child development 1 physical development (sessions 6&7) › ~jhewitt › pepper... · how do...

Child development 1

Physical development

(sessions 6&7)

October 11-18

Minodora Grigorescu

Mothercraft College

Agenda

• Cephalocaudal development

• Proximodiastal development

• The neonate

• Reflexes

• Gross motor skills

• Fine motor skills

• The brain EF

• Perceptual motor dev.

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Cephalocaudal Development

Cephalocaudal Principle of Development: The upper portion of the body matures earlier than the lower part of the body

Proximodistal Principle of Development: The middle part of the body develops earlier than the outer part of the body.

In this photo, the one month old infant's head and trunk are larger in proportion to her legs and arms.


The Neonate• Normal birth occurs at approximately the 40th week after conception,

when the fetus is expelled through the cervix out the birth canal.

• The newborn baby, now called a neonate, must make five major adjustments at birth.

1. Removed from the aquatic environment of the uterus, he must adjust to the world of air. The first breath begins even before the umbilical cord is cut.

2. The circulatory relationship between mother and child ceases when the umbilical cord is severed so the neonate must now eat and digest his own food.

3. He must also now excrete his own wastes.

4. Maintain his own body temperature.

5. Finally food is now only available at certain intervals, so the neonate must also adjust to intermittent feeding.


The Brazelton Neonatal

assessment https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqc8gKu

Xs3s

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tqc8gKuXs3s


Height and weight

• http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/html_ch

arts/lenageinf.htm

• http://www.infantchart.com/

• http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/wh

o/grchrt_boys_24hdcirc-l4w_rev90910.pdf

http://www.infantchart.com/

http://www.infantchart.com/

http://www.cdc.gov/growthcharts/data/who/grchrt_boys_24hdcirc-l4w_rev90910.pdf


Understanding the neonate The brain

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ3401X

VYww&NR=1

Early learning

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYyGyEX

0CL0&feature=related

REM sleep

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZ6I9N7t

7Vc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZ3401XVYww&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYyGyEX0CL0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZ6I9N7t7Vc


Reflexes

To help make these adjustments, the infant has a number of inborn behavioural patterns, called reflexes.

Sucking, swallowing, hiccupping, blinking, urinating, and defecating

These reflex behaviours are unlearned and are necessary for survival.


CThe Moro (or startle) reflex

• If the neonate is placed on his back, he will respond to a noise bringing his legs and arms forward as if to embrace someone or something. The Moro reflex is usually present at birth and disappears by 3-6 months.

The Babinski reflex

• When the inner sole of a baby’s foot is stroked, the infant will respond by curling his or her toes. When the outer sole of a baby’s foot is stroked, the infant will respond by spreading out their toes. Usually disappears by 9-12 months

The Grasp reflex

• The infant grasps hard when anything touches his palms. Most infants have such a strong Grasp reflex that they can hold their own weight up if

allowed to clutch a rod. Usually disappears by 5-6 months

All three reflexes disappear in the first few months of life. In fact, if the Babinski is observed in an adult it is considered a sign of neurological problems.


Reflexes continuedGALANT REFLEX

• The Galant reflex is shown when an infants middle or lower back is stroked next to the spinal cord.

• The baby will respond by curving his or her body toward the side which is being stroked.

Disappears by 3-6 months.

TONIC NECK REFLEX

• The tonic neck reflex is demonstrated in infants who are placed on their abdomens.

• Whichever side the child’s head is facing, the limbs on that side will straighten, while the opposite limbs will curl. This reflex usually disappears by 4-9 months.


The stepping reflexA neonatal response that disappears at about 2 months of age.

Infants do not show such “walking” movements until the end of the first year of life.

Thelen suggested that as infants legs became heavier they were no longer able to lift them

Two tests:

• When infant who no longer showed the stepping reflex were placed in a pool of water, the stepping reflex returned.

• When weights were attached to the legs of infants who still showed the stepping reflex, the children no longer showed the reflexive response


Sucking Reflex

• The sucking reflex is initiated when

something touches the roof of an

infants mouth.

• Infants have a strong sucking reflex

which helps to ensure they can latch

onto a bottle or breast.

• The sucking reflex is very strong in some

infants and they may need to suck on a

pacifier for comfort


Reflexes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQQ4RnP

_X4E&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQQ4RnP_X4E&feature=related


6 month milestones

• FINE MOTOR: Uses whole hand (palmar grasp) to obtain objects. Reaches with two hands for objects up to one foot away. Transfers objects from one hand to the other.

• GROSS MOTOR: Kicks strongly. Kicks alternately with both legs. Pulls self up from back-lying when hands are grasped. When lying prone on stomach, supports self on extended arms and lifts head and chest strongly. Rolls over front to back. Sits alone briefly. Keeps head and back straight when held in a sitting position. When lying on back, brings legs up

and over chest, and can grasp and bring one foot to mouth.


12 month milestonesFINE MOTOR

• Holds spoon but needs help with its use.

• Moves blocks in and out of small box.

• Uses pincer grasp (thumb and index finger) to pick up small objects or pieces of food.

• Points with index finger toward a desired object. Uses both hands freely but may demonstrate a preference for one.

GROSS MOTOR

• Pulls to standing position and lets self down by holding on to furniture.

• May stand alone for a few seconds. Sits well for an indefinite period of time.

• May creep on all fours.

• May walk independently.


18 month milestonesFINE MOTOR

• Scribbles with a crayon on paper.

• Builds a tower with three blocks after a demonstration.

• Picks up food and small objects.

• Explores objects more frequently with hands than mouth.

GROSS MOTOR

• Pushes and pulls objects.

• Walks with feet slightly apart.

• Does two things (only) at once - for example, walks and carries an object.

• Climbs into a large chair, rotates body, and sits.

• Creeps backward when going down stairs.


24 month milestones

FINE MOTOR

• Removes a wrapper from a cupcake or candy bar.

• Builds a tower of six blocks.

• Imitates a vertical line with a crayon on paper.

• Turns pages in a book one at a time.

• Picks up tiny objects as small as a crumb.

GROSS MOTOR

• Runs on whole foot, but stops by falling down or by colliding with something or someone.

• Climbs stairs holding onto the railing (two feet to each step).

• Pulls wheeled toy by string forward and backward.

• Throws a small ball.

• Walks into a large ball when intending to kick it.


Visuals

Breast vs. bottle feeding

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGJ-

Q2mcVYs&feature=PlayList&p=9497806

A30778727&index=0&playnext=1

Senses

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOVMdGS

5A3U&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hGJ-Q2mcVYs&feature=PlayList&p=9497806A30778727&index=0&playnext=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jOVMdGS5A3U&feature=related


Sensation and perception

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S2veYD

gx5w&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7S2veYDgx5w&feature=related


Visual discrimination

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8J-

JflThHks&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8J-JflThHks&feature=related


Still face experiment

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzXGEb

Zht0&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apzXGEbZht0&feature=related


Visual cliff experiment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNh

HrMJA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p6cqNhHrMJA


Attunement

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URpuKgK

t9kg&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URpuKgKt9kg&NR=1


Bowlby and responsive

behaviourhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0LFewt4

Zk4&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g0LFewt4Zk4&feature=related


Perception

Stimulus

Loosing interest in stimulus

A new stimulus

Interest recovered

→ infant could discriminate between the old

and new stimulus (Snyder &

Torrence,2008)


Cont.

Habituation= decreased responsiveness to a

stimulus after repeated presentations of

the stimulus

Dishabituation= recovery of a habituated

response after a change in stimulation

(Santrock, 2010)


Visual perception

Colour perception

colour discrimination 4-8 weeks, colour

preference around 4-5 months

Perceptual constancy- size, shape- the

object remains the same when we move

or the object is moved


In depth perception

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKfs2nev

-mw

Dyslexia- homework

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKfs2nev-mw


Interaction with parents -Practice

How would you help parents to understand

the importance of vaccination?

How will you discuss infant/toddler safety

concerns with parents?


The Toy research assignment

• Groups

• Contracts

• Tasks


Agenda

Nutrition, Sleep – Operating Criteria

GM skills

FM skills

Sensory skills

Video


Nutrition

Criteria requirements

• http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/content

only?vgnextoid=c9a0391869c63410VgnV

CM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchann

el=922e8ed34ce9e310VgnVCM10000071

d60f89RCRD

http://www1.toronto.ca/wps/portal/contentonly?vgnextoid=c9a0391869c63410VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD&vgnextchannel=922e8ed34ce9e310VgnVCM10000071d60f89RCRD


How do infants develop motor

skills?The dynamic systems view

Arnold Gesell underlined that motor dev. unfolds a

genetic plan= maturation

Esther Thelen proposed the dynamic systems

theory 1998, 2006

To develop motor skills infants perceive something

in the environment that motivates them to act,

use movement and perceptions and fine-tune

their movements.


Gross motorInvolve large muscles: moving arm, walking,

etc

GM skills require postural control (Adolph

and Joh, 2009) control head to stabilize

gaze

Posture is a dynamic process linked to

sensory integration, vestibular organs in

the inner ear that regulate balance and

equilibrium, vision, hearing ( Thelen &

Smith, 2006)


Learning to walkPostural control and locomotion are linked in

spacially in walking upright ( Adolph &

Berger, 2011)

Alternating leg movement needed for

walking

Neural patways that control leg alternation

present at birth, even before but stabilizing

balance is a harder skill to master. It is a

difficult biomechanical problem and takes

about 1 year to master.


Video

The baby human- To walk

• Take notes


Importance of caregiving

Infants develop new skills in guidance of

their caregivers around real environments

How can caregivers and parents support

GM development in the second year?

What can you do as a skilled practitioner to

embed the 4 foundations from HDLH in

your practice?


Fine motor

Fine tune movements

Grasping: palmar and pincer grip a very

flexible system

Perceptual motor coupling is necessary to

coordinate grasping ( Keen, 2005)

Experience/practice plays an important role


Physical skillsuse the checklist posted

GM FM


Physical skills

Sensory


Factors

Development of nervous system

Body’s physical properties

Abilities

The goal that motivates the child

The support in the environment


PROPOSE A QUESTION FOR

THE QUIZ FROM PHYSICAL

DEVELOPMENT


References

• Bertrand J., Bernhard J., et all,(2006),

Early Learning for Every Child Today- A

framework for Ontario early childhood

settings

• Santrock J. W., (2010), Children, NY-

McGraw- Hill

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