child development
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Child DevelopmentBy: Amber Meyer
Child Development
Development refers to change or growth that occurs in children.
It starts with infancy and continues to adulthood
Role of the Brain in Learning Development
Most learning involves changes in neurons and synapse
Development changes in the brain enable increase thought
Brain remains adaptable throughout life
Many parts of the brain work in harmony to enable complex thinking and behavior
Piaget
Cognitive Theorist Theorized 4 stages of development
› Sensory motor (birth-age 2) Physical motor
› Pre-operational (age 2 - 7) Language, symbols and letters
› Concrete operational (age 7 – 11) Logic and organization
› Formal operational ( age 11 – death)
Piaget’s Terms
Schema: Ways in which children make sense of the world
Assimilation: Fitting new information into an existing schema.
Accommodation: Changing a schema to fit new information.
Equilibration: Explanation of cognitive shift (qualitative) from one stage of thought to the next
Disequilibrium: cognitive conflict motivation for change
Equilibrium: resolve conflict through assimilation and accommodation, to reach a new balance of thought
Vygotsky
Extends Piaget’s work
Based on language andsocial interactions
Vygotsky
What a child can do with assistance
Scaffolding
Peer assistance
Vygotsky
Helps guide behavior› Used more when tasks are difficult,
after errors, or when confused
Gradually becomes more silent› Children with learning and behavior
problems use longer
Kohlberg
Stages of Moral Reasoning› Premoral
pleasant or unpleasant consequences of actions physical power of those who impose the rules.
› Conventional role Confirmity Moral values reside in performing the right role, in
maintaining the conventional order and expectancies of others as a value in its own right.
› Self accepted Moral Principles conformity to shared standards,rights, or duties apart
from supporting authority. action-decisions are based on an inner process of
thought and judgement concerning right and wrong.
Piaget Cross-cultural Environment dependent Focus on infants and young
children Developmental ages and
stages
Vygosky Helps explain cultural
diversity in cognition Emphasizes importance
of teaching Says little about
biological contributions to cognition
Vague in explanation of change
Kohlberg pleasant or
unpleasant consequences of actions
Best interests for a child.
Principles and Assumptions
Infl
uen
ce o
f the
en
viro
nm
en
t
Ed
ucatio
nal Im
pactio
ns
Exam
ple
:
Create a classroom environment that fosters desirable student behaviors
When a student consistently has trouble working independently, praise her inconspicuously every time she completes and assignment without having to be prompted.
Learn
ing
as a
beh
avio
r ch
an
ge
Educa
tional Im
paca
tions:
Exam
ple
:
Conclude that learning has occurred only when students exhibit a change in classroom performance
Regularly assess students’ learning, and look for ongoing progress in what they know and can do.
Focu
s o
n o
bserv
ab
le e
ven
ts
(stim
uli a
nd
resp
on
ses)
Educa
tional Im
plica
tion:
Exam
ple
:
Identify specific stimuli (including your own actions as a teacher) that may be influencing students’ behaviors.
If a student frequently engages in disruptive classroom behavior, consider whether you might be encouraging such behavior by giving him attention every time he misbehaves.
Con
tigu
ity o
f even
ts
Educa
tional Im
plica
tions:
Exam
ple
s:
If you want students to associate two events (stimuli, responses, or stimulus and response), make sure those events occur close together in time.
Include enjoyable yet educational activities in each day’s schedule as a way of helping students associate school subject matter with pleasurable feelings.
Sim
ilarity
of le
arn
ing
p
rincip
les a
cro
ss s
pecie
s
Educa
tional Im
plica
tion:
Exam
ple
:
Remember that research with nonhuman species often has relevance for classroom practice.
Reinforce hyperactive students for sitting quietly for successively longer time periods—a shaping process based on early research studies with rats and pigeons.