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CHAMBER: SPECIALITY CHEMICALS AND SURFACE COATINGS
SUBSECTOR: SPECIALITY CHEMICALS
MARCH 2014
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Please Note:
The CHIETA developed subsector skills plans for the first time in 2013/2014, to achieve the mandate of the Chambers in terms of schedule 9(a) of the SDA 97 of 1998; to consult with the 9 sub-sectors of the Chemical Sector in areas of skills development and planning. The objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, and skills supply.
The CHIETA subsector skills plans are a great start but will continue to be strengthened going forward as work in progress with particular emphasis on detailed planning.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND..............................................................................................................................1
1.2 FORMAT OF THE SUBSECTOR SKILLS PLAN..................................................................................1
1.3 SCOPE OF THE SUBSECTOR..........................................................................................................2
2 PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR...............................................................................................................4
2.1 ORGANISATIONS IN THE SUBSECTOR..........................................................................................4
2.1.1 EMPLOYERS..........................................................................................................................4
2.1.2 EMPLOYER ASSOCIATIONS...................................................................................................5
2.1.3 TRADE UNIONS....................................................................................................................5
2.2 EMPLOYEES REPRESENTED BY THE CHAMBER.............................................................................6
2.2.1 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT..........................................................................................................6
2.2.2 EMPLOYMENT IN THE SUBSECTOR......................................................................................6
2.2.3 AGE....................................................................................................................................11
2.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................13
3 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR............................................14
3.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH.................................................................................................................14
3.2 FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON THE SECTOR...................................................................................15
3.2.1 LINKAGES WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES..................................................................................15
3.2.2 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES AND PLANS ..............................................16
3.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................17
4 THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR...................................................................................18
4.1 TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT..........................................................................................................18
4.2 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................24
5 THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR.......................................................................................25
5.1 NEW ENTRANTS TO THE LABOUR MARKET................................................................................25
5.2 THE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES.................................................................25
5.3 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................27
6 SKILLS SHORTAGES............................................................................................................................28
6.1 SCARCE SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR............................................................................................28
6.2 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................30
7 SKILLS PLAN FOR THE SUBSECTOR.....................................................................................................31
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1 Scope of the Speciality Chemicals Subsector...............................................................................2
Table 2-1 Levy-paying companies and WSP submissions according to subsector.......................................4
Table 2-2 Highest qualifications of employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector................................9
Table 2-3 Unidentified qualifications in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.............................................10
Table 2-4 Age distribution of employees per occupational category in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..................................................................................................................................................................12
Table 4-1 Managers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.......................................................................19
Table 4-2 Professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..................................................................20
Table 4-3 Technicians and associate professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.......................20
Table 4-4 Clerical support workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector................................................21
Table 4-5 Service and sales workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..............................................22
Table 4-6 Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector..................................................................................................................................22
Table 4-7 Plant and machine operators and assemblers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector...............23
Table 4-8 Elementary occupations in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector.................................................24
Table 5-1 Training opportunities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector...................................................26
Table 6-1 Scarce Skills in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector....................................................................29
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1 Total employment in the Chemical Sector.................................................................................6
Figure 2-2 Employment Type......................................................................................................................7
Figure 2-3 Employment: Race.....................................................................................................................7
Figure 2-4 Employment: Gender.................................................................................................................8
Figure 2-5 Percentage employees with disabilities per subsector: March 2012..........................................9
Figure 3-1 Average percentage change of Gross Value Added: 1970-2020: Other chemicals and man-made fibres................................................................................................................................................15
Figure 4-1 Employment: Occupations.......................................................................................................18
Figure 5-1 Proportion of employees who received training opportunities according to occupational category: March 2012...............................................................................................................................26
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ABET Adult Basic Education and Training
AECI African Explosives and Chemical Industries
BET Basic Education and Training
CAIA Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association
CEPPWAWU Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union
Chemserve Chemical Services
CHIETA Chemical Industries Education and Training Authority
FMCG Fast Moving Consumer Goods
GIWUSA General Industries Workers Union of South Africa
HET Higher Education and Training
IPAP Industrial Policy Action Plan
NIPF The National Industrial Policy Framework
OFO Organising Framework for Occupations
SACWU South African Chemical Workers Union
SHE&Q Safety, Health, Environment and Quality
UASA United Association of South Africa
US United States
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
The Chemical Sector Education and Training Authority (CHIETA) consists of five chambers that represent the nine subsectors of the Chemical Sector. The five chambers are:
Petroleum and Base Chemicals Fast Moving Consumer Goods and Pharmaceuticals Explosives and Fertilisers Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Glass.
Skills planning is a core function of all SETAs and according to CHIETA’s constitution, this function cascades down to its constituent chambers. According to the CHIETA constitution the chambers are (among other things) responsible to consult with the nine subsectors in areas of skills development and planning. The ultimate objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the Chemical Sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, skills supply, and scarce and critical skills as they manifest in the respective subsectors and a strategic plan that addresses the needs of the total Chemical Sector and its subsectors.
In 2013 the CHIETA commissioned subsector skills plans for each of the nine subsectors. These documents provide detailed analyses of each of the subsectors and are meant to assist the respective chambers in skills planning and to reflect the skills needs of and skills planning for each of the subsectors.
In June 2013 nine workshops were held with representatives of each of the nine subsectors. The workshops were meant to inform the subsector skills plans and covered the following topics:
• The skills planning process and chambers’ responsibilities in this regard.• The profiles of the subsectors.• Economic growth of the subsectors and factors that influence the growth of the subsectors.• The demand for skills in the respective subsectors.• The supply of skills and supply-side challenges and constraints.• Skill shortages.• Key interventions taking place and needed in the respective subsectors.
Unfortunately the workshop for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector was cancelled because of a lack of interest from the stakeholders. For this reason, this subsector skills plan is mainly based on desk top research and a detailed analysis of the workplace skills plans (WSPs) and annual training reports (ATRs) submitted to CHIETA by employers in the sector in June 2012. In 2012 employers for the first time submitted individual employee records to CHIETA. For the purpose of this report, the data were weighted to extrapolate it to subsectoral totals.
Further information was obtained from desktop research and national data sources such as national accounts data. (National accounts data series were obtained from Quantec.)
PROFILE OF THE SPECIALITY CHEMICALS SUBSECTOR
In the 2011/2012 financial year there were 266 levy-paying companies in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, which forms 17.3% of levy-paying companies in the Chemical Sector as a whole). The levy contribution of the 266 companies is 7.9% of the total levies paid in the Chemical Sector. Only 113 of
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these companies submitted WSPs in 2011/2012. Seventeen (6.4%) of the 266 companies are categorised as large (employing 150 and more people), 42 (15.8%) as medium (employing between 50 and 149 people), another 72 (27.1%) as small (employing between 20 and 49 people) and 135 (50.8%) as micro (employing between 1 and 19 people).
In terms of employment the Speciality Chemicals Subsector employed 15 381 people – 9.9% of the employees in the total Chemical Sector. Most (87.5%) of the employees were permanently employed, while 8.9% were temporary workers and 3.6% were working as contractors at the end of March 2012. In terms of equity the majority of workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were African (52.3%) and males (73.4%) and 0.6% were people living with disabilities. Stakeholders who participated in the series of workshops in 2013 noted that it is difficult to employ disabled people (depending on their disability) in certain occupations in the Chemical Sector, due to health and safety requirements.
Africans were well represented in all the occupational categories except for managers and professionals. The total proportion of Africans employed in management positions was only 15.7% and for professionals only 20.4%. Females formed 59.6% of clerical support workers, 47.0% of service and sales workers, and 40.7% of professionals. About 44% of employees held qualifications at NQF Level 4 and about a third (32.6%) held post-school qualifications. Only 4.5% had very limited schooling and had not reached NQF Level 1. The average age for employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in 2012 was 41. A third (33.0%) were categorised as Youth (younger than 35), with 13.2% between 55 and 64. The data also showed that the oldest contingent of workers was managers. Their average age was 46. About a tenth (9.3%) of all workers in the subsector were close to retirement. The subsector needs to plan for the replacement of artisans sufficiently.
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR
There is no industry specific economic data for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in South Africa. The subsector falls within the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres Subsector in terms of economic data. Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres showed positive growth in every five-year period since 1970. Although the growth percentages differ from one five-year period to the next, there has not been a period of negative growth. The period 1975-1980 shows the best growth at more than 10%. The period of smallest growth was 2005-2010. This may have been a result of the onset of the global recession. The onset of the global recession, which began in 2008, and the resulting decline in production led to the loss of more than a million jobs in South Africa, over 200 000 of which were in the manufacturing sector. The manufacturing sector came under increasing levels of stress and declined by almost 20% between 2008 and 2009 and then recovered slightly with growth of 5% in 2010 and 2,5% in 2011.1 The projected figures show an average growth of 2.8% for the 2010-2015 period and 4.0% for the 2015-2020 period. These figures are lower than the projections for the total economy.
Due to the nature of the activities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector is subjected to the standard legislation and regulations in terms of occupational health and safety, and environmental conservation and management.
THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR
Due to the nature of the subsector 56.1% of the workforce worked as plant and machine operators and assemblers, technicians and associate professionals, and workers in elementary occupations. Another tenth were professionals. The main activities of the subsector relate to production of speciality chemicals and sales. Occupations in the production field that were in demand ranged from chemists and chemistry technicians to production supervisors and controllers and chemical production machine
1 The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa, The Industrial Policy Action Plan, 2012-2015.
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operators. In the sales field occupations such as marketing practitioners, sales representatives and sales clerks were in demand. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector has to compete with the other subsectors in the Chemical Sector for the mentioned skills.
THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR
The formation of skills starts with general education and training (i.e. the school system). The output from this system remains a concern to the Chemical Sector, mainly because the system seems to be unable to supply adequate numbers (and quality) of school leavers with mathematics and physical science passes that can pursue studies to become engineers, technologists, technicians and artisans. The general standard of education of school leavers who enter the labour market without any further training is also insufficient.
The supply of new skills from the FET colleges into the Chemical Sector has traditionally been very limited. However, Government’s recent focus on increasing both the quality and quantity of output from FET colleges holds the promise that these institutions can play a more significant role in skills supply to the Chemical Sector in future.
In respect of the supply of higher level skills to the sector, there has been substantial growth in the numbers of new graduates from universities and universities of technology in certain engineering fields. In terms of average annual output of national diplomas, growth is reported at 7% for diplomas in chemical engineering and technology and 6% for first degrees in the same field. Despite these positive growth trends, increases have not yet been sufficient to meet the needs of the national economy and the Chemical Sector in particular. In order to ensure future growth, it will be necessary to support higher education institutions through a variety of initiatives..
Companies in the Chemical Sector are involved in a range of training and development initiatives that focus on developing the skills of their employees. Such initiatives not only supplement, but also build on the training that supplies new skills to the sector. This training and development of the current workforce forms a critical source of skills supply. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector has invested in training quite extensively. In 2011/2012 training opportunities were afforded to 69.2% of employees in the subsector in total. About 71% of skilled and trade workers and 70.9% technicians and associate professionals received training. Large contingents of employees in the other occupational categories were also trained. The type of training opportunities that were afforded to employees related to short courses (33.9%), 27.2% to induction training, 21.1% to job specific development programmes and 11.6% to skills programmes.
Despite the initiatives to build the skills base of the industry and to stimulate and support the supply-side of the labour market, certain skills deficiencies still remain.
SKILLS SHORTAGES IN THE SUBSECTOR
In 2012 employers were for the first time required to provide information on scarce skills in their WSP submissions. In total a relatively small percentage of employers reported that they experienced skills shortages. This leaves the impression that the subsector is not severely affected by skills shortages. Nevertheless, some evidence of shortages of managers and professionals was received.
Of the 113 organisations whose WSPs were approved by the CHIETA, 35 (30.9%) indicated that they experienced a scarcity of skills. The total number of people needed to fill the vacancies that existed at that time in these organisations is 113; this equates to 0.7% of total employment in the subsector. The data showed that professionals such as chemists and technical representatives/salespersons were hard
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to find. Employers indicated that they planned on using interventions such as job specific development programmes, skills programmes and mentorships to address the scarcity of skills.
The CHIETA is currently engaged in a range of partnerships, agreements and plans to contribute to both the development of new skills for the sector, as well as the development of skills within the existing workforce. These initiatives range from support for further and higher education institutions, and partnerships with Government and industry associations.
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Chemical Sector Education and Training Authority (CHIETA) consists of five chambers that represent the nine subsectors of the Chemical Sector. The five chambers are:
Petroleum and Base Chemicals Fast Moving Consumer Goods and Pharmaceuticals Explosives and Fertilisers Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Glass.
Skills planning is a core function of all SETAs and according to CHIETA’s constitution, this function cascades down to its constituent chambers. According to the CHIETA constitution the chambers are (among other things) responsible to consult with the nine subsectors in areas of skills development and planning. The ultimate objective of such consultation is to compile a SSP for the Chemical Sector that takes into consideration areas of skills demand, skills supply, and scarce and critical skills as they manifest in the respective subsectors and a strategic plan that addresses the needs of the total Chemical Sector and its subsectors.
In 2013 the CHIETA commissioned subsector skills plans for each of the nine subsectors. These documents provide detailed analyses of each of the subsectors and are meant to assist the respective chambers in skills planning and to reflect the skills needs of and skills planning for each of the subsectors.
In June 2013 nine workshops were held with representatives of each of the nine subsectors. The workshops were meant to inform the subsector skills plans and covered the following topics:
• The skills planning process and chambers’ responsibilities in this regard.• The profiles of the subsectors.• Economic growth of the subsectors and factors that influence the growth of the subsectors.• The demand for skills in the respective subsectors.• The supply of skills and supply-side challenges and constraints.• Skill shortages.• Key interventions taking place and needed in the respective subsectors.
Unfortunately the workshop for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector was cancelled because of a lack of interest from the stakeholders. For this reason, this subsector skills plan is mainly based on desk top research and a detailed analysis of the workplace skills plans (WSPs) and annual training reports (ATRs) submitted to CHIETA by employers in the sector in June 2012. In 2012 employers for the first time submitted individual employee records to CHIETA. For the purpose of this report, the data were weighted to extrapolate it to subsectoral totals.
Further information was obtained from desktop research and national data sources such as national accounts data. (National accounts data series were obtained from Quantec.)
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1.2 SCOPE OF THE SUBSECTOR
The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes that are applicable to the Speciality Chemicals Subsector are listed in the table below. The scope includes the following: manufacture, sale and/or distribution of diversified speciality chemicals for industrial use; and manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries.
Table 1-1 Scope of the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
SIC Code Scope of Coverage/Description
33502 Manufacture, sale and/or distribution of diversified speciality chemicals for industrial
use
36400 Manufacture of accumulators, primary cells and primary batteries
Speciality chemicals are chemicals that serve specific purposes. In South Africa there are more than 50 categories of speciality chemicals including textile dyes and chemicals, leather dyes and chemicals, pharmaceutical intermediates, intermediates for pesticides and herbicides, pigments, additives, electronic chemicals, adhesives, plastics, paints and water treatment chemicals, to mention just a few.2
1.3 FORMAT OF THE SUBSECTOR SKILLS PLAN
Chapter 2 provides a profile of the subsector. This profile includes the most important organisations in the subsector, as well as the employees working in the subsector.
Chapter 3 deals with the economic performance of the subsector and the factors that influence its performance. These factors include Government interventions specifically aimed at stimulating the growth of the Chemical Sector, containing pollution and promoting a green economy.
Chapter 4 of this subsector skills plan focuses on the demand for labour. The demand for labour is analysed from the perspective of the occupations that make up the subsector. The occupational information in turn provides insight into the type and level of skills needed.
Chapter 5 describes the supply of skills. As the subsector shares in the broader supply of skills to the Chemical Sector as a whole and to the total South African labour market, it is not possible to give a detailed analysis of supply as it would meet the demand for skills in the subsector. Instead a broad overview of supply trends are given.
Chapter 6 hones in on the mismatches that exist between the demand and supply sides of the labour market. Typically, these mismatches manifest in skills shortages and in skills deficiencies in the current workforce.
The last chapter of the sector skills plan should include the strategic planning of skills interventions aimed specifically at this subsector. This chapter will be completed once the Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coatings Chamber has engaged with the content of the report and has attended to its own strategic plan.
2http://www.vut.ac.za/metadot/index.pl?id=79631&isa=Item&field_name=item_attachment_file&op=download_file . Accessed 6 June 2013.
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2 PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR
There are many manufacturers of speciality chemicals in South Africa. This includes integrated manufacturers that form part of large chemical complexes such as Sasol, diverse companies that has various manufacturing divisions and produce a variety of products and smaller companies that focus on specific products.3.
This chapter provides an overview of the organisations in the subsector as well as the employees of the subsector.
2.1 ORGANISATIONS IN THE SUBSECTOR
The role-players in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector are private companies (employers), industry associations, employer associations and trade unions.
2.1.1 EMPLOYERS
There are 266 levy-paying companies in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, which forms 17.3% of levy-paying companies in the Chemical Sector as a whole (see Table 2-1). The levy contribution of the 266 companies is 7.9% of the total levies paid in the Chemical Sector. Only 113 of these companies submitted WSPs in 2011/2012.
Table 2-2 Levy-paying companies and WSP submissions according to subsector
Subsector Number ofLevy-payingcompanies
% WSPsubmissions
% of totalcompanies
in sector
% of totalcompanies
in subsector
% of total levies paid
Base Chemicals 314 20.4 127 8.2 40.4 13.2Explosives 7 0.5 2 0.1 28.6 1.8Fertilisers 89 5.8 23 1.5 25.8 8.2FMCG 162 10.5 72 4.7 44.4 3.5Glass 124 8.0 19 1.2 15.3 5.4Petroleum 251 16.3 85 5.5 33.9 43.2Pharmaceuticals
131 8.5 64 4.2 48.9 12.9
Speciality Chemicals
266 17.3 113 7.3 42.5 7.9
Surface Coatings
118 7.7 60 3.9 50.8 3.5
Other 80 5.2 6 0.4 7.5 0.4Total 1 542 100.0 571 37.0 100.0
Source: SARS Levy data, 2011/2012; WSP data, 2011/2012.
3 Van Zyl, R. (2008). South African Chemical Sector Report on Skills Development and the Government’s New Economic Policy Priorities, March 2008.
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Seventeen (6.4%) of the 266 companies are categorised as large (employing 150 and more people), 42 (15.8%) as medium (employing between 50 and 149 people), another 72 (27.1%) as small (employing between 20 and 49 people) and 135 (50.8%) as micro (employing between 1 and 19 people) (see Table 2-2).
Table 2-2 Size of levy-paying companies that submitted WSPs
Size Levy-paying companies WSP submissions
N % N % of levy-paying companies
Large 17 6.4 16 94.1
Medium 42 15.8 32 76.2
Small 72 27.1 37 51.4
Micro 135 50.8 28 20.7
Total 266 100.0 113 42.5
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
2.1.2 EMPLOYER ASSOCIATIONS
Employers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector form part of the employers’ organisations in the Chemical Sector as a whole such as the Chemical and Allied Industries’ Association (CAIA). The South African chemical industry is represented by the CAIA, which has 172 members including chemical manufacturers, traders and industry service providers. Members are mainly large and medium size companies from base chemicals, fertilisers, plastics in primary form, pesticides and other agricultural products, explosives and speciality chemicals. CAIA’s primary goals are to promote responsible care, earn public trust for the chemical industry, improve the efficiency of its efforts, support education initiatives in science, engineering and technology and create maximum value for member companies. The association interacts with a number of employer bodies, including CHIETA, various professional societies and other associations representing subsections of the industry.4
2.1.3 TRADE UNIONS
Employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector belong to the following trade unions:
Chemical, Energy, Paper, Printing, Wood and Allied Workers Union (CEPPWAWU)
General Industries Workers Union of South Africa (GIWUSA)
Solidarity
South African Chemical Workers Union (SACWU)
United Association of South Africa (UASA)
These trade unions are all active in the CHIETA structures and the first four are members of the National Bargaining Council for the Chemical Industry.
2.2 EMPLOYEES IN THE SUBSECTOR
4 http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za. Accessed 23 May 2013.
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2.2.1 TOTAL EMPLOYMENT
Figure 2-1 below shows the total employment in the Chemical Sector on 31 March 2012. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector employed 15 381 people – 9.9% of the employees in the total Chemical Sector (Figure 2-1).
Base Chemicals 14.4% (22 466)
Explosives3.4% (5 287)
Fast Moving Consumer Goods15.2% (23 794)
Fertilisers3.6% (5 651)
Glass5.1% (8 002)
Petroleum28.4% (44 371)
Pharmaceuticals 14.2% (22 100)
Speciality Chem-icals
9.9% (15 381)
Surface Coatings5.3% (8 261)
Other0.5% (786)
Figure 2-1 Total employment in the Chemical Sector according to subsectorSource: WSP submissions, June 2012.
2.2.2 TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT
In 2012 most employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector (87.5%) were employed permanently, while 8.9% were temporary workers and 3.6% were working as contractors (Figure 2-4).
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Contractor3.6% (558)
Permanent87.5%
(13 453)
Temporary8.9%
(1 369)
Figure 2-2 Employment in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector according to employment type
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
2.2.3 EQUITY PROFILE OF THE SUBSECTOR
Race and Gender
The majority of workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were African (52.3%). White workers accounted for 28.9% of the employees and Coloureds for 10.8%. Indians constituted 7.9% of the workforce (Figure 2-3). In terms of gender the majority (73.4%) of workers in the subsector were male (Figure 2-4).
African52.3% (8 048)
Coloured10.8% (1 664)
Indian7.9% (1 217)
White28.9% (4 452)
Figure 2-3 Employment in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector according to race
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
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Female26.6% (4 091)
Male73.4% (11 290)
Figure 2-4 Employment in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector according to Gender
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Annexure 1 reports the race and gender distribution across the different occupational categories. Africans were well represented in all the occupational categories except for managers and professionals. The total proportion of Africans employed in management positions was only 15.7% and for professionals only 20.4%. Females formed 59.6% of clerical support workers, 47.0% of service and sales workers, and 40.7% of professionals.
Disability
There are 892 employees with disabilities working in the Chemical Sector. This equates to 0.6% of all employees in the sector. Figure 2-5 below displays the proportion of disabled employees by subsector. Only 0.6% of the employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were people living with disabilities.
Stakeholders who participated in the series of workshops in 2013 noted that it is difficult to employ disabled people (depending on their disability) in certain occupations in the Chemical Sector, due to health and safety requirements. It is particularly difficult in key production occupations. However, there was an acknowledgement that more effort needs to be made to identify those occupations in which people with disabilities can be employed and to recruit people with disabilities for these occupations. In addition, CHIETA will work with stakeholders on training around disability awareness. CHIETA is supporting projects aimed at people with disabilities through the discretionary grants.
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Base Chem
icals
Explosiv
es
Fast M
oving C
onsumer Goods
Fertilise
rsGlas
s
Petroleu
m
Pharmace
uticals
Speci
ality
Chemica
ls
Surfa
ce Coati
ngsOther
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.7%
0.9%
0.3%
0.4%
1.1%
0.6%0.5%
0.6%
0.4%
0.3%
Figure 2-5 Percentage employees with disabilities per subsector: March 2012
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
2.2.4 EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
In the 2011/2012 WSP submissions employers provided information on the qualifications of the workers employed in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. Regrettably a total of 5 542 of employees’ qualification levels were not identified. However, based on the information that was available 44.5% of employees held qualifications at NQF Level 4 and only 4.5% had very limited schooling and had not reached NQF Level 1. About a third (32.6%) held post-school qualifications (Table 2-2).
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Table 2-3 Highest qualifications of employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
NQF Level N %
Below NQF Level 1 439 4.5
NQF Level 1 332 3.4
NQF Level 2 746 7.6
NQF Level 3 737 7.5
NQF Level 4 4 376 44.5
NQF Level 5 721 7.3
NQF Level 6 1 226 12.5
NQF Level 7 579 5.9
NQF Level 8 550 5.6
NQF Level 9 117 1.2
NQF Level 10 15 0.2
Total 9 838 100.0
Unspecified 5 542
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Of the workers whose educational levels were not provided in the WSP data, 28.1% worked in elementary occupations and 19.9% as plant and machine operators and assemblers. A further 13.3% were technicians and associate professionals and 10% were in management positions (Table 2-3).
Table 2-4 Occupations of people in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector whose educational levels were not specified
Occupation N %Managers 552 10.0Professionals 509 9.2Technicians and associate professionals 739 13.3Clerical support workers 447 8.1Service and sales workers 176 3.2Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers 396 7.1Plant and machine operators and assemblers 1 100 19.9Elementary occupations 1 556 28.1Learners 48 0.9Occupation unknown 19 0.3Total 5 542 100.0
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
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2.2.5 AGE
The average age for employees in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in 2012 was 41. A third (33.0%) were categorised as Youth (younger than 35), with 13.2% between 55 and 64. The data also showed that the oldest contingent of workers was managers. Their average age was 46. About a tenth (9.3%) of all workers in the subsector were close to retirement. When looking at the occupational categories individually it seems that 12.0% of skilled and trades workers, 11.8% of managers, 10.6% of plant and machine operators and assemblers, and 9.5% of the technicians and associate professionals were close to retirement. The subsector needs to plan for the replacement of these workers in good time.
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Table 2-5 Age distribution of employees per occupational category in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
Occupations
Age groups
Total Average age
Close to retirement
(55-60)15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
N % N % N % N % N % N % N % N %
Managers18 0.8 273 12.
3742 33.
4683 30.
8404 18.
210
14.5
2 220 100.0 46 261 11.8
Professionals 22 1.4 563 35.3
482 30.2
298 18.7
171 10.7
60 3.8
1 596 100.0 41 105 6.6
Technicians and associate professionals
73 2.7 774 29.0
795 29.8
621 23.3
351 13.2
54 2.0
2 669 100.0 42 254 9.5
Clerical support workers 77 4.5 547 31.9
507 29.6
333 19.4
212 12.4
38 2.2
1 714 100.0 41 144 8.4
Service and sales workers 13 3.0 159 37.2
143 33.6
60 14.1
44 10.3
8 1.8
426 100.0 39 34 8.0
Skilled related trades workers 35 4.7 223 29.6
165 21.9
207 27.5
109 14.5
14 1.9
752 100.0 42 90 12.0
Plant and machine operators and assemblers
99 3.2 876 28.0
935 29.9
725 23.2
447 14.3
43 1.4
3 125 100.0 42 332 10.6
Elementary occupations 185 6.7 1 055 38.2
742 26.9
450 16.3
295 10.7
34 1.2
2 762 100.0 38 206 7.5
Learners 36 36.9 49 50.1
10 10.6
2 2.4 0 0.0 0 0.0
98 100.0 28 0 0.0
TOTAL 558 3.6 4 519 29.4
4 521 29.4
3 379 22.0
2 033 13.2
352
2.3
15 362 100.0 41 1 426
9.3
19
Subsector Total employment 15 381
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
12
13
2.3 CONCLUSION
Employees in the subsector were described in terms of their racial classification, gender distribution, employment type (i.e. permanent, contract or temporary), qualification levels and age. Employees are further described according to their occupation category relative to their gender and race, as well as their occupation category relative to their age grouping. Employees in this subsector were mostly male. The largest racial category in this subsector was African. The average age of employees was 41.
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3 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND FACTORS IMPACTING ON THE SUBSECTOR
This section looks at the economic performance of the Chemical Sector as a whole, as well as the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in particular. It also provides information on the factors that impact on the Speciality Chemicals industry.
3.1 ECONOMIC GROWTH
The global chemical industry has grown with output valued at USD171 billion in 1970 to USD4.12 trillion in 2010. Projections show that the industry will follow global GDP for the next couple of years. The expectation is that by 2020 developing countries will be responsible for almost a third (31%) of global chemical production. Annual chemical production growth rates for Africa and the Middle East are predicted to be just over 6% per year through 2013, and over 5% per year from 2014 to 2021.5
In Africa, the chemical industry is well established in northern African countries such as Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. Nigeria is the primary producer and user of chemicals in West Africa. Although the South African Chemical Sector (including Petrochemicals) produces only 1% of the total global market’s consumption, it is the largest of its kind in Africa. The Chemical Sector is of considerable significance to the South African economy and a key constituent of the country's industrial base. Locally it contributes to about 5% of GDP and employs approximately 156 000 people. In 2011 petroleum, chemical products, rubber and plastic products contributed R318 million to the GDP. This forms about a quarter (23%) of total manufacturing sales.6
There is no industry specific economic data for the Speciality Chemicals Subsector in South Africa. The subsector falls within the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres Subsector in terms of economic data.
Figure 3-1 below reports on the economic growth of the subsector. It shows the average percentage change in GDP over five-year periods from 1970 to 2010 in comparison with the total Petroleum, Chemical and Glass Sector/Subsectors, as well as the total economy. It also shows the projections up to 2020. Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres showed positive growth in every five-year period since 1970. Although the growth percentages differ from one five-year period to the next, there has not been a period of negative growth. The period 1975-1980 shows the best growth at more than 10%. The period of smallest growth was 2005-2010. This may have been a result of the onset of the global recession. The onset of the global recession, which began in 2008, and the resulting decline in production led to the loss of more than a million jobs in South Africa, over 200 000 of which were in the manufacturing sector. The manufacturing sector came under increasing levels of stress and declined by almost 20% between 2008 and 2009 and then recovered slightly with growth of 5% in 2010 and 2,5% in 2011.7 The projected figures show an average growth of 2.8% for the 2010-2015 period and 4.0% for the 2015-2020 period. These figures are lower than the projections for the total economy.
5 United Nations Environment Programme, (2013). Global Chemicals Outlook - Towards Sound Management of Chemicals. UNEP: www.unep.org. 6 Statistics SA, (2012).7 The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa, The Industrial Policy Action Plan, 2012-2015.
15
1970
-197
5
1975
-198
0
1980
-198
5
1985
-199
0
1990
-199
5
1995
-200
0
2000
-200
5
2005
-201
0
2010
-201
5
2015
-202
0
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
10.0%
12.0%
Other chemicals & man-made fibres Total petroleum, chemicals & glassTotal economy
Figure 3-6 Average percentage change of Gross Value Added: 1970-2020: Other chemicals and man-made fibres
Source: Quantec data, July 2013.
3.2 FACTORS THAT IMPACT ON THE SECTOR
3.2.1 THE SCALE OF PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTION INEFFICIENCIES
There are two major issues facing South Africa’s speciality chemicals industry. Firstly, the cost of production is on average 30% higher than the global average, mostly due to process inefficiencies. Secondly, the major manufacturing activity happens at the small and medium scale, which cannot afford a high level of investment in research and development in order to become globally competitive.
3.2.2 LINKAGES WITH OTHER INDUSTRIES
This subsector is highly diverse in terms of products made and industries with which it has linkages. Some of the products are used within the Chemical Sector for downstream manufacturing – for example in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products or household chemicals. Others are used in mining or in other manufacturing processes and in the agricualtural industry.
It is, for example, estimated that over 1,000 different chemicals are used in the manufacturing of electronic devices such as mobile phones and personal computers. These include among others solvents, polymers and flame retardants. The demand for these chemicals is directly linked to the
16
electronics manufacturing industry which has grown globally, and is expected to continue to grow at between 5% and 12% per year in developed countries and at an even higher rate in developing countries.8
Another example of linkages between speciality chemicals and other industries is that with the textile industry which uses a variety of speciality chemicals such as dyes, oils, starch, waxes, surfactants, pescides, flame retardants and water repellants.9 As a result of world trade liberalisation, South African textile, clothing and footwear manufacturers are operating under extreme pressure against low-cost imports and the local industry has lost market considerable market share to imports in recent years. However, a concerted effort is being made by industry and Government to turn this trend around and to regain market share.10
Another group of speciality chemicals are flame retardants which includes a variety of chemicals, such as brominated and chlorinated organic compounds and various inorganic compounds. The largest use of flame retardants is in the plastics industry, and as additives to textiles, adhesives, elastomers and paper.11 The demand for flame retardents is influenced by regulations such as fire safety regulations as well as health and environmental regulations.
These few examples serve to illustrate the complex nature of the speciality chemicals industry and its interwovenness with other industries.
3.2.3 LEGISLATION, REGULATIONS, POLICIES AND PLANS
Due to the nature of the activities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector it is subjected to legislation and regulations in terms of occupational health and safety, and environmental conservation and management.
Occupational health and safety
Nearly all workers today are exposed to some sort of chemical hazard because of the pervasive use of chemicals in most industries. It stands to reason, however, that workers in the Chemicals Sector are potentially more at risk of exposure than workers in most other sectors. For this reason occupational health and safety is of paramount importance to this sector and legislation and regulations in this regard need to be adhered to.
Environmental conservation and management
The chemicals industry is subject to a number of requirements aimed at minimising the release of chemical substances to the environment during manufacturing and processing. With greater trade in chemical products and pollutants travelling across national borders, there has been an increase in international efforts by governments to manage chemicals.12
South Africa has adopted first-world standards in its environmental policies, introducing regulations to promote co-operative environmental management and providing guidelines for the disposal of hazardous waste. Key milestones in the plastics, pharmaceuticals and chemicals industries have been set
8 UNEP, (2013). The Global Chemical Outlook.9 Ibid.10 The dti (2013). Trade, Exports and Investment. http://www.thedti.gov.za/trade_investment/textiles.jsp. Accessed 22 September 2013.11 UNEP, (2013). The Global Chemical Outlook.12 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 2001. Environmental Outlook for the Chemicals Industry. www.oecd.org.
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relating to envrionemntal conservation and management:13 For example, much has been done in terms of amending the compulsory specifications for disinfectants and detergent disinfectants, publishing of guidelines on the measurement of toxicity for nano-particle manufacturers and users, and benchmarking capability to provide analytical support to manufacturers/ importers/exporters of plastic materials and consumer products for compliance with environmental regulations on the presence and content of hazardous substances.
Environmental conservation and management regulations applicable to the Speciality Chemicals Subsector include the following:14
The Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act, 45 of 1965; The Environment Conservation Act, 73 of 1989 provides for the effective protection and
controlled utilization of the environment and for matters incidental thereto; The National Road Traffic Act, 93 of 1996 in providing regulations regarding the safe transport of
chemicals; The National Environmental Management: Air Quality Act, 39 of 2004, providing emissions
control; and The National Water Act, 36 of 1998, providing for local water regulations. The National Climate Change Response White Paper of 2011 presents the South African
Government’s vision for a climate change response and for the long-term transition to a climate-resilient and lower-carbon economy and society.
Government interventions to stimulate economic growth
The South African Government’s developmental strategy aims to promote and accelerate economic growth along a path that generates sustainable, decent jobs in order to reduce poverty and inequalities that characterise South African society and economy. The National Industrial Policy Framework (NIPF) is a central component of this strategy. The NIPF seeks to encourage value-added, labour-absorbing industrial production and diversify the economy away from its current over reliance on traditional commodities and non-tradable services, in order to conduce employment growth. Broader based industrialisation will assist in growing participation of people in the mainstream of the industrial economy.15 Furthermore, the Industrial Policy Action Plan IPAP 2013/14-2015/16 outlines initiatives to leverage South Africa’s resource wealth into a beneficiation effort that can turn around the country’s unsustainable dependence on the export of unprocessed commodities, while at the same time providing a competitive advantage to domestic manufacturing. The Chemical Sector is one of the strategic IPAP sectors.16 However, the programmes that form part of IPAP 2013/14-2015/16 are not specifically directed at the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, but any development and investment in the Chemical Sector as a whole will have an impact on the subsector.
3.3 CONCLUSION
The economic data that is available showed that the Other Chemicals and Man-made Fibres component of the economy (of which speciality chemicals forms part) showed positive growth in every five-year
13 DTI. 2013. Industrial Policy Action Plan: Economic Sectors and Employment Cluster IPAP 2013/14 – 2015/16. Pretoria: DTI.14 Mavuso Z. 2013. Small market share challenge for SA sector. Engineering News, 22 March 2013. 15 dti, (2010). A South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework.16 The dti, (2013). Industrial Policy Action Plan: Economic Sectors and Economic Cluster. IPAP 2013/14 – 2015/16. Pretoria.
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period for the 1970 to 2010 period. It seems that the linkages with industries such as agricultural, construction, industrial cleaning, pulp and paper, and textiles have an impact on the performance of the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. It is also expected that development and investment in the Chemical Sector as a whole will have an impact on the subsector.
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4 THE DEMAND FOR SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR
This section looks at the demand for skills in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. It shows the trends in employment, as well as the occupational composition of demand in the subsector.
4.1 TRENDS IN EMPLOYMENT
In 2011/2012 the largest occupational category in the subsector (21.9%) was plant and machine operators and assemblers, followed by elementary occupations (19.3%) and technicians and associate professionals (18.7%). Service and sales workers accounted for the lowest percentage of employees (3%) (Figure 4-1).
Managers15.6% (2 220)
Professionals4.2% (596)
Technicians and associate profes-sionals
18.7% (2 669)
Clerical support workers12% (1 714)
Service and sales workers3% (426)
Skilled agricultural, trade workers, etc.5.3% (752)
Plant and machine opera-tors and assemblers
21.9% (3 125)Elementary occupations
19.3% (2 762)
Figure 4-7 Employment: Occupations
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Occupations in each of the eight main occupational groups in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector with a count of 10 or higher are shown in the following tables (Table 4-1 to 4-8). Specialist titles used by employers for these occupations are provided in Annexure 2.
For managers, the occupation with the largest number of employees was sales managers. Occupations such as sales and marketing managers, production/operations managers (manufacturing), finance managers, general managers, quality system managers and engineering managers were also sought after (Table 4-1). This clearly reflects the manufacturing and sales activities in the industry.
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Table 4-6 Managers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Managers N122102 Sales Manager 375122101 Sales and Marketing Manager 213112101 Director (Enterprise/Organisation) 207132102 Production/Operations Manager (Manufacturing) 206121101 Finance Manager 182121901 Corporate General Manager 102143902 Cleaning Services Manager 101121908 Quality Systems Manager 84132401 Supply and Distribution Manager 64132104 Engineering Manager 53132404 Warehouse Manager 47122103 Director of Marketing 41121201 Personnel/Human Resource Manager 40132101 Manufacturer 38132402 Logistics Manager 36134902 Laboratory Manager 36122105 Customer Service Manager 33121206 Health and Safety Manager 32121905 Programme or Project Manager 27143901 Facilities Manager 25134903 Small Business Manager 20121202 Business Training Manager 20122301 Research and Development Manager 20133101 Chief Information Officer 19134904 Office Manager 18121902 Corporate Services Manager 16142101 Importer or Exporter 15121103 Credit Manager 14132201 Production/Operations Manager (Mining) 13
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Sales representatives/salespersons (industrial products), sales representatives (medical and pharmaceutical products), and marketing practitioners formed the largest number of employees in the professionals category. Again this reflects the importance of sales and marketing activities in the subsector. Some of the other key professions in the subsector were chemists, industrial engineers, and safety, health, environment and quality (SHE&Q) practitioners (Table 4-2).
Table 4-7 Professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Professionals N
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243301 Sales Representative/Salesman (Industrial Products) 529243302 Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products) 149243103 Marketing Practitioner 147211301 Chemist 95241101 Accountant (General) 68214101 Industrial Engineer 62226302 Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner 54242303 Human Resource Advisor 50226202 Industrial Pharmacist 39252201 Systems Administrator 30241107 Financial Accountant 25242101 Management Consultant 22243201 Communication Coordinator 19243102 Market Research Analyst 17214401 Mechanical Engineer 16214102 Industrial Engineering Technologist 16242401 Training and Development Professional 16242102 Organisation and Methods Analyst 16241102 Management Accountant 14213205 Food and Beverage Scientist 13213108 Microbiologist 12
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
The largest number of employees in the technicians and associate professionals category were chemistry technicians and production/operations supervisors (manufacturing). Chemical sales representatives were also in demand. Other key occupations in this category included chemical plant controllers, engineering technicians, and purchasing and sales officers (Table 4-3).
Table 4-8 Technicians and associate professionals in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Technicians and associate professionals N311101 Chemistry Technician 479312201 Production/Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing) 447332207 Chemical Sales Representative 258313401 Gas or Petroleum Controller 165313301 Chemical Plant Controller 159331201 Credit or Loans Officer 123334302 Personal Assistant 104332302 Purchasing Officer 90313901 Integrated Manufacturing Line Process Control Technician 67331301 Bookkeeper 66311102 Physical Science Technician 60334102 Office Administrator 58333903 Sales Representative (Business Services) 40333910 Business Support Coordinator 39
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OFO Code Technicians and associate professionals N335402 Import-export Administrator 36312202 Maintenance Planner 32332301 Retail Buyer 31325705 Safety Inspector 27311301 Electrical Engineering Technician 24311201 Civil Engineering Technician 23312101 Production/Operations Supervisor (Mining) 23325703 Agricultural/Horticultural Produce Inspector 21332203 Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods) 19311501 Mechanical Engineering Technician 19312102 Miner 18315203 Ship's Surveyor 18334101 Office Supervisor 17311801 Draughtsperson 17313501 Metal Manufacturing Process Control Technician 16352106 Production Assistant (Film, Television or Radio) 16333908 Marketing Coordinator 14321201 Medical Laboratory Technician 13313202 Waste Materials Plant Operator 12311904 Manufacturing Technician 12313201 Water Plant Operator 10
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Among the clerical support workers component, the largest number were general clerks followed by production coordinators. Other key occupations were accounts clerks, stock clerks/officers, receptionists (general), and dispatching and receiving clerks/officers (Table 4-4).
Table 4-9 Clerical support workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Clerical support workers N411101 General Clerk 310432201 Production Coordinator 307431101 Accounts Clerk 244432101 Stock Clerk/Officer 218422601 Receptionist (General) 123432102 Dispatching and Receiving Clerk/Officer 104432104 Warehouse Administrator/Clerk 74431301 Payroll Clerk 44422501 Enquiry Clerk 43432103 Order Clerk/Officer 38422202 Outbound Contact Centre Consultant 33441903 Programme or Project Administrators 31412101 Secretary (General) 26441601 Human Resources Clerk 19
23
OFO Code Clerical support workers N422201 Inbound Contact Centre Consultant 17431102 Cost Clerk 13422701 Survey Interviewer 12413201 Data Entry Operator 10432301 Transport Clerk 10
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
The typical service and sales workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were sales clerks/officers, sales assistants (general), and sales demonstrators (Table 4-5). Security and safety are important in the subsector hence the employment of special forces operators, fire fighters and security officers (Table 4-5).
Table 4-10 Service and sales workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Service and sales workers N524903 Sales Clerk/Officer 158522301 Sales Assistant (General) 91524201 Sales Demonstrator 71542203 Special Forces Operator 29541101 Fire Fighter 16523102 Office Cashier 15541401 Security Officer 13515301 Caretaker 12
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Central to manufacturing is the component skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers. Electricians were the most in demand followed by mechanical fitters, mechanical equipment repairers, metal machinists, fitter and turners, toolmakers and fitter-welders. Other typical trades workers included boilermakers, welders and millwrights (Table 5-6).
Table 4-11 Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers N671101 Electrician 92653303 Mechanical Fitter 87653302 Mechanical Equipment Repairer 74652301 Metal Machinist 67652302 Fitter and Turner 66652201 Toolmaker 60651203 Fitter-welder 54643101 Painter 41651302 Boilermaker 25651202 Welder 21653301 Industrial Machinery Mechanic 19641101 House Builder 17
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OFO Code Skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery, craft and related trades workers N672105 Instrument Mechanician 17671202 Millwright 15662106 Process Engraver 14641502 Carpenter 12682303 Wood Machinist 10
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Chemical production machine operators formed the majority of plant and machine operators and assemblers in the subsector. Truck drivers, forklift drivers and mineral processing machine operators were also in demand. Some of the other crucial occupations in this category were delivery drivers, filling line operators and product assemblers (Table 4-7).
Table 4-12 Plant and machine operators and assemblers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Plant and machine operators and assemblers N713101 Chemical Production Machine Operator 1 397733201 Truck Driver (General) 281734402 Forklift Driver 268711201 Mineral Processing Machine Operator 206732101 Delivery Driver 195718303 Filling Line Operator 186721901 Product Assembler 110716108 Seed Processing Machine Operator 79718304 Packaging Manufacturing Machine Minder 77714101 Rubber Production Machine Operator 61734206 Loader Operator 48734201 Earthmoving Plant Operator (General) 29714204 Plastics Production Machine Operator (General) 22716104 Dairy Products Machine Operator 22718906 Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator 21711404 Cement Production Plant Operator 16721101 Machinery Assembler 15718301 Labelling Machine Operator 12718907 Weighbridge Operator 12
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
Elementary occupations most common in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector were chemical plant workers (Table 4-8). Some of the other key occupations in this category were packers (non perishable products) and store persons.
Table 4-13 Elementary occupations in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code Elementary occupations N832907 Chemical Plant Worker 1 249832101 Packer (Non Perishable Products) 409833402 Store Person 335
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811201 Commercial Cleaner 136833401 Shelf Filler 126862915 Chemical Mixer 84833302 Truck Driver's Offsider 77862202 Handyperson 76832902 Plastics, Composites and Rubber Factory Worker 64832901 Metal Engineering Process Worker 45831310 Surveyor's Assistant 29811203 Tea Attendant 26833301 Freight Handler (Rail or Road) 23862918 Electrical or Telecommunications Trades Assistant 21831301 Builder's Worker 14811101 Domestic Cleaner 10
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
4.2 CONCLUSION
Due to the nature of the subsector 56.1% of the workforce worked as plant and machine operators and assemblers, technicians and associate professionals, and workers in elementary occupations. Another tenth were professionals. The main activities of the subsector relate to production of speciality chemicals and sales. Occupations in the production field that were in demand ranged from chemists and chemistry technicians to production supervisors and controllers and chemical production machine operators. In the sales field occupations such as marketing practitioners, sales representatives and sales clerks were in demand. The Speciality Chemicals Subsector has to compete with the other subsectors in the Chemical Sector for the mentioned skills.
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5 THE SUPPLY OF SKILLS TO THE SUBSECTOR
The supply of skills is viewed from different perspectives in this section. The supply of skills refers in the first instance to new entrants to the labour market from basic education, FET colleges and HET institutions (new skills). However, it is also important to consider the skills needs of the current workforce and the training initiatives aimed at developing their skills levels.
The first part of this chapter deals with new entrants to the labour market. Key trends and supply-side constraints are highlighted. The second part of the chapter describes the inputs of employers to train their current staff.
5.1 NEW ENTRANTS TO THE LABOUR MARKET
The formation of skills starts with general education and training (i.e. the school system). The output from this system remains a concern to the Chemical Sector, mainly because the system seems to be unable to supply adequate numbers (and quality) of school leavers with mathematics and physical science passes that can pursue studies to become engineers, technologists, technicians and artisans. The general standard of education of school leavers who enter the labour market without any further training is also insufficient.
The supply of new skills from the FET colleges into the Chemical Sector has traditionally been very limited. However, Government’s recent focus on increasing both the quality and quantity of output from FET colleges holds the promise that these institutions can play a more significant role in skills supply to the Chemical Sector in future.
In respect of the supply of higher level skills to the sector, there has been substantial growth in the numbers of new graduates from universities and universities of technology in certain engineering fields. In terms of average annual output of national diplomas, growth is reported at 7% for diplomas in chemical engineering and technology and 6% for first degrees in the same field. Despite these positive growth trends, increases have not yet been sufficient to meet the needs of the national economy and the Chemical Sector in particular. In order to ensure future growth, it will be necessary to support higher education institutions through a variety of initiatives. These include: bridging programmes to promote access and success; increased physical and teaching resources to engineering departments; and programmes that promote workplace training opportunities for students from the universities of technology.
5.2 THE TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYEES
Companies in the Chemical Sector are involved in a range of training and development initiatives that focus on developing the skills of their employees. Such initiatives not only supplement, but also build on the training that supplies new skills to the sector. This training and development of the current workforce forms a critical source of skills supply. The graph below shows that the Speciality Chemicals Subsector has invested in training quite extensively. In 2011/2012 training opportunities were afforded to 69.2% of employees in the subsector in total. About 71% of skilled and trade workers and 70.9% technicians and associate professionals received training. Large contingents of employees in the other occupational categories were also trained (Figure 5-1).
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52.0
54.0
56.0
58.0
60.0
62.0
64.0
66.0
68.0
70.0
72.0Pe
rcen
tage
Figure 5-8 Proportion of employees who received training opportunities according to occupational category: March 2012
In total 19 672 training opportunities were afforded to employees (one employee could have accessed more than one training opportunity). The type of training opportunities is listed in the table below. A third (33.9%) of these opportunities related to short courses, 27.2% to induction training, 21.1% to job specific development programmes and 11.6% to skills programmes (Table 5-1).
Table 5-14 Training opportunities in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
Qualification/learning type N %Short Course 6 659 33.9Induction and other training 5 360 27.2Job Specific Development Programme 4 151 21.1Skills Programme 2 274 11.6Learnership 504 2.6Work Placement 335 1.7Below NQF Level 1 291 1.5NQF Level 6 31 0.2NQF Level 4 18 0.1CHIETA Learning Programme 16 0.1NQF Level 7 9 0.0NQF Level 9 9 0.0NQF Level 5 6 0.0
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Qualification/learning type N %NQF Level 1 5 0.0NQF Level 8 4 0.0Total 19 672 100.0
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
5.3 CONCLUSION
This chapter provides a short overview of the most pertinent supply-side issues relevant to the Speciality Chemicals Subsector. For any industry a constant and sufficient supply of suitably qualified people is of critical importance. For the Speciality Chemicals Subsector, that is heavily reliant on scientists and other technical staff, the throughput of skills from school level to specialised postgraduate qualifications is crucial. In this chapter some of factors that stifle this pipeline of skills formation have been highlighted.
Another facet of the supply of skills to the subsector is training that is offered in the workplace by employers. As this chapter indicated, employers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector invest huge amounts of time and money in the training and development of their own staff.
Despite the initiatives to build the skills base of the industry and to stimulate and support the supply-side of the labour market, certain skills deficiencies still remain.
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6 SKILLS SHORTAGES
There are various ways of identifying and monitoring skills shortages in a particular labour market. One of these is to ask employers about their experiences when recruiting people for positions in their organisations. Another way is by monitoring vacancy rates in that sector, because skills shortages are bound to lead to unusually high vacancy rates. Skills shortages will also drive up the costs of the skills that are in short supply and therefore the monitoring of remuneration trends can also shed light on trends in relation to skills shortages.
CHIETA attempts to glean an understanding of skills shortages in the Chemical Sector by asking employers to identify these shortages when they submit their mandatory grant applications to the SETA. This information was requested for the first time in June 2011 – i.e. in the WSPs submitted for the 2011/2012 financial year. The information submitted by employers in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector is analysed in this chapter.
It has become customary in South Africa to use the term “scarce skills” to refer to quantitative shortages in the labour market – in other words there are not enough people with the necessary qualifications available to be appointed in positions that become available in the market. This term is also used in this chapter. Another aspect of skills shortages has to do with the qualitative components of the labour market – there may be people available to appoint, but they do not have the appropriate skills, abilities or other attributes that employers are looking for. Skills deficiencies can also develop among the workers that are already employed, because of the introduction of new technologies, new legislative requirements, etc. These aspects are not discussed at this stage as they are generally taken care of by employers through in-service training.
6.1 SCARCE SKILLS IN THE SUBSECTOR
As mentioned above, the information on scarce skills was obtained by analysing the WSPs submitted in June 2012. This information reflects the situation as experienced by employers at the end of March 2012.
In the scarce-skills table that employers completed, they first had to name the occupation in which they experienced scarcity, and then had to select from two possible descriptions the one that best described the scarcity they experienced – i.e. “relative scarce skill” (referring to a situation where people are available in the labour market, but cannot easily be attracted to the sector); and “absolute scarce skill” (where people are generally in short supply in the labour market). For all the occupations in which scarcity was experienced, employers also had to indicate how many vacant positions were available at the time they completed the WSP. In addition, they were requested to identify what type of learning interventions they were planning to use to address the skills shortages.
Of the 113 organisations whose WSPs were approved by the CHIETA, 35 (30.9%) indicated that they experienced a scarcity of skills. The number of people that employers said they would need can be seen in Table 6-1. The total number of people needed to fill the vacancies that existed at that time in these organisations is 113; this equates to 0.7% of total employment in the subsector. The data showed that professionals such as chemists and technical representatives/salespersons were hard to find.
Employers indicated that they planned on using training interventions such as induction training, job specific development programmes, learnerships, mentorships, short courses, skills programmes and formal training to address the scarcity of skills.
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Table 6-15 Scarce Skills in the Speciality Chemicals Subsector
OFO Code
Occupation Number of vacancies
211301 Chemist 25243301 Technical Representative/Salesman 19311202 Surveying Technician 5311704 Geological Technician 5243103 Product Manager 4243302 Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products) 4332207 Chemical Sales Representative 4672105 Instrument Mechanician 4214101 Process Engineer 3132201 Mine Manager 3216502 Surveying Technologist 3216502 Surveyor 3313201 Water Treatment Plant Operator 3313301 Chemical Process Technician 3214401 Mechanical Engineer 2214501 Chemical Engineer 2226202 Industrial Pharmacist 2653303 Mechanical Fitter 2671101 Electrician (General) 2122301 Research and Development Manager 1311401 Electronic Engineering Technician 1122101 Key Account Manager 1214201 Water and Wastewater Engineer 1215201 Electronics Engineer 1243103 Sales Account Manager 1243301 Technical Sales Consultant/Coordinator/Manager 1312201 Production/Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing) 1332302 Purchasing and Logistics Officer 1422601 Receptionist (General) 1652302 Fitter and Turner 1132102 Operations Manager (Production) 1122103 Marketing Manager 1132202 Technical Services Manager (Mining) 1213202 Agricultural Scientist 1Total 0% of employment in subsector 0.7
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
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6.2 CONCLUSION
In 2012 employers were for the first time required to provide information on scarce skills in their WSP submissions. In total a relatively small percentage of employers reported that they experienced skills shortages. This leaves the impression that the subsector is not severely affected by skills shortages. Nevertheless, some evidence of shortages of managers and professionals was received.
The CHIETA is engaged in a range of partnerships, agreements and plans to contribute to both the development of new skills for the sector, as well as the development of skills within the existing workforce. These initiatives may serve to keep the development of serious skills shortages at bay.
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7 SKILLS PLAN FOR THE SUBSECTOR
The Speciality Chemicals Subsector Workshop was cancelled due to lack of attendance. The last chapter of the sector skills plan should include the strategic planning of skills interventions aimed specifically at this subsector. This chapter will be completed once the Speciality Chemicals and Surface Coating Chamber has engaged with the content of the report and has attended to its own strategic plan.
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References
dti, (2010). A South African Trade Policy and Strategy Framework.
Government of South Africa, (2011). National Climate Change Response Paper. Pretoria: Government Printer.
Van Zyl, R. (2008). South African Chemical Sector Report on Skills Development and the Government’s New Economic Policy Priorities, March 2008.
Statistics SA, 2012.
The Department of Trade and Industry of South Africa, The Industrial Policy Action Plan, 2012-2015.
United Nations Environment Programme, (2013). Global Chemicals Outlook - Towards Sound Management of Chemicals. UNEP: www.unep.org.
Mavuso, Z. Small market share challenge for SA sector, Engineering News.
http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/small-market-share-challenge-for-sa-petrochemicals-sector-2013-03-22. Accessed 4 June 2013.
http://www.acts.co.za. Accessed 24 May 2013.
http://www.icca-chem.org/Home/About-us/Members-of-the-ICCA/?country=za. Accessed 4 June.
http://www.labour.gov.za/legislation/acts/skills-development/skills-development-act-and-amendments . Accessed 23 May 2013.
http://www.lexisnexis.co.za. Accessed 23 May 2013.
http://www.novas.co.za/index.php/employer-associations. Accessed 8 June 2013.
http://www.photius.com/countries/south_africa/economy/south_africa_economy_consumer_goods.html . Accessed 6 June 2013.
34
ANNEXURE 1 OCCUPATIONS BY RACE AND GENDER IN THE SPECIALITY CHEMICALS SUBSECTOR
Equity Managers Professionals
Technicians
and associate
professionals
Clerical
support
workers
Service and
sales workers
Skilled and
trade workers
Plant and
machine
operators and
assemblers
Elementary
occupationsLearners
African Female 72 132 219 273 45 24 246 315 33
% 3.2 8.3 8.2 15.9 10.5 3.2 7.9 11.4 33.9
African Male 277 194 950 380 136 344 2 234 2 112 48
% 12.5 12.2 35.6 22.2 31.9 45.7 71.5 76.5 49.6
Total African 349 326 1 169 653 181 368 2 480 2 427 81
% 15.7 20.4 43.8 38.1 42.4 49.0 79.3 87.9 83.4
Coloured Female 24 39 84 141 37 4 142 33 3
% 1.1 2.4 3.2 8.2 8.7 0.5 4.5 1.2 2.7
Coloured Male 92 78 182 98 37 99 362 203 5
% 4.1 4.9 6.8 5.7 8.6 13.1 11.6 7.4 5.3
Total Coloured 116 117 266 239 74 103 504 236 8
% 5.2 7.3 10.0 14.0 17.3 13.6 16.1 8.5 7.9
Indian Female 71 93 108 126 22 0 1 5 1
% 3.2 5.8 4.0 7.3 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.1
Indian Male 204 132 251 88 13 24 63 17 0
% 9.2 8.3 9.4 5.1 3.0 3.2 2.0 0.6 0.0
Total Indian 275 225 359 214 35 24 64 22 1
% 12.4 14.1 13.4 12.5 8.0 3.2 2.0 0.8 1.1
White Female 386 387 414 483 97 5 12 15 2
35
Equity Managers Professionals
Technicians
and associate
professionals
Clerical
support
workers
Service and
sales workers
Skilled and
trade workers
Plant and
machine
operators and
assemblers
Elementary
occupationsLearners
% 17.4 24.2 15.5 28.2 22.8 0.7 0.4 0.5 2.1
White Male 1 094 542 461 126 40 252 66 63 5
% 49.3 34.0 17.3 7.3 9.5 33.5 2.1 2.3 5.5
Total White 1 480 929 875 609 137 257 78 78 7
% 66.7 58.2 32.8 35.5 32.3 34.2 2.5 2.8 7.6
Total Female 553 651 825 1 023 201 33 401 368 39
% 24.9 40.7 30.9 59.6 47.0 4.4 12.8 13.3 39.7
Total Male 1 667 946 1 844 692 226 719 2 725 2 395 59
% 75.1 59.3 69.1 40.4 53.0 95.6 87.2 86.7 60.3
TOTAL 2 220 1 597 2 669 1 715 427 752 3 126 2 763 98
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012.
36
ANNEXURE 2: OCCUPATIONS AND SPECIALISATIONS OR ALTERNATIVE TITLES FOUND IN THE SPECIALITY CHEMICALS SUBSECTOR
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
111204 Senior Government Official Chief Operating Officer (Government Department)
111204 Senior Government Official Senior Government Official
111207 Senior Government Manager Head of Department
111402 Trade Union Representative Shop Steward
112101 Director (Enterprise / Organisation) Alternative Director
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)
Company Director
Director (Enterprise / Organisation)
Executive Director
Independent Non-executive Director
Managing Director
Managing Director (Enterprise / Organisation)
Non-executive Director
Senior / Lead Independent Non-executive Director
121101 Finance Manager Account Systems Manager
Chief Accountant
Chief Financial Officer (CFO)
Finance Director
Finance Manager
Financial Administration Manager
Financial Administrator
Financial Controller
121102 Payroll Manager Payroll Manager
121103 Credit Manager Credit Manager
121201 Personnel / Human Resource Manager Employee Relations Manager
Personnel / Human Resource Manager
121202 Business Training Manager Education Training and Skills Development Manager
Human Resources Development Manager
Learning and Development Manager
Technical Training Manager
Training & Development Manager
Training Manager
121203 Compensation and Benefits Manager Compensation and Benefits Manager
Employee Benefits Manager
121205 Employee Wellness Manager Employee Wellness Manager
121206 Health and Safety Manager Health and Safety Manager
Safety, Health and Environmental (SHE) Manager
121301 Policy and Planning Manager Corporate Planning Manager
Planning & Development Manager
121901 Corporate General Manager Business Operations Manager
Corporate General Manager
121902 Corporate Services Manager Administrative Services Manager
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Business Services Manager
Corporate Services Manager
121905 Programme or Project Manager Programme or Project Manager
Project Director
121906 Franchise Manager Franchise Manager
121908 Quality Systems Manager ETQA Manager
Management System Auditor
Quality Assurance / Systems Auditor
Quality Auditor
Quality Certification Manager
Quality Control Manager
Quality Manager
Quality Systems Coordinator
Quality Systems Manager
122101 Sales and Marketing Manager Business Development Manager
Business Support Manager
Key Account Manager
Sales and Marketing Manager
122102 Sales Manager Sales Director
Sales Executive
Sales Manager
122103 Director of Marketing Director of Marketing
Market Research Manager
Marketing Director
Marketing Manager
122105 Customer Service Manager Client Services Advisor
Customer Care Manager / Representative
Customer Service Manager
122201 Advertising and Public Relations Manager Chief Communications Manager / Officer
Media & Communications Manager
Public Relations Manager
122301 Research and Development Manager Product Development Manager
Research and Development Manager
Research Director
Research Manager
132101 Manufacturer Factory Manager
Manufacturer
132102 Production / Operations Manager (Manufacturing)
Operations Manager (Production)
Plant Manager (Manufacturing)
Processing Manager
Processing Unit Manager
Production / Operations Manager (Manufacturing)
Works / Workshop Manager (Manufacturing)
132104 Engineering Manager Engineering Maintenance Manager
ii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Engineering Manager
132201 Production / Operations Manager (Mining) Production / Operations Manager (Mining)
132202 Mineral Resources Manager Technical Services Manager (Mining)
132301 Construction Project Manager Construction Project Manager
Construction Site Manager
132401 Supply and Distribution Manager Depot Manager
Freight Forwarding Customs Clearing Manager
Freight Manager
Procurement Manager
Supply and Distribution Manager
Supply Chain Executive
Supply Chain Manager
132402 Logistics Manager Dispatch Logistics Manager
Logistics Manager
132403 Road Transport Manager Cargo Manager
Road Transport Manager
Transport Company Manager
132404 Warehouse Manager Storage and Warehousing Manager
Warehouse Manager
132405 Fleet Manager Fleet Manager
133101 Chief Information Officer Chief Information Officer
ICT / IT Manager
133102 ICT Project Manager ICT / IT / Computer Marketing Executive
ICT / IT / Computer Support Manager
ICT Project Manager
133103 Data Management Manager Data Management Manager
Data Processing Manager
133104 Application Development Manager Technical Policy Manager
Technical Solutions Manager
133105 Information Technology Manager Information Technology Manager
134201 Medical Superintendent Health Service Coordinator
Medical Manager
134401 Social Services Manager Social Services Project Manager
134507 Head of Department (Teacher) Head of Department (Teacher)
134602 Credit Bureau Manager Credit Control Manager
134901 Environmental Manager Environmental Manager
134902 Laboratory Manager Laboratory Manager
134903 Small Business Manager Entrepreneurial Business Manager
Owner Manager
Small Business Manager
134904 Office Manager Centre Manager
Office Manager
134906 Practice Manager Accounting Practice Manager
134915 Operations Manager (Non Manufacturing) Field Production Manager (Seed)
iii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Operations Manager (Non Manufacturing)
Operations Foreman (Non Manufacturing)
142101 Importer or Exporter Export Manager
Importer or Exporter
142103 Retail Manager (General) Retail Manager (General)
Retail Store Manager
Shop Manager
143109 Club Membership Manager Membership Relations Manager
143901 Facilities Manager Campus Administrator / Supervisor
Facilities Manager
Facilities Supervisor
143902 Cleaning Services Manager Cleaning Contractor
Security Services Manager
143905 Call or Contact Centre Manager Call or Contact Centre Manager
Call or Contact Centre Supervisor
Telesales Manager
211301 Chemist Analytical Chemist
Chemist
Industrial Chemist
Laboratory Chemist
Manufacturing Chemist
211401 Geologist Mine Geologist
212102 Mathematician Operations Research Analyst
213104 Biochemist Biological Chemist
213108 Microbiologist Microbiologist
213110 Medical Scientist Medical Laboratory Scientist
213201 Agriculture Consultant Agriculture Extension Officer
213202 Agricultural Scientist Agricultural Scientist
Agronomist
213205 Food and Beverage Scientist Food Technologist
213306 Water Quality Analyst Water Quality Technician
214101 Industrial Engineer Industrial Engineer
Plant Engineer
Process Engineer
Production Engineer
Quality Management Engineer
214102 Industrial Engineering Technologist Operations Research Technologist
PROCESS TECHNOLOGIST
Supply Chain Technologist
Textile Production Technologist
214202 Civil Engineering Technologist Concrete Technologist
Water and Wastewater Technologist
214401 Mechanical Engineer Maintenance Management Engineer
Mechanical Engineer
iv
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Mechanical Engineer (Mines)
214402 Mechanical Engineering Technologist Maintenance Technologist
Mechanical Engineering Technologist
214501 Chemical Engineer Chemical Engineer
214502 Chemical Engineering Technologist Chemical Engineering Technologist
Cosmetics Technologist
214605 Metallurgist Metallurgist
214907 Materials Engineer Materials Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Power Systems Engineer
215103 Energy Engineer Energy Services Engineer
215201 Electronics Engineer Computer Engineer
Electronics Engineer
215202 Electronics Engineering Technologist Instrumentation Technologist
215303 Telecommunications Network Engineer Communications Specialist (ICT)
216302 Industrial Designer Commercial Product Designer
216401 Urban and Regional Planner Traffic and Transport Planner
216402 Transport Analyst Logistics Analyst
216601 Graphic Designer Graphic Designer
216602 Illustrator Illustrator
Technical Illustrator
222104 Registered Nurse (Community Health) Occupational Health Nurse
222112 Registered Nurse (Surgical) Oncology Nurse
226202 Industrial Pharmacist Industrial Pharmacist
226203 Retail Pharmacist Pharmacist Assistant
226302 Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner
Health and Safety Officer / Coordinator / Professional
Occupational Health and Safety Advisor
Occupational Safety Advisor
Occupational Safety Practitioner / Officer
Risk and Safety Manager
Safety Coordinator
Safety, Health, Environment and Quality (SHE&Q) Practitioner
231101 University Lecturer Lecturer
241101 Accountant (General) Accountant (General)
241102 Management Accountant Cost Accountant
Management Accountant
241106 Accountant in Practice Accountant in Practice
241107 Financial Accountant Business Group Accountant
Company Accountant
Financial Accountant
242101 Management Consultant Business Analyst
Business Consultant
Business Support Project Manager
v
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Corporate Planner
Operations Analyst
242102 Organisation and Methods Analyst Change Management Facilitator
Organisation and Methods Analyst
Organisation and Methods Official
Organisational Performance Improvement Manager
242202 Policy Analyst Commerce Projects Advisor
Policy Advisor
Research Consultant
Special Projects Analyst
Strategy Analyst
242203 Company Secretary Company Secretary
242204 Corporate Treasurer Treasurer
242207 Compliance Officer Compliance Officer
242208 Organisational Risk Manager Organisational Development Manager / Practitioner
242208 Organisational Risk Manager Risk Compliance Manager
242209 Accounting Officer Accounting Officer
242210 Business Administrator Business Administrator
242211 Internal Auditor Internal Auditor
242302 Skills Development Facilitator / Practitioner Enterprise Resource Planner
Human Resources Planner
Skills Development Facilitator / Practitioner
242303 Human Resource Advisor Business Unit Advisor
Hr Administrator
Hr Coordinator
Hr Officer
Human Resource Advisor
Human Resource Consultant
Human Resources Development Coordinator
Personnel Consultant
Personnel Officer
Professional Development Advisor
Remuneration and Benefits Specialist
242304 Workplace / Industrial Relations Advisor Employee Relations Advisor
Workplace / Industrial Relations Advisor
242401 Training and Development Professional Training Advisor
Training and Development Practitioner
Training Coordinator
Training Officer
242402 Occupational Instructor / Trainer Business Skills Trainer
243101 Advertising Specialist Advertising Coordinator / Specialist
243102 Market Research Analyst Market Research Analyst
Market Research Project Manager / Project Leader
Marketing Analyst
vi
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Marketing Research Accounts Manager / Key Account Manager
243103 Marketing Practitioner Brand Manager
Business Strategy Manager
Marketing Consultant
Marketing Officer
Marketing Practitioner
Marketing Specialist
Product Manager
Retail Advisor
Sales Account Manager
Sales Coordinator
243201 Communication Coordinator Communication Coordinator
243201 Corporate Affairs Officer / Coordinator
243201 Customer Relations Officer
243202 Marketing / Communication Strategist Marketing / Communication Strategist
243203 Corporate Communication Manager Account Manager (Communications Consultancy)
Corporate Communication Manager
Manager Corporate Communications
243301 Sales Representative / Salesman (Industrial Products)
Customer Services Engineer / Processor
Engineering Salesman
Sales Representative / Salesman (Industrial Products)
Service Delivery Analyst / Coordinator
Technical Representative / Salesman
Technical Sales Consultant / Coordinator / Manager
Technical Service Advisor / Salesman
243302 Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products)
Medical Representative
Sales Representative (Medical and Pharmaceutical Products)
243403 ICT Sales Representative Computer Systems Consultant
251101 ICT Systems Analyst ICT Business Systems Analyst
Systems Programmer
251201 Software Developer Information Architect Software
Software Engineer
251202 Programmer Analyst Engineer (Applications / Content / IT / Software / Systems / WAN)Programmer Analyst
251203 Developer Programmer Applications Developer
251301 Multimedia Specialist Graphical Programmer
252101 Database Designer and Administrator Data Administrator
252201 Systems Administrator Advisor Systems Management
IT Information Systems Administrator
Network / Computer System Coordinator
Network Administrator
Systems Administrator
vii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Systems Administrator (Computers)
252301 Computer Network and Systems Engineer Computer Systems / Service Engineer
Systems Engineer
252302 Network Analyst Network Analyst
252901 ICT Security Specialist Information Technology Security Manager
261901 Adjudicator Facilitator
262202 Information Services Manager Information System Consultant
Knowledge Management Officer
264103 Technical Writer Technical Writer
265405 Technical Director Technical Director
311101 Chemistry Technician Chemical Laboratory Technician / Analyst
Chemical Manufacturing Technician
Chemical Process Analyst
Chemical Technician (Food, Fuel, Gas, Paint, Liquefied Petroleum Gas, Leather)
311101 Chemistry Technician Chemistry Technical Officer
Chemistry Technician
Paint Maker
311102 Physical Science Technician Physical Science Technician
Product Quality Laboratory Technician
311201 Civil Engineering Technician Construction Design Technician
Work Site Engineering Technician
311301 Electrical Engineering Technician Electrical Engineering Technician
Electrical Instrument Technician
311302 Electric Substation Operations Manager Distribution Control Operator
311501 Mechanical Engineering Technician Mechanical Engineering Technician
Mechanical Instrument Technician
Mobile Plant Technician
311601 Chemical Engineering Technician Chemical Engineering Technician
311702 Metallurgical or Materials Technician Heat Treatment Technician
Metallurgy Laboratory Technician
Pressure Testing Technician
311801 Draughtsperson Architectural Draughtsperson
Chemical Engineering Draughtspersons
Design and Manufacturing Draughtsperson
Draughtsperson
Technical Draughting Officer
Technical Draughtsperson
311904 Manufacturing Technician Cable Manufacturing Technician
Manufacturing Technician
312101 Production / Operations Supervisor (Mining) Mine Operations Foreman
Mine Superintendent
Production / Operations Supervisor (Mining)
Shift Foreman / Boss (Mining)
Shift Supervisor (Mining)
viii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
312102 Miner Blasting Assistant
Box Controller
312201 Production / Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing)
Assembly Supervisor
Manufacturing Foreman
Production / Operations Supervisor (Manufacturing)
Production Plant Supervisor
Shift Manager (Production)
312202 Maintenance Planner Maintenance Planner
Maintenance Scheduler
313201 Water Plant Operator Water Treatment Plant Operator
313202 Waste Materials Plant Operator Waste Materials Plant Operator
313301 Chemical Plant Controller Chemical Plant Controller
Chemical Process Technician
Chemical-still and Reactor Operator
313401 Gas or Petroleum Controller Gas or Petroleum Controller
Gas Plant Operator
Oil and Gas Well Treatment Controller
Petroleum Blending Plant Controller
Petroleum Process Operator
Petroleum Terminal Plant Controller
313501 Metal Manufacturing Process Control Technician
Blast Furnace Operator
Metal Processing Control Operator
313901 Integrated Manufacturing Line Process Control Technician
Automated Assembly Line Operator
313912 Mineral Beneficiation Process Controller Burner
314101 Life Science Technician Life Sciences Laboratory Technologist
314102 Environmental Science Technician Environmental Technical Officer
314201 Agricultural Technician Agricultural Technical Officer
Agriculture Technical Assistant
Agronomy Technician
Field Production Officer
315203 Ship's Surveyor Ship's Surveyor
321201 Medical Laboratory Technician Medical Laboratory Assistant
325703 Agricultural / Horticultural Produce Inspector Agricultural / Horticultural Produce Inspector
Produce Inspector
325705 Safety Inspector Lifting Machinery Inspector
Safety Health Environment Quality Inspector
Safety Inspector
325707 Mines Safety Inspector Mines Safety Officer
331101 Securities Dealer Financial Marketer
331201 Credit or Loans Officer Credit Clerk
Credit Controller
Finance Clerk / Officer
331301 Bookkeeper Bookkeeper
ix
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Financial Administration Officer
331302 Accounting Technician Accounting Technician
331501 Valuer Asset Protection Manager
331503 Insurance Loss Adjuster Claims Assessor
332201 Commercial Sales Representative After-Sales Service Adviser
Commercial Sales Representative
332202 Sales Representative (Building and Plumbing Supplies)
Sales Representative (Building and Plumbing Supplies)
332203 Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods)
Sales Representative (Detergents)
Sales Representative (Personal and Household Goods)
332207 Chemical Sales Representative Agricultural Chemicals Sales Representative
Chemical Sales Representative
Crop Protection Product Sales Representative
332301 Retail Buyer General / Company Buyer
Retail Buyer
332302 Purchasing Officer Procurement Administrator / Coordinator / Officer
Procurement Clerk
Procurement Officer (Consumer Sensitive Consumables)
Purchasing Agent / Assistant / Buyer / Clerk / Controller
Purchasing and Logistics Officer
Purchasing Officer
333101 Clearing and Forwarding Agent Shipping Agent Coordinator
333301 Recruitment Consultant / Officer Recruitment Officer
333401 Property Manager Property Administrator
Property Business Support Manager
333903 Sales Representative (Business Services) Business Services Officer
Sales Representative (Business Services)
333904 Business Broker Commercial Property Specialist
333905 Supply Chain Practitioner Supply Chain Administrator
Supply Chain Practitioner
333908 Marketing Coordinator Marketing Coordinator
333910 Business Support Coordinator Business Support Coordinator
334101 Office Supervisor Clerical Supervisor
Data Entry Supervisor
Filing Clerks Supervisor
Office Supervisor
334102 Office Administrator Office Administrator
Administrative Secretary
Executive Assistant
Personal Assistant
Private Secretary
334401 Medical Secretary Medical Office Administrative Assistant
335402 Import-export Administrator Export Agent / Clerk
Import-export Administrator
x
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Shipping Tally Clerk
335906 Environmental Practices Inspector Environmental Practices Inspector
335907 Weights and Measures Inspector Weights and Measures Inspector
341102 Legal Executive Legal Executive
341107 Law Clerk Inland Revenue Technical Advisor
341110 Associate Legal Professional Legal Advisor
351201 ICT Communications Assistant Computer Database Assistant
351301 Computer Network Technician Computer Network Technician
Network Support Technician
351302 Geographic Information Systems Technicians GIS Assistant / Consultant / Officer /Operator / Specialist / Technician
351302 Geographic Information Systems Technicians Technical Support Specialist
352106 Production Assistant (Film, Television or Radio) Production Assistant (Film, Television or Radio)
411101 General Clerk Administration Clerk / Officer
Administrative Assistant
Clerical Assistant / Officer
Client Services Administrator
Community Services Clerk
General Clerk
Girl Friday
Lab Administrator
Office / Field Assistant
Recording Clerk
412101 Secretary (General) Secretary (General)
413101 Word Processing Operator Typist
413201 Data Entry Operator Computer Clerk
Data Capturer
Data Control / Input Clerk
Data Entry Operator
Data Processing Operator
421102 Bank Worker Credit Support Officer
421401 Debt Collector Regional Manager Debt
422201 Inbound Contact Centre Consultant Inbound Call Centre Customer Service Representative
Inbound Contact Centre Team Leader
422202 Outbound Contact Centre Consultant Call Centre Customer Service Representative (Outbound)
Call or Contact Centre Sales Agent / Consultant
422204 Contact Centre Resource Planner Contact Centre Workforce Scheduler
422301 Switchboard Operator Switchboard Operator
422501 Enquiry Clerk Corporate / Front Office Receptionist
Customer Centre Support Officer
Customer Services Clerk / Officer / Reception Officer
Information Clerk / Officer / Advisor / Assistant
422601 Receptionist (General) Front Desk Coordinator
Receptionist (General)
422701 Survey Interviewer Clerical Field Officer
xi
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Field Assistant / Coordinator
Field Worker
431101 Accounts Clerk Account Coordinator / Controller
Accounting Clerk
Accounts Clerk
Accounts Payable or Receivable Clerk
Assets Clerk / Coordinator
Creditors Clerk
Debtors Clerk
431102 Cost Clerk Cost Clerk
Costing Clerk
Pricing Clerk / Analyst / Estimator
431204 Insurance Claims Administrator Claims Analyst
431301 Payroll Clerk Payroll Assistant / Consultant / Coordinator
Payroll Clerk
Payroll Officer / Administrator / Advisor / Analyst
Salaries Clerk / Officer / Administrator
Wage Clerk
432101 Stock Clerk / Officer Inventory Clerk / Controller / Administrator
Packaging Material Stores Clerk-Perishable Produce
Purchasing and Inventory Officer
Stock Clerk / Officer
Stock Control Clerk
Storekeeping Officer
Stores Clerk / Officer
Stores Controller
Stores Coordinator
Stores Maintenance Clerk
Supply Clerk / Assistant / Officer / Scheduler
432102 Dispatching and Receiving Clerk / Officer Dispatch Clerk / Officer / Operator / Assistant / Worker
Dispatching and Receiving Clerk / Officer
Distribution Officer
Goods Receiving Clerk
Inwards Goods Clerk
Receiving Clerk
Shipping and Receiving Clerk
Workshop Clerk
432103 Order Clerk / Officer Customer Orders Clerk
Order Clerk / Officer
432104 Warehouse Administrator / Clerk Ca / Ra Storage Manager / Controller (Perishable Produce)
Warehouse Administrator / Clerk
432201 Production Coordinator Distribution Controller
432201 Production Coordinator Logistics Clerk / Assistant / Controller / Coordinator / Planner / Officer
432201 Production Coordinator Manufacturing Distributor
xii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Material and Production Planning Clerk
Planning and Liaison Officer
Production Clerk
Production Coordinator
Production Foreman
Production Leader
Production Planner / Officer
Production Planning Officer
Production Recorder / Scheduler
Shift Controller
432301 Transport Clerk Transport Clerk
Transport Coordinator / Dispatcher
Truck Dispatcher
441101 Library Assistant Documentation Officer
441201 Courier Courier
Parcel Contractor
441202 Postal Delivery Officer Messenger
441301 Coding Clerk Medical Record Clerk
441501 Filing or Registry Clerk Document Control Officer
Documentation Clerk / Officer
Filing or Registry Clerk
Information Services Assistant
441502 Office Machine Operator Office Assistant Photocopying
441601 Human Resources Clerk Human Resources Clerk
Human Resources Records Clerk
Human Resources Systems Administrator
Personnel Records Clerk
441603 Compensation and Benefits Clerk Benefits Administrator
Remuneration and Benefits Clerk
441902 Contract Administrator Contract Administrator
441903 Program or Project Administrators Administration Officer
Administrator
Program or Project Administrators
Programme / Project Coordinator
Project Coordinator
Project Planner
Project Programme Specialist
441905 Account Clerk (Public Relations / Communication)
Communication Clerk / Assistant
512101 Cook Cook
515103 Commercial Housekeeper Commercial Housekeeper
515301 Caretaker Caretaker
Maintenance Officer
522201 Retail Supervisor Retail Supervisor
Sales Department Supervisor
xiii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
522301 Sales Assistant (General) Cosmetic Sales Assistant
Sales Assistant (General)
Sales Person / Consultant
Shop Assistant
522303 Automotive Parts Salesperson Sales Representative (Motor Vehicle Parts and Accessories)
522304 ICT Sales Assistant Communications Sales Assistant
523101 Checkout Operator Cash Register Operator
523102 Office Cashier Cash Accounting Clerk
Cash Receipting Clerk
Cashier
Office Cashier
524201 Sales Demonstrator Merchandiser
Sales Demonstrator
524501 Service Station Attendant Service Station Attendant
524901 Materials Recycler Scrap Materials Buyer
Scrap Merchant / Metal Dealer
Waste Recycler
524903 Sales Clerk / Officer Engineering Sales Clerk
Internal Salesperson
Sales Clerk / Officer
541101 Fire Fighter Fire Safety Officer
541401 Security Officer Security Guard
Security Officer
542203 Special Forces Operator Team Leader (Tm Ldr)
611101 Agronomy Farmer Agronomy Production Supervisor
611202 Horticultural Farmer Horticultural Production Supervisor
611302 Landscape Gardener Gardener
612102 Dairy Farmer Dairy Production Supervisor
612201 Poultry Farmer Poultry Farm Production Supervisor
613101 Mixed Crop and Livestock Farmer Biodynamic Farmer/ Farm Foreman / Production Supervisor
641101 House Builder Civil Construction Worker
641501 Carpenter and Joiner Building Maintenance Repairman
Carpenter and Joiner
Shopfitter
Woodworker
641502 Carpenter Carpenter Contractor
Fixing Carpenter
642501 Glazier Window Glass Fitter
642601 Plumber Maintenance Plumber
642701 Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Mechanic Air Conditioning Technician
643101 Painter Painter
643201 Industrial Spraypainter Industrial Spraypainter
643202 Vehicle Painter Spraypainter
651101 Moulder Moulder
xiv
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
651202 Welder Arc Welder
Welder
651203 Fitter-welder Fitter-welder
651302 Boilermaker Boilermaker
Boilermaker-welder
652201 Toolmaker Die Cutter
Toolmaker
652301 Metal Machinist Fitter-machinist
Machine Setter
Machine Tool Fitter
Machine Tool Operator
Machine Tool Setter
Metal Machinist
Milling Machinist
Turner Machinist
Turner Machinist (Automotive)
652302 Fitter and Turner Fitter and Turner
652402 Tool Grinder and Sharpener Tool Grinder and Sharpener
653101 Automotive Motor Mechanic Automotive Mechanic
Vehicle Mechanic
653301 Industrial Machinery Mechanic Industrial Machinery Mechanic
Plant Maintenance Mechanic
653302 Mechanical Equipment Repairer Mechanical Equipment Repairer
653303 Mechanical Fitter General Fitter
Machine Fitter
Maintenance Fitter
Mechanical Fitter
653306 Diesel Mechanic Diesel Mechanic
662106 Process Engraver Block Maker
662202 Small Offset Printing Machine Operator Instant Printer Operator
Printer's Assistant
671101 Electrician Electrical Fitter
Electrician
Electrician (Engineering)
Electrician (General)
Winder Electrical Technician
671202 Millwright Millwright
Millwright (Electromechanician)
671203 Mechatronics Technician Mechatronics Technician
671301 Electrical Line Mechanic Linesman
672105 Instrument Mechanician Electronic Service Technician
Instrument Fitter
Instrument Mechanician
Instrument Mechanician (Industrial)
xv
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Instrument Mechanician (Process Control Systems)
681505 Fruit and Vegetable Grader / Classer Picker Grader
682203 Wood Model Maker Wood Model Maker
682303 Wood Machinist Automatic Profile Sander Operator
Wood Products Machine Operator
711101 Mining Operator Continuous Miner Operator
Mining Plant Operator
711201 Mineral Processing Machine Operator Crusher Operator
Machine Operator (Stone Cutting or Processing)
711301 Driller Drilling Plant Operator
711401 Concrete Products Machine Operator Concrete Products Machine Operator
711404 Cement Production Plant Operator Cement Despatch Operator
Central Concrete Mixing Plant Operator
711405 Concrete Batching Plant Operator Premix Concrete Batcher
713101 Chemical Production Machine Operator Chemical Crusher / Grinder
Chemical Extractor / Reactor / Still Operator
Chemical Production Machine Operator
Cleaning Materials Machine Operator
Cosmetics Machine Operator
Paint Tinter / Mixer
Petroleum and Natural Gas Refining (Ethyl) Operator / Blender
714101 Rubber Production Machine Operator Rubber Compounder
Rubber Production Machine Operator
714204 Plastics Production Machine Operator (General)
Plastics Laminator
714204 Plastics Production Machine Operator (General)
Plastics Production Machine Operator (General)
714205 Reinforced Plastic and Composite Production Worker
Resin Transfer Moulding Machine Operator
714301 Paper Products Machine Operator Cutting Machine Operator
715701 Laundry Machine Operator Laundry Machine Operator
716104 Dairy Products Machine Operator Dairy Plant / Process Operator
716108 Seed Processing Machine Operator Seed Bagger
716109 Milling Process Machine Operator Milling Process Machine Operator
717201 Wood Processing Machine Operator Saw Operator
718102 Glass Production Machine Operator Furnace Operator (Glass Production)
718301 Labelling Machine Operator Labelling Machine Operator
718302 Packing Machine Operator Wrapping Machine Operator
718303 Filling Line Operator Bottle Filler
Container Filler
Filling Line Operator
Filling Machine Operator
Sealing and Capping Machine Operator
718304 Packaging Manufacturing Machine Minder Packaging Machine Operator
718905 Engineering Production Systems Worker Automated Machine Operator
xvi
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
Engineering Production Systems Worker
718906 Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator Bulk Materials Handling Plant Operator
Tank Farm Operator (Petroleum)
718907 Weighbridge Operator Licensed Weigher
Weighbridge Operator
721101 Machinery Assembler Machinery Assembler
Turbine Assembler
721901 Product Assembler Assembler, Wood Products
Product Assembler
731201 Railway Signal Operator Railway Shunter
732101 Delivery Driver Delivery Driver
Driver-messenger
Light Utility Vehicle (LUV) Driver
Van Driver
732201 Chauffeur Chauffeur
733201 Truck Driver (General) Freight Operator
Logging Truck Driver
Lorry Driver
Truck Driver (General)
733204 Tanker Driver Tanker Driver
733208 Mobile Mining Equipment Operator Utility Vehicle Operator
734101 Agricultural Mobile Plant (Equipment) Operator
Farm Equipment / Machinery Operator
734201 Earthmoving Plant Operator (General) Construction Plant Operator (General)
Earthmoving Plant Operator (General)
734203 Bulldozer Operator Bulldozer Operator
734204 Excavator Operator Excavator Driver
734205 Grader Operator Grader Driver
734206 Loader Operator Loader Operator
Skid-steer-loader Operator
734301 Crane or Hoist Operator Crane or Hoist Operator
734402 Forklift Driver Forklift Driver
Forklift Operator
811101 Domestic Cleaner Domestic Cleaner
811201 Commercial Cleaner Building Exterior / Interior Cleaner
Cleaner (Non-domestic)
Commercial Cleaner
Factory Cleaner / Sweeper
Office Cleaner
Workshop Cleaner
811202 Healthcare Cleaner High Risk Area Cleaner
811203 Tea Attendant Tea Attendant
Tea Lady
Tea Person
811204 Caretaker / cleaner Caretaker / cleaner
xvii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
812101 Laundry Worker (General) Laundry Worker (General)
812201 Vehicle Detailer (Valet Servicer) Wash bay Attendant
812902 Swimming Pool Cleaner Swimming Pool Cleaner
821104 Harvester / Picker Flower Buncher or Picker
821401 Garden Workers Garden Workers
831101 Mining Support Worker Mine Sampler / Worker
831301 Builder's Worker Artisan Aide Building Trade
Builder's Worker
Maintenance Person / Coordinator
Pipe Layer
831310 Surveyor's Assistant Geotechnical Assistant
Mineral Resource Assistant
Sampler/ MRM Sampler/ MRT Grade Controller
832101 Packer (Non Perishable Products) Chocolate Packer
Packer (Non Perishable Products)
832102 Meat Packer Shrinkwrap Operator
832901 Metal Engineering Process Worker Boilermaker's Assistant / Aide
Fitter's Assistant
Metal Engineering Process Worker
832902 Plastics, Composites and Rubber Factory Worker
Plastics Mixing Plant Worker
Plastics Packer
Plastics Process Worker
Rubber Factory Worker
832903 Timber and Wood Process Worker Pulp, Paper Making and Paper Products Labourer
832907 Chemical Plant Worker Chemical Plant Worker
Chemical Tester (Physical/ Routine)
832910 Component Fitter Component Fitter
833301 Freight Handler (Rail or Road) Freight Loader
Yard Attendant
833302 Truck Driver's Offsider Truck Driver's Offsider
833303 Waterside Worker Wharf Labourer
833401 Shelf Filler Shelf Filler
Storeperson Packer / Shelver
Warehouse Worker / Shelver
833402 Store Person Manufacturing Storeperson
Order Picker / Assembler
Store Person
Stores Assistant
Warehouse Assistant
841201 Kitchenhand Kitchen Assistant (Non-domestic)
862202 Handyperson Handy Man
Handy Person
Handyperson
862914 Sheltered Workshop Worker Sheltered Workshop Worker
xviii
OFO Code
Occupation Specialisation name
862915 Chemical Mixer Chemical Mixer
862918 Electrical or Telecommunications Trades Assistant
Artisan Aide Electrical
Auto Electrician's Assistant
Electrical Helper
Instrument Artisan Assistant
900000 Learner
Changed
Remap
Total
Source: WSP submissions, June 2012
xix