child poverty research day: setting the scene - david steward, 'child poverty

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Child PovertyResearch day - IDS18th November 2016

David Stewart Social Inclusion and Policy SectionUNICEF New York@UnicefSocPolicy; @dmistewart1

5 Private Sector Forum 2014


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People living in extreme poverty

Adults Children

382 mil-lion

385 Mil-lion

Children are over represented50%

32%

Children twice as likely to be in poverty

Child poverty rate Adult poverty rate

19.5%

9.2%

Poverty rates by age

0 to 4 5 to 9 10 to 14 15-18 18 to 59 60+

21 21.5

18.7

14.6

9.57


CP Rates and shares by region

East Asia South Asia SSA LAC CEE/CIS

5.6

19.5

48.7

8.11.4

7.8

35.7

51.7

4.40.4

Child poverty rate Share of extremely poor children

Child poverty Rate

Share of total


How UNICEF offices see the child poverty situation

17

Slide 1

Nothing MeasurementAdvocacy

Impact

Comprehensive action

Milestones to address child poverty

18

Where countries are on child poverty work

No CP Mea-surement

CP is Measured but not used in Policy Discus-

sions

CP is discussed but not triggered policy response

yet

CP has influenced programmes,

policies or legisla-tions

Interventions have been integarated to a holistic na-

tional action plan

62

1840

28

5

Nothing

Measurement

Advocacy

Impact


Slide 2

19

Where countries are on child poverty work

No CP Mea-surement

CP is Measured but not used in Policy Discus-

sions

CP is discussed but not triggered policy response

yet

CP has influenced programmes,

policies or legisla-tions

Interventions have been integarated to a holistic na-

tional action plan

62

18

40

28

5

Nothing

Measurement

Advocacy

Impact


Slide 3

20

Status of measurement

Slide 4

$36%

MD19%

Both46%

Type of Measurement

Yes47%No

49%

Routine Measument

21 Private Sector Forum 2014Slide 10

22

Categories Policy Questions

Challenging the Status Quo Question 1. Are policies and programmes reaching the poorest children?Question 2. Do the existing programmes/policies have impact on child poverty?Question 3. Are the poorest households bearing the cost of the services?

Projecting the Potential Impacts Question 4. How much impact will a new program/policy have on the child poverty rate?

Question 5. What are the macroeconomic impacts of a major policy change on child poverty?

Financing the Future Question 6. What are the costs of creating a new programme or scaling-up an existing one?

Question 7. Is the programme/policy cost effective?Question 8. How can the government finance the cost?

Slide 7


Challenges in Establishing CP measurement # of Response

Resources to support child poverty measurement is limited 12

Poverty is too politically sensitive to discuss or there is no political interest for CP specifically 9

There is no household survey that can be used for measurement 6

Solutions are the same for adults and children so policymakers don't see the benefit of measurement 5

Poverty is already dominated by other institutions who have expertise 5

There are many other issues for children so child poverty is not prioritized 5

Measurement is considered too complex with competing methodologies 4

In fragile or humanitarian contexts, focus on measurement does not make sense 1

Slide 5


tin

27

Private Sector Forum 2014

Policies and programmes to address child poverty

Monetary Child Poverty

-Supporting Livelihoods and Employment

-Direct financial support to families with children

-Reducing the costs of basic goods and services.

Multidimensional child poverty- Health- Education- Nutrition- Water - Sanitation- Living conditions- Information

Multidimensional and monetary child poverty- Addressing social stigma and discrimination

- Child Sensitive social protection or social welfare services- Budget engagement

- Explicit inclusion of child poverty in national policies- Pro poor economic growth

Monetary poverty is a crucial driver of

multidimensional child poverty.

Children growing up in multidimensional poverty will more likely to be in (or head) households

in monetary poverty as adults.

Slide 6


So what's going on• Poorest countries have very young populations (true, but child poorer across

lines and countries).• Larger families = more mouths to feed (note children in smaller families also

more likely to be poor).• HH with children have less labour market activity – interrupts women’s

earnings. • Young children = younger parents who earn less. • Intentional vs. unintentional fertility: Children as an investment and

insurance, poorer families have less access to birth control.• Are there plans to measure and address it?

This matters from a policy perspective, but doesn’t change how important the issue is.

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Categories Policy Questions

Challenging the Status Quo Question 1. Are the policies and programmes reaching the poorest children?Tool: Benefit Incidence Analysis

Question 2. Do the existing programmes/policies have impact on child poverty?Tool: Impact Evaluation

Question 3. Are the poorest households bearing the cost of the services?Financing Incidence Analysis

Projecting the Potential Impacts Question 4. How much impact will a new program/policy have on the child poverty rate?Tool: Microsimulation/ Macro-micro simulation

Question 5. What are the macroeconomic impacts of a major policy change on child poverty?Tool: Macro-micro simulation

Financing the Future Question 6. What are the costs of creating a new programme or scaling-up an existing one?Tool: Costing Analysis

Question 7. Is the programme/policy cost effective?Tool: Cost-effectiveness analysis

Question 8. How can the government finance the cost?Tool: Fiscal Space Analysis

Slide 7