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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCING

Engineering and Physical Sciences Division, The Main Library, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus.

How to acknowledge what you've read (Citing & Referencing)

Contents 1. Why do I need to acknowledge my sources? 2. What is citing? 3. When do I need to cite? 4. What details do I need for a citation?

• What details do I need for a paper citation? • What details do I need for an electronic citation?

5. How do I put a citation together?

Examples- Chicago Manual of Style • Books • Journal articles • Conference papers • Standards • Patents • Reports • Government Publications • Unpublished Material • Electronic Resources

6. A Sample Reference List 7. Samples Of Reports/Papers 8. Variations

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1. Why do I need to acknowledge my sources ? Acknowledging ALL your sources is important:

• to prove that your work has a substantial, factual basis • to show the research you've done to reach your conclusions • to allow your readers to identify and retrieve the references for their own use

If you do not acknowledge what you have read you may face charges of plagiarism. Plagiarism is defined as taking, using, and passing off as your own, the ideas or words of another (Concise Oxford Dictionary 1995).The best way to avoid it is to take careful notes of where you found your information, and to always acknowledge the work of others. 2. What is Citing ? To "cite" is to point to evidence, authority or proof. When we use the term cite we refer to the way that you note the source of your information in the body of your text. To cite correctly you need to collect and assemble details of where your information came from, and note this in your text. There are different styles for citing. These include:

• Chicago: two distinct styles- both footnote/endnote and author-date • Harvard: an author-date style • Vancouver: a footnote/endnote style • Styles recommended by journals and professional associations, e.g. Modern Language

Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA) or Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).

It should be noted that there are no two professional societies employing the same documentation forms or style in their journals. The style that is to be used in the Faculty of Engineering is referred to here as Chicago since it is that style described in the Chicago Manual of Style ,14th Edition. It should be noted that this is the style that is recommended in the Thesis Guide of the University of the West-Indies. The Chicago Manual of Style presents two basic citation systems or documentation forms: Documentation 1: Notes and Bibliographies (Humanities Style) The note reference follows the passage to which it refers and is marked with a numeral. Notes are arranged numerically either at the bottom of each page (footnotes) or at the end of the manuscript (endnotes). Notes include complete bibliographic information when cited for the first time. Documentation 2: Author-Date Citations and Reference List. This is the preferred method for the sciences. The author-date system of documentation comprises two indispensable parts:

• the text citation, usually enclosed in parentheses , and • the list of sources cited, often called the list of references.

An author-date citation, e.g. (Smith 1996) , is placed within the text or at the end of a quotation ,

and complete citation information is given in the list of references at the end of the paper/thesis/project report.

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3. When do I need to cite ? Whenever you directly copy the words of another author (quoting) , or put their ideas into your own words (paraphrasing), you must acknowledge that you have done so. How you acknowledge their work depends on which style you are following. 4. What details do I need for a citation? Make sure you keep track of all the information sources you use, and record the necessary details. When noting sources it is more efficient to write them out in full, even if you decide not to use them. Often it is very difficult and time consuming to find this information at the last minute. There are Computer Programs such as Reference Manager, EndNote and Procite, which also allow you to organize a reference list/bibliography. The list of sources can be merged with a MS Word document to automatically extract entries quoted in the text from your bibliographic database. You need to make note of the following information about every source you use. Not every detail will be applicable in every case:

• author(s)'s or editor(s)'s full names; or the group/body/organization responsible • title of artic le or chapter • name of the journal, periodical or book • edition (if applicable) • publisher's name (if applicable) • place of publication (for book) • year of publication • volume number (for journal) • issue number (for journal) • page numbers •

What details do I need for an electronic citation? When you are citing an electronic resource, like a web page, you should note down the following details. Web pages don't always contain all of these details; so don't worry too much if you can't find them all:

• name of the author, editor or webmaster • title of the page • title of the site (go to the site's homepage) • date the page was last updated, or the copyright date • the full internet address (URL) of the page (i.e. http://etc.) • the date that you accessed the page • any other details that might help someone else find the part of the page that you used

5. How do I put a citation together?

A citation/reference is made by putting together all the details needed to find a piece of information, in a specified order and with a specific syntax or punctuation details. Different details are needed for different formats of information. The order of the details and punctuation varies, depending on the style you are using. Remember that the same recommended style must be used exclusively and consistently throughout your piece of work.

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BOOKS In the Chicago style, book details should be put together in the following order, with identical punctuation. Author's Surname , Author's first name or initial . Year of publication . Title of the Book (in italics or underlined) . Edition [if not first] . Place of Publication : Publisher's name. It should be noted that bibliographic entries that occupy more than one line have a “hanging indent” as illustrated below. Succeeding lines are placed approximately one tab key or five spaces away from the first line. Hanging Indent ONE AUTHOR:

Example: Maas, Stephen. 1998. The RF and microwave circuit design cookbook. Boston : Artech

House.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Maas 1998)

Note: edition is not needed here, as this is a first edition. The title of the book or published work is put in italics or is underlined. SUBSEQUENT EDITION OF A BOOK:

Example: Colley , B. C. 1998. Practical manual of land development. 3d. ed. New York :

McGraw-Hill. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(Colley 1998) TWO AUTHORS:

Example: Coleman,W.C.,and W. G. Jones. 1998. Experimentation and uncertainty analysis for

engineers. 2d. ed. New York : John Wiley. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(Coleman and Jones 1998) Note that only the first author's name is placed in reverse order and subsequent authors' names are written in their natural order. Note also that the conjunction (the word “and”) is preceded by a comma. THREE AUTHORS:

Example: Popper , S. W. ,C. S. Wagner, and E. V. Larson. 1998. New forces at work:Industry views

critical technologies. California : RAND

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Or

Example: Popper , S. W. ; C. S. Wagner; and E. V. Larson. 1998. New forces at work:Industry

views critical technologies. California : RAND CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(Popper, Wagner, and Larson 1998) Note that a comma or a semi-colon can separate the authors’ names. MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS:

Example: Kimball, R., L. Reeves, M. Ross, and W. Thornthwaithe.1998. The data warehouse

lifecycle toolkit .New York : John Wiley.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Kimball et al. 1998) It should be noted that when referring to a work by more than three authors, the text citation should give the last name of the first author followed by “et al.” which means “ and others” without intervening punctuation. In the reference list entry , however, it is customary to give all of the authors’ names, in the order in which they appear on the title page. It should also be noted that there is a full stop only after the word “al” and not after "et". CORPORATE OR ORGANIZATION AUTHOR: Although some corporate and technical reports are written by personal authors associated with an organization, most reports feature "corporate" authors. These are sponsored, prepared and published by organizations, corporations, laboratories, departments and so on. Many of these reports are intended for internal distribution in an organization. Many technical reports may also feature a technical report number. This should be included in the bibliographic reference , if it appears.

Example: Norlight Telecommunications. 1999. 1999 External assessment. Technical Report.

Milwaukee: Norlight Telecommunications CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(Norlight Telecommunications 1999) Example: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO). 1994.

Marine debris : solid waste management action plan for the wider Caribbean. Paris : UNESCO.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(UNESCO 1994)

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If the name of the author is unascertainable, the reference entry should begin with the title of the work. The date will then follow the title. In alphabetizing the entry, the initial article (The, An etc.) is discounted.

Example: Jamaica - energy sector strategy and investment planning study.1992.

Washington, D.C. : UNDP.

The in-text citation may substitute the title, or a shortened version of the title for the author. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Jamaica –energy sector strategy 1992)

EDITOR ,COMPILER OR TRANSLATOR RATHER THAN AUTHOR: In the reference list, the abbreviation

ed. or eds. comp. or comps. trans.

Follows the name and is preceded by a comma. Example:

Clarke ,Andrew G., ed.1998. Industrial air pollution monitoring .London:Chapman and Hall.

Or Clarke, Andrew G.,editor.1998. Industrial air pollution monitoring.London: Chapman

and Hall. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Clarke 1998) Example:

Skalak Richard, and Chien, Shu , eds. 1987. Handbook of bioengineering. New York : McGraw-Hill.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Skalak and Chien 1987)

Example: Bakr, M.,comp. 1998. Elsevier’s dictionary of environment .Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Bakr 1998) The abbreviations for editor, compiler and translator are omitted from the text citations.

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EDITOR, COMPILER OR TRANSLATOR WITH AN AUTHOR In the reference list the name of the editor, compiler or translator is part of a new element following the title and a period. This new element is introduced by: Edited by Compiled by or Translated by The abbreviations ed., comp., and trans. may be used, but in this case they stand for “edited by”, “translated by” and “compiled by” and so the plural abbreviations “eds.” and “comps.” should not be used.

Example: Luck Erich, and Martin Jager.1997. Antimicrobial food

additives:Characteristics,uses,effects.2d.ed.Trans. S. F. Laichena. Berlin:Springer-Verlag

Or

Luck Erich, and Martin Jager.1997.Antimicrobial food additives:Characteristics,uses,effects.2d.ed. Translated by S. F. Laichena. Berlin:Springer-Verlag.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Luck and Jager 1997)

JOURNAL ARTICLES Example: Title of the article

Kayansayan, N. 1993. Thermal characteristics of fin-and-tube heat

exchanger cooled by natural convection. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 7(3) : 177-188

Journal Name Issue Page numbers Volume

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Kayansayan 1993) Example: Persad, P. ,and S. Satcunanathan .1983. Thermal performance of the two-glass-cover solar air heater. Journal of Solar Energy

Engineering,Transactions of the ASME 105(3):254-258. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Persad and Satcunanathan 1983)

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Example: Leung ,W. S.,L. K. Wai, and J. Papin-Ramcharan. 1990. Effects of

joints in an iron core. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 87:106-110.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Leung, Wai , and Papin-Ramcharan 1990) Note that titles of artic les are given sentence capitalization, that is, only the first word in the title and all proper nouns and proper adjectives are capitalized. The title of the journal itself is italicized and given headline or regular title capitalization. If you use an abbreviation for the title of the journal please ensure that it is the standard. Where more than one journal with the same title exists, it should be identified by adding the place of publication, a subtitle (if applicable), or the publisher. e.g. Civil Engineering (London) CONFERENCE PAPERS IN PUBLISHED PROCEEDINGS If you have quoted an author who has written a conference paper ,the details should be put together in the following order:

• Author of paper • Year of Publication • Title of paper (not underlined or italicized) • Title of conference: subtitle (including location and date of conference) (underlined

or italicized) • Editor(s) • Pagination for the paper • Publisher Example: Nebgen, Pamela J., and Richard C. Warner. 1985. Computer aided design of hydrologic and sediment control systems. In ASEE Annual conference

Proceedings:Computer Aided Engineering 16-20 June, 1985.Edited by Lawrence P. Grayson, 272-279. Atlanta : American Society for Engineering Education.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Nebgen and Warner 1985)

Title of the paper “ In” precedes the conference details Example: Weiser , M. 1981.Program slicing. In Proc.International Conf.

Software Eng .439-449. Los Alamitos,California: IEEE Computer Soc.Press.

Publisher Conference details in italics Place of Publication

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STANDARDS EXAMPLE:

British Standards Institution (BSI) .1991. Specification for metal Cutting Bandsaw Blades. BS3877.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (BSI 1991)

PATENTS The information for a reference to a patent should be given in the following order:

♦ Inventor (s) ♦ Year ♦ Title (underline or use italics) ♦ Assignee ♦ Patent number EXAMPLE:

Sugisawa,K ,Y. Matsumura, and K. Taga.1986. Decompression oil -frying method for food products. U.S. Patent 4,585,660.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Sugisawa,Matsumura,and Taga 1986) EXAMPLE: Preston, Kyle. 1996.Removal of methanol from methyl tertiary butyl ether. Texaco Chemical Inc.,assignee. U.S. Patent 5,576,464. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Preston 1996) REPORTS EXAMPLE:

Merchant ,Dean. C.1980. Applied research in analytical photogrammetry:final report. Columbus, Ohio: Engineering Experimental Station,Ohio State.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Merchant 1980)

EXAMPLE: San Fernando/Princes Town highway improvements continuation of

Solomon Hochoy Highway (St. Joseph village to New Cipero Road) : final report - design . A report prepared by Trinidad Engineering and Research (1978) Ltd. 1980. Port of Spain, Trinidad : Ministry of Transport and Works.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(San Fernando/Princes Town highway 1980)

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EXAMPLE: Woodward, R. J. 1981. Case studies of the corrosion of reinforcement

in concrete structures. Transport and Road Research Laboratory Report. (TRRL-LR-981). London: HMSO.

GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS: Example: Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Finance and Planning, Town and

Country Planning Division .1984. National physical Development Plan. Trinidad: Ministry of Finance and Planning.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Ministry of Finance 1984)

Example: Trinidad and Tobago. Ministry of Finance and the Economy.

1980. Accounting for the petrodollar. Port of Spain: Government Printery.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Ministry of Finance and the Economy 1980) UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL : Generally, the titles of unpublished material are not placed in italics or underlined. THESIS

EXAMPLE: Charles ,Raymond, F. 1989. The equilibrium strength of Trinidad clay subgrades. M.Phil.

Thesis. Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of the West-Indies, St. Augustine,Trinidad and Tobago.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Charles 1989)

MATERIAL ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION BUT NOT YET PUBLISHED: For work still in the process of publication, "Forthcoming" or "In press" may be used instead of the actual publication date. EXAMPLE: Sanchez,Miguel. Forthcoming. Black holes and other unimaginably dense masses. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Sanchez forthcoming)

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One can also use either an announced publication date or n.d. in place of the date. If either n.d. or an announced future date is used , then Forthcoming or In press should be added at the end of the reference entry. No Date =n.d. EXAMPLE: Subramaniam, P. n.d. A fast algorithm for contingency evaluation of

power systems. International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems.In press.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(Subramaniam n.d.) MATERIAL SUBMITTED BUT NOT YET ACCEPTED: EXAMPLE: Moorthy,S.S.,C. Sharma, I. Singh, and P. Watson. Experimental determination of the electrical

parameters of a 132kV double circuit transmission line. Submitted to West Indian Journal of Engineering.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION:

(Moorthy et al. ) PAPER PRESENTED AT A MEETING: EXAMPLE: Imbert, I. D. C. 1974. Design and control of concrete mixes. Paper presented at the OAS/IEJ

Seminar on Construction Management, Materials and Housing, Jamaica, August 1974.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Imbert 1974)

UNPUBLISHED DUPLICATED MATERIAL:

EXAMPLE: Doglioni, C.1994.Foredeeps versus subduction zones. Geological Society of The University of

Hong Kong. Duplicated. CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Doglioni 1994)

EXAMPLE: Lee , R. n.d. New-media processing. Typescript.

CORRESPONDING IN-TEXT CITATION: (Lee n.d.)

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ELECTRONIC SOURCES Although the Chicago Manual provides some advice for documenting information from computerized data services, computer programs, and electronic documents, it contains no advice on documenting Internet sources. The following recommendations adapt the Chicago Manual's guidelines and models to Internet sources. It is based on a standard method of referencing electronic sources produced by the International Organization for Standardization -ISO 690-2. Extending the citation practice of the Chicago Manual to include Internet sources produces the following model: NECESSARY INFORMATION Author/editor. Put each author's last name, then a comma, then the first name, and then any additional initials. Separate the last author from the second-to-last author with a comma. Corporate authors are spelled out. End with period. Title: Give the title of the work if there is any. Type of medium: Online for the Web, CD-ROM or Disc. for other applicable medium. Write it within square brackets e.g.

[online] [CD-ROM] [magnetic tape] [disk]

The type of publication can also be specified e.g.

[database online] [database on magnetic tape] [monograph on CD-ROM] [serial online] [computer program on disk] [bulletin board online] [electronic mail]

Producer/Publisher Information: In most cases only applicable for CD-ROM or disc. End with a comma. This includes, the edition, place of publication and the publisher in that order. Year: The year of first publication, otherwise the year of last update followed immediately after by (without intervening punctuation). Access date: Write the access date within square brackets. This must end with a period. The date the information was accessed is preceded by "cited" or an equivalent term e.g. [cited 20 Sept. 1999] or [cited 7 Jan 2000 ; 21.10 GMT] Available: Write "Available from" and the type of location (internet, world wide web etc.), a colon, and the http (or telnet, ftp...) address or supplier for CD-ROM or disc.

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EXAMPLES

1. Available from Internet: listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu by sending command GET PRICEWIL

PRV5N3 F=MAIL. 2. Available from Internet via anonymous FTP to: BORG.LIB.VT.EDU. 3. Available from Internet: <gopher://info.lib.uh.edu:70/00/

articles/e-journals/uhlibrary/pacsreview/v5/n3/pricewil.5n3>. 4. Available from DIALOG Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.) 5. Available from TELESYSTEMES QUESTEL. 6. Available from World Wide Web: <http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/

iso/tc46sc9/standard/690-2e.htm>.

Standard Number: This shall be given, if available ,for the type of medium and the appropriate identifier should precede the number e.g. ISSN or ISBN or Accession Number. This model combines the stylistic elements of Chicago-style author-date citation 2 with the elements necessary for identifying an Internet source. Internet sources differ in the kinds of information that are important for retrieval, and the model for each type of source reflects the information needed to retrieve that source. The following examples enable you to document electronic sources in a manner consistent with the principles of the Chicago Style. EXAMPLES OF CITING ELECTRONIC SOURCES: ELECTRONIC MONOGRAPHS, DATABASES AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS

Bide, Mark. In search of the unicorn: the Digital Object Identifier from a user

perspective [online]. Revised. (BNBRF report 89) London: Book Industry Communication, February 1998 [cited 9 June 1998]. PDF format. Available from Internet:< http://www.bic.org.uk/bic/unicorn2.pdf > ISBN 1 1873671 19 1

Oxford English Dictionary Computer File: On Compact Disc. 2nd ed. CD-ROM. Oxford:

Oxford UP, 1992. The Access date is not needed when the medium is a CD-ROM. PARTS OF ELECTRONIC MONOGRAPHS, DATABASES OR COMPUTER PROGRAMS

ICC British Company Financial Datasheets [online]. Hampton (Middlesex, U.K.): ICC Online, 1992, updated 3 March 1992 [cited 11 March 1992]. Robert Maxwell Group PLC. Accession no. 01209277. Available from: DIALOG Information Services, Palo Alto (Calif.).

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CONTRIBUTIONS TO ELECTRONIC MONOGRAPHS (INCLUDING WEB SITES), DATABASES OR COMPUTER PROGRAMS

MCCONNELL, WH. Constitutional History. In The Canadian Encyclopaedia [CD-ROM]. Macintosh version 1.1. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, c1993. ISBN 0-7710-1932-7

Dunbar, Brian. The 16 Most Frequently Asked Questions about NASA. In The NASA

Homepage [online]. 29 March 1996. [cited 14 August 1996; 14:30 EST]. Available from: < http://www.nasa.gov/hqpao/Top10.html >.

ELECTRONIC SERIALS ENTIRE SERIAL

Journal of Technology Education [online]. Blacksburg (Va.): Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989- [cited 15 march 1995]. Semi-annual. Available from Internet: < gopher://borg.lib.vt.edu:70/1/jte >. ISSN 1045-1064

ARTICLES AND OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS

STONE, Nan. The Globalization of Europe. Harvard Business Review [online]. May- June 1989 [cited 3 September 1990]. Available from: BRS Information Technologies, McLean (Va.).

PRICE-WILKIN, John. Using the World-Wide Web to Deliver Complex Electronic

Documents: Implications for Libraries. The Public-Access Computer Systems Review [online]. 1994, vol.5, no. 3 [cited 1994-07-28]. Available from Internet: < gopher://info.lib.uh.edu:70/00/articles/e -

journals/uhlibrary/pacsreview/v5/n3/pricewil.5n3 >. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES

Johnson, Tim. Indigenous people are now more combative, organized. Miami Herald 5 Dec. 1994: 29SA. [online]. Available from Internet: < gopher://summit.fiu.edu/Miami Herald—Summit-Related Articles/12/05/95—Indigenous People Now More Combative, Organized. 16 July 1995 [cited 17 July 1995].

ELECTRONIC BULLETIN BOARDS, DISCUSSION LISTS AND ELECTRONIC MESSAGES ENTIRE MESSAGE SYSTEM

PACS-L (Public Access Computer Systems Forum) [online]. Houston (Tex.): University of Houston Libraries, June 1989- [cited 17 May 1995]. Available from Internet: listserv@uhupvm1.uh.edu.

ELECTRONIC MESSAGES

PARKER, Elliott. Re: Citing Electronic Journals. In PACS-L (Public Access Computer Systems Forum) [online]. Houston (Tex.): University of Houston Libraries, 24 November 1989 [cited 1 January 1995]. Available from Internet:<telnet://brsuser@a.cni.org >.

PERSONAL ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS (E-MAIL)

Day, Martha (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). Review of film – Bad Lieutenant. E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu). 30 July 1995.

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6. A Sample Reference List References are listed in alphabetical order by author’s surname . REFERENCES Anderson, Charles, A. Santanelli , and F. R. Kulis.1966. Direct current circuits and measurements : a self-instructional programmed manual. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice-Hall. Blackwell D., and Leon Henkin.1989. Mathematics : report of the Project 2061 Phase I Mathematics Panel. Washington, D.C. : American Association for the Advancement of Science. Catarci, T.,and M.Lenzerini. 1993. Representing and using interschema knowledge in cooperative information systems. Journal of Intelligent and Cooperative Information Systems 2 : 375-398. Gift, S.J.G. 2001. Hybrid current conveyor-operational amplifier circuit. International Journal of

Electronics 88(12): 1225-1235. Meyer, M.D. 1992. Public transportation in the 21st century. In Public transportation. 2nd ed. Edited by G. E. Gray, and L. A. Hoel. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Rau, J.G. ,and D. C.Wooten. 1980. Environmental impact analysis handbook . New York :McGraw-Hill.

Richardson, A. J. 1990. Traffic planning and modeling: a twenty year perspective. Australian Road

Research 20(1): 9-21.

Young, W. 1990a .The interaction between data and a parking model hierarchy. In Proc. 15th Aust. Road Research Board Conference. Australia: Road Research Board.

Young, W .1990b. Continuing education in transport. In Proc. 2nd. AAEE Conference on Engineering Education, Melbourne,Aust. Australia : AAEE.

Note that because there are two articles by Young from the same year that a letter is added to the date. 7. Samples From Reports/Papers

SAMPLE PARAGRAPHS: 1. In recent years , there has been increased awareness of the potential impact of

pollutants such as heavy metals. Moreover, the traditional methods for treating aqueous streams containing metal contaminants are expensive and can have inadequate facilities . This is particularly true in developing countries. This has led to the use of alternative technologies. The use of biological materials is one such technology which has received considerable attention (Ho et al. 1996).

2. Numerous studies on the utilization of plant proteins as a partial or complete

replacement for fish meal in diets have been conducted using various freshwater and marine fishes (Lovell 1987;Tacon et al. 1983; Murai et al. 1989a ; Cowey et al. 1974). However, very little is known about the feasibility of using soybean

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meal as a dietary protein source in practical feeds for yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata (Takii et al. 1989).

3. The question we address here is how technological change occurs when it is the

overall system that needs to be changed. In particular, how can we begin and sustain a technological transition away from hydrocarbon based technologies? (Street and Miles 1996)

4. Taking all these elements and their possible variations into account is often far

too complex and tedious for determining efficient gas development patterns with simple back of the envelope calculations. In their survey of these elements, Julius and Mashayeki (1996) present a detailed analysis of these different interactions.

5. Many have assessed cost effectiveness by dividing the utility system into many

parts and estimating distributed generation’s value to each part. When this is done, total value can be composed of ten or more individual components (Hoff and Shugar 1995),substation transformer (El-Gassier et al. 1993), transmission system, generation system, voltage support (Hoff et al. 1994) reliability, energy savings, electrical loss savings (Hoff and Shugar 1995), minimum load savings, modularity and flexibility (Morris et al. 1993) and financial risk reduction values (Awerbuch 1994).

6. Dual-band antennas are used for a variety of applications, such as satellite

communications, global positioning systems (Kaplan 1996), wireless local area networks (McCarrick 1993), synthetic aperture radars (Skolnik 1990) and personal communication systems. However, the antenna configuration in Hammad (1997) is different from the proposed CFDFS.

8. VARIATIONS

Some of the "preferred" methods of bibliographic referencing from the recommended Chicago Manual of Style (14th .Edition) have been illustrated above. Although referencing using the Chicago Style should be evident by just a glance at your document, it might be worthy to quote directly from the Chicago Manual of Style (section 16.25) on the matter of allowed variations:

“So long as a documentary style is clear, effective and consistently followed, variations and combinations of the basic styles outlined in the Chicago Manual of Style may be considered acceptable alternatives.”