child road safety in africa
TRANSCRIPT
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CHILD ROAD SAFETYCHILD ROAD SAFETYIN AFRICAIN AFRICA
A PRESENTATION BY
INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH(ICH)
CLASSFOR
PSM 727: REHABILITATIVE AND SOCIAL
MEDICINE
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INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTHINSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH
(ICH) CLASS(ICH) CLASSy UBANUS EZEKIEL 153809
y OYOM, COMFORT RUNYI 153124
y ONUMADU CHINWENDU 154769y OMOLE, OPEYEMI 153820
y OKODI,TIMIPERE J. 153575
y OGUNGBESAN, JOSHUA 152704
y ADETUNJI,OLUBUKOLA O. 76143
y ADAMS, PATRICIA 154903
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OUTLINEOUTLINE
y INTRODUCTION
y CURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y PROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY IN
NIGERIA/ AFRICAy WHY CHILD ROAD SAFETY?
y INTERVENTIONS TO ENSURE ROAD
SAFETY FOR ALLy RECOMMENDATIONS
y CONCLUSIONS
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
y Road traffic injuries are a major butneglected public health challenge thatrequires concerted efforts for effective
and sustainable prevention. Roadaccidents will rank as the world's thirdgreatest public health problem by 2020,superseded only by AIDS and tobacco
related illnesses.(Arrive Alive 2004).
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
y Of all the systems with which people have todeal with everyday, road traffic systems arethe most complex and the most dangerous.
Worldwide, an estimated 1.2 million peopleare killed in road crashes each year and asmany as 50 million are injured. Projectionsindicate that these figures will increase by
about 65% over the next 20 years unlessthere is new commitment to prevention.
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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
y Vulnerable road users such as pedestrians,
cyclists, motorcyclists and people using
informal public transport are most likely
to be harmed on the roads. Especiallychildren and young people are at high risk,
with road traffic accidents being the
leading cause of death for 10-24 year olds.
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THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM
y This must never happen again
Coroners Report following the worlds first roadaccident (London 1896).
y I do not have words to express thesorrow or loss I felt. It left a hole in
my heart that can never be filled.Nelson Mandela, on the death of his eldest son
in a road accident (South Africa 1969).
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THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM
y Every year more than 1.17 million people diein road crashes around the world. Themajority of these deaths, about 70 percentoccur in developing countries. Sixty-five
percent of deaths involve pedestrians and 35percent of pedestrian deaths are children.Over 10 million are crippled or injured eachyear. It has been estimated that at least 6million more will die and 60 million will beinjured during the next 10 years indeveloping countries unless urgent action istaken.
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THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM
y The majority of road crash victims
(injuries and fatalities) in developing
countries are not the motorized vehicle
occupants, but pedestrians, motorcyclists,bicyclists, tricycles and non-motorized
vehicles (NMV) occupants.
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THE PROBLEMTHE PROBLEM
y In desperation at the appalling state of
road safety, many communities have taken
to do it yourself DIY measures to
protect themselves as in the SouthernGhana (above). A more structured
approach would be of benefit to all
concerned.
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
yThe World Report on ChildInjury Prevention, published by
the World HealthOrganization(WHO) andUNICEF, has highlighted the
enormous challenge of curbingchild road deaths PetroKruger, director of RMI road
safety said foundation
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y Increased levels of motorization andurbanization in low- and middle-incomecountries are placing children at greater
risk on the road. Young children mayunknowingly take risks on the roadbecause they lack appropriate skills to actsafely. Older children and adolescents
may actively indulge in risk taking behaviours that are exacerbated by peerpressure.
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y The new report, which was launched in Vietnamon 10 December 2008, collates the mostinclusive collection of available data onchildhood injury. With 260 000 children (up to
the age of 18) killed on the worlds roads everyyear, and another estimated 10 million injured,road crashes are the leading cause of childinjury.
Road crashes are a worsening global
disaster destroying lives and livelihoods,hampering development and leaving
millions in greater vulnerability.
World Disasters Report, Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies 1998
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of
unintentional death to children 10 - 19 yrs of age
and the second leading cause of injury related death
for children between 5 - 9 years of age, and are alsothe leading cause of disability among children
generally. According to the recently published
World report on child injury prevention, road traffic
injuries are the leading cause of death. The report
predicts significant increases in road traffic
casualties over the next 15 years, particularly in
low-income and middle-income countries
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y The greatest need for immediate and drastic actionexists in low- and middle-income countries. Thesecountries, which include South Africa, are responsiblefor more than 93 percent of child road deaths andinjuries in the world. Data shows that globally, the
road traffic death rate among children is 10.7 per 100000 population. In the African Region, however, therate is 19.9 per 100 000 population.
y The situation in all developing countries in matters of
road safety is distressing and as Africa contains theworlds poorest countries, the situation is particularlybleak.
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
According to the World Health Organizations
Global Status Report on Road Safety
y Every year, road crashes kill nearly 1.3
million people and injure between 20 and
50 million more.
y Worldwide, road traffic injuries are the
leading cause of death among people aged15 to 29, and the second cause of death for
those aged 5 to 14.
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y Five hundred children die every day in
road crashes.
y More children died in Africa in 1998 from
road crashes than from AIDS.
(WHO, 2009)
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y Road traffic injuries rank ninth among theleading cause of deaths for children aged 1 to4 year.
y
14,650 people are killed on south Africaroads each year(40people/day), 620,000crashes per year (1698/day), 38,000 seriousinjuries per year(104/day), 84,000 less
serious injuries (230/day). A person is killedevery 48 minutes and an accident occursevery 4 seconds. Last year, for example, over15,000 people died on South Africas roads
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y Head of Nigerias Federal Road SafetyCommission listed some of the causes ofroad accidents in Nigeria including;indiscipline and ignorance, excessive speed,
drunk-driving, lack of infrastructure forpedestrians, non use of seat belts and helmetsto reduce accidents in the country. Heinformed the conference of theCommissions targets, reduce to 40% roadaccidents, and a 50% death or seriouslyinjured persons by 2010(Africa Road SafetyConference, 2007).
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y In Ghana 45 percent of those killed in road
accidents are pedestrians, 70 percent are
males, 25% of all road fatalities are under
16, 60 per cent are between 18-55yrs, and 65 per cent of road accidents occur in rural
areas. Women become widows and single
parents prematurely. Children are unable to
go to school, and become destitute. In the
mid 1990s, cyclists accounted for over 50
fatalities and 400 casualties every year.
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y In general, pedestrians and cyclists are four
times more likely to be affected by RTAs
than motorized vehicles. And yet despite the
high incidences of RTAs for cyclists, theoverwhelming majority of cyclists have
neither received training nor wear protective
equipment whilst riding, thereby
endangering themselves on two counts. As
such, they pose a danger not only to
themselves but to other road users as well
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CURRENT SITUATION REPORTCURRENT SITUATION REPORT
y Statistically, Kenyas crash and fatality
figures are high, with drivers, pedestrians,
and young persons recording large
numbers of deaths. Though numbers ofcrashes are decreasing, the severity of the
crashes is increasing. Causes of crashes
appear to be similar to those in othercountries, with the human factor being the
highest
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WHAT IS ROAD SAFETY?WHAT IS ROAD SAFETY?
y Road Safety involves all measures taken by
all stakeholders (government, motorists,
pedestrians and other road users) in
ensuring accident-free roads that wouldnot pose any risk or harm to all road
users.
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PROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY INPROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY IN
NIGERIANIGERIAy LACK OF ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION
Drivers
Pedestrians
School Children
Other Road Users
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y The environment in which a child lives has asignificant impact on the type of transportand traffic they are exposed to and thisneeds to be taken into consideration whendesigning an education plan for children.
y Children in areas with lower income level,are typically more exposed to traffic, as they
often start walking to school or using publictransport alone, at an earlier age.
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y Other external factors include the social
environments in lower income areas with
social problems, the focus of the parent is
on other social problems and noteducating their children about traffic
safety.
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PROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY INPROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY IN
AFRICAAFRICAy LACK OF ROAD SAFETY LAWS/
IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES
y BAD ROADS
y MOST VEHICLES ARE NOT ROAD
WORTHY
y INEXPERIENCED DRIVERS
y ILL-EQUIPPED WORK FORCE
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PROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY INPROBLEMS OF ROAD SAFETY IN
AFRICAAFRICAy RECKLESS/ DRUNKEN DRIVING
y IMPROPER ISSUANCE OF DRIVERS
LICENSE
y IMPROPER CONSTUCTION OF
ROADS TO ACCOMMODATE ALL
ROAD USERS SUCH AS CHILDREN,
CYCLISTS,ETC
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WHY CHILD ROAD SAFETY?WHY CHILD ROAD SAFETY?
y Children behave differently from adults in traffic.
Children have physical and mental
characteristics that limit their ability to handle
complex traffic situations.y They have limited attention span and cannot
concentrate on a task longer than a period of
time.
y Up to the age of 7, their senses are not fullydeveloped and they do not have the same visual
and hearing abilities as adults.
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WHY CHILD ROAD SAFETY?WHY CHILD ROAD SAFETY?
y Their observations are guided strongly by
fantasies and emotions. They cannot
distinguish between their inner world
(their thoughts) and the external or realworld.
y They have a limited sense of danger
y They imitate the often bad behaviour ofothers, especially older children.
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y Older children and adolescents may
actively indulge in risk taking behaviours
that are exacerbated by peer pressure.
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WHY CHILD ROAD SAFETY?WHY CHILD ROAD SAFETY?
y Older children and adolescents may
actively indulge in risk taking behaviours
that are exacerbated by peer pressure.
Road safety is an issue of immense human
proportions; it is an issue of economic
proportions; its an issue of social proportions
and its also an issue of equity. Road safety
very much affects poor people.James Wolfensohn, President - WorldBank,1999
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Why Children Are Particularly Vulnerable On The RoadWhy Children Are Particularly Vulnerable On The Road
The child is relatively small in relation to vehicles,The child is relatively small in relation to vehicles,
buildings and therefore has a limited view of his/herbuildings and therefore has a limited view of his/her
environmentenvironment
When standing on the pavement / side of the road,When standing on the pavement / side of the road,
behind or in front of vehicle the child can not seebehind or in front of vehicle the child can not see
oncoming traffic and theoncoming traffic and the
driver can not see the child.driver can not see the child.
Vulnerable body parts such as the head, chest andVulnerable body parts such as the head, chest and
abdomen are at the same height as the bonnet of a carabdomen are at the same height as the bonnet of a carand are most often hit in an accident.and are most often hit in an accident.
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Why Children Are ParticularlyWhy Children Are Particularly
Vulnerable On The RoadVulnerable On The Road Collisions in which children are often result
in brain injury. Because of the softness of theskull, it is easily damaged.The child's head is large in comparison withthe rest of his body. In a collision the child isflung through the air and usually lands onhis/her head.The young child's movement in traffic isoften quick, uncertain and clumsy and theirmovement impulsive.
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CHILD SAFETYCHILD SAFETY
y Drivers and cyclists are urged to be
careful near schools, churches, mosques,
markets, snack shop, ice cream stalls,
parks fruits trees, or street hawkers,because children are usually found in such
places.
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WHEN TRAVELLING WITHWHEN TRAVELLING WITH
CHILDRENCHILDRENy Children between the ages of 0-12 months
should not ride in front of the vehicle. This isfor their safety. Where children of given agegroups are carried on the front seat, theyshould ride facing the rear using childrestraint. The restraint should be attached,such that the child would face the rear ofthe seat.
y Children from ages 1-7 should ride facingthe front of the car in a childs seat, strappedproperly to the back seat.
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CONTDCONTD
y Do not carry a child on your laps as he or
she may be crushed between your body and
the dash board if there is a crash.
y Do not allow the children to play with thehandle of the doors or locks, use child lock
while driving where available.
y Do not allow children to ride in the luggage
area of hatch backs, station wagons or vans.
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CONTDCONTD
y Do not leave a hatch back open when a
child is riding in the back seat.
y It is against the law to transport children
under age 16 at the back of a pick-up van.
y Children from age 7 and above should
ride in a vehicle facing the front but
securely restrained with safety belt.
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CHILD SEATCHILD SEAT
y This is a special safety seat for a child that
is fitted into a car. Ensure that the child is
correctly placed in a child safety seat. This
reduces the possibility of an injury ordeath in an event of a crash.
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WHAT TO DO WHEN WALKINGWHAT TO DO WHEN WALKING
WITH A CHILDWITH A CHILDy While walking, face on coming vehicle;
hold the child on your left such that you
will be between the child and the vehicle.
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CHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGECHILDREN OF SCHOOL AGE
y While crossing the road, children shoulduse overhead/foot bridges where they areprovided.
y
While walking on the road, childrenshould always face the traffic.
y Children should always use the pavementwhere provided.
y Children should not play on the roads.
y Children should wear reflective clothes atdusk.
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INTERVENTIONS TO ENSUREINTERVENTIONS TO ENSURE
ROAD SAFETYROAD SAFETYy Calling the global road safety crisis "a major public
health problem" with a "broad range of social and
economic consequences," the 64th General Assembly of
the United Nations passed a resolution March 2
proclaiming 2011-2020 the Decade of Action for RoadSafety.
y Representatives of the Global Road Safety Partnership
(GRSP) met with road safety stake holders in Lagos and
Abuja, Nigeria in August 2010 to discuss the
establishment of a national road safety partnership
between the public sector, (led by the Nigerian Federal
Road Safety Commission), private sector organizations
and civil society.
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
y A national medium or long term Road Safety Plan is aprerequisite for achieving sustainable improvements inroad safety. The plan should set measurable long termand mid-term road safety targets, build capacity of localinstitutions, and provide alternative sources of financingfor road safety measures.
y Publicity Programs
Road user education and awareness raising is animportant part of any road safety strategy. To be
effective such activity must be based on analysis of dataand should be designed and monitored in a systematicway to ensure success.
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
y Driver Training and Testing: With road user error
contributing to the vast majority of road crashes, the
development of safe drivers, skilled in defensive driving
techniques, should be the primary objective of any road
safety program. Driving examiners in developing countries
are rarely given special training and driving tests an
inadequate test of ability to drive safely in traffic on real
roads.
y Traffic Law and Enforcement: In most developing
countries the Traffic Police are grossly under-resourced andunder-trained to deal effectively with road safety violations.
Effective traffic law enforcement can play an important role
in reducing traffic crashes.
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
y Road Safety Research: Research and Development is
an important part of safety work and should be
incorporated into road safety programs. Road safety
research aims to improve knowledge about factors
contributing to road crashes, effects of differentcountermeasures, and development of new and more
effective safety measures. It forms the framework of
knowledge against which better policy and resource
allocation decisions can be made to ensure most
effective use of available resources.
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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS
y The Role of NGOs: Road safety cannot be the
responsibility of government alone. The commercial sector,
service organisations and non-Governmental Organisations
(NGOs) play an important role in increasing road safety
awareness. NGOs have an important input at grass roots
level.
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
y Children will always be children.
y Child road safety in Africa requires acomprehensive approach, including
involvement from parents, teachers,communities, governmental and non-governmental organizations. Acomprehensive approach also includetraining programs in classrooms, educatingchildren with plays, booklets, games andtraining them in real life scenarios
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REFERENCESREFERENCES
y Arrive Alive (2004), Road Traffic and Fatal Crash Statistics 1990-
2003
y Bicycle Helmet Safety Institute, How Children See Traffic, City of
Madison Department of Transportation, Traffic Engineering Division,
www.bhsi.org
y Carlsson, Gunnar, and Karl-Olov Hedman. 1990. A Systematic
Approach to Road Safety in Developing Countries. INU 63,
Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, World Bank,
Washington, DC.
y Department for Transport (2004), Childrens Traffic Safety:
International lessons for the UK
y Federal Road Safety Commission,Nigeria (2008). Nigeria Highway
Code.
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yTHANK YOU