child & adult food care and food pyramid
DESCRIPTION
prepared by nursing students /faculty of medical sciencesTRANSCRIPT
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Child and adult food care & food pyramid
Prepared by:Raveen Ismail
Heyman Ahmed Viyan Mourad Warveen Abid Wdyan Jondi
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Objectives
At the end of the presentation the students will know:
• Difference between nutrients, nutrition, food.• food pyramid ,food groups .• The classification of foods ,nutrients . • The daily calorie intake for adults ,children .• The affect of inadequate food, nutrients intake
on our bodies . • the nursing role in (children ,adult) food care .
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Introduction to nutrition
• Nutrition is the intake of food, according to the body’s dietary needs required by organisms and cells to stay alive.
• Essential nutrients include protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals and electrolytes,.
• Normally 85% of daily energy use is from fat and carbohydrates and 15% from protein.
• Nutrition is essential for growth and development, health and wellbeing. Eating a healthy diet contributes to preventing future illness and improving quality and length of life.
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What's nutrition ?
• It is a Science which investigates the metabolic &physiological responses of the body to diet .
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What's food
• is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It is usually of plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients , such as
(carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals)
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• solid• semisolid• liquid foods
primary
• fibrous,• gelatinous,
• starchy, oleaginous, crystalline, and albuminous foods.
secondary
Foods classification according to their general physical properties
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Animal foods Vegetable foods
meats ,fish Shellfish, crustaceans, eggs, milk and its products, animal fats, gelatin.
cereals, vegetables proper , fruits, sugars, vegetable oils.
Foods classification according to their sources
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Nitrogenous foods
• carbon ,• hydrogen ,
• oxygen ,• nitrogen
Non -nitrogenous foods
• carbon • oxygen
• hydrogen
•the majority of the animal substances belong to the nitrogenous, and the majority of vegetable substances to the non-nitrogenous group.
Food classification according to their compositions
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What's nutrients
• a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth :
for example :fish is a source of many important nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals
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Classification of nutrients Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Water
Vitamins
Minerals
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
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Function of nutrients in food
• Provide energy (carbohydrate ,fat ,protein)• Build tissue (proteins )• Regulate metabolic processes ,(water is base
of all metabolic processes .
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Difference between food ,nutrients, nutrition
Nutrients Nutrition Food
• a substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth .
• Is taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished .
• is any substance consumed to provide
nutritional support for the body
• food is a source of nutrients for e.g.. fish is a source of many important nutrients, including protein, vitamins, and minerals
•Food origin • It is usually of plant or animal origin
•Are food components for e.g. carbohydrate
•Utilizing food nutrients through process of ingestion, digestion, absorption and assimilation.
• contains nutrients for e.g. Carbohydrate
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Factors affecting food intake
• Age • Emotional factors • Sensory factors • Personal Preference• Social situations • Income (poverty )• Nutritional knowledge • Intolerance & allergies
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Food Security The World Food Summit of 1996 defined food security as
existing :• “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe,
nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life”Food security is built on three pillars:• Food availability • Food access• Food use
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What's food pyramid • Is an outline of what to eat each day , It is
not a rigid prescription, but a general guide that lets you choose a healthful diet that's right for you, shows a range of serving for each major group .
• The first food pyramid was published in Sweden in 1974.
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What's serving ?
• The amount of food that counts as a serving.• For example If you eat one plate of rice, that
would be two servings. If you eat a smaller portion, count it as part of a serving.
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Daily Calorie Intake
• Recommended daily calorie intake varies from person to person
• Calories also play a role in weight control• Calories are a measure of energy and are
commonly used to describe the energy content of foods.
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Daily calories intake for adults
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1600 calories
many sedentary women
some older adults.
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2200 calories
active women
many sedentary men
Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding may
need somewhat more.
most children
teenage girls
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2800 calories
many active men
some very active women.
teenage boys
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Calories intake for children per day Girls boys Age
700 700 3 - 6 months810 810 6 - 9 months
950 950 9 - 12 months
1150 1150 1 - 2 yrs1350 1350 2 - 3 yrs1550 1550 3 - 5 yrs1750 1850 5- 7 yrs1800 2100 7- 9 yrs1950 2200 10- 11 yrs2100 2400 12- 13yrs2150 2650 14 - 15 yrs2150 2850 16- 19yrs
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Factors affecting daily calories intake
• age. • Gender .• Body size (height and weight). • Physical state (pregnancy ,lactation)• Type of work (sedentary .moderate, heavy)
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Poor nutrition can lead to:• reduced immunity.• increased susceptibility to disease.• impaired physical and mental development
Lack of insufficient food intake
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• Protein deficiency leads to Kwashiorkor..etc
• Calories deficiency leads to Starvation, marasmus..etc
• Vitamins deficiency leads to Pellagra ,Beri Beri, scurvy, rickets ..etc.
• Minerals deficiency leads to Osteoporosis, tetany, laryngospasm ,cardiac arrhythmias ..etc.
For examples
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Malnutrition Malnutrition intake of nutrients insufficient to meet daily energy requirements as a
result of inadequate food intake or improper digestion & absorption of food.
S&S• The most common symptom is a notable weight loss. For example,
those who have lost more than 10% of their body weight in the course of three months and are not dieting could be malnourished.
• Growth failure in children • Muscle wasting and lack of strength in the muscles.• Swelling of the abdomen and legs.• Increased susceptibility to infections• Skin and hair becomes dry.
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Role of nurse
Assessing :
• Usual eating patterns & habits• Allergies & intolerances• Food frequency record• Brief personal & family history• Height/weight• Ideal body weight • Body mass index ( weight in kilograms over height in meters squared
– Weight/height (in m)2) and mid arm circumference. (18.5_24.9)• Manifestations of malnutrition• Social, economic, ethnic, religious factors• Other risk factors for altered nutrition
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To stimulate appetite
• Relieve illness symptoms that depress appetite prior to mealtime
• Select small portions• Avoid unpleasant or uncomfortable treatments or
activity immediately before/after meals• Provide tidy, clean environment• Encourage or provide oral hygiene before mealtime• Reduce psychological stress
Role of nurse
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Assisting with Meals
• Help client feed self when possible• Assist client to sit on side of bed or chair if possible• Check tray for client’s name, type of diet, & completeness• “which order would you like to eat?”• Do not rush client; allow ample time• Offer fluids every 3 or 4 mouthfuls of food if client unable to
communicate• Use adaptive feeding aids as needed• For blind person, identify placement of food as you would
describe time on a clock
Role of nurse
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“The greatest wealth is Health”
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References
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_guide_pyramid
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition• http://www.steroidslive.com/2009-04-10/the-
6-factors-influencing-your-daily-calorie-needs/
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/423234-why-are-calories-important/
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/32169-definition-calories/
• http://www.livestrong.com/article/299591-classification-of-food-groups/