisas unda miuTiToT sityvebisa da
ideebis wyaro. me-15 TavSi mocemulia Sesavali citatebis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, xolo momdevno TavebSi ganxilulia citirebis
ori gavrcelebuli stili (me-16 da me-17 Tavebi, sqolioSi
miTiTebis stili; me-18 da me-19 Tavebi – teqsturi miTiTebis stili).
Tu muSaobT Tezisze an disertaciaze, Tqvens fakultets an
universitets SeiZleba, citatebis wardgenis specifikuri wesebi
hqondes, romlebic, rogorc wesi, sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis ofisSimoipoveba. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze,
Tqvenma pedagogma SesaZloa, aseve, mogTxovoT citirebis garkveuli
principebis dacva.gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi naSromis momzadebamde.
isini winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebze upiratesia. miTiTebebi sxvadasxva disciplinaSi
gamoyenebuli citirebis stilis Sesaxeb ixileT bibliografiaSi.
495
Tu disertacias gare sadisertacio sacavSi gzavniT,
garkveuli tipis citatebis gamosayeneblad SesaZloa, dagWirdeT
oficialuri nebarTvis aReba saavtoro uflebis mflobelebisgan.
ixileT `Cikagos stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15
gamocemis me-4 Tavi.
25.1 zusti citireba da plagiatis Tavidan acileba
samecniero proeqtSizust citirebas kritikuli mniSvneloba aqvs,
amitom Tqven unda:
• gamoiyenoT yvelaze sando xelmisawvdomi gamocema
• gadaweroT sityvebi zustad iseve, rogorc originalSia an
gardaqmnaT citata, mxolod ise, rogorc es miTiTebulia 25.3-Si
• zustad miuTiToT wyaro Tqvens bibliografiaSi (ix. me-16 da me-
18 Tavebi), raTa mkiTxvelebma SeZlon maTi moZieba.
samecniero eTika, aseve, moiTxovs, rom yovelTvis, rodesac
sityvebi, cxrilebi, grafikebi an monacemebi mogyavT wyarodan
citatad, saWiroa, miTiTebis Sesaferisi stilis gamoyenebiT (ix.
me-15 Tavi) mkafiod aRniSnoT, ra isesxeT da saidan isesxeT. Tu
ase ar moiqceviT, SeiZleba, plagiatSidagadanaSaulon. Tumca,
maSinac ki, roca zustad miuTiTebT wyaros, plagiatSi
dadanaSulebis riskis qveSmainc CaigdebT Tavs, Tu wyaroszust
sityvebsgamoiyenebT, magram ar miuTiTebT maT, rogorc citatas
25.2-Si aRwerili erT-erTi gziT. plagiatis ufro vrceli
ganxilva mocemulia 7.9-Si.
25.2 citatebis CarTva teqstSi
citatis teqstSi CarTva, misi sidididan gamomdinare,oridan erT-
erTi gziTSegiZliaT, Tu citata oTxi an naklebi striqonisgan
Sedgeba, moaTavseT igi Tqvens teqstSi da CasviT brWyalebSi. Tu
igi xuTi an xuTze meti striqonisgan Sedgeba, gamoyaviT rogorc
496
blokuri citata, brWyalebis gareSe. SeniSvnebSi da sqolioebSi
citatebis moyvanisas ixelmZRvaneleT igive principebiT (ix. 16:3.5).
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT blokuri citata xuT striqonze patara
citatis SemTxvevaSic, Tu gsurT misi gamoyofa an misi Sedareba
ufro did citatasTan.
25.2.1 winadadebaSi CarTuli citatebi
xuT striqonze naklebi nawyvetis citirebisas CasviT zustad
citirebuli sityvebi ormag brWyalebSi. teqstSi citatis Casmis
ramdenime saSualeba arsebobs (ixileT 7.5.). SegiZliaT citatis
Semoyvana avtoris saxelTan erTad, romelsac mosdevs termini,
magaliTad, aRniSnavs, acxadebs, amtkicebsan Tanaxmad(miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom es terminebi, Cveulebriv, awmyoSia da ara
warsulSi: aRniSnavda, moiTxovda da a.S., magram zogi disciplina
gansxvavebuli wesebiTxelmZRvanelobs). am SemTxvevaSi dasviT mZime
citatis win.
rikoeri wers, `arc ise advilia intrigasa da davas Soris zRvaris
gavleba.”
rogorc rikoeri aRniSnavs,`arc ise advilia zRvaris gavleba
intrigasa da davas Soris~.
Tu citatis SuaSi svamT kuTvnilebis aRmniSvnel frazas, gamoyaviT
is mZimeebiT.
`arc iseTi advilia~, rikoeris TqmiT, `zRvaris gavlebaintrigasa
da davas Soris~.
citataSi mZimeebis, wertilebis da sxva sasveni niSnebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb ixileT 21.11.2 da 25.3.1; citataSi mTavruli asoebis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1.
citatebis ganlageba. Tu SeniSvnaSi an sqolioSimiuTiTebT
citirebis wyaros, maSin is, Tu sad daurTavT zeda indeqsis nomers
(ix. 16.3.2), damokidebulia winadadebis SigniTcitatis adgilze. Tu
497
citata winadadebis boloSia, daurTeT nomeri Camketi brWyalis
Semdeg.
litvakis TqmiT, `aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis es
moZraoba maTi emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
gamoxatuleba iyo~.4
Tu citata mTavrdeba winadadebis SuaSi, dasviT nomeri im
(damokidebuli an damoukidebeli) winadadebisbolos, romelic
Seicavs citatas da romelic xSirad winadadebis dasasrulia.
`aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis es moZraoba maTi
emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani gamoxatuleba iyo~,
litvakis TqmiT. 4
litvaki amtkicebs, rom `aTobiT axalgaTavisuflebuli monisTvis
es moZraoba maTi emansipaciis sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
gamoxatuleba iyo~4 da Semdeg am mosazrebas asabuTebs.
ganlagebis igive variantebi vrceldeba citatebze, romlebic
mocemulia sqolioSi miTiTebis (16.4.3) an teqsturi miTiTebis
stilis muxlebTan erTad (ix. 18.3.1), mxolod erTi mniSvnelovani
gansxvavebiT: Tu wertili an mZime, Cveulebriv, win uswrebs Camket
brWyals, am SemTxvevaSi dasviT igi citatis gareT, Camketi
frCxilis Semdeg.
mwerlebi cdiloben, gaigon, `rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad
im obieqtebs, romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~
(boukeri da stari 1999, 59).
imisaTvis, rom daedginaT, `rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad im
obieqtebs, romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~ (boukeri
da stari 1999, 59), mwerlebma kvleva Caatares.
imis gageba, Tu`rogor yofen adamianebi kategoriebad im obieqtebs,
romlebsac yoveldRiur situaciebSi xvdebian~, mTavaria boukerisa
da starisTvis (1999, 59).
498
specialuri punqtuacia. erT citataSi meore citatis moqcevisas
citirebuli sityvebis Sida rigisTvis gamoiyeneT erTmagi
brWyalebi.
roTkos, bolis mtkicebiT, `surda Seeqmna naxatebi, romelTac
sulieri problemebis gadaWris unari eqneboda: ‘suraTebi saswauls
unda sCadiodnen’, ganacxada man erTxel.~
Tu teqstSi or an orze met poetur striqons CasvamT, gamoyaviT
isini daxrili xaziT (/) winmswrebi da momdevno intervalebiT.
Tumca, poeziisTvis, umetes SemTxvevebSi, gamoiyeneT blokuri
citatebi.
maT cxovreba erT martiv azramde dahyavT: `yvelaferi mSvidad aris
da mwifdeba saflavisken mimaval gzaze; / Cumad, mwifdeba, ecema da
kvdeba.”
25.2.2blokuri citatebi
proza. warmoadgineT xuTi an xuTze meti striqonis mqone
prozauli citata blokuri citatis saxiT. citata SeiyvaneT
teqstSi Tqvenive sityvebiT; ix. 7.5. Tu citata SemogyavT sruli
winadadebis formiT, daaboloeT winadadeba ori wertiliT.Tu
iyenebT mxolod wyaros mosaxseniebel frazas, magaliTad,
aRniSnavs, moiTxovs, amtkicebs, mixedviT, avtoris saxelTan erTad,
daasruleT fraza mZimiT. Tuki citatas Tqveni winadadebis
sintaqsSi rTavT, nu gamoiyenebT punqtuacias citatis win, Tu aseT
situaciaSi, Cveulebriv, ar iwereba sasveni niSnebi (ixileT meore
magaliTi qvemoT).
blokur citataSi striqonebs Soris erTi intervalia.
gamotoveT erTi striqoni citatis win da citatis Semdeg. nu
dawerT brWyalebs dasawyisSi da boloSi, magram datoveT
xeluxlebeli originalSi arsebuli nebismieri brWyalebi. SewieT
499
marjvniv mTliani citata imdenad, ramdenadac SewevdiT abzacis
pirvel striqons. (literaturis Semswavlel da sxva dargebSi,
sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, Tu originalis
teqsti Seweulia marjvniv, unda SewioT marjvniv blokuri citatis
pirveli striqoni ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata; ixileT,
aseve, 25.3.) damatebiTi informacia citataSi sasveni niSnebisa da
mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ixileT 25.3.1-Si.
jeksoni iwyebs keris mniSvnelobis aRniSvniT:
sacxovrebeli saxli adamianis Sinagani bunebis
gamoxatulebaa; vercerT sazogadoebas ver gavugebT bolomde
mis wevrTa sacxovrebeli saxlebis gareSe. mecxramete
saukunis melodiaSi ismis sityvebi: `araferi Seedreba keras~
da, Tumca, mis fexqveS garTxmuli iyo zurmuxtis qalaqi,
doroTis ver warmoedgina kanzasSi mSobliuri saxlis garda
sadme sxvagan yofna, Cveni saxlebi gvicavs samyarosgan.
Tu sqolioSi miuTiTebT wyaros, daurTeT SeniSvnis nomeri
striqonis zeda indeqsis saxiT blokuri citirebis boloSi,
1
Sesavalis bolo nawilSi igi ganixilavs . . .
Tu citataSi mogyavT erTze meti abzaci, nu daurTavT damatebiT
striqonebs abzacebs Soris da SewieT marjvniv meore da momdevno
abzacebis pirveli striqoni - ufro Rrmad, vidre danarCeni citata.
man aRniSna, rom
mTavrobebs, Cveulebriv, Rupavs maTi ususuroba an tirania.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba xelidan usxltebaT; meore
SemTxvevaSi ki mas ZaliT glejen xelidan.
bevrma adamianma, romelmac naxa, rogor moicva anarqiam
demokratiuli qveynebi, CaTvala, rom im qveynebSi mTavroba
susti da ususuri iyo. sinamdvileSi ki sakmarisia, erTxel
gaCaRdes omi maT partiebs Soris, rom mTavroba kargavs
sazogadoebazegavlenas. (tokvili, 248)
500
rogorc zemoT moyvanil pirvel magaliTSia naCvenebi (ix., aseve,
16.3.2). Tu teqstSive miuTiTebT wyaros, daurTeT miTiTeba blokuri
citirebis damaboloebeli punqtuaciis Semdeg, rogorc es
naCvenebia meore magaliTSi. (unda aRiniSnos, rom es gansxvavdeba
25.2.1-Si naCvenebi wesisgan, sadac aRwerilia ra adgilze unda
mieTiTos wyaro brWyalebSi Casmuli citatis moyvanisas).
poezia da drama. ori an orze meti poeturi striqonisgan Semdgari
citata warmoadgineT blokuri citatis saxiT. poemis (leqsis)
yoveli striqoni daiwyeT axal xazze, originalis msgavsi
punqtuaciiT striqonebis boloebSi. naSromebis umetesobaSi SewieT
poeturi nawarmoebis bloki marjvniv prozauli citatis msgavsad;
Tu striqoni imdenad grZelia, rom ver Tavsdeba erT xazze, SewieT
gadmosuli nawili danarCen citataze ufro Rrmad. disertaciaSi an
sxva ufro vrcel naSromSi, romelic mravlad Seicavs citatebs
poeziidan, moaTavseT yoveli citata gverdis centrSi.
Seqspiris es soneti Seicavs ramdenime dauviwyar pasaJs:
ra Sxami masva siyvarulma?! an ra samsala
damalevina jojoxeTur cremlTan nazavi?!
SiSi imedze da imedi SiSze gacvala,
rom gamarjvebuls marcxi megrZno uzarmazari.
Tu citatad mogyavT uCveulod ganlagebuli striqonebis
mqone leqsi, gaimeoreT striqonebis dajgufebis originaluri
varianti.
es herbertma Zalian lamazad gadmosca Semdeg striqonebSi:
da iq iyo Rvino
sanam TvaliT davaSrobdi mas: iq iyo puri
sanam Cems cremlSi CavZiravdi mas.
nuTu is xani mxolod me davkarge?
nuTu im napirs veRar mivagneb?
Aarc yvavilebi, aRarc gvirgvini?sul ganviZarcve?
sul gavflange?
501
Tu dramatuli piesis dialogidan ori an meti striqoni mogyavT
citatad, gamoyaviT is, rogorc blokuri citata, daformatebuli
prozauli nawarmoebis msgavsad. miuTiTeT yoveli moqmedi piris saxeli
ise, rom igi gamoirCeodes dialogisgan, magaliTad, dawereT isini
mTavruliT an sxvadasxva SriftiT. daiwyeT yoveli replika axali
striqonidan, xolo gadmosuli nawilebi SewieT danarCen citataze ufro
Rrmad.
r. roister doisteri. Tu ar moviyvane colad, gavgiJdebi.
m. merigriki. ara, `suleli~ ar vici, magram `giJi~ namdvilad xar.
epigrafebi. epigrafi aris citata, romelic gansazRvravs Tqveni
naSromis Tematikas. sadiplomo naSromebis an disertaciis
satitulo elementebSi gamoyenebuli epigrafebis Sesaxeb ixileT
A.2.1-Si. epigrafi Tavis an nawilis dasawyisSi miiCnieT blokur
citatad. epigrafis qvemoT miuTiTeT avtori da saTauri, striqoni
gaasworeT marjvniv da win emtire (an ori defisi; ix. 21.7.2)
daurTeT. epigrafis citirebisas ar gesaWiroebaT amaze meti
formalobis dacva. datoveT ori carieli striqoni wyaros
striqonsa da teqstis dasawyiss Soris. ix., aseve, suraTi A.9.
qalaqi ar gviambobs Tavis warsulze, magram xelisgulis xazebiviT Tan
atarebs mas.
-- italo kalvino, uCinari qalaqebi
25.3 citatebis Secvla
citirebis dros zustad unda gaimeoroTwyaros formulireba,
damwerloba, mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da punqtuacia, maSinac,
Tu isini ar misdevs winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos miTiTebebs.
amasTan, citatis teqstSi CarTvisas, SegiZliaT misi gardaqmna
teqstis sintaqsTan misadagebis an mis garkveul nawilebze
yuradRebis gamaxvilebis mizniT.
unda gaiTvaliswinoT, rom sxvadasxva disciplinas sxvadasxva
standarti aqvs winamdebare nawilSi ganxiluli sakiTxebisTvis,
502
magaliTad, sawyisi mTavruli an nusxuri asoebis gardaqmnis da
gamotovebuli adgilebis nacvlad mravalwertilis dawerisTvis.
disciplinaTa umetesobaSi naSromis dawerisas ixelmZRvaneleT
zogadi wesebiT. literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi,
sadac teqstebis saguldagulo analizitardeba, ixelmZRvaneleT
ufro mkacri wesebiT, romlebic garkveul TemebSia mocemulia. Tu
ar xarT darwmunebuli, romel miTiTebebs misdioT, ixelmZRvaneleT
adgilobrivi wesebiT an rCevisTvis mimarTeT pedagogs.
25.3.1 dasaSvebi cvlilebebi
orTografia. Tu originaluri wyaro Seicavs aSkara tipografiul
Secdomas, SeasworeT igi komentarebis gareSe.
originali: es daskvnebi sabloo ar aris, Tumca namdvilad
damafiqrebelia.
kleitoni aRiarebs, rom misi daskvnebi “saboloo ar aris”.
magram Tu msgavsi Secdoma avlens raime mniSvnelovans wyaros
Sesaxeb an asabuTebs Tqvens arguments, datoveT igi ucvlelad
Tqvens citataSi. uSualod Secdomis Semdeg daurTeT laTinuri
sityva sic (“asea”), daxrili SriftiT, Casmuli kvadratul
frCxilebSi, raTa aRniSnoT, rom es avtoris mier daSvebuli
Secdomaa. cud manerad iTvleba Secdomebze miTiTeba wyaros
uxerxul mdgomareobaSi Casayeneblad.
originali: saSualo amerikelma ar icis wera da ar SeuZlia mZimeis [sic]
sworad gamoyeneba.
rasels Tavisi argumentis magaliTad mohyavs is, rom saSualo amerikels
`ar SeuZlia mZimeis [sic]sworad gamoyeneba~.
Tu citata mogyavT Zveli an arastandartuli orTografiis mqone
dialeqtze dawerili wyarodan, SeinarCuneT originaluri
marTlwera da nu ixmarT sic-s. Tu, sicxadis mizniT, Tanamedrove
503
marTlwerasa da punqtuacias gamoiyenebT citataSi, SeniSvnaSi an
SesavalSi, acnobeT Tqvens mkiTxvelebs amis Sesaxeb.
mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da punqtuacia. disciplinebis
umravlesobaSi SegiZliaT, SecvaloT citirebuli nawyvetis sawyisi
aso mTavrulidan nusxuriT an nusxuridan mTavruliT cvlilebis
Sesaxeb aRniSvnis gakeTebis gareSe. Tu CaaqsovT citatas Tqveni
teqstis sintaqsSi, daiwyeT igi nusxuriT.sxva SemTxvevaSi daiwyeT
citata mTavruliT, Tu igi iwyeba sruli winadadebiT, xolo
nusxuriT _ Tu ar iwyeba sruli winadadebiT. msgavsi cvlilebebi
SegiZliaT, aseve, gaataroT mravalwertilis gamoyenebisas; ixileT
25.3.2.
originali: am faqtorebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis
sargebeli unda moetana.
fernandesis TqmiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda
moetana.”
fernandesi acxadebs, rom `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana.”
fernandesi aRniSnavs, rom `am faqtorebis Sedegad cvlilebas meqsikeli
xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~
“cvlilebas~, aRniSnavs fernandesi, `meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana.”
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogor daamuSavebT citatas teqstSi,
SegiZliaT, aseve, gamotovoT damaboloebeli wertili an SecvaloT
is mZimiT.
fernandesi aRniSnavs, rom cvlilebas `meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli
unda moetana~ mis mier ganxiluli faqtorebis Sedegad.
`cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana~, amtkicebs
fernandesi.
literaturis Semswavlel da sxva iseT dargebSi, sadac teqstebis
siRrmiseuli analizi tardeba, mTavruli asos nebismieri cvlileba
aRniSneT Secvlili asos kvadratul frCxilebSiCasmiT.
504
fernandesis mtkicebiT, `cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda
moetana.~
fernandesi yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom `am faqtorebis Sedegad
cvlilebas meqsikeli xalxisTvis sargebeli unda moetana.~
nebismier disciplinaSi, Tu ormag brWyalebSi CasvamTnawyvets,
romelic ukve Seicavs maT, sicxadis mizniT SecvaleT Sida
brWyalebi erTmagi brWyalebiT (ix. 25.2.1). Tu originaluri nawyveti
bolovdeba wertil-mZimiT an orwertiliT, SecvaleT igi wertiliT
an mZimiT, raTa miusadagoT Tqveni winadadebis struqturas (ix.
21.11.2).
daxrili Srifti. sityvebi, romlebic originalSi daxrili
SriftiTar weria, SegiZliaT, daweroT daxrili SriftiT, magram
citataSi an mis miTiTebaSi unda aRniSnoT cvlileba sityvebiT
(daxrili Srifti Cemia)an (gamoyofilia). citataSi daurTeT
kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmuli aRniSvna uSualod daxrili
SriftiT dawerili sityvebis Semdeg. miTiTebaSi daurTeT aRniSvna
gverdis nomris Semdeg; mas win unda uswrebdes wertil-mZime (ix.,
aseve, 16.3.5). Tu daxrili SriftiT dawerT or an met adgils
citataSi, ixmareT SeniSvna da ara frCxilebSi Casmuli komentari.
ix., aseve, 22.2.2.
Sulcis mixedviT, `2010 wlis bolosTvis yoveli demokratia
[gamoyofilia] birTvuli terorizmis safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndeba.~1
brauni aRniSnavs mxolod, rom tomebi ganadgureba “sul raRac aT welze
mokle droSi~ [271; daxrili Srifti Cemia].
CanarTebi. Tu TqvenTvis aucilebelia citataSi erTi an meti
sityvis Casma ganmartebis an Sesworebis mizniT, CasviT CanarTi
kvadratul frCxilebSi. Tu aRmoCnda, rom bevri amgvari CanarTi
gamogdiT, umjobesia, xelaxla CamoayaliboT winadadeba an ufro
mcire zomis citatebi CarToT teqstSi.
rogorc igi aRniSnavs, `es udidesi mxatvrebi [pikaso, braki, matisi]
akademiuri swavlebis winaaRmdeg ajanydnen.~
505
igi aRniSnavs, rom pikaso, braki da matisi `ajanydnen akademiuri
swavlebis winaaRmdeg.~
SeniSvnebi. Tu citatad mogyavT nawyveti, romelic Seicavs
SeniSvnis striqonis zeda indeqss, magram Tqven sakuTriv SeniSvnas
ar rTavT teqstSi, SegiZliaT, gamotovoT SeniSvnis nomeri.
25.3.2 gamotovebuli adgilebi
Tu citatidan gamotovebT sityvebs, frazebs, winadadebs an
abzacebs imis gamo, rom isini ar exeba Tqvens Temas, nu SecvliT an
arasworad nu warmoadgenT originaluri citatis azrs. Tqven
valdebuli xarT ara mxolod datovoT is sityvebi, romlebsac
SeuZlia citatis mTliani azris Secvla (rogoricaa ara, arasodes,
yovelTvis), aramed datovoT mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebi. qvemoT
moyvanil citataSi arasworad aris gadmocemuli avtoris azri. (ix.,
aseve, 4.2.3.)
originali: rogorc ki moixsneboda mimdinare problemebi, cvlileba
aucileblad moitanda sargebels.
iangis mtkicebiT, `cvlileba aucileblad moitanda sargebels~.
gamotovebuli sityvis, frazis an winadadebis aRniSvnis
mizniT, ixmareT mravalwertili – sami wertili maT
SorisintervalebiT. (bevr teqstur procesors aqvs specialuri
niSani, romelic mravalwertils aRniSnavs).vinaidan wertilebi
cvlis gamotovebul sityvebs, isini yovelTvis rCeba brWyalebis an
kvadratuli frCxilebis SigniT. datoveT intervali bolo
citirebuli sityvis an sasveni niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel
wertils Soris da kidev erTi intervali bolo wertilis Semdeg
sityvis an sasveni niSnis win.
Cven vibrZviT simarTlisTvis; . . . TavisuflebisTvis . . .; da . . .
gadarCenisTvis~.
is, Tu rogor iyenebT Tqven mravalwertils garkveul situaciebSi,
damokidebulia Tqvens disciplinaze. disciplinaTa
umravlesobisTvis ixelmZRvaneleT zogadi meTodiT; literaturis
506
Semswavleli da sxva im dargebisTvis, sadac tardeba teqstebis
saguldagulo analizi, ixelmZRvaneleT teqstebis Seswavlis
meTodiT (ixileT qvemoT). Tu ar xarT darwmunebuli, romeli
meTodiT unda ixelmZRvaneloT, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs
an SeekiTxeT Tqvens pedagogs. 25.3.1-Si ixileT mTavrulis dasmisa
da punqtuaciis Secvlis wesebi gamotovebuli adgilebis
gaTvaliswinebiT.
zogadi meTodi. SegiZliaT, citata sxvadasxvanairad SeamokloT,
ise, rogorc es qvemoT aris warmodgenili.
originali: rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi
mouxados dazaralebul mxares. is unda moiqces saerTaSoriso
diplomatiuri standartebis Sesabamisad. man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.
Tu gamotovebT sityvebs winadadebis SigniT, dawereT
mravalwertili, rogorc es qvemoT aris naCvenebi.
`rodesac eri cdeba, man . . . bodiSi unda mouxados dazaralebul mxares.”
Tu gamotoveT masala winadadebebs Soris da Tu
gamotovebuli adgilis winmswrebi masala gramatikulad
srulyofili winadadebaa, dawereT damaboloebeli sasveni niSani
uSualod am winadadebis Semdeg. datoveT intervali am sasveni
niSnis da mravalwertilis pirvel wertils Soris. daicaviT es
wesi im SemTxvevaSic, Tu gamotoveT winmswrebi winadadebis
dasasruli da Tuki is, rac darCa, gramatikulad srulyofilia
(rogorc aris naCvenebi qvemoT meore magaliTSi).
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados
dazaralebul mxares. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas nabijebi situaciis
Sesacvlelad.”
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.”
Tu tovebT masalas winadadebebs Soris ise, rom
gamotovebuli adgilis winmswrebi da momdevno masala
507
gaerTianebisas qmnis gramatikulad srulyofil winadadebas, nu
dawerT damaboloebel sasven niSans mravalwertilis win. amasTan,
avtoris azris arasworad gadmocemis Tavidan asacileblad, am
dros, zogadad, umjobesia, gamoviyenoT Semoklebis erT-erTi zemoT
naCvenebi varianti an cal-calke ori citata.
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da . . . gadadgas nabijebi
situaciis Sesacvlelad.”
iqidan gamomdinare, Tu sad aris sityvebi gamotovebuli, igive
principebi vrceldeba sxva tipis sasven niSnebze, romlebic win
uswrebs an mosdevs mravalwertils, zog situaciaSi, rogoricaa
qvemoT moyvanili meore magaliTi, gamoiyeneT citatis moyvanis
gansxvavebuli wesi.
`rogor cioda? . . . veravin SeZlebda aseT amindSi muSaobas.~
`vaWris saqonelSi iyo qsovilebi da mravali sxva ram . . . , yvelaferi,
rasac qalaqis qalbatonebi SeiZendnen~.
an
vaWris saqonelSi iyo qalaqis qalbatonebisTvis gankuTvnili `qsovilebi
da bevri sxva ram~.
vinaidan mraval konteqstSi naTlad Cans, rodis Semoklda citata,
arsebobs situaciebi, roca aucilebeli ar aris mravalwertilis
gamoyeneba:
• citirebuli frazis, arasruli winadadebis an originalis sxva
iseTi fragmentis win an Semdgom, romelic calsaxad ar aris
srulyofili winadadeba. magram, Tu raimes gamotovebT
fragmentis SigniT, ixmareT mravalwertili Sesaferis adgilas:
smiTi werda, rom prezidentze `didi STabeWdileba moaxdina~
moxsenebam, romelic xazs usvamda `yvela msxvili qveynis . . .
ekonomikuri resursebis gamoyenebas.”
• citatis dasawyisSi, maSinac, roca gamotovebulia originaluri
winadadebis sawyisi nawili.
508
• citatis bolos, maSinac, roca gamotovebulia originaluri
winadadebis bolo nawili.
teqstis Seswavlis meTodi. teqstis Seswavlis meTodi zogad
meTodze ufro mkacrad misdevs mravalwertilis gamoyenebas, raTa
aRniSnos citirebuli winadadebebis dasawyisSi an bolos
gamotovebuli masala. Tu am meTods iyenebT, ixelmZRvaneleT
zogadi wesebiT, garda qvemoT moyvanili SemTxvevebisa.
originali: rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi
mouxados dazaralebul mxares. is unda moiqces saerTaSoriso
diplomatiuri standartebis Sesabamisad. man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.
• Tu tovebT masalas winadadebebs Soris, magram srulad
mogyavT gamotovebuli adgilis winmswrebi winadadeba,
dawereT damaboloebeli sasveni niSani uSualod am
winadadebis Semdeg. datoveT intervali am sasveni niSnis da
mravalwertilis pirvel wertils Soris, rasac iTvaliswinebs
zogadi meTodi, romelic naCvenebia qvemoT moyvanil pirvel
magaliTSi. amasTan, Tu gamotovebulia winmswrebi winadadebis
bolo nawili (maSinac, rodesac darCenili winadadeba
gramatikulad srulyofilia), dasviT intervali sasveni
niSnis nacvlad uSualod winadadebis Semdeg. intervalis
Semdeg CasviT mravalwertilis oTxi wertili gamotovebuli
adgilis aRsaniSnavad (rogorc naCvenebia meore magaliTSi
qvemoT).
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados
dazaralebul mxares. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas nabijebi situaciis
Sesacvlelad.”
magram
`rodesac eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es. . . . man, aseve, unda gadadgas
nabijebi situaciis Sesacvlelad.”
• Tu citatas iwyebT winadadebiT, romelic, miuxedavad
winadadebis dasawyisSi gamotovebuli adgilisa, gramatikulad
srulyofilia, aRniSneT gamotoveba mravalwertilis meSveobiT.
Tu pirveli sityva citataSi, originalisgan gansxvavebiT,
509
dawerilia mTavruliT, CasviT Secvlili aso kvadratul
frCxilebSi (ix. 25.3.1).
. . . man es unda aRiaros es da bodiSi mouxados dazaralebul mxares.”
• Tu asrulebT citatas winadadebiT, romelic, miuxedavad
winadadebis boloSi gamotovebuli adgilisa, gramatikulad
srulyofilia, aRniSneT gamotoveba oTxwertiliT, iseve,
rogorc miuTiTebdiT winadadebebs Soris gamotovebul
daboloebas.
,,roca eri cdeba, man unda aRiaros es . .”
gansakuTrebuli tipis gamotovebuli adgilebi. Semdegi wesebi
vrceldeba gamotovebuli adgilebis miTiTebis orive meTodze:
zogadze da teqstis Seswavlis meTodze.
Tu blokuri citatis SegniTtovebT mTlian abzacs an mets,
miuTiTeT gamotoveba wertiliT da mravalwertilis sami wertiliT
abzacis bolos, gamotovebuli adgilis win. Tu citata Seicavs
kidev erT abzacs gamotovebuli adgilis Semdeg, SewieT axali
abzacis pirveli striqoni. Tu citata iwyeba abzacis Suidan,
daiwyeT is mravalwertilis sami wertiliT striqonis Sewevis
Semdeg.
mertoni wers:
es-esaa Cndeboda axalTaxali sindisi, rogorc sulis realuri,
moqmedi funqcia. sul male yoveli Cemi moqmedeba ufro Segnebuli
gaxdeboda. . . .
. . . vinaidan aravis SeuZlia an SeeZlo mxolod TavisiT da
TavisTvis cxovreba, sxva aTasobiT adamianis beds es aucileblad
unda Sexeboda.
aCveneT blokur citataSi moqceuli leqsis erTi mTliani an
meti gamotovebuli striqoni mravalwertilebis xaziT, romlis
sigrZe zeda striqonis sigrZis toli iqneba.
mTavar pasaJSi weria:
510
nuRar itirebT, kaeSniT savse mwyemsebo, nuRar itirebT,
radgan, licidas, Seni wuxili araa mkvdari,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
maTTvis, vinc Sedis im xifaTiT savse mdinareSi.
511
26. cxrilebi da suraTebi
26.1 zogadi wesebi
26.1.1 adgilmdebareoba teqstSi
26.1.2 zoma
26.1.3 wyaroebis aRmniSvneli striqonebi
26.2 cxrilebi
26.2.1 cxrilebis struqtura
26.2.2 cxrilebis nomrebi da saTaurebi
26.2.3 svetebis wesebi
26.2.4 svetebis saTaurebi
26.2.5 gverduli svetebi
26.2.6 cxrilis centraluri nawili
26.2.7 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi
26.3 suraTebi
26.3.1 diagramebi, sqemebi
26.3.2 suraTebis nomrebi da warwerebi
mraval samecniero kvleviT naSromSi monacemebis warsadgenad
gamoiyeneba cxrilebi da suraTebi. Cxrilebi aris svetebisgan da
rigebisgan Semdgari cxaurebi, romlebSic warmodgenilia
ricxobrivi an sityvieri monacemebi kategoriebis mixedviT.
suraTebi moicavs grafikebs, diagramebs, sqemebs, fotosuraTebs,
rukebs, musikaluri nawarmoebebis nawyvetebs, naxazebs da sxva
gamosaxulebebs. yvela am tipis arateqstur masalas erToblivad
moixsenieben, rogorc naxats (termini, romelic drodadro
gamoiyenebda suraTis nacvlad) an grafikuli gamosaxulebebi
(diagramebi, grafikebi, suraTebi da simboloebi).
rodesac gaqvT monacemebi, romlebic SeiZleba, gadmoices
cxrilis an suraTis saxiT, Tqveni pirveli amocanaa, am
512
formatebidan yvelaze efeqtiani airCioT; zogi tipis monacemebi
SeiZleba, ukeT warmoadginoT cxrilSi, zogi _ sqemaSi, zogi ki _
grafikSi. Tqveni arCevani gavlenas moaxdens imaze, Tu rogori
reaqcia eqneba mkiTxvels Tqvens monacemebze. es aris ritorikuli
sakiTxebi, romlebic ganixileba me-8 TavSi. winamdebare Tavi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, Tu rogor unda aagoT SerCeuli
konkretuli forma, am SemTxvevaSi, cxrilebi da ori tipis suraTi:
sqemebi (diagramebi) da grafikebi.
dResdReobiT cxrilebis, sqemebis (diagramebis) da grafikebis
umravlesoba kompiuteruli programebis meSveobiT iqmneba. Tumca,
programa ver SegirCevT yvelaze efeqtur formats an cxrilebisa
da suraTebis swor stils; programa, aseve, ver uzrunvelyofs
logikur an formalur Tanmimdevrulobas. mzad unda iyoT, rom
cxrilebis, sqemebis (diagramebis) da grafikebis Seqmnamde
mogixdebaT zogi standartuli parametris Secvla, xolo Seqmnis
Semdeg _ Sesabamisad daxvewa. informacias Tqvens naSromSi
cxrilebisa da yvela tipis suraTebis Casmis Sesaxeb,
gansakuTrebiT, Tu isini ar aris Seqmnili Tqvens teqstur
procesorSi, ixilavT danarTis A.3.1-Si.
Tu muSaobT sadiplomo Temaze an disertaciaze, romelic
Seicavs cxrilebsa da suraTebs, Tqvens fakultets (kaTedras,
ganyofilebas) an universitets SeiZleba, hqondes specifikuri
moTxovnebi maT formatTan dakavSirebiT. es moTxovnebi, rogorc
wesi, SegiZliaT, moiZioT sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis
ofisSi. Tu muSaobT sakurso naSromze, Tqvenma pedagogma SesaZloa,
aseve, mogTxovoT cxrilebisa da suraTebis momzadeba garkveuli
wesebis dacviT. gaerkvieT am moTxovnebSi, vidre moamzadebT Tqvens
naSroms. isini winamdebare TavSi SemoTavazebul saxelmZRvanelo
miTiTebebze upiratesia. saxelmZRvaneloebis xvadasxva
disciplinebSi arsebuli wesebis Sesaxeb ixileT bibliografiaSi.
513
26.1 zogadi wesebi
naSromebSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis warmodgenis ramdenime zogadi
wesi arsebobs.
26.1.1 adgilmdebareoba teqstSi
cxrili an suraTi rac SeiZleba axlos unda iyos im abzacTan,
romelSic pirvelad moixseniebT mas. Tu cxrili an suraTi ver
Tavsdeba darCenil gverdze da arc srul gverds ikavebs,
daamTavreT teqsti gverdis dasrulebamde da moaTavseT cxrili an
suraTi meore gverdis dasawyisSi. (ixileT A.3.1-Si informacia
naSromSi cxrilebisa da suraTebis Casmis Sesaxeb, aseve, A.12-Si da
A.13-Si ixileT cxrilebisa da suraTebis gverdze ganTavsebis
magaliTebi).
SegiZliaT, mcire zomis cxrilebi an suraTebi erT gverdze
jgufebad daawyoT, oRond isini calsaxad unda gamoirCeodes
erTmaneTisgan. jgufebad dawyobili cxrilebi zogadad inarCunebs
saTaurebs (ix. 26.2.2). Tu jgufebad dawyobili suraTebi axlo
kavSirSia erTmaneTTan, daurTeT erTi nomeri da saerTo warwera;
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, gamoiyeneT cal-calke nomrebi da warwerebi
(ix. 26.3.2).
Tu cxrili an suraTi teqstTan naklebad aris dakavSirebuli
an zedmetad didia masSi Casasmelad, moaTavseT danarTSi an Tqveni
naSromis sacnobaro ganyofilebis nawilSi saTauriT naxatebi
(ix.A.2.3).
26.1.2 zoma
sadac SesaZlebelia, daaformateT cxrilebi da suraTebi ise, rom
isini moTavsdes horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebis mqone
erT gverdze. Tu ver Tavsdeba, ecadeT, SeamokloT svetebis grZeli
saTaurebi an SeamokloT ganmeorebiTi terminebi.
Tu ver axerxebT cxrilis an suraTis moTavsebas erT
gverdze, ramdenime gamosavali gaqvT.
514
• horizontaluri sworeba. Tu cxrili an suraTi Zalian farToa
gverdisTvis, SeabruneT igi oTxmocdaaTi gradusiT ise, rom
marcxena mxare moxvdes gverdis ZirSi; aRniSnul sworebas ewodeba
vertikaluri. nu moaTavsebT raime teqsts horizontaluri cxrilis
an suraTis Semcvel gverdze. dabeWdeT cxrilis saTauri an
suraTis warwera horizontaluri an vertikaluri sworebiT.
ixileT magaliTisTvis suraTi A.13.
• gverdigverd. Tu cxrili gverdze grZelia, siganiT ki _ gverdis
naxevarze naklebi, gayaviT is orad da erTsa da imave gverdze
gverdigverd moaTavseT orive nawili. orive nawils daurTeT
svetebis saTaurebi.
• gverdebze ganawileba. Tu cxrili an suraTi imdenad grZelia, rom
ver Tavsdeba erT vertikalur gverdze an imdenad farToa, rom ver
Tavsdeba horizontalur gverdze, gadaanawileT igi or (an orze
met) gverdze. yovel gverdze gaimeoreT gverduli svetisa da yvela
sxva svetis saTaurebi (ix. 26.2). miuwereT cxrilis nomerssityva
,,gagrZeleba” yoveli gverdis zeda marcxena mxares, pirveli
gverdis Semdeg, marcxniv sworebiT da daxrili asoebiT (cxrili 2
gagrZeleba). yvela gverdze, garda bolosi, gamotoveT qveda xazi.
• zomis Semcireba. Tu suraTi warmoadgens fotos an sxva
gamosaxulebas, SegiZliaT, SeamciroT misi zoma. gaecaniT Tqvens
adgilobriv wesebs fotosuraTis rezoluciisa da sxva Sesabamisi
maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb informaciis mosapoveblad.
• cxrilebis da suraTebis cal-calke warmodgena. Tu zemoT
moyvanili wesebidan arc erTi ar Seesabameba Tqvens SemTxvevas,
monacemebi SegiZliaT, gayoT da warmoadginoT ori an meti calke
mocemuli cxrilis an suraTis saxiT.
• danarTi. Tu cxrili an suraTi Seicavs masalas, romlis
warmodgena SeuZlebelia nabeWdi formiT, magaliTad, didi
moculobis monacemTa nakrebi an multimediuri faili, daurTeT
igi danarTis saxiT, rogorc naCvenebia A.2.3-Si.
26.1.3 wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi
aucilebelia, miuTiToT yvela im monacemis wyaro, romelic Tavad
ar mogipovebiaT da cxrilebsa da suraTebSi gaqvT gamoyenebuli.
515
ase unda moiqceT im SemTxvevaSic, Tu monacemebs axali formiT
warmoadgenT – magaliTad, agebT grafiks Tavdapirvelad cxrilis
saxiT gamoqveynebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT, amatebT cxrilSi
axal monacemebs sxva wyarodan an metaanalizis gziT aerTianebT
sxvadasxva wyarodan mopovebul monacemebs.
miiCnieT wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi cxrilis sqoliod
(ix. 26.2.7) an suraTis warweris nawilad (ix. 26.3.2). daiwyeT wyaros
aRmniSvneli striqoni sityviT wyaro(ebi). Tu striqoni ikavebs orze
met xazs, gadasuli sityvebi unda gaswordes marcxniv da
daibeWdos striqonebs SoriserTi intervaliT. dasviT wertili
striqonis bolos.
Tu miTiTebebisas xelmZRvanelobT sqolioSi miTiTebis stiliT,
miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix. me-16 Tavi), aseve,
miuTiTeT originaluri cxrilis an suraTis nomeri an im gverdis
nomeri, saidanac aiReT monacemebi. Tu ar miuTiTebT am wyaros
naSromis sxva adgilebSic, saWiro ar aris misi CarTva Tqvens
bibliografiaSi.
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan devid hale, kulturis
gageba: xelovneba da klasi amerikul ojaxbSi (Cikago: Cikagos
universitetis gamomcemloba, 1993), cxrili 2.)
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan riCard g. adamsi umc.,
`fuladi gzavnilobebi, investireba da soflis kapitalis
akumulireba pakistanSi~, ekonomikuri ganviTareba da kulturuli
cvlileba 47, # 1 (1998); 155-73; devid beveni, pol kolieri da ien
ganingi, glexebi da mTavroba: ekonomikuri analizi (oqsfordi:
gamomcemloba klerdoni. 1989), 125-28.
Tu iyenebT teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils, miuTiTeT wyaro
teqstobriv miTiTebis msgavsad, magram frCxilebis gareSe da
bibliografiaSi miuTiTeT sruli informacia wyaros Sesaxeb (ix.
me-18 Tavi).
516
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemidan hale 1993, cxrili 2.
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia gamocemebidan adamsi 1998, 155-73; beveni,
kolieri da ganingi 1989, 125-28.
Tu monacemebi adaptirebulia originalur wyaroSi warmodgenili
masalidan, wyaros aRmniSvnel striqons daurTeT fraza
adaptirebulia . . . –dan, rogorc naCvenebia cxrilebSi 26.1 da 26.3.
im fotoebs, rukebs da sxva suraTebs, romlebic uSualod Tqven ar
SegiqmniaT, wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonis nacvlad miuTiTeT
avtori.
ruka Seadgina jerald f. failma. foto gadaiRo jeims l. beladma
Tu disertaciasgare sadisertacio arqivSi waradgenT SesaZloa,
saavtoro uflebiT daculi cxrilebis an suraTebis reproduqciis
gamosayeneblad oficialuri nebarTva dagWirdeT. ixileT `Cikagos
stilis saxelmZRvanelos~ 2003 wlis me-15 gamocemis me-4 Tavi. Tu
gWirdebaT nebarTvebTan dakavSirebuli samadlobeli striqonebis
darTva, ixileT CMOS 12.40-51 (suraTebi) da 13.44 (cxrilebi).
26.2 cxrilebi
bevr situaciaSi SeiZleba, gerCivnoT masalebis cxrilis saxiT
warmodgena. me-8 TavSi naCvenebia cxrilebis gamoyenebis
kriteriumebi da, aseve, maTi Sedgenis zogadi principebi.
winamdebare nawili moicavs im sakiTxebs, romlebic SeiZleba,
wamoiWras cxrilebis momzadebisas. cxrilebSi 26.1-26-3 naCvenebia am
nawilSi ganxiluli principebis magaliTebi.
Sinaarsis sirTulidan da, Sesabamisad, struqturidan
gamomdinare, cxrilebs Soris bevri gansxvavebaa, magram arsebiTad
mniSvnelovania cxrilebis SigniT da maT Soris logikuri kavSiri,
raTa Tqveni monacemebi mkiTxvelisTvis gasagebi iyos.
gamoiyeneT arabuli cifrebi cxrilebSi moTavsebuli yvela
ricxobrivi monacemisTvis, Tu ar iqneba sxva raime miTiTebaamasTan
517
dakavSirebiT. adgilis dazogvis mizniT, SegiZliaT, SedarebiT
ufro Tavisuflad ixmaroT abreviaturebi da simboloebi, magram
gamoiyeneT isini dazogviT da Tanmimdevrulad. Tu ar arsebobs
standartuli abreviaturebi, Tavad SeqmeniT Semoklebebi da
ganmarteT isini cxrilis sqolioSi (ix. 26.2.7) an, Tu aseTi bevri
iqneba, Tqveni naSromis satitulo elementebis abreviaturebis
CamonaTvalSi (ix.A.2.1).
cxrili 26.1 for kornerSi, bostoni, SerCeuli eklesiebi
eklesia religiuri
tradicia
daswreba eTnikuri
warmomavloba
klasi
RmerTis eklesia
ormocdaaTia-
neli
100 karibis,
Sereuli
saSualo
wminda sulis
eklesia
ormocdaaTia-
neli
10
samxreTuli
Savi
muSa
fundamentalistu-
ri evangelisturi
baptisturi
baptisturi 70 samxreTuli
Savi
saSualo
sulis saxli
ormocdaaTia-
neli
50 haituri muSa
mTa nibos
apostoluri
apostoluri 30 samxreTuli
Savi
muSa/
saSualo
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia naSromidan: omar m. makrobertsi, didebis quCebi:
eklesia da sazogadoeba qalaqis Savkaniani mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul ubanSi
(Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003), 53.
cxrili 26.2. gotfritis provinciis arCevnebis Sedegebi, 1950-60
1950 1956 1960
partia xmebis
%
aRebu-
li
adgi-
xmebis
%
aRebu-
li
adgi-
xmebis
%
aRebu-
li
adgi-
518
lebi lebi lebi
provinciis
asamblea
konservatorebi 35.5 47 26.0 37 30.9 52
socialistebi 12.4 18 27.1 44 24.8 39
qristian-
demokratebi
49.2 85 41.2 68 39.2 59
sxvebi 2.9 0 5.7 1 5.1 a 0
sul 100.0 150 100.0 150 100.0 150
erovnuli
asamblea
konservatorebi 32.6 4 23.8 3 28.3 3
socialistebi 13.5 1 27.3 3 24.1 2
qristian-
demokratebi
52.1 7 42.8 6 46.4 8
sxvebi 1.8 0 6.1 0 1.2 0
sul 100.0 12 100.0 12 100.0 13b
wyaro: monacemebi ervonidan 1950, 1956, 1960. aes adgili moipova radikalma socialistma, romelic konservatiuli koaliciis
wevri gaxda. b
1960 wlis gadanawilebam gotfrits moapovebina damatebiTi adgili erovnul
asambleaSi.
cxrili 26.3 umuSevrobis maCvenebeli samuSao asakis niu
iorkelebSi, 2000
samuSao Zalis %
umuSevrobis procenti mdedro-
biTi
sqesi
mamrobiTi
sqesi
orive
sqesis
warmo-
madgenlebi
yvela muSaki 6.1 5.4 . . .
ganaTlebis mixedviT
(25-64 asaki)
arasruli 11.9 5.8 . . .
saSualo 5.4 5.0 . . .
kolejis ramdenime 4.2 4.5 . . .
519
weli
humanitarul
mecnierebaTa
bakalavri BA an meti
2.6 2.3 . . .
asakis mixedviT
16-19 . . . . . . 19.3
20-34 . . . . . . 6.5
35-54 . . . . . . 4.7
55-64 . . . . . . 2.9
wyaro: monacemebi aRebulia naSromidanmark levitani, `es namdvilad aq
moxda: siRaribis zrda niu iork sitiSi~, gamocemaSi niu iorki da los
anJelesi: politika, sazogadoeba da kultura – SedarebiTi mimoxilva,
gamomc. devid hale (Cikago: Cikagos universitetis gamomcemloba, 2003),
cxrili 8.2.SeniSvna:.`samuSao asaki~ ganisazRvreba 16-dan 64 wlamde.
aRweris monacemebSi 25 wlamde asakis ganaTlebis done mokvleuli ar
yofila.
26.2.1 cxrilis struqtura
cxrils gaaCnia elementebi, romlebic analogiuria grafikis
horizontaluri da vertikaluri RerZebisa. horizontalur RerZze
ganTavsebulia svetis saTaurebi. vertikalur RerZze _ saTaurebi,
romlebic Seadgens egreT wodebul gverdul svets.
cxrilSi (vertikaluri) svetebisgan da (horizontaluri)
striqonebisgan Semdgari cxauri erTmaneTs ufardebs
damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebis or rigs.
damoukidebeli cvladebi, tradiciulad, Tavsdeba marcxniv,
gverdul svetSi. damokidebuli cvladebi ki _ tradiciulad,
svetebis saTaurebSi. Tu CarTavT cvladebis imave rigs Tqveni
naSromis or an orze met cxrilSi, iyaviT Tanmimdevrulni: yovel
cxrilSi cvladebi unda CasvaT erTsa da imave adgilas – rogorc
svetebis saTaurebSi, ise gverdul svetSi.
monacemebs, romlebic SeiZleba, iyos sityvebi, ricxvebi an
orive (ix. cxrili 26.1), weren svetebis saTaurebis qveS da
gverduli svetis marjvniv arsebulujredebSi.
520
26.2.2 cxrilebis nomrebi da saTaurebi
zogadad, yovel cxrils aqvs nomeri da saTauri. moaTavseT nomeri
da saTauri marcxniv gasworebul striqonze, cxrilis zemoT.
daiwyeT sityvierad cxrili, Semdeg dawereT cxrilis nomeri
(arabuli cifrebiT) da dasviT wertili. erTi intervalis Semdeg ki
dawereT saTauri damaboloebeli wertilis gareSe. saTaurSi
mTavruli gamoiyeneT winadadebis stilSi (ix. 22.3.1). Tu saTauri
ikavebs erTze met striqons, Semdegi striqonebi ibeWdeba marcxniv
sworebiT, striqonebs SoriserTi intervaliT.
cxrili 13. iena-dolaris fardobebi iaponur eqsportSi, 1995-2005.
cxrili, romelic martivad Tavsdeba teqstSi, magaliTad,
ubralo orsvetiani CamonaTvali, ar saWiroebs numeracias an
saTaurs.
Cikagos mosaxleoba geometriuli progresiiT gaizarda misi
arsebobis pirvel saukuneSi:
1840 4,470
1870 298,977
1900 1,698,575
1930 3,376,438
cxrilis nomrebi. danomreT cxrilebi calke da suraTebi calke,
im TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moixseniebT maT teqstSi.
Tu gaqvT sul ramdenime cxrili, danomreT isini Tanmimdevrulad
mTel naSromSi, Tavebis CaTvliT. Tu Tqvens naSromSi bevri cxrili
da Tavia, gamoiyeneT ormagi numeracia; anu, dabeWdeT Tavis nomeri,
Semdeg wertili, Semdeg cxrilis nomeri, rogorc naCvenebia
cxrilSi 12.4.
rodesac teqstSi moixseniebT cxrils, miuTiTeT cxrilis
nomeri (`me-3 cxrilSi~) nacvlad misi adgilmdebareobisa (`qvemoT~),
vinaidan SeiZleba, mogixdeT cxrilis gadaadgileba naSromis
redaqtirebis an daformatebis procesSi.
521
cxrilis saTaurebi. cxrilebis saTaurebi unda iyos mokle, Tumca,
sakmaod mravlismetyveli, raTa mianiSnos maTi monacemebis
specifikur xasiaTze da ganasxvaos cxrilebi erTmaneTisgan.
Sesaferisi saTaurebis daweris wesebi ixileT 8.3.1-Si.cxrilebis
saTaurebi SeiZleba, warmoadginoT ufro mcire zomis SriftiT,
vidre danarCeni teqsti; gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs.
16.2.3 svetebis xazebi
xazebi gamoyofs sxvadasxva tipis monacemebs da teqsts. Metismetad
bevri xazi damabnevelia, amitom gamoiyeneT isini ekonomiurad da
Tanmimdevrulad (ix., aseve, 8.3.2).
• gaavleT msxvili horizontaluri xazebi, raTa gamoyoT saTauri
svetebis saTaurebisgan (ix. 26.2.4), svetebis saTaurebi _ cxrilis
ZiriTadi nawilisgan, xolo ZiriTadi nawili _ sqolioebisgan.
Jamebis striqonis zemoT xazis gavleba tradiciulia, Tumca, ara
arsebiTi. teqstSi orsvetiani cxrilebi umjobesia, ganTavsdes
xazebis gareSe, im pirobiT, rom svetebis saTaurebi gamoyofili
iqneba tipografiuli wesiT.
• gamoyeneT naxevrad msxvili horizontaluri xazebi, raTa
uCvenoT, svetebis romeli saTaurebi da romeli svetebi
eqvemdebareba specialuri tipis saTaurebs, Tu maT iyenebT (ix.
26.2.4; cxrili 26.2).
• svetebs Soris sakmarisi adgili datoveT, raTa ar mogixdeT
Sida vertikaluri an sxva horizontaluri xazebis gamoyeneba. nu
ixmarT vertikalur xazebs cxrilis CarCoSi moTavsebis mizniT.
Tumca, gverdigverd ganlagebuli grZeli da viwro cxrilis
SemTxvevaSi (ix. 26.1.2), gamoiyeneT vertikaluri xazi ori nawilis
gamosayofad.
• moerideT xazebis nacvlad Crdilebis gamoyenebas, Tu cxrili ar
aris grZeli an rTuli (ix. 8.3.2). ecadeT, aseve, ar ixmaroT
ferebi maSinac ki, roca Tqveni naSromi ibeWdeba ferad
printerze, radgan SemdgomSi igi SeiZleba, daibeWdos an
gamravldes Sav-TeTr ferebSi da Tu naSromi disertaciaa, is,
SeiZleba, mikrofilmiTac gaaSuqon. nebismier am formaSi
522
Crdilebi da ferebi mkafiod ar Cans. Crdilebis gamoyenebisas
darwmundiT, rom teqsti kargad ikiTxeba, ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva
elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.
26.2.4 svetebis saTaurebi
cxrilSi unda iyos minimum ori sveti, yoveli svetis TavSia
saTauri, romelic asaxelebs qveda svetSi moyvanil monacemebs.
• svetebis saTaurebisTvis gamoiyeneT arsebiTi saxelis Semcveli
frazebi. ecadeT, rom saTauri iyos mokle (an moaTavseT
ujredSi, rogorc naCvenebia 26.1 da 26.2 cxrilebSi), raTa cxrili
ar gamogivideT metismetad ganieri.
• svetebis saTaurebi CasviT mxolobiTSi an mravlobiTSi, qvemoT
moTavsebuli monacemebidan gamomdinare. gverduli svetebis
saTaurebi, Cveulebriv, mxolobiT ricxvSia (ix. 26.2.5).
• dawereT svetebis saTaurebi mTavruliT winadadebis stilSi (ix.
22.3.1).
• gaasworeT gverduli svetebis saTaurebi marcxniv; danarCeni
svetebis saTaurebi moaTavseT centrSi svetebis qvemoT, yvelaze
farTo Canaweris Tavze. horizontalurad gaasworeT yvela
saTauris qveda striqoni.
Tu monacemebi rTulia, svetebis saTaurebTan erTad SesaZloa,
dagWirdeT specialuri tipis saTaurebis darTva. aseTi saTauri
SeiZleba, moicavdes monacemTa or an met svets. moaTavseT saTauri
centrSi, Sesabamisi svetebis Tavze da gausviT qvemoT (da, Tu
saWiroa, zemoT) naxevrad msxvili horizontaluri xazi. 26.2
cxrilSi naCvenebia saTaurebi rogorc svetebis saTaurebis zemoT
(“1950”), ise qvemoT.
saTaurebs SeiZleba, hqondes ganmartebiTi aRniSvnebi qvedasvetSi
warmodgenili monacemebis asaxsnelad an sazomierTeulis
saCveneblad. CasviT aseTi aRniSvnebi frCxilebSi. aRniSvnebisTvis
SegiZliaT, gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi da simboloebi (km/l, km, kg.,
523
%, $da a.S.), amasTan, daicaviT Tanmimdevroba cxrilebSi da maT
Soris.
pasuxebi(%) peso (milioni)
26.2.5 gverduli sveti
cxrilis gverdul svetad wodebul marcxnidan pirvel svetSi
CamoTvlilia yovel rigSi warmodgenil monacemTa kategoriebi.
• yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, gverdul svets daurTeT svetis
saTauri, maSinac, roca saTauri saerTo terminia (`tipuri
maxasiaTebeli~ an `cvladi~). gamotoveT saTauri mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu is,ubralod, imeorebs cxrilis saTaurs an Tu
gverduli svetis kategoriebi Zalze mravalferovania erTi
saTaurisTvis.
• yvelgan, sadac SesaZlebelia, warmoadgineT gverduli svetis
punqtebi, rogorc arsebiTi saxelebi an saxelobiTi jgufebi da
Tanmimdevrulad daicaviT maTi forma: `wignebi, saJurnalo
statiebi, xelnawerebi da ara `wignebi, JurnalebSi gamoqveynebuli
statiebi, xelnawerebi~. yvela cxrilSi erTi da igive punqtisTvis
gamoiyeneT erTi da igive sityva (magaliTad, Tu erT cxrilSi
dawerT yofili ssrk, nu ixmarT meore cxrilSi frazas yofili
sabWoTa kavSiri).
• dawereT mTavruliT gverduli svetis yvela punqti – winadadebis
stilSi (ix. 22.3.1), damaboloebeli wertilebis gareSe.
• gaasworeT gverduli svetis saTauri da punqtebi marcxniv da
dawereT daxrili SriftiT meore striqonze gadasuli nebismieri
sityva (rogorc 26.1 cxrilzea naCvenebi).
• cxrilSi mocemuli cifrebis jamis saCveneblad daurTeT, daxrili
SriftiT, gverduli svetis punqti saxelwodebiT jami (ix.cxrili
26.2).
Tu, mTavar punqtebTan erTad, gverduli sveti aseve Secavs
qvepunqtebs (ix. cxrili 26.3), gamoyaviT isini Seweuli abzaciT,
teqstis tipofrafiuli moniSvniT (magaliTad, daxrili SriftiT)
an orives meSveobiT. mTavruli Sriftis xmarebisas da sxva wesebis
524
gamoyenebisas ixelmZRvaneleT mTavari punqtebisTvis gankuTvnili
zemoT moyvanili principebiT.
26.2.6 cxrilis centraluri nawili
cxrilis centraluri nawili Sedgeba Tqveni monacemebis -
sityvebis, ricxvebis an orives - Semcveli ujredebisgan (ix. cxrili
26.1).
Tu monacemebi ricxobrivia da svetSi an mTel cxrilSi
warmodgenili yvela mniSvneloba mocemulia aTasebSi an
milionebSi, gamotoveT marjvnidan bolo nolebi da Sesabamisi
svetis saTauris aRniSvnaSi (ix. 26.2.4), cxrilis saTaurSi (26.2.2) an
sqolioSi (26.2.7) miuTiTeT erTeuli. miuTiTeT carieli ujredi
centrSi moqceuli intervalebiani sami wertiliT
(mravalwertiliT), rogorc naCvenebia 26.3 cxrilSi.
horizontaluri gasworeba. yoveli rigis monacemebi gausworeT
am rigis gverduli svetis punqts.
• Tu gverduli svetis punqti gadadis or an met xazze, xolo
Sesabamisi monacemebi erT xazze Tavsdeba, gausworeT rigi
gverduli svetis punqtis qveda striqons (ixileT rigi, dawyebuli
fraziT `wminda sulis eklesia~ 26.1 cxrilSi).
• Tu rogorc gverduli svetis punqti, ise monacemebi gadadis or an
met xazze, gausworeT rigi gverduli svetis punqtis zeda striqons
(ixileT rigi, dawyebuli fraziT `mTa nibos apostoluri~ 26.1
cxrilSi).
• Tu saWiroa, CasviT punqtiris xazebi, romlebic mkiTxvelis
yuradRebas mimarTavs gverduli svetidan pirveli svetis
monacemebisken. (punqtiris xazebis amgvari gamoyenebis magaliTi
ixileT suraTze A.5.)
vertikaluri sworeba. gaasworeT cifrebis sveti vertikalurad
maTi faqtiuri an nagulisxmevi aTobiTiF wertilebis mixedviT,
marjvnidan bolo ricxvze gasworebiT, raTa mkiTxvelebs SeeZloT
svetSi warmodgenili mniSvnelobebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. Tu
525
svetSi mocemul yvela ricxobriv mniSvnelobas erTvis noli
aTobiTi wertilis win, SegiZliaT gamotovoT nolebi (ix. suraTi
A.13).
gaasworeT dolarisa da procentis niSnebi, xarisxebi da a.S.
magram Tu isini gvxvdeba svetis yvela ujredSi, amoSaleT isini
ujredebidan da svetis saTaurSi miuTiTeT erTeuli aRniSvnis
saxiT (ix. 26.2.4, cxrili 26.2 da suraTi A.13).
Tu monacemebi Seicavs sityvebs, ganaTavseT yoveli svetis
centrSi saTauris qveS. Tu nebismier punqts aqvs meore xazze
gadasuli teqsti, gaasworeT yoveli sveti marcxniv (ix. cxrili
26.1).
26.2.7 gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi
Tu cxrilSi gvxvdeba gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi, gaasworeT isini
marcxniv, striqonebs Soris erTi intervaliT. datoveT carieli
striqoni cxrilis qveda xazsa da pirvel SeniSvnas Soris da aseve,
SeniSvnebs Soris. gverdoblivi SeniSvnebi SeiZleba, daibeWdos
ufro mcire SriftiT, vidre danarCeni teqsti; CaixedeT Tqvens
adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi.
cxrilebisTvis gakuTvnili SeniSvnebi SeiZleba, oTxi tipis iyos: (1)
wyaros aRmniSvneli striqonebi (romlebic ganvixileT 26.1.3-Si), (2)
zogadi SeniSnvebi, romlebic exeba mTel cxrils, (3) SeniSvnebi
romlebic exeba cxrilis konkretul nawilebs da (4) SeniSvnebi
statistikuri mniSvnelobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. Tu Tqven gaqvT erTze
meti tipis SeniSvna, daawyveT isini zemoaRniSnuli TanmimdevrobiT.
zogadi SeniSvnebi. zogadi SeniSvnebi exeba mTel cxrils. isini
gansazRvravs abreviaturebs, ganmartavs cxrilis saTaurs,
akonkretebs, rogor xdeboda monacemebis Segroveba an mopoveba,
miuTiTebs mniSvnelobebis damrgvalebaze da a.S. yovelive
zemoaRniSnuls erT SeniSvnaSi mouyareT Tavi. cxrilSi an mis
saTaurSi nu dawerT SeniSvnis nomers (an sxva simbolos), nurc
526
sakuTriv SeniSvnas miawerT nomers. ubralod, daiwyeT SeniSvna
sityviT SeniSvna (daxrili SriftiT, momdevno ori wertiliT). ix,
aseve, 26.3.
SeniSvna: radgan yvela monacemze ar migviwvdeboda xeli, jamebs
Soris Seusabamobaa.
specifikuri SeniSvnebi. SeniSvnebi, romlebic Seicavs cxrilis
konkretuli punqtis axsna-ganmartebebs, SeiZleba, davurToT
cxrilis nebismier nawils, garda cxrilis nomris an saTaurisa.
miuTiTeT aseT SeniSvnaze striqonzeda indeqsiT, gamoiyeneT
nusxuri asoebi nacvlad ricxvebisa, rogorc cxrilSi, ise,
sakuTriv, SeniSvnaSi. SeniSvnis ganmarteba daiwyeT ara sityviT
SeniSvna, aramed striqonzeda indeqsiT, romelic igive asoa, rac
cxrilSi miTiTebisas gamoiyeneT. nu dawerT wertils an
orwertils striqonzeda indeqsis Semdeg.
a
SeniSvnebi statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. Tu daurTavT
SeniSvnebs Tqveni monacemebis statistikuri mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb
(romlebsac, aseve, ewodeba SeniSvnebi albaTobaze) da Tu
mniSvnelobis done standartulia, aRniSneT SeniSvnebi fifqiT
rogorc cxrilSi, ise sakuTriv SeniSvnaSi. ixmareT erTi fifqi
albaTobis yvelaze dabali donesTvis, ori fifqi – momdevno ufro
maRali donesTvis da sami – momdevno ufro maRali donesTvis.
amasTan, Tu aRniSnavT ara standartul, aramed sxva mniSvnelobis
jami ar Seicavs vaWrobis muSakebsa da muSebs.
Tu cxrilSi CasvamT erTze met aseT SeniSvnas (rogorc naCvenebia
cxrilSi 26.2), daicaviT Tanmimdevroba, daiwyeT cxrilis zeda
marcxena nawilidan, marcxnidan marjvniv, Semdeg CamouyeviT qvemoT
– rigidan rigamde. Tu SeniSvna exeba cxrilis or an orze met
punqts, ixmareT igive aso yoveli punqtisTvis; Tu SeniSvna exeba
svetis an rigis yvela punqts, daurTeT aso Sesabamisi svetis
saTaurs an gverduli svetis punqts.
527
xarisxebs, fifqis nacvlad ixmareT striqonzeda indeqsebi. vinaidan
es sqolioebi moklea da erTi mizani aqvs, SegiZliaT, erT
striqonze gaaerTianoT, intervaliT, Sualeduri punqtuaciis
gareSe. asop (albaToba,wertilis gareSe) iwereba nusxuriT da
daxrili SriftiT. gamotoveT nolebi aTobiTi wertilebis win.
*p<.05 **p <.01 ***p <.001
26.3 suraTebi
termini suraTi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva gamosaxulebas, maT Soris,
sqemebs, grafikebs, diagramebs, fotoebs, rukebs, musikaluri
nawarmoebebis nimuSebs da naxazebs. dResdReobiT SesaZlebelia am
masalebis umetesobis eleqtronulad momzadeba da naSromSi
CarTva. teqnikuri detalebi damokidebulia gamoyenebul
kompiuterul programaze da Zalze rTulia imisTvis, rom srulad
avsaxoT winamdebare wignSi. Tumca, ramdenime zogadi
saxelmZRvanelo principi warmodgenilia danarTis A.3.1-Si.
winamdebare nawilSi naCvenebia monacemebisgan Seqmnili ori
tipis suraTis - sqemebisa da grafikebis - warmodgenis ramdenime
principi. aqve ganxilulia yvela tipis suraTis warwerebi.
videoebi, animaciebi an sxva multimediuri failebi, romelTa
beWdur formaSi warmodgena SeuZlebelia, miiCnieT danarTad
(ix.A.2.3).
26.3.1 diagramebi da grafikebi
bevr SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa, moisurvoT monacemebis sqemis an
grafikis formiT warmodgena. me-8 TavSi naCvenebia am grafikuli
formebis gamoyenebis kriteriumebi da maTi agebis zogadi
principebi. diagramebisa da grafikebis agebis detaluri
saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebisTvis mimarTeT avtoritetul wyaros.
528
Tqveni naSromis yoveli diagrama da grafiki iseTi formis unda
iyos, rom saukeTesod asaxos misi monacemebi da daasabuTos masSi
gamoTqmuli mtkicebebi. Tumca, mniSvnelovania SeTanxmebuloba
rogorc diagramebsa da grafikebs SigniT, ise maT Soris, raTa
mkiTxvelebi kargad gaerkvnen Tqvens monacemebSi. nebismieri tipis
diagramisa Tu grafikis SemTxvevaSi saWiroa, mxedvelobaSi iqonioT
Semdegi principebi:
• erTnairi tipis elementebi – RerZebi, xazebi, wertilebi, svetebi
da solebi – warmoadgineT erTnairad. gamoiyeneT gamokveTili
vizualuri efeqtebi mxolod imisTvis, rom ganasxvavoT
elementebi da ara imisTvis, rom SeqmnaT damatebiTi efeqti.
• yvela ricxobrivi monacemisTvis ixmareT arabuli cifrebi.
• yvela aRniSvna unda iyos mokle da Seesabamebodes cxrilebis
kargad dasaTaurebis wesebs (ix. 8.3.1). gamoiyeneT suraTis
warwera (ix. 26.3.2) monacemTa yvela im aspeqtis asaxsnelad,
romlis asaxvac SeuZlebelia aRniSvnebSi. adgilis dazogvis
mizniT SegiZliaT, ufro Tavisuflad gamoiyenoT abreviaturebi
da simboloebi, vidre es teqstSia nebadarTuli, magram ixmareT
isini zomierad da Tanmimdevrulad. standartuli
abreviaturebis ararsebobisas SeqmneT Tqveni abreviaturebi da
ganmarteT isini warweraSi an, Tu abreviatura bevria, Tqveni
naSromis satitulo elementebSi mocemul abreviaturebis
CamonaTvalSi (ix.A.2.1).
• aRniSneT diagramis an grafikis yvela is xazi, wertili an sxva
elementi, romelic saWiroebs ganmartebas. Tu frazebi da
calkeuli sityvebi erTad aris warmodgenili, yvela maTgani erT
stilSi gaaformeT (rogorc naCvenebia suraTSi 8.3). RerZis
aRniSvnis sxva zemoxsenebuli principebi vrceldeba, aseve, am
tipis aRniSvnebze.
• moerideT gamuqebas da ferebis gamoyenebas maSinac ki, Tu Tqveni
naSromi daibeWdeba ferad printerze, radganis SeiZleba,
SemdgomSi daibeWdos an gamravldes Sav-TeTr ferebSi, sadac
gamuqeba da feri,SesaZloa, mkafiod ar gamoCndes. gamuqebisas
529
ecadeT, ar gaamuqoT suraTis teqsti da ar ixmaroT sxvadasxva
elferi, radgan maT Soris gansxvaveba SeiZleba, ar gamoCndes.
26.3.2 suraTebis nomrebi da warwerebi
zogadad, Tqveni naSromis yvela suraTs unda hqondes nomeri da
warwera. Tu naSromSi daurTavT mxolod ramdenime suraTs da
teqstSi maTze konkretulad ar miuTiTebT, gamotoveT nomrebi.
warwerebi suraTebze keTdeba danarCen teqstze ufro mcire zomis
SriftiT; CaixedeT Tqvens adgilobriv saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebSi.
suraTis qvemoT, striqonis dasawyisSi dawereT sityva suraTi
(gasworebuli marcxniv, mTavruliT, swori SriftiT), Semdeg
suraTis nomeri (arabuli cifrebiT), Semdeg wertili. intervalis
Semdeg _ warwera, romelsac, Cveulebriv, mosdevs damaboloebeli
wertili (magram naxeT qvemoT). Tu warwera ikavebs erTze met
striqons, Semdeg striqonebze gadasuli sityvebi unda gaswordes
marcxniv, striqonebs Soris erTi intervaliT.
suraTi 6. kordovas didi meCeTi, me-8-10 saukuneebi.
nawarmoebebis nimuSebis suraTebs daawereT nomeri da warwera
zemoT.
suraTebis nomrebi. suraTebi danomreT calke, cxrilebi calke, im
TanmimdevrobiT, ra TanmimdevrobiTac moixseniebT maT teqstSi. Tu
gaqvT mxolod ramdenime suraTi, danomreT isini Tanmimdevrulad
mTel teqstSi, Tavebis CaTvliT. Tu naSromSi bevri suraTi da bevri
Tavia, gamoiyeneT ormagi numeracia anu Tavis nomeri, Semdeg
wertili, Semdeg suraTis nomeri, rogorc naCvenebia 12.4 suraTze.
rodesac teqstSi moixseniebT suraTs, miuTiTeT suraTis
nomeri (`me-3 suraTze~) nacvlad misi adgilmdebareobis miTiTebisa
(`qvemoT~), vinaidan naSromis redaqtirebis an daformatebis dros
SeiZleba, gadaadgiloT suraTi. teqstSi suraTebze mimaniSnebel
aRniSvnebSi nu dawerT mTavruliT sityvas suraTi da nu
530
SeamoklebT mas rogorc sur., garda frCxilebSi Casmuli
miTiTebebisa – magaliTad, ,,(naxe sur. 10)’’.
suraTebis warwerebi. suraTebis warwerebi ufro mravalferovania,
vidre cxrilebis saTaurebi. zog SemTxvevaSi warwerebi SeiZleba,
Sedgebodes mxolod saxelobiTi jgufisgan, (ix. 22.3.1), wertilis
gareSe.
suraTi 9. beTiuni meri maklaudi – Savi kabinetis lideri am
periodis ganmavlobaSi
ufro rTuli warwerebi iwyeba saxelobiTi jgufisgan, romelsac
erTi an meti sruli winadadeba mosdevs. am warwerebs dasmuli aqvT
damaboloebeli wertilebi, sawyisi arasruli winadadebis Semdegac.
Tu Tqveni warwerebi Seicavs am ori tipis narevs,
Tanmimdevrulobis SesanarCuneblad SegiZliaT, dasvaT
damaboloebeli wertili pirveli tipis warwerebis Semdeg.
suraTi 16. benito xuaresi. meqsikis gamoCenili prezidenti, abraam
linkolnis Tanamedrove da megobari, ganasaxierebs Sua saukunis
mZime brZolebSi mopovebul meqsikuri liberalizmis gamarjvebas.
berklis kaliforniis universitetis bankroftis biblioTekis
sakuTreba.
rodesac suraTs aqvs wyaros aRmniSvneli xazi, daurTeT igi
warweris bolos, 26.1.3-is saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebis Sesabamisad.
suraTi 2.7. iaos veli, bolo brZolis adgili. anastasia novagis
foto.
zogjer warwera erTvis iseT suraTs, romelic Seicavs
ramdenime nawils. miuTiTeT warweraSi nawili terminebiT TavSi,
qvemoT, zemoT, marcxnidan marjvniv an marcxnidan saaTis isris
mimarTulebiT (daxrili SriftiT, raTa ganasxvaoT sakuTriv
warwerisgan) an daxrili SriftiT.
531
suraTi 6. zemoT, marcxniv, uiliam livingstoni; marjvniv, henri
brokholst livingstoni; qvemoT, marcxniv, jon jei; marjvniv, sara
livingston jei.
suraTi 15. havaiuri ankesebis oTxi tipi: a, ekliani ankesikus
baknisgan; b, ankesi satyuari margalitis niJarisgan da adamianis
Zvlis wveroTi.
Tu suraTis warwera ver eteva imave gverdze, romelzec
sakuTriv suraTia ganTavsebuli, CasviT igi teqstis uaxloes
winmswreb gverdze (ix.3.1), adgilmdebareobis miTiTebiT, daxrili
SriftiT suraTis nomrisa da warweris win.
Semdeg gverdze.suraTi 19. col-qmari 20-diumiani feradi
televizoriT. 1980-iani wlebis ekonomikurma reformebma Zlieri
stimuli misca samomxmareblo interesis zrdas CineTSi.
532
danarTi naSromis formati da misi Cabareba
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi
a.1.1. are
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci
a.1.4. gverdebis organizeba
a.1.5. saTaurebi
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi
a.2.1. wina gverdebi
a.2.2. teqsti
a.2.3. ukana gverdebi
a.3. CabarebasTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi
a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba
a.3.2. amobeWdili versiis Cabareba
a.3.3. eleqtronuli versiis Cabareba
rodesac sadiplomo naSroms, disertacias an raime Temas werT,
aucilebelia, daicvaT formatisa da stilis garkveuli moTxovnebi.
sadiplomo naSromisa da disertaciis SemTxvevaSi am moTxovnebs Tqveni
kaTedra an universitetis sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis
samsaxuri adgens; sakurso Temis SemTxvevaSi, moTxovnebs Tqveni
instruqtori gansazRvravs. aseve, SesaZlebelia, Temis Cabarebisas
specifikuri procedurebis dacva mogTxovon, magaliTad, amobeWdili
versia unda CaabaroT Tu eleqtronuli.
roca sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias amzadebT, gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba miaqcieT am moTxovnebs. Tqven Segafaseben imis mixedviTac,
ramdenad icavT Tqvens sferoSi dadgenil akademiur wesebs da
moTxovnebs. formatTan da CabarebasTan dakavSirebuli wesebis
umravlesoba gamiznulia imisaTvis, rom Tqveni naSromi Seinaxos, iqneba
es akinZuli Tu eleqtronuli saxiT da momavalSi xelmisawvdomi iyos
mkiTxvelisTvis.
533
aq mocemuli miTiTebebi formatisa da naSromis Cabarebis Sesaxeb
farTodaa miRebuli sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis
momzadebisas. Tumca, universitetebis umravlesobas sakuTari moTxovnebi
aqvs, romlebic, rogorc wesi, xelmisawvdomia sadiplomo naSromebisa da
disertaciebis samsaxurSi. sanam Tqvens sadiplomo naSroms an
disertacias CaabarebT, gadaxedeT Tqveni kaTedris specifikur
moTxovnebs. es moTxovnebi aq mocemul miTiTebebze upiratesia.
zogadad, sakurso naSromTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi naklebad mkacri
da mravlismomcvelia, vidre sadiplomo naSromTan da disertaciasTan
dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi. sakurso Temebi, rogorc wesi, nakleb
elementebs moicavs da vinaidan maT arc kinZaven da arc eleqtronulad
inaxaven, Cabarebis gansakuTrebuli moTxovnebi ar arsebobs. Tumca, aseT
SemTxvevaSic, unda daicvaT Tqvens sferoSi dawesebuli wesebi Temis
daformatebisas, radgan isini mkiTxvels exmareba, swrafad moaxdinos
sqolioebisa Tu vrceli citatebis identificireba. Tu Tqveni Temis
formatTan dakavSirebiT raime kiTxvebi gaqvT, SeekiTxeT Tqvens
instruqtors an gaesaubreT Tqveni kaTedris warmomadgenlebs.
am danarTSi mocemul instruqciebSi nagulisxmebia, rom Tqven Temas
kompiuterze moamzadebT. miuxedavad imisa, rom kompiuteruli teqsturi
redaqtorebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebulia, maTi umetesoba avtomaturad
akeTebs areebs, sqolioebs, nomravs gverdebs. Tumca, Tuki specifikur
miTiTebebs unda misdioT, gansakuTrebiT, areebTan da formatirebis sxva
msgavs sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, SeamowmeT Tqveni Temis amobeWdili
varianti (umjobesia, xelT saxazavi iqonioT) manam, sanam mas CaabarebT.
marTalia, programulma uzrunvelyofam gaamartiva Temis daformateba,
magram igi bolomde verasdros Secvlis Tqvens gansjas.
a.1 formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi moTxovnebi
am seqciaSi aRwerilia formatTan dakavSirebuli zogadi sakiTxebi,
romlebic Tqvens naSroms exeba. informacia specifikuri elementebisa da
maTi formatirebis Sesaxeb ixileT a.2-Si. Tqvens instruqtors, kaTedras
534
an universitets SesaZloa, dawesebuli hqondes normebi, romlebic aq
mocemuli instruqciebisgan gansxvavdeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, aq mocemul
instruqciebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs
eniWeba.
a.1.1. mindvrebi
zogadad yvela Tema amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi standartuli zomis
furcelze iwereba - 8, 5 X 11 (inCi). datoveT, daaxloebiT, erTi inCis
zomis mindori gverdis oTxive mxares. sadiplomo naSromis an
disertaciis SemTxvevaSi, SesaZloa, marcxena mxares ufro didi mindvris
dacva dagWirdeT, rogorc wesi – 1,5 inCis.
gaiTvaliswineT isic, rom nebismier sqoliosa da furclis TavSi
dawerili informacia, maT Soris, qudSic da sxva saidentifikacio
informacia, im zomis mindvrebSi unda moeqces (ix. a.1.4), rac adgilobrivi
instruqciebiTaa gansazRvruli.
a.1.2. Sriftis saxeoba
Tqveni teqstisTvis airCieT Srifti, romelic kargad ikiTxeba,
magaliTad, Times New Roman an Palatino da gamoiyeneT is mTel naSromSi.
moerideT ornamentebian Sriftebs. aseTi Sriftis gamo mkiTxvelma
SeiZleba, naklebad seriozulad aRiqvas Tqveni naSromi. (Sriftebis
specifikuri maxasiaTeblebisTvis, ixileT robert brainherstis naSromi,
tipografiuli stilis elementebi [Point Roberts, WA: Hartley & Marks, 2004]).
Temebis umravlesobisTvis, umjobesia, gamoiyenoT 12 zomis Srifti, an
minimum 10 zomis mainc. zogierTi universiteti iTxovs 12 zomis Srifts
teqstisTvis da 10 zomis Srifts sqolioebis da SeniSvnebis, sqemebisa da
cxrilebSi mocemuli warwerebisTvis.
a.1.3. striqonebs Soris daSoreba, abzaci
naSromis teqstSi striqonebi ori xaziT daaSoreT, garda qvemoT
mocemuli SemTxvevebisa, sadac mxolod erTi xazi unda iyos
gamotovebuli:
• vrceli citatebi (ix. 25.2.2)
535
• cxrilebis saTaurebi da sqemis warwerebi
qvemoT CamoTvlil elementebSi, gaakeTeT standartuli, erTmagi
daSoreba TiToeul striqons Soris, magram erTeulebi gamoyaviT
erTmaneTisgan ormagi daSorebiT.
• garkveuli elementebi wina gverdebze (ix. a.2.1), maT Soris, Sinaarsi
da sqemebis, cxrilebisa Tu abreviaturebis nebismieri CamonaTvali
• sqolioebi da SeniSvnebi
• bibliografia da saxelTa saZiebeli
zogierTi kaTedra an universiteti striqonebs Soris dacilebas ara
jeradobis (erTmagi, ormagi da misT), aramed erTeulebis mixedviT
(magaliTad, ,,zustad 24 erTeuli”) mixedviT gansazRvravs. amis gakeTeba
bevr teqstur redaqtorSia SesaZlebeli.
saSveni niSnis gamoyenebisas, mxolod erTi erTeuliT daaSoreT
simboloebi teqsts. abzacis gamoyofisas, umjobesia, tab klaviSis
gamoyeneba; aseve, gamoiyeneT teqstis svetebi da sxva elementebi,
romlebic uzrunvelyofs teqstis simwyobres.
yvela paragrafSi abzaci erTnairad daicaviT. vrceli citatebisTvis
arsebobs abzacis gamoyofis specialuri wesebi, imis mixedviT, citata
prozidanaa Tu poeziidan (ix. 25.2.2).
a.1.4. gverdebis organizeba
gverdebis danomvra. Tu Tqveni naSromis wina gverdebi mxolod satitulo
gverds moicavs, ar danomroT igi. danomreT naSromis ZiriTadi nawili
da bolo gverdebi arabuli cifrebiT. danomvra teqstis pirveli
gverdidan daiwyeT.
Tu sadiplomo naSroms an disertacias werT, wina gverdebi teqstis
ZiriTadi nawilisgan gansxvavebulad danomreT.
• Tu teqstis wina gverdebi moicavs satitulo furcels da bevr
sxvadasxvagvar komponents (ix. a.2.1.), isini danomreT nusxuri
romauli cifrebiT (i, ii, iii, da a.S., ix. cxrili 23.1). rogorc wesi,
danomvrisas, wina nawilis yvela gverdi, Cabarebis gverdis garda,
536
saTvalavSi unda CaTvaloT, Tumca, SeiZleba, yvela maTgans ar
daaweroT nomeri. kaTedrebsa da universitetebs xSirad aqvT
SemuSavebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi wina gverdebis danomvrasTan
dakavSirebiT; Tu Tqvens SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris, gamoiyeneT am
danarTSi mocemuli instruqciebi.
• teqstis danarCeni nawili, maT Soris, ukana gverdebi (ix. a.2.3),
inomreba erTmaneTis miyolebiT, arabuli cifrebiT.
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia Zalian grZelia, Tqvenma
kaTedram an universitetma igi SeiZleba, ramdenime tomad akinZos.
adgilobrivma instruqciebma unda migiTiToT, ra aris gverdebis
maqsimaluri raodenoba TiToeuli tomisTvis, aseve, unda gangimartoT,
Tu arsebobs specialuri moTxovnebi mravaltomiani naSromis dasanomrad.
ganlageba. rogorc wesi, gverdebis aRniSvna xdeba gverdis qveda an zeda
nawilis centrSi an zeda nawilis marjvena mxares. saklaso
naSromebisTvis amoirCieT zemoT mocemuli erT-erTi stili da mudmivad
daicaviT igi.
tradiciulad, sadiplomo naSromebsa da disertaciebs gverdebis
aRniSvnas sxvadasxva adgilas ukeTeben, imis mixedviT, Tu naSromis ra
nawils vnomravT (ise, rogorc am danarTis nimuSebSia mocemuli).
• gverdis qveda nawilis centrSi inomreba yvela wina gverdi;
naSromis ZiriTadi nawilis gverdebi da ukana gverdebi, romelTac
saTaurebi aqvT, rogoricaa axali Tavis pirveli gverdi an danarTi.
• gverdis zeda nawilis centrSi an marjvniv inomreba: naSromis
yvela danarCeni gverdi da ukana gverdebi.
bevrma kaTedram da universitetma aRmofxvres es gansxvavebebi da
moiTxoven, rom mTels disertaciasa Tu sadiplomo naSromSi erTnairad
iyos danomrili yvela gverdi. zemoT mocemuli sami variantidan zogi
gverdebis nomris ganlagebis adgils akonkretebs, sxvebi ki students
andobs am gadawyvetilebas. gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs am
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
537
sxva saidentifikacio elementebi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, neba
dagrTon, an sulac mogTxovon, rom saidentifikacio informacia
furclis zeda an qveda nawilSi miuTiToT gverdis nomris gverdiT.
sakurso naSromisTvis, instruqtorma SesaZloa, mogTxovoT naSroms
daaweroT Tqveni gvari da saxeli, Temis Cabarebis ricxvi an ,,pirveli
varianti”. ufro grZeli naSromebisTvis, Tavis an seqciis dasaTaureba
daexmareba mkiTxvels teqstSi orientaciaSi. sadiplomo naSromebsa da
disertaciebSi furclis zeda da qveda mxares dasacavi moTxovnebi
dRemde muSavdeba. amdenad, gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv instruqciebs.
a.1.5 saTaurebi
imisda mixedviT, ramdenad kompleqsuria Tqveni Tema, SeiZleba, naSromi
sakmaod bevr komponents moicavdes, ise, rogorc es aRwerilia a.2
nawilSi. maT umetesobas saTauri unda hqondes. yvela aseTi elementis
saTaurisTvis gamoiyeneT erTi da igive tipografia da formati,
tradiciulad gaSualedebuli romauli Srifti (iseve, rogorc naCvenebia
am danarTSi mocemul nimuSebSi). nebismieri cifris aRniSvna, romelic
win uZRvis saTaurs (magaliTad, nawili II: adreuli wlebi) tipografiiTa
da formatiT saTaurs unda Seesabamebodes.
Tu Tqveni naSromi Tavebadaa dayofili, maSin Tavebis dasaTaureba da
cifrebis aRniSvna tipografikulad erTnairi unda iyos, magram unda
gansxvavdebodes sxva komponentebis saTaurebisgan. TavebSi mocemuli
qvesaTaurebisTvis ixileT a.2.2.
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi moqnilia, SegiZliaT, gansxvavebuli
tipografikaDda formati gamoiyenoT sxvadasxva tipis saTaurebisTvis.
mocemuli Sriftis yvela saTauri Tanmimdevruli unda iyos da
TiToeuli Srifti danarCenisgan unda gansxvavdebodes. didi danayofebis
saTaurebi (nawilebi, Tavebi) vizualurad ufro TvalSisacemi unda iyos,
vidre qvesaTaurebi. zogadad, saTaurebi ufro TvalsaCinoa, roca
538
Camuqebuli da daxrili asoebiT centrSia gamotanili, vidre maSin, roca
marcxniv, Cveulebrivi zomis SriftiT an winadadebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli asoebis stiliTaa mocemuli.
yvelaze efeqturi gza saTaurebSi Tanmimdevrulobis dasacavad is aris,
rom Tavidanve gansazRvroT stili yvela tipis saTaurisTvis (maT Soris,
Srifti, pozicia da a.S.) zogadi programuli uzrunvelyofis funqciis
daxmarebiT (i. a.3.1)
a.2 formatTan dakavSirebuli specifikuri moTxovnebi
a.1-Si mocemuli zogadi moTxovnebis garda, naSromis gansakuTrebul
elementebs, specifikuri, formatTan dakavSirebuli moTxovnebi gaaCnia. am
seqciaSi aRwerilia is elementebi, romlebic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba
skurso Tu sadiplomo naSromebsa da disertaciebSi, aseve, mocemulia
maTi nimuSebic. yvela nimuSi, a.1 da a.8 sqemebis gamoklebiT, Cikagos
universitetSi daculi disertaciebidanaa amoRebuli. sadac saWiroeba
moiTxovda, gverdebi redaqtirebulia am saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemul
stilTan da formatTan dakavSirebuli rekomendaciebis Sesabamisad. Tu
Tqvens instruqtors, kaTedras an universitets aqvs specifikuri
moTxovnebi, romlebic aq mocemuli rekomendaciebisagan gansxvavdeba,
upiratesoba Tqvens adgilobriv moTxovnebs eniWeba.
vrceli Temebis umravlesobas, iseve, rogorc sadiplomo naSromebsa da
disertaciebs, sami ZiriTadi nawili aqvs: 1) wina gverdebi, 2) Tavad
naSromis teqsti da 3) ukana gverdebi. wina da ukana gverdebi, aseve,
ramdenime komponentadaa dayofili Tqveni Temis Taviseburebis mixedviT.
saklaso naSromis pirveli gverdebi, albaT, mxolod saTauris gverds
moicavs, bolo gverdebi ki bibliografias an saxelTa saZiebels.
a.2.1. wina gverdebi
Tqveni sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciis pirveli gverdebi SesaZloa,
moicavdes yvela an zogierT qvemoT CamoTvlil komponents. kaTedrebsa
da universitetebs, rogorc wesi, aqvT instruqciebi am elementebis
539
TanmimdevrobasTan dakavSirebiT; aseTis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,
gaiTvaliswineT qvemoT mocemuli instruqciebi.
Cabarebis gverdi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesobas
gaaCnia Cabarebis gverdi da igi naSromis pirveli gverdia. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, igi ar inomreba da wina gverdebis numeraciis saTvalavSic
ar Sedis.
Cabarebis gverdze miTiTebulia, rom naSromi Cabarebulia magistris da
doqtoris xarisxisTvis wayenebuli moTxovnebis dacviT (formulireba
SesaZloa, sxvanairadac Camoyalibdes) da masSi datovebulia carieli
adgili sagamocdo komisiis wevrebis xelmowerisTvis.
540
sqema a.1. satitulo gverdi saklaso naSromisaTvis
gardaqmnis misteria:
wminda ignatus loiolas sulieri varjiSebis gavlena
karavajos wminda pavles moqceva
robert loblau
Sesavali xelovnebis istoriaSi
15 marti, 2007 weli
541
sqema a.2. disertaciis satitulo gverdi. gadmobeWdilia fona forman-barzilais nebarTviT. ,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi” [sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2001).
Cikagos universiteti
adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi
disertacia Cabarebulia socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetze
filosofiis doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad
politikuri mecnierebebis kaTedra
fiona forman-barzilai
Cikago, ilinoisi
2001 wlis dekemberi
542
sqema a.3. Sinaarsi. gadmobeWdilia fona forman-barzilais nebarTviT.
,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi” [sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos
universiteti, 2001).
sarCevi
samadlobeli sityva iv
Sesavali 1
nawili I. ,,me”-s wre 19
Tavi 1. konfliqturi ,,me” 20
Tavi 2. ,,me” da misi sarke: dinamikurad gagebuli TanagrZnoba 43
nawili II. sazogadoebis wre 74
Tavi 3. socializebuli sindisi 75
Tavi 4.,,mokrZalebuli ganyofilebebi”: stoikuri kosmopolis
sawinaaRmdegod 102
nawili III. kacobriobis wre 137
Tavi 5. komerciuli erebis kosmopolisi 138
Tavi 6. TanagrZnoba sivrceSi 168
Tavi 7. negatiuri samarTali 187
daskvna 212
bibliografia 215
iii
543
sqema a.5. cxrilebis CamonaTvali. dabeWdilia mark r. uilsonis nebarTviT, ,,samoqalaqo omis biznesi: samxedro warmoeba, saxelmwifo da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri ekonomia, 1850-1880” [sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2002].
cxrilebi
1.1 a.S.S-is centraluri mTavrobis xarjebi, 1830-1860.........................41
1.2 a.S.S-is Tavdacvis departamentis xarjebi, 1855-1860.....................45
1.3 erovnuli jarebis SedarebiTi miaxloebiTi
danaxarjebi 1860 wels: safrangeTi, gaerTianebuli samefo
da amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi............................................................65
1.4 kvartirmeisteris da komisariatis gadaxdebis geografia, 1855 wlis ivlisi-1860 wlis
ivnisi......................................68
1.5 kvartirmeisteris departamentis xarjebi kategoriebis
mixedviT, 1856-1860......................................................................................................69
1.6 kontraqtorebis gaZRola kvartirmeisteris departamentSi,
1855-1860..................................................................................................................................66
1.7 fort livenuorsSi kvartirmeisteris departamentis maragis
Sinaarsis aRwera Ceinis da iutas eqspediciisTvis, 1857...102
1.8 cxovelebisa da vagonebis Sesyidvis kontraqtebi iutas meore
eqspediciisTvis, Tebervali-marti, 1858...........................................................112
2.1 niu iorkis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli,
1861-1862............................................................................................................................................181
2.2 masaCusetsis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli, 1861…...186
2.3 pensilvaniis oci yvelaze didi samxedro mommaragebeli
1861-1862..............................................................................................................................................188
3.1 a.S.S-s Tavdacvis departamentis (armiis) xarjebi, 1860-1866...............240
3.2 kvartirmeisteris departamentis wamyvani Semsyidveli oficrebi,1860-1865, aTvisebuli
Tanxebisa da sabrZolo postebis
mixedviT.......................................................................................................................................240
3.3 kvartirmeisteris da komisariatis gadaxdebis geografia, 1861 wlis ivlisi-1865 wlis
ivnisi...................................................................................................................260
4.1 wamyvani samxedro sawarmo industriebis Sedareba CrdiloeTSi.....319
4.2 a.S.S.-is armiis wamyvani mZime teqnikis momwodeblebi, 1861-1866.............321
4.3 a.S.S.-is tyvia-wamlis industria samoqalaqo omis win.............................330
544
sqema a.8. leqsikoni
leqsikoni
arabuli cifrebi. erT-erTi cnobili erTeuli, romelsac
ariTmetikuli gaTvlebisas iyeneben (1, 2, 3 da a.S.)
vrceli citata. brWyalebSi Casmuli citata, romelic
tipografikulad teqstisgan abzacebiTaa gamoyofili
Camuqebuli Srifti. Srifti, romelic ufro muqia da ufro msxvili,
vidre Cveulebrivi Srifti
daxrili Srifti. gadaxrili Srifti, romelic xeliT nawers ufro
hgavs (rogorc es), vidre romaul Srifts.
nusxuri asoebi. aso, romelic ar aris dawerili mTavruli SriftiT
(a,b,c, da a.S.)
romauli cifrebi. cifri, romelic tradiciuli romauli cifrebis
kombinaciiT miiReba, an mTavruli (I, II, III, d.a.S.), an nusxuri (i, ii,
iii d.a.S.).
romauli Srifti. mTavari Sriti da ara daxrili.
teqstSi SeWrili citata. citata, romelic teqstSive grZeldeba da ar
aris calke gamoyofili.
545
kaTedrebisa da universitetebis umravlesobas aqvs Cabarebis gverdis nimuSi, romelic zustad unda daicvaT formatisa da sarCevis formulirebis gaTvaliswinebiT. satitulo gverdi. sakurso Temebi unda iwyebodes satitulo gverdiT
(Tumca, zogierTi saTaurs teqstis pirvel gverdze akeTebs. moelaparakeT
amis Sesaxeb Tqvens instruqtors). Temis saTauri furclis zeda kididan
mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT, SuaSi dasviT. Tu Temas mTavari saTauric
aqvs da qvesaTauric, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavari saTauri erT xazze dawereT,
Semdeg ori wertili dasviT da qvesaTauri meore xazze gadaitaneT.
ramdenime xazis qvemoT dawereT Tqveni saxeli im informaciasTan erTad,
romelsac Tqveni instruqtori moiTxovs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kursis
saxelwodeba (kaTedrisa da nomris miTiTebiT) da ricxvi. sqema a.1.
gviCvenebs saklaso naSromis satitulo gverdis nimuSs. Temebis
umetesobisTvis, es erTaderTia, romelic wina gverdebSi Sedis.
sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciisTvis, kaTedrebisa da universitetebis
umravlesobas aqvs sanimuSo satitulo gverdebi, romlebsac zustad unda
miyveT Sinaarsisa da formatis gaTvaliswinebiT. sxva SemTxvevebSi,
nimuSad gamoiyeneT a.2 sqema. satitulo gverdze SegiZliaT, miuTiToT i,
magram gverdis nomeri ar daaweroT.
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia ramdenime tomad aikinZeba
(ix. a.1.4), albaT, dagWirdebaT calke satitulo gverdebi TiToeulisTvis.
gaecaniT adgilobriv wesebs am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT.
saavtoro ufleba an carieli gverdi. sadiplomo naSromSi an
disertaciaSi, satitulo gverdis Semdeg CasviT saavtoro uflebasTan
dakavSirebuli gverdi. es gverdi danomreT - ii, magram es cifri ar
daaweroT, Tu amas Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar migiTiTebT. miTiTeba
saavtoro uflebasTan dakavSirebiT gverdis bolos, marcxena mxares,
daaxloebiT ase daitaneT:
saavtoro ufleba © 20XX ekuTvnis Tqveni saxeli gvari
yvela ufleba daculia
546
ar dagWirdebaT saavtoro uflebaze formaluri ganacxadis gakeTeba,
radgan es Canaweri ukve legalurad asabuTebs Tqvens saavtoro uflebas.
Tu ar gWirdebaT TemaSi saavtoro uflebis miTiTeba, SegiZliaT, am
adgilas carieli furceli CasvaT an saerTod gamotovoT es komponenti.
es damokidebulia Tqvens adgilobriv wesebze.
miZRvna. Tu Tqveni kaTedra an universiteti Tqvens naSromSi miZRvnis
teqstis CarTvis uflebas iZleva, SegiZliaT, mokle miZRvna gaakeToT im
adamianis saxelze, vinc TqvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania. es
gverdi wina gverdebis danomvrisas gaiTvaliswineT saTvalavSi, magram
masze cifri ar daaweroT, Tu amas Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar
miuTiTebs. miZRvna furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT
ganaTavseT, rogorc wesi, centrSi da gamoiyeneT romauli Srifti sasveni
niSnis gareSe. ar gWirdebaT sityvebi eZRvneba an vuZRvni, ubralod
dawereT:
anikas
SegiZliaT, im adamianis dakonkretebac, visac naSroms uZRvniT (,,mamaCems,
sebastian uelss”). an SegiZliaT, raime sxva informacia daurToT,
magaliTad, dabadebis da gardacvalebis TariRi. ufro metad
eqstravagantuli miZRvnebi ukve Zvelmodurad iTvleba, saxumaro
miZRvnebi ki dros ver uZlebs.
epigrafi. Tu Tqveni kaTedra an universiteti epigrafebis gakeTebis
saSualebas iZleva, SegiZliaT, miZRvnasTan erTad, an mis nacvlad,
epigrafi daurToT. epigrafi aris citata, romelic naSromis Temas exeba.
epigrafi yvelaze Sesaferisia maSin, rodesac misi Sinaarsi
gansakuTrebiT STambeWdavia da kargad gamoxatavs naSromis arss.
epigrafis gverdi wina gverdebis saTvalavSi gaiTvaliswineT, magram ar
danomroT,, Tu amas ar miuTiTebs Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi. ar aris
saWiro gverdze sityva epigrafi daurToT.
epigrafi furclis zeda kididan mesamedi manZilis daSorebiT iwereba,
igi an centrSia, an ganvrcobili citatis forma aqvs (ix. 25.2.2). ar
547
gaukeToT brWyalebi. epigrafis Semdeg xazze, rogorc wesi, marjvena
mxares, moiyvaneT wyaro – avtoris saxeli, naSromis saTauri (22.3.2) da,
Tu survili gaqvT, citatis ricxvi, romlis winac tires dasvamT (an or
tires; ix 21.7.2):
patara dasawyisidan, didi saqmeebi gamovida misi xeliT... da rogorc erTi
patara sanTliT aTasobiT sanTeli SeiZleba, dainTos, ise gaanaTa aq
danTebulma sanTelma bevri sxva da mTeli Cveni qveyana.
-uiliam bredfordi
zogierTi adamiani fiqrobs, rom modernizmis mizezi qalebi arian, rasac ar
unda gulisxmobdnen masSi
-niu iork san, 13 Tebervali, 1917
epigrafi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos Tavis an seqciis dasawyisSi; ix. 25.2.2 da
sqema a. 9.
sarCevi: yvela naSroms, romelic Tavebs moicavs, sarCevi sWirdeba. am
komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. gverdis TavSi
saTaurad sarCevi daawereT. Tu sarCevi erT gverdze metia, saTauri ar
gaimeoroT sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris
gaakeTeT ormagi daSoreba. CamonaTvalSi, TiToeul elements Soris
daSoreba erTmagi unda iyos.
sarCevSi ar iwereba is gverdebi, romlebic win uswrebs sarCevs
(Cabarebis gverdi, satitulo gverdi, saavtoro uflebis an carieli
gverdi, miZRvna da epigrafi), magram unda iwyebodes wina gverdebis
Semadgeneli im gverdebisgan, romelic sarCevs moyveba. am nawilis Semdeg
Tanmimdevrulad CamoTvaleT nawilebi, Tavebi an teqstis sxva erTeulebi
da Semdeg bolo gverdebis Semadgeneli nawilis komponentebi. Tu
teqstSi qvesaTaurebs iyenebT (ix. a.2.2), gamoiyeneT mxolod pirveli an
meore done, Tu sxva doneebi imdenad specifikuri ar aris, rom Tqvens
mkiTxvels Temis zust mimoxilvaSi daexmaros. darwmundiT, rom sityvebis
formulireba, mTavruli asoebis gamoyeneba da danomvris stili
(arabuli, romauli Tu sityvieri), iseve, rogorc yvela saTaurisa da
548
qvesaTauris tipografika (ix. a.1.5) emTxveva zustad imas, rac mocemulia
Tqvens naSromSi.
danomreT TiToeuli komponentis mxolod pirveli gverdi (da ara mTeli
gverdebi), gamoiyeneT nusxuri romauli da arabuli ricxvebi, ise,
rogorc Tavad gverdebze gaqvT. numeracia marjvena mxares moaqcieT da,
Tu survili gaqvT, gamoitaneT wertilebisgan Semdgari xazi (maT
mimarTulebis mimcems uwodeben), raTa mkiTxvelis Tvals mimarTuleba
misces da yvela saTauri gverdis nomerTan daakavSiros.
sqema a.3 gviCvenebs martivi struqturis mqone Temis sarCevis nimuSs.
nawilebisa da Tavebis saTaurebi marcxnivaa, numeracia ki marjvniv.
ufro kompleqsuri TemisTvis, miyeviT Tqveni Temis organizebis logikas,
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi wesebi ar moiTxovs gansakuTrebul formats.
sqema a.4 gviCvenebs grZeli sarCevis mqone meore gverds. yuradReba
miaqcieT, rom SegiZliaT, centrSi dasvaT nawilebis saTaurebi an
tomebis nomrebi (Tu relevanturia; ix a.1.4) relevanturi Tavebis zemoT
da gamoiyenoT sityva Tavi saTaurad, Tavebis nomrebis aRmniSvneli
svetis zemoT. Tavebis saTaurebi da qveTavebi ufro advilad rom
gaarCioT, SegiZliaT, qveTavebi abzaciT gamoyoT. TiToeuli done
gamoyaviT wina donisgan naxevarinCiani abzaciT.
Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia erTze met tomad aikinZeba,
SesaZloa, sarCevis ganmeoreba mogiwioT an sxva SemTxvevaSi yvela tomSi
Sinaarsis mniSvnelovani elementebi mainc gaimeoroT. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb
gaecaniT Tqvens adgilobriv wesebs.
sqemebis, cxrilebis da ilustraciebis CamonaTvali. Tu Tqveni
sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi ki saklaso naSromi)
moicavs sqemebs, cxrilebs an orives, maTi CamonaTvali wina gverdebSi
SeitaneT. aseTi CamonaTvlis gverdi romauli cifriT danomreT. Tu
Tqveni naSromi mxolod sqemebs moicavs (ix. 26-e Tavi ganmartebisTvis),
pirvel gverds TavSi daawereT sqemebi; Tu igi mxolod cxrilebs
moicavs, daawereT cxrilebi. Tu CamonaTvali erTze meti gverdia, ar
549
gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs
Soris ormagi daSoreba gaakeTeT, Tavad TiToeul CamonaTvals Soris ki
- ermagi. sqema a.5 gviCvenebs cxrilebis CamonaTvlis nimuSs.
Tu Tqveni naSromi moicavs rogorc sqemebs, ise, cxrilebs, Tqveni
adgilobrivi wesebis mixedviT, SesaZloa, maTi gaerTianebac SeZloT.
CamonaTvals daarqviT ilustraciebi (im nimuSis mixedviT, rac zemoT
aRvwereT), magram igi or nawilad gayaviT, sqemebi da cxrilebi, rogorc
a.6 sqemaSia mocemuli.
yvela sqema an cxrili arabuli cifrebiT danomreT da vertikalurad
gaaTanabreT CamonaTvali...Tu iyenebT ormag numeracias (rogorc a.5
sqemaSia mocemuli), gaaTanabreT cifrebi meaTedebze.
sqemis warwerebi da cxrilebis saTaurebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos
TemaSi mocemuli sityvebisa da mTavruli asoebis gamoyenebasTan, Tu
warwerebi Zalian grZelia, SeamokleT logikurad. gadatanili teqsti
gamoyaviT naxevarinCiani abzaciT. (cxrilis saTaurebsa da sqemis
warwerebze ufro meti informaciisTvis ix. 26.2.2 da 26.3.2). gverdebi
CamowereT da marjvniv gaaTanabreT. Tu survili gaqvT, gamoiyeneT
mimarTulebis mimcemi xazi, raTa SeaerToT warwerebi da saTaurebi
gverdebis nomrebTan.
winaTqma: Tqvens sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi SesaZloa, gqondeT
winaTqma, sadac axsniT, ra iyo YTqveni motivacia, roca am kvlevaze
muSaoba daiwyeT, mimoixilavT proeqts, kvlevis masStabs da naSromis
mizans. SesavalSi, aseve, SeiZleba, iyos samadlobeli sityva, Tu is
imdenad vrceli da detaluri ar aris, rom calke seqcia dauTmoT (ix.
qvemoT). am komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT.
pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT winaTqma. Tu igi erTze met gverds
moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis
pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. teqstSic ori xazi
gamotoveT striqonebs Soris da mTavari teqstis mixedviT daaformateT.
550
samadlobeli sityva: Tqvens sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi
SeiZleba, gamoyoT samadlobeli sityva, romelSic madlobas gadauxdiT
Tqvens xelmZRvanelsa da kolegebs da daasaxelebT im individebs an
institutebs, romlebic, Tqveni azriT, kvlevaSi gansakuTrebiT
dagexmaraT (magaliTad, aRniSneT konsultaciebi teqnikur sakiTxebze an
daxmareba specialuri aRWurvilobis an resursebis kuTxiT). Tu
madlobas uxdiT Temis xelmZRvanels an komisias rutinuli
daxmarebisTvis, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT (ix. zemoT) an sulac gamotoveT.
madlobis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT aRniSneT. Ppirveli gverdis
TavSi dasviT saTauri samadlobeli sityva. Tu samadlobeli sityva
erTze met gverds moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze.
saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. teqstSic
ori xazi gamotoveT xazebs Soris da mTavari teqstis Sesabamisad
daaformateT.
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia
(an zogierT SemTxvevaSi saklaso naSromi) bevr abriviaturas moicavs,
garda Cveulebrivi abriviaturebisa, romlebic 24-e TavSi mimovixileT,
abriviaturebis CamonaTvali gaakeTeT wina gverdebSi. Aaq unda SeitanoT
iseTi abriviaturebi, romlebic exeba im wyaroebs, romelTac xSirad
moixseniebT, an im organizaciebs, romlebic farTodaa cnobili (24.1.2).
aseTi CamonaTvlis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirveli
gverdi ase daasaTaureT - abreviaturebi. Tu abreviaturebi erTze met
gverds moicavs, ar gaimeoroT saTauri sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da
teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. erTi xazi
gamotoveT TiToeul abreviaturas Soris. sqema a.7 gviCvenebs
abreviaturebis nimuSs. (am nimuSSi mocemuli abreviaturebi daxrili
xaziT mxolod imitomaa warmodgegnili, rom isini gamoqveynebuli
naSromebis saTaurebia.)
551
yuradReba miaqcieT, rom abreviatura anbanis mixedviT aris dalagebuli,
da ara misi ganmartebis mixedviT. abriviaturebi, rogorc wesi, marcxena
mxaresaa gaTanabrebuli.
abreviaturebis ganmartebebi (an gadatanili teqsti) Tanabari abzacebiTaa
gamoyofili, romelic saSualebas iZleva, pirvel svetSi yvelaze grZel
abreviaturasa da meore svetSi, pirvel sityvas Soris, daaxloebiT
naxevari inCis adgili darCes.
leqsikoni: Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (an, zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni saklaso Tema) bevr ucxour sityvas an teqnikur
terminebsa da frazebs moicavs, romelic Tqveni mkiTxvelisTvis
SesaZloa, ucnobi iyos, leqsikoni dagWirdebaT. zogierTi kaTedra da
universiteti iTxovs, rom leqsikoni ukana gverdebis nawils Seadgendes,
danarTebis Semdeg da SeniSvnebis, bibliografiisa da saxelTa saZieblis
win. Tuki arCevnis Tavisufleba gaqvT, leqsikoni wina gverdebSi
moaTavseT, Tu saWiroa, rom mkiTxveli icnobdes am sityvebs teqstis
wakiTxvamde. sxva SemTxvevaSi ki igi ukana mxares moaTavseT (ix. A.2.3).
Tu leqsikons wina mxares moaTavsebT, misi yvela gverdi romauli
cifrebiT danomreT. Ppirvel gverds dasawyisSi leqsikoni daawereT. Tu
leqsikoni erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg
gverdebze. saTauris Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam sityvebis
Camoweras daiwyebT. Yyoveli axali sityvisa da frazis Semdeg erTi xazi
gamotoveT. sqema a.8 gviCvenebs leqsikonis nimuSs.
miaqcieT yuradReba, rom terminebi anbanis mixedviT iyos
dalagebuli marcxena mxares da wertiliT mTavrdebodes (zogjer or
wertils an tiresac iyeneben). terminebi SegiZliaT, CaamuqoT an daxrili
asoebiT daweroT, raTa gamoyoT isini. amis Semdeg modis Targmani an
ganmarteba. misi pirveli sityvis pirveli aso mTavrulia da wertili
mosdevs. Tumca, Tu ganmarteba mxolod erTi sityviT an mokle fraziT
Semoifargleba, ar gamoiyenoT wertili. Tu ganmarteba erTze met xazs
moicavs, naxevarinCiani abzaciT gamoyaviT gadatanili teqsti.
552
redaqtirebis an kvlevis meTodi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an
disertacia moiTxovs winaswar axsna-ganmartebas gamoyenebuli kvlevis
meTodebis an redaqtirebis stilTan dakavSirebiT (rogoricaa, rogor
gaakeTeT arCevani sxvadasxva teqstebidan), igi calke komponentad
gamoyaviT. meTodis Sesaxeb, aseve, SesaZlebelia, mokled isaubroT
SesavalSic. Tu mxolod imis Tqma gsurT, rom gamoyenebuli
literaturidan aRebuli citatebis citirebis da mTavruli asoebis
gamoyenebis modernizeba moaxdineT, igi SesavalSi SeitaneT an SeniSvnad
CawereT pirveli citatis Semdeg.
romauli cifrebiT danomreT yvela gverdi, sadac meTods aRwerT.
pirvel gverds TavSi daawereT redaqtirebis an kvlevis meTodi. Tu es
nawili erT gverdze metia, saTauri sxva gverdebze ar gaimeoroT.
saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. Aam
nawilis teqstSi or-ori xazi gamotoveT da ise daaformateT, rom mTavar
teqstTan Sesabamisi iyos.
mokle mimoxilva. zogierTi universiteti da kaTedra moiTxovs, rom
sadiplomi naSroms an disertacias hqondes mokle momoxilva, romelic
mis mokle Sinaarss gvacnobs (zogjer mokle mimoxilvas calke
dokumentad abarebineben). aseTi mimoxilva, savaraudod, Cabardeba
gamosaqveyneblad disertaciebis mimoxilvebis saerTaSoriso gamocemas.
am komponentis yvela gverdi romauli cifrebiT danomreT. pirveli
gverdis TavSi, saTaurad gamoitaneT mokle mimoxilva. Tu mimoxilva
erTze met gverds moicavs, saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze.
saTauris Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT.
zogierT kaTedrasa da universitets mimoxilvis specifikuri modeli
aqvs, romelsac zustad unda misdioT Sinaarsis, formatisa da teqstSi
misi ganlagebis dacviT.
a.2.2 teqsti
naSromis teqsti moicavs yvelafers, rac wina da ukana gverdebs Sorisaa
moTavsebuli. igi iwyeba SesavliT da mTavrdeba daskvniT. orive maTgani
553
SeiZleba erT paragrafs ar aRematebodes an imdenad grZeli iyos, rom
ramdenime gverds moicavdes. sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi,
teqsti ramdenime Tavadaa dayofili, zogjer nawilebad, seqciebad da
qveseqciebad. vrceli saklaso naSromebic SesaZloa, amgvarad iyos
dayofili.
vinaidan, teqstis didi nawili Tqveni kvlevis SedegebTan dakavSirebul
paragrafebs moicavs, a.1-Si ganxiluli moTxovnebis garda, SeiZleba,
arsebobdes TiTze CamosaTvleli formatirebis moTxovnebi. damatebiTi
sakiTxi SeiZleba, mxolod is iyos, Tu rogor daaformatoT SeniSvnebi an
frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebi da rogor ganalagoT cxrilebi da
sqemebi teqstSi.
naSromis danomvra arabuli cifrebiT Tqveni teqstis pirvelive
gverdidan daiwyeT.
Sesavali. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba iwyeba
seqciiT, romelic mimoixilavs rogorc naSromis Sinaarss, ise, masSi
mocemul argumentebs. es komponenti imdenad gamokveTilia, rom avtori
mas mTeli danarCeni naSromisgan gamoyofs (SinaarsSi unda Sevides
proeqtis mimoxilva da nebismieri sakiTxi, romelic siaxled miiCneva am
proeqtSi; ix. a.2.1). Tu aseTi SesavliT daiwyebT, pirvel gverds TavSi
Sesavali daawereT. saTauri aRar gaimeoroT Semdeg gverdebze. saTauris
Semdeg ori xazi gamotoveT, sanam teqstis daweras daiwyebT. Tu Sesavlis
Sinaarsi naTlad gamokveTili ar aris danarCeni Tavebisgan, dafiqrdiT,
xom ar ajobebs misi Setana pirvel TavSi.
naSromis nawilebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromis an disertaciis
teqsts or an met nawilad dayofT, romelTaganac TiToeuli or an met
Tavs moicavs, yvela nawili daiwyeT misi satitulo gverdiT. Tu pirveli
nawilis satitulo gverdi moicavs Sesavals (maSinac ki, Tu Sesavals
hqvia 1 Tavi), danomvrisas saTvalavSi gaiTvaliswineT, magram masze
nomeri ar aRniSnoT im gamonaklisi SemTxvevis garda, romelic qvemoTaa
mocemuli an im SemTxvevis garda, roca amas adgilobrivi instruqciebi
554
moiTxovs. am gverds TavSi daawereT nawili da win nomeri miuwereT.
adgilobrivi wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, nawilis nomeri aRniSneT an
mTavruli romauli cifriT (II), an sityvierad (ori); Tavebi sxva stiliT
danomreT. Tu nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, datoveT erTi
carieli xazi da dawereT igi ori xazis qvemoT.
Tu nawilis satitulo gverdze waumZRvarebT teqsts, romelic mkiTxvels
am nawilis Sinaars gaacnobs, maSin gverdi arabuli cifriT danomreT.
ori xazi gamotoveT saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris. Tu
teqsti erT gverdze metia, ar gaimeoroT nawilis saTauri an nomeri
Semdeg gverdebze.
yvela nawilis satitulo gverdi erTnairad daaformateT: Tu erT
nawils nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, maSin yvela nawils gaukeTeT
saTauri; Tu erT nawils wamZRvarebuli aqvs teqsti, aseTi Sesavlis
teqsti yvela nawilSi gaimeoreT.
sur. a.9. Tavis pirveli gverdi. gadmobeWdilia fona forman barzilais
nebarTviT, ,,adam smiti da TanagrZnobis wreebi” (sadoqtoro disertacia,
Cikagos universiteti, 2001).
555
Tavi 1
konfliqturi me
raoden RvarZliani unda iyos filosofia, romelic ar aZlevs adamianobas da megobrobas imave
privilegiebs, rac uyoymanod ergo Surisa da brazis bnel vnebebs. aseTi filosofia ufro
satiras hgavs, vidre adamianuri bunebis realur aRweras da SesaZlebelia, karg safuZvels
qmnides paradoqsuli gonebamaxvilobisa da xumrobisTvis, Tumca, Zalian cudia nebismieri
seriozuli argumentisTvis.
--devid iumi, moralis principebTan dakavSirebuli msjeloba
me-19 saukunis bolodan moyolebuli, adam smitis Sesaxeb kvlevebi mimoixilavs
sakiTxebs, romlebic mis or umniSvnelovanes naSroms exeba. problema, romelic aqamde ,,adam
smitis problemis” saxeliTaa cnobili, ikvlevs, rogor davakavSiroT erTmaneTTan moraluri
sentimentebis Teoriis (1759) moralur-filosofiuri aqcenti TanagrZnobaze da erebis
simdidris (1776) ekonomikuri aqcenti TviTinteresze.1 Seesabameba es wignebi erTmaneTs Tu erTi
meoris gagrZelebad SeiZleba, miviCnioT? da Tu ara, romelia maT Soris pirveli smitis
TvalsazrisiT?
rogorc SesavalSi vaxsene, smits uamravi ekonomisti da ekonomikis istorikosi ikvlevs.
Sedegi ki isaa, rom misi moraluri filosofia mudmivad subordinirebulia.2 umravlesoba
amtkicebda, rom TviT-interesma Caqola TanagrZnoba da did yuradRebas ar aqcevda, ramdenad
iyo es ideebi gadajaWvuli Tavad smitis gonebaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom ,,smitis memkvidreobis”
maTeuli Sefaseba radikalurad gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan, Cikagos skolis mecnierebi,
rogorebic arian haiaki, fridmani, bekeri da aseve, marqsistebi, rogorebic arian makfersoni da
dumonti, zogadad, Tanxmdebian, rom erebis simdidreSi smiti, ZiriTadad, adamianuri motivaciis
materialistur, hobsianur orientacias mihyveba, romelic mxolod da mxolod Tanabrad, didi
optimizmiT
20
1. sasargeblo mimoxilvisTvis ixileT riCard TaiCgreber III ,,adam smitis problemis
kidev erTi Sefaseba”, britaneTis Seswavlis sakiTxebis Jurnali 20. nomeri 2, (1981 gazafxuli):
106-23
2. ganxilvebisTvis ixileT donald uinCi, adam smitis politikis Sesavali:
istoriografiuli mimoxilvis ese (kembriji; kembrijis universitetis presa, 1978), 1-27; da uinCi
,,adam smiti da liberaluri tradicia”, liberalizmis tradiciebi.: eseebi jon lokis, adam
smitis, job stiuart milis Sesaxeb, red. knud haakonseni (sidnei: damoukidebeli kvlevebis
centri, 1998), 82-104.
556
sur. a.10. teqstis gverdi sqolioebiT. gadmobeWdilia mark r. uilsonis nebarTviT, ,,samoqalaqo omis biznesi: samxedro sawarmoebi, saxelmwifo da politikuri ekonomia amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, 1850-1880” (sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2002).
gavlenis gamo. faqtobrivad, demokratebi palataSi 1857 wlamde ver moxvdnen da
kongresi, sadac Semcirebebze yvelaze meti gadawyvetileba miiRes, swored
respublikelebis dominirebis qveS iyo.66 mcire mSvidobismyofeli jaris mxardaWera
gavrcelebuli ambavi gaxldaT, rogorc kongresSi, aseve, sazogadoebaSi.
amerikelebs Soris antimilitaristuli tradicia, romelic atibelumis eraSi
Camoyalibda, omis Semdgom eraSic SemorCa.67 1865 wlis dekemberSi, mas Semdeg, rac
prezidenti jonsoni kongresis winaSe sityviT gamovida, pro-respublikuri gazeTi
“sinsinati deili qomerSali” werda:
Zlieri armiis Senaxva mSvidobianobis dros arc Cvens erovnuli interess Seesabameba da arc Cveni mTavrobis principebs. albaT, armiis Sesanaxi uzarmazari Tanxebi yvelaze naklebi borotebaa. moqalaqeTa uzarmazari nawili tovebs mniSvnelovan profesiebs, maSin, roca maT SeeZloT, produqtiulebi yofiliyvnen. yovelive es, SfoTvas, ambiciebs da ukmayofilebas uwyobs xels. safuZveli eyreba erovnul RvarZlianobas da mtrobas, Cndeba dominantobis da dapyrobis survili, romelic momakvdinebelia xalxis keTildReobisTvis. 68
bevri respublikeli demokratebTan saerTo enas poulobda mSvidobianobis dros
armiis SenaxvasTan dakavSirebiT. respublikelTa Soris bevri fiskaluri
konservatori iyo; maT Soris iyvnen elihu uoSburni, uan uikis komitetis yofili
wevri, romelic 1870 wels parizidan mis Zmas (aseve kongresmens) swerda
vaSingtonSi, rom SeSfoTebuli iyo omis kontraqtorebis dajildoebiT. ,,imedi maqvs,
Tqveni komiteti”, werda uoSburni, ,,yelze danas daadebs xarjvis nebismier
mcdelobas, romelic absoluturad ar aris saWiro”. 69 miuxedavad imisa, rom
kongresmenTa umetesoba da maTi amomrCevlebi bunebrivad
66. UUtley, Frontier Regulars, 59-68
76. Marcus Cunliffe, Soldiers and Civilians: The Martial Spirit in America, 1775-1865 (Boston: Little, Brown
& Co., 1968).
68. Cincinnati Daily Commercial. December 16, 1865
69. Elihu Washburne to C.C. Washburne, February 5, 1879, C.C. Washburne Papers, SHSW.
557
sqema a.11. gverdi, romelSic frCxilebSi Casmuli miTiTebebia mocemuli, gadmobeWdilia monika prasadis nebarTviT, ,,Tavisufali bazris politika: neoliberaluri ekonomikuri politikis aRzeveba britaneTSi, safrangeTSi da SeerTebul StatebSi” (sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2000).
141 im mecnierebis daskvnebi, romlebic amtkiceben, rom socialur uzrunvelyofaze orientirebuli
saxelmwifo kriziss gadaurCa (Pierson 1994; Piven and Cloward 1988; Schwab 1991; Ruggies 1996 ),
arasandoa, Tu isini mxolod aseTi saxelmwifos pirvel segmentze saubroben, Zveli drois
pensiebze: reiganis pozicia socialuri dacvis xarjebis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT imdenad
arapopularuli iyo, rom man droulad aiRo xeli am iniciativaze da Sedegad socialuri
dacvis xarjebi ara marto SeinarCuna, aramed gazarda kidec. rogorc piersoni dawvrilebiT
aRwers:
socialur uzrunvelyofaze orientirebulma saxelmwifom sakuTari amomrCeveli gaiCina. is moqalaqeebic, visac ar uyvarT gadasaxadebis gadaxda, saocrad mijaWvuli arian saxelmwifo socialur uzrunvelyofas. is faqti, rom es socialuri programebi uzrunvelyofs koncentrirebul da pirdapir sargebels da amave dros gadanawilebul da xSirad arapirdapir xarjebs, maTi grZelvadiani politikuri sicoxlisunarianobis mniSvnelovan wyaros warmoadgens (Pierson 1994, 2).
ra Tqma unda, es simarTles Seesabameba mxolod im programebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic ar
axdens sargeblis koncentraciasa da xarjebis gafantvas, ise, rogorc socialuri dacvis
SemTxvevaSi. sawinaaRmdegosTan gvaqvs saqme im programebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebsac sargebeli
moaqvs umciresobisTvis, umravlesobaze gadasaxadebis dawesebiT iseve, rogorc AFDC programis
SemTxvevaSi, romelic avad Tu kargad, amerikis meore nawilis socialur uzrunvelyofaze
orientirebuli saxelmwifos simbolo gaxda. reiganis administraciam moigeria pirveli
gaficva AFDC–s winaaRmdeg, 1981 wlis omnibusis biujetis aqtiT (OBRA Rochefort 1986), romelmac
Seamcira programaSi monawileTa raodenoba da drois limiti daawesa ,,30 da 1/3 wesze”. garda
amisa, reiganma Seamcira kvebis Stampis programa, subsidirebuli sacxovreblebi, saskolo
sadilis programa, bavSvTa zrunvisa da ojaxuri daxmarebis programa, saxelmwifo mentaluri
janmrTelobisa da konsultaciebis programa, legaluri daxmareba da sxva mcire programebi
(Trattner [1974] 1999).
radgan es Semcirebebi ufro masStaburi ar iyo, aman bevr mecniers afiqrebina, rom
konservatorTa Semoteva ar iyo warmatebuli: ,,es programebi mniSvnelovnad farTo iyo 1985
wels, vidre 1966 wels. reiganis revolucia Zalian patara iyo, Tu mas am istoriul konteqstSi
ganvixilavT (Gottschalk 1988). es aris daskvna, romelsac
558
sur. a.12. gverdi teqstiTa da sqemiT. gadmobeWdilia dana jin simonsis nebarTviT ,,minimaluri frangi: mecniereba da cxovrebis standartebi, 1840-1960” (sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2004).
234
sur. 1. Leonce Reynaud, “Prison Mazas,” Traite d’ Architecture (1863), vol. 2, plate 58.
mazas cixe, romelmac Secvala parizis foburgis wminda antuanis cixe, erT-erTi
pirveli dawesebuleba iyo, sadac ganaxorcieles mTavrobis gankarguleba ujredovan
dizainTan dakavSirebiT (ix. nax. 1)35 . parizis prefeqtma moiwvia diuma, bosingo, lebloni da
maTi kolegebi specialur komisiaSi, sadac cixis haeriT momaragebis mecnieruli standarti
unda SeemuSavebinaT. bevri cdis Sedegad, rogorc vnaxeT, maT gaakeTes saaTisebri figuris
dizaini, romelic gaTvlili iyo aT kubur metr haerze erTi adamianisTvis. es standarti
miiRoO komisiam da gadawyda, rom mTavroba ventilaciis am sistemas airCevda.
1850 wlis maisSi axali cixe gaixsna. bentamis panoptikons hqonda
35. cixe moicavda ramdenime individualur dakavebis sakans, da La Roquette sakans axalgazrdebisTvis. maza aseTi farTo masStabis pirveli proeqti iyo safrangeTSi. Benjamin Appert, Bognes, prisons et criminals, 2nd ed. (Paris: Guilbert, 1836), 1: 155
559
sur, a.13. horizontaluri gverdi. gadmobeWdilia naTaniel baum-snous
nebarTviT, ,,eseebi mosaxleobis sivrcul ganawilebasa da dasaqmebaze”
(sadoqtoro disertacia, Cikagos universiteti, 2005).
560
Tavebi. sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis umravlesoba, iseve, rogorc bevri vrceli sakurso naSromi, ori an meti Tavisgan Sedgeba. TiToeuli Tavi axal gverdze iwyeba. gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT Tavi, Semdeg miawereT nomeri. SegiZliaT, danomroT arabuli cifrebiT (4) an sityvierad (meoTxe). Tu Tqveni Tema nawilebadacaa dayofili, TavebisTvis danomvris sxvanairi stili SearCieT (magaliTad, nawili II; Tavi meoTxe). Tu Tavs nomerTan erTad saTauric aqvs, es saTauri ori xaziT qvemoT dawereT, gamotovebuli xazis qvemoT. arc nomeri da arc saTauri ar gaimeoroT Tavis sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi gamotoveT. suraTi a.9 gviCvenebs Tavis pirveli gverdis nimuSs epigrafiT (ix. 25.2.2). alternatiuli formati gulisxmobs, rom gamotovoT sityva Tavi da
mxolod misi nomeri da saTauri daweroT, romlebic erT xazze
moTavsdeba da ori wertiliT an maT Soris carieli adgiliT gamoiyofa.
Tumca aseT formats nu gamoiyenebT, Tu Tqveni naSromi nawilebsac
moicavs da Tavebsac, Tu ar asaTaurebT Tavebs an Tu aris mosalodneli,
rom axali Tavi naSromis nebismier sxva nawilSi aerioT.
seqciebi da qveseqciebi. sadiplomo naSromebSi, disertaciebsa da vrcel
sakurso TemebSi, Tavebi SeiZleba, seqciebad iyos dayofili; seqciebi ki
Tavis mxriv – qveseqciebad, da a.S. Tu Tqvens naSromSi, an masSi mocemul
TavSi mxolod ramdenime seqciaa, SegiZliaT, seqciebs Soris danayofebi
araformalurad miuTiToT paragrafebs Soris damatebiTi xazis
gamotovebiT.
Tu naSromSi an mis TavebSi formalurad gaakeTebT seqciebs, TiToeuli
maTgani SegiZliaT, daasaTauroT, am saTaurebs qvesaTaurebsac uwodeben.
SesaZloa, ramdenime donis qvesaTaurebi gqondeT, pirveli donis, meore
donis da ase Semdeg. Tu Zalian grZel da kompleqsur naSroms ar
amzadebT, kargad dafiqrdiT manam, sanam orze an samze meti donis
qvesaTaurs gamoiyenebT. imis magivrad, rom mkiTxvels daexmaros,
SeiZleba, amdenma qvesaTaurma piriqiT, xelic ki SeuSalos mas. nebismier
doneze minimum ori qvesaTauri mainc unda gqondeT; Tu ar gaqvT, Tqveni
dayofa SesaZloa, ar iyos logikuri.
Tu Tqveni adgilobrivi instruqciebi qvesaTaurebTan dakavSirebiT raime
specifikur wesebs ar gTavazobT, SegiZliaT, sakuTari tipografika da
561
formati SeimuSaoT. qvesaTauris TiToeuli done Tanmimdevruli unda
iyos da gansxvavdebodes yvela sxva donisagan. maRali donis
qvesaTaurebi vizualurad ufro unda Candes, vidre dabali donisa.
zogadad, qvesaTaurebi ufro kargad Cans, rodesac centrSi,
gamsxvilebuli da daxrili SriftiTaa gamotanili an rodesac
saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili, vidre,
roca marcxena mxares, Cveulebrivi SriftiT an winadadebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli didi asoebis stiliTaa dawerili. qvesaTauris win da
Semdeg, damatebiT gamotoveT erTi xazi; boloSi ar dausvaT wertili.
gTavazobT sqemas xuTdoniani qvesaTaurebisTvis.
• pirveli done: centrSi, gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,
saTaurisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT
Tanamedrove xelovneba
• meore done: centrSi, Cveulebrivi SriftiT, saTaurisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT
romelia ZiriTadi stili?
• mesame done: marcxniv, gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,
saTaurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT
abstraqtuli eqspresionizmi
• meoTxe done: marcxniv, romauli SriftiT, winadadebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli stilis mTavruli asoebiT (es magaliTi
qarTulad ar gamodis)
ZiriTadi mxatvrebi da praqtikosebi
• mexuTe done: iwyeba paragrafis dasawyisSi (ar moyveba
gamotovebuli xazi), gamsxvilebuli an daxrili SriftiT,
winadadebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stilis didi asoebiT da boloSi
wertiliT.
poloki, rogorc lideri. wamyvani abstraqtuli eqspresionisti
mxatvris roli jekson polokma moirgo...
562
arasodes daamTavroT gverdi qvesaTauriT. teqsturi redaqtori ise
daayeneT, rom yvela saTauri momdevno paragrafze iyos mibmuli da Tu
saWiroa, damatebiT erTi an ori xazi gamotoveT, raTa qvesaTauri
gverdis TavSi iyos. sxvadasxva donis or qvesaTaurs Soris, romlebic
erTadaa mocemuli ise, rom maT Soris ar aris teqsti, kidev erTi xazi
gamotoveT.
SeniSvnebi da frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis
stils iyenebT, ixileT 16.3, imis Taobaze, Tu rogor daaformatoT
sqolioebi. suraTi a.10 gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs sqolioebiT.
Tu teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, ixileT 18.3, sadac ganxilulia
rogor daaformatoT frCxilebSi mocemuli miTiTebebi.
cxrilebi da sqemebi. TuU Tqveni naSromi cxrilebs da sqemebs moicavs,
ixileT 26-e Tavi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor daaformatoT cxrilebi,
garkveuli tipis sqemebi da sqemebis warwerebi. aseve, ixileT a.3.1. imis
Taobaze, Tu rogor CasvaT es elementebi Tqvens naSromSi. suraTi a.12
gviCvenebs teqstis nimuSs, sadac sqemaa Casmuli da suraTi a.13 gviCvenebs
horizontaluri cxrilis nimuSs.
daskvna. sadiplomo naSromSi an disertaciaSi (zogierT SemTxvevaSi ki
sakurso naSromSi), savaraudod, daskvnac geqnebaT, romelic sakmarisad
didi iqneba imisaTvis, rom calke komponentad gamoyoT. Tu aseTi daskvna
gaqvT, gverdis TavSi daawereT daskvna. ar gaimeoroT saTauri daskvnis
sxva gverdebze. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel xazs Soris ori xazi
gamotoveT.
SesaZlebelia, daskvna Tqveni naSromis bolo danomrili Tavi iyos, Tu
gindaT, xazi gausvaT mis kavSirs Tqveni teqstis danarCen nawilTan. aseT
SemTxvevaSi, sityva daskvna, Tavis saTaurad aqcieT (ix. zemoT, gv. 397).
a.2.3 bolo gverdebi
Tqveni naSromis bolo gverdebi SeiZleba, Sedgebodes qvemoT CamoTvlili
yvela an mxolod zogierTi komponentisgan, an sulac arcerT maTgans ar
563
Seicavdes. universitetebi da kaTedrebi, rogorc wesi, miuTiTeben, ra
TanmimdevrobiT unda dalagdes es komponentebi; Tu es ase ar xdeba,
miyeviT im rigiTobas, rac qvemoTaa mocemuli. ukana gverdebi arabuli
cifrebiT, erTmaneTis miyolebiT danomreT.
ilustraciebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog
SemTxvevaSi ki Tqveni sakurso Tema) moicavs fotoebs, rukebs an msgavsi
tipis sqemebs, romlebic Tqveni TemisTvis SedarebiT naklebad
relevanturia an zedmetad didia imisaTvis, rom teqstSi CasvaT (ix. 26.1.1),
isini ukana gverdebis pirvel komponentad gadaitaneT. sxva tipis sqemebi,
cxrilebi da grafikebi, romlebic am kriteriumebSi jdeba, danarTad
unda iyos mocemuli; ixileT qvemoT.
pirveli gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT ilustraciebi. ar gaimeoroT
saTauri ilustraciebis sxva gverdebze. Tqvens naSromSi sqemebis
CarTvasTan dakavSirebiT ufro meti informaciisTvis ixileT a.3.1.
danarTebi. Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (zog SemTxvevaSi
ki Tqveni saklaso Tema) moicavs mniSvnelovan masalas, romelic martivad
ar moTavsdeba Tqvens ZiriTad teqstSi, es masala erT an ramdenime
danarTSi SeitaneT ukana gverdebis nawilad (danarTebi Tavebis bolos
ar daurToT).
aseTi masalis magaliTia cxrilebi da sxvadasxva saxis sqemebi,
grafikebi, romlebic Tqveni TemisaTvis an SedarebiT nakleb
relevanturia, an Zalian didia teqstSi Casasmelad; ganrigebi da
formebi, romlebic gamoiyeneT masalebis Sesagroveblad; dokumentebis
qseroaslebi, romlebic ar aris xelmisawvdomi mkiTxvelisTvis; da
situaciuri magaliTebi, romlebic zedmetad grZelia teqstSi Casasmelad.
pirveli gverdis dasawyisSi daawereT danarTi. ar gaimeoroT saTauri
danarTis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da
teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT.
Tu danarTSi mocemuli masala sxvadasxva tipisaa – magaliTad, cxrili
da situaciuri magaliTi - maSin erTze met danarTad dayaviT. am
564
SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli danarTi danomreT cifriT an asoTi da saTauric
gaukeTeT. danomvra SegiZliaT, gaakeToT an arabuli cifrebiT (1, 2), an
sityvierad (erTi, ori), an SegiZliaT, ubralod, anbanis asoebi
gamoiyenoT Tanmimdevrulad (a, b). ricxvi an aso sityva danarTis Semdeg
dasviT, saTauri ki momdevno xazze dawereT. (Tu Tqveni naSromi mxolod
erTi danarTisgan Sedgeba, am SemTxvevaSic SegiZliaT saTauris gakeTeba,
magram aq nomris an asos dawera saWiro aRar aris).
Tu danarTi Tqveni sakuTari ganmartebiTi teqstisgan Sedgeba, teqstSi
striqonebi ori xaziT daaSoreT erTmaneTTan da daaformateT ZiriTadi
teqstis Sesabamisad. Tu igi mxolod pirveladi wyaros an situaciuri
magaliTisgan Sedgeba, SeiZleba, teqstSi striqonebs Soris erTxaziani
daSorebebi gaakeToT, gansakuTrebiT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu teqsti grZelia.
damxmare masala, romelic ver SeZeliT, amobeWdili saxiT gqonodaT,
magaliTad, monacemTa didi baza an multimediuri faili, aseve, danarTad
gqondeT. daurTeT am masalis mokle aRwera da misi adgili, aseve, Tu
arsebobs – hiperlinkic. gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs formatisa
da prezentaciis moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT; aseve, ixileT a.3.1
leqsikoni: Tu Tqveni sadiplomo naSromi an disertacia (an zogierT
SemTxvevaSi, Tqveni saklaso Tema) leqsikons saWiroebs (ix. a.2.1),
SegiZliaT, igi ukana gverdebze moaqcioT, danarTebis Semdeg da
SeniSvnebis, bibliografiisa da saxelTa saZieblis win. daicaviT yvela
formatis moTxovnebi, rac a.2.1-Sia mocemuli, magram gaiTvaliswineT, rom
Tu leqsikoni ukana gverdebzea, igi romauli cifrebis nacvlad, arabuli
cifrebiT unda dainomros. suraTi a.8 gviCvenebs leqsikonis nimuSs
(romelic daformatebulia wina gverdebze Sesatanad).
SeniSvnebi. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebebis stils iyenebT, SegiZliaT,
SeniSvnebi bolo gverdebis nawilad gauSvaT (ix. 16.3.4 SeniSvnebis
daformatebisTvis). pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT SeniSvnebi. ar
gaimeoroT saTauri danarTis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds
565
moicavs. saTaursa da SeniSvnebis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi
gamotoveT, Tavad SeniSvnebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi. suraTi a.14 gviCvenebs
bolo SeniSvnebis gverds im naSromis SemTxvevaSi, romelic Tavebad aris
dayofili.
Tuki teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, SeniSvnebi ar geqnebaT.
bibliografia da saZiebeli. Tu sqolioSi miTiTebis bibliografiis
CarTva bolo gverdebSi mogiwevT. am komponentis sawyis gverds TavSi
daawereT bibliografia. ar gaimeoroT saTauri bibliografiis sxva
gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds moicavs. saTaursa da teqstis
pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi gamotoveT, Tavad bibliografiaSi
mocemul erTeulebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi. suraTi a.15 gviCvenebs
bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.
zogierTi saxis bibliografiis SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli saTauri unda
gamoiyenoT, magaliTad - gamoyenebuli literatura. Tu bibliografias
avtorebis mixedviT anbanurad ar daalagebT, win SeniSvna gaukeTeT,
qvesaTauri (romelic Sesabamisad iqneba daformatebuli) an orive, raTa
axsnaT struqtura. ix. 16.2 sxvadasxva variaciebisTvis.
Tu teqstobrivi miTiTebis stils iyenebT, aucileblad unda daurToT
saZiebeli ukana mxares. pirveli gverdis TavSi daawereT saZiebeli. ar
gaimeoroT saTauri saZieblis sxva gverdebze, Tu igi erTze met gverds
moicavs. saTaursa da teqstis pirvel striqons Soris ori xazi
gamotoveT, Tavad saZiebelSi mocemul erTeulebs Soris ki _ erTi xazi.
suraTi a.16 gviCvenebs bibliografiis gverdis nimuSs.
iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, rodesac saZiebels avtorebis mixedviT anbanurad ar
alagebT (ix. 18.2.1), TavSi gaukeTeT SeniSvna, qvesaTauri (romelic
Sesabamisadaa daformatebuli) an orive, struqturis gansamartad.
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a.3. Cabarebis moTxovnebi
a.3.1. Tqveni failebis momzadeba
eleqtronuli failebis marTvisa da momzadebisTvis ramdenime rCevis
gamoyeneba dagexmarebaT, Tavi aaridoT problemebs da nebismieri
situaciisTvis gasagebi, kargad daformatebuli naSromi waradginoT. es
instruqciebi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, Tu naSromi eleqtronuli
formiT unda CaabaroT (ix. a.3.3).
failis marTva. SeecadeT maqsimalurad SeamciroT monacemebis
dakargvisa an gafuWebis riski.
• moamzadeT Tqeni naSromi erT eleqtronul failad, miuxedavad
imisa, Tu ra sididisaa is. erT failTan muSaoba saSualebas
gaZlevT, moZebnoT da cvlilebebi ganaxorcieloT globalurad,
aseve, danomvra gaakeToT avtomaturad (magaliTad, sqolioebis
danomvra) da aRweroT stili Tanmimdevrulad (ix. qvemoT).
naSromebi, romlebic eleqtronulad bardeba, yovelTvis erT
failad unda iyos.
• fails martivi da logikuri saxeli daarqviT. Tu droTa
ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva versia geqnebaT, Tanmimdevrulad daarqviT
saxelebi (magaliTad, yovelTvis daamTavreT ricxviT), rom
sxvadasxva versiebi ar agerioT.
• moerideT failze muSaobas erTze meti tipis programuli
uzrunvelyofiT. erTi programidan meoreSi gadatana yovelTvis
moicavs Secdomebisa da monacemTa dakargvis risks, maSinac ki,
rodesac standartul teqstur redaqtorSi muSaobT.
• faili xSirad SeinaxeT TiToeuli weriTi sesiis dros.
• TiToeuli weriTi sesiis Semdeg informaciis sarezervo asli
SeinaxeT ramdenime adgilas. Tqveni adgilobrivi myari diskis
garda, SeinaxeT adgilobriv qselSic (Tu aseTi gaqvT) an calke
Sesanax mowyobilobaSi, magaliTad CD-ze.
• amobeWdeT faili manam, sanam Temis Cabarebis ricxvi moaxlovdeba.
kargad daakvirdiT, raime xarvezi ar iyos kompiuteruli
uzrunvelyofis gamo, magaliTad, SeiZleba, Tqveni printeri ver
cnobdes garkveul simboloebs da cudad amoibeWdos. amonabeWds
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,,pirveli versia” daarqviT da SeinaxeT, sanam bolo versias
CaabarebT. gamouval mdgomareobaSi (rogoricaa kompiuteris
gafuWeba an seriozuli virusiT dabinZureba) SegiZliaT, es versia
gamoiyenoT, raTa daamtkicoT, rom pirveli versia namdvilad
gqondaT.
teqstis komponentebi: Tqveni teqstis yvela komponenti
warmoadgineT gasagebad da Tanmimdevrulad:
• teqstis TiToeuli komponenti Tanmimdevrulad daaformateT, maT
Soris Cveulebrivi teqsti, vrceli citatebi, sqolioebi da
TiToeuli tipis saTauri da qvesaTauri. Tanmimdevrulobis
dasacavad yvelaze efeqturi gzaa, TiToeuli komponentisTvis
gansazRvroT da gamoiyenoT garkveuli stili (maT Soris, Srifti,
mTavruli asoebi, pozicia da a.S.) programuli uzrunvelyofis
funqciebis saSualebiT.
• Tqveni teqsturi redaqtoris saSualebiT teqsti marcxena mxares
gaaTanabreT (datoveT ,,araTanabari” marjvena mxare) da ar
gamoiyenoT avtomaturi gadatana (ix. 20.4.1).
• gaakeTeT specialuri simboloebi an ZiriTadi klaviSebis
gamoyenebiT, an simbolos Sriftidan. specialuri aRmniSvnelebi
(rogoricaa berZnuli asoebi, maTematikuri simboloebi da
paragrafebi an seqciis niSnebi) gaakeTeT simbolos Sriftidan.
• moerideT ferad Srifts. im SemTxvevaSic, Tu Temas ferad
printerze amobeWdavT, mogvianebiT SeiZleba, Sav-TeTr printerze
dabeWdoT da feri kargad aRar gadavides.
• formulebi da gantolebebi, Tu SesaZlebelia, gantolebebis
redaqtoris saSualebiT gaakeTeT. Tu ara, isini relevantur
programaSi gaakeTeT da Tqvens teqstSi imijebis saxiT CasviT
(ixileT qvemoT). imijsa da teqsts Soris, sul mcire, erTi xazi
mainc gamotoveT (Tu, ra Tqma unda, teqsti moyveba), rogorc zemoT,
aseve, qvemoT.
cxrilebi. gamoiyeneT programuli uzrunvelyofa gasagebi,
fokusirebuli da relevanturi cxrilebis Sesaqmnelad.
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• cxrilebi Tqveni teqsturi redaqtoris cxrilebis redaqtorSi
gaakeTeT, Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba. Tu ara, maSin eqselis
failSi gaakeTeT da CasviT Tqvens teqstSi, rogorc cxrili,
romelic ar aris mibmuli romelime failze. daaformateT mis
garSemo arsebuli teqstis Sesabamisad. ixileT 26-e Tavi cxrilis
struqturis, formatis da teqstSi misi ganlagebis Taobaze.
• cxrilis nomeri da misi saTauri cxrilis Tavze dasviT (ix. 26.2.2).
saTauri cxrilis mTel siganeze gaagrZeleT da ar gamoyoT
abzaciT gadatana. cxrilis saTauri SeiZleba, ufro patara
SriftiT iyos dawerili, vidre teqstis Srifti. gaecaniT Tqvens
adgilobriv miTiTebebs.
• sqolioebi (Tu, ra Tqma unda, gaqvT) moaTavseT cxrilis bolo
xazs qvemoT, erTi xazis gamotovebiT. sqolioebi ufro patara
SriftiT unda iyos dabeWdili, vidre danarCeni teqsti; gaecaniT
adgilobriv instruqciebs amasTan dakavSirebiT.
• sul mcire erTi xazi mainc gamotoveT cxrilis saTaursa da mis
zemoT arsebul nebismier teqsts Soris, aseve, cxrilis
damaboloebel xazsa (an bolo sqolios) da mis qvemoT arsebul
nebismier teqsts Soris. Tu cxrili gverdis zeda nawilSi an
boloSia, miiyvaneT zeda an qveda areebamde.
• moerideT Crdilebs, garda im SemTxvevebisa, roca grZeli an
kompleqsuri cxrilebi gaqvT (ix. 8.3.2). aseve, moerideT ferebs. im
SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven naSroms ferad printerze beWdavT.
mogvianebiT, SeiZleba, is Sav-TeTr printerze amobeWdon da Tu
disertaciaa, am SemTxvevaSi mikrofirebzec SesaZloa, rom Seinaxon.
aseT SemTxvevebSi, Crdilebi da ferebi kargad ar jdeba. Tu
Crdilebs mainc iyenebT, darwmundiT, rom igi cxrilis teqsts ar
faravs, ar gamoiyenoT bevri sxvadasxvagvari Crdili. gaecaniT
adgilobriv instruqciebs rezoluciasa da masTan dakavSirebul
maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT.
• gaimeoreT saTauris sveti da yvela svetis saTauri (ix. 26.2)
mravalgverdiani cxrilis yovel gverdze. cxrilis nomeri dawereT
“gagrZelebul” xazze yvela gverdze pirveli gverdis Semdeg,
marcxena mxares, daxrili SriftiT (cxrili 2-is gagrZeleba). cxrilis bolo xazi gamotoveT yvela gverdze, bolo gverdis
garda.
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• cxrilisTvis, romelic mTlian gverds ikavebs an horizontaluria,
daicaviT standartuli veli (ix. 16.1.2). ar daamatoT Cveulebrivi
teqsti im gverdze, romelzec cxrili furclis horizontalurad
aris ganTavsebuli. cxrilis saTauri dasviT furclis
horizontalurad an vertikalurad. gverdi Sesabamisad danomreT.
• iseTi cxrili, romlis warmodgena beWduri saxiT SeuZlebelia,
magaliTad, cxrili, romelSic sakmaod bevri monacemia, naSroms
danarTad daurTeT (ix. a.2.2).
sqemebi. darwmundiT, rom Tqveni grafikebi advilad ikiTxeba,
zustia da mizanmimarTuli.
• Tu SesaZlebelia, grafikebi da diagramebi teqsturi redaqtoris
saSualebiT aageT. sxva SemTxvevaSi, igi Sesabamis programaSi
SeqmeniT da teqstSi CasviT, rogorc gamosaxuleba. daaformateT
mis garSemo arsebuli teqstis Sesabamisad. ixileT 26-e Tavi
cxrilis tipTan, formatsa da teqstSi mis ganTavsebasTan
dakavSirebiT.
• fotoebi, rukebi da sxva tipis sqemebi teqstSi gamosaxulebebis
saxiT CasviT. Tu romelime maTgani mxolod beWduri saxiT gaqvT,
daaskanereT, Tu aris amis SesaZlebloba da ise CasviT teqstSi,.
gamosaxulebebi, romlebic darTulia Tqveni naSromis beWdur
variantze, qseroaslis gadaRebis dros cudad gamodis da aseve, ar
iqneba im versiaSi, romelsac eleqtronulidan amobeWdaven.
• sqemis nomeri da warwera gaakeTeT sqemis qveda xazze (ix. 26.3.2).
(mxolod musikis magaliTebis SemTxvevaSi gaakeTeT nomeri da
warwera sqemis zeda xazze). warwera sqemis srul siganeze
gaayoleT da abzaciT ar gamoyoT gadatana. Tu areebs Soris
manZili sakmarisi ar aris, rogorc sqemis, aseve, warwerisTvis,
warwera uaxloesi wina gverdis teqstis boloSi gaakeTeT (an Tu
aucilebelia, TavSi). sqemis warwerebi SeiZleba, ufro patara
SriftiT gaakeToT Tqvens mTavar teqstTan SedarebiT; gaecaniT
adgilobriv monacemebs.
• am gverdze datoveT sul mcire erTi carieli xazi sqemasa da mis
zemoT arsebul teqsts Soris; aseve, warwerasa da teqsts Soris
sqemis qvemoT. Tu sqema gverdis TavSi an boloSia moTavsebuli,
miiyvaneT zeda an qveda areebamde.
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• moerideT Crdilebs da ferebs im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu Tqven naSroms
ferad printerze beWdavT. mogvianebiT is SeiZleba Sav-TeTr
printerze amobeWdon da Tu disertaciaa, SeiZleba, mikrofirebzec
Seinaxon. aseT SemTxvevebSi, Crdilebi da ferebi kargad ar jdeba.
Tu Crdilebs mainc iyenebT, darwmundiT, rom igi cxrilis teqsts
ar faravs, ar gamoiyenoT bevrnairi Crdili, radgan igi garkveviT
ar Cans.
• gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs rezoluciasa da masTan
dakavSirebul maxasiaTeblebTan dakavSirebiT.
• sqemisTvis, romelic mTlian gverds ikavebs an horizontalurad
aris ganTavsebuli, daicaviT standartuli veli (ix. 16.1.2). ar
daamatoT Cveulebrivi teqsti im gverdze, romelzec sqema
horizontaluradaa mocemuli. sqemis saTauri dasviT furclis
horizontalurad an vertikalurad. gverdi Sesabamisad danomreT.
• iseTi sqema, romlis warmodgena beWduri saxiT SeuZlebelia,
magaliTad, multimediis faili, SeinaxeT calke da naSroms
danarTad daurTeT (ix. a.2.3).
a.3.2. amobeWdili versiis Cabareba
Tu sakurso naSroms abarebT, es procedura SeiZleba, sakmaod martivi
iyos da mxolod erTi versiis amobeWdvas da instruqtorisTvis
Cabarebas moicavdes. Tumca, aseve, SeiZleba, mogTxovon misi
eleqtronuli formiT Cabareba (ix. a.3.3) an misi ramdenime aslis
gadacema ramdenime individisTvis (Tqveni klaselebis an sxva
maswavleblebisTvis). zustad daicaviT instruqciebi da yovelTvis
SeinaxeT rogorc amobeWdili, aseve, eleqtronuli versia. yvela asli
zustad unda edrebodes originals.
miuxedavad imisa, rom furclis orive mxares beWdva furcels
dagizogavT da teqnologiuradac sirTules ar warmoadgens,
instruqtorebis umetesobisTvis ufro advilia, waikiTxon da
komentarebi gaakeTon erT mxares amobeWdil teqstze. Tu gansxvavebul
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instruqcias ar miiRebT, naSromi furclis erT mxares amobeWdili
CaabareT.
moTxovnebi sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebisTvis ufro
mkacria, vinaidan aseTi naSromebi, didi albaTobiT, akinZuli an
eleqtronuli formiT Seinaxeba universitetSi an, SesaZloa,
disertaciebis gare sacavSi. manam, sanam Cabarebis dro mova, gaecaniT
Tqveni kaTedris an universitetis konkretul miTiTebebs, Tu ra formiT
unda CaabaroT naSromi (amobeWdili, eleqtronuli versia Tu orive),
ramdeni asli unda CaabaroT da raime dokumentebi xom ar aris
mosawesrigebeli an Sesavsebi manam, sanam naSroms CaabarebT. Tu amis
SesaZlebloba geqnebaT, sTxoveT universitetis kompetentur
TanamSromels, gadaxedos Tqvens naSroms formatis kuTxiT manam, sanam
saboloo versias CaabarebT.
TiTqmis yvela kaTedra da universiteti moiTxovs sadiplomo
naSromi da disertacia ramdenime variantad CaabaroT gansakuTrebuli
tipis qaRaldze amobeWdili. aseTi qaRaldi, rogorc wesi, unda iyos 81/2
universitetebis umetesobas erTi an ramdenime aslebis gadamRebi
centri aqvs, kampusze an kampusisgan moSorebiT. am centrebSi kargad
ician, ra tipis qaRaldi dagWirdebaT disertaciebisTvis. marTalia, maTi
momsaxureba cota ufro Zviri SeiZleba dajdes Tqvenive amobeWdilTan
SedarebiT, magram, samagierod, amcirebT imis risks, rom Tqvens Temas
X 11 inCi (amerikul universitetebSi) da didi xnis manZilze unda
inaxebodes, rac imas niSnavs, rom qaRaldis SemadgenlobaSi mJava ar
unda iyos. Tu adgilobriv instruqciebSi ar weria, rogori unda iyos
qaRaldi, daicaviT amerikuli biblioTekis asociaciis rekomendacia,
romlis mixedviTac unda airCioT oci paundis wonis, Ph-neitraluri
qaRaldi, romelsac aweria ,,buferuli” da minimum 2 procent tutes
Seicavs. yvela qaRaldi, romelsac ,,disertaciebis qaRalds” uwodeben am
kategoriaSi ar gadis, amitom kargad gaigeT ra tipis qaRalds gTxoven,
sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT.
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daiwuneben furclis araswori SerCevis an amobeWdvis xarvezis gamo.
aslebis gadamRebi centris TanamSromlebi, rogorc wesi, formatTan
dakavSirebul xarvezebs, rogoricaa areebi, ar akvirdebian. amitom,
darwmundiT, rom Tqveni Tema formatis Yyvela moTxovnas akmayofilebs
manam, sanam amobeWdvas daiwyebT. kargad SeamowmeT aslebi manam, sanam
aslebis gadamReb centrs datovebT da acnobeT iq momuSave personals,
Tu raime problemas SeamCnevT.
a.3.3 eleqtronuli failebis Cabareba
bevri kaTedra da universiteti moiTxovs sadiplomo naSromis an
disertaciis eleqtronuli saxiT Cabarebas, zog SemTxvevaSi ki _
eleqtronuli da amobeWdili saxiT. aseve, sakurso naSromebis
SemTxvevaSic SeiZleba, moiTxovos instruqtorma eleqtronuli failis
Cabareba.
gaecaniT adgilobriv instruqciebs teqnikuri specifikaciebisTvis
da moiTxoveT daxmareba karga xniT adre, sanam Temis Cabarebis dro mova.
Tu gTxoven, rom naSromi PDF formatiT CaabaroT, darwmundiT, rom
Srifti mibmulia failze da ar Seicvleba, raTa SeinarCunoT naSromis
garegnuli saxe da formati. SeamowmeT, rom yvela hiperlinki sworadaa
Casmuli. Tu teqstSi ilustraciebic gaqvT, gamosaxulebis rezolucia da
sxva maxasiaTeblebi imisda mixedviT gansazRvreT, Tu rogor
gamoiyeneben naSroms (daarqiveben, dabeWdaven, internet sivrceSi
ganaTavseben Tu sxva). sadiplomo naSromebisa da disertaciebis ofisSi
an Tqvens xelmZRvanelTan gadaamowmeT, rogor CaabaroT iseTi masala,
romelic sakmaod mozrdilia, magaliTad, monacemTa didi baza an
multimediis failebi.
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cxrilebis da diagramebis danarTi
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