chile csf evaluation · evaluation of chile for classical swine fever (g39) february 12, 2002 - 6 -...

Evaluation of Chile for Classical Swine Fever

February 12, 2002

(Disponible en français sur demande)

Animal Health Risk Analysis Analyse des risques zoosanitairesAnimal, Plant and Food Risk Analysis Groupe d'analyse des risques zoosanitaires,Network (APFRAN) phytosanitaires et alimentaires (GARZPA)P. O. Box 11300, Station 'H' C. P. 11300, Succursale H3851 Fallowfield Road 3851, chemin FallowfieldOttawa, Ontario, Canada K2H 8P9 Ottawa (Ontario) Canada K2H 8P9

Evaluation of Chile for classical swine fever (G39) February 12, 2002

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Evaluation of Chile for Classical Swine Fever

The Government of Chile, Ministry of Agriculture submitted the document entitled “Chile - a country free ofclassical swine fever” to Dr. N. Willis, Executive Director, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease,Winnipeg, received January 11, 2000. In the cover letter, dated October 8, 1999, of Dr. Claudio PobleteAmaro, Chief of the Department of Livestock Protection, a request was made for Canada to recognize Chileas free of classical swine fever.

1. DISEASE OF CONCERN - Classical swine fever (hog cholera). 2. REPORT OF CASES

Chile has not reported cases of classical swine fever since August 1996.

From 1981 - 1991, 262 outbreaks of classical swine fever occurred. Then in 1992, 34 outbreaks occurred. Five of these outbreaks were in commercial herds and in the ensuing years, outbreaks occurred in 1 or 2commercial herds in 1993 and 1994. The rest of the outbreaks were in family herds. According to theChilean document (Chile 1999, section 12), "the higher incidence in 1992 is a sign of the high monitoringperformed on the major industrial infection sources and the dissemination factors". In addition, onecommercial herd outbreak in 1992 remained under control until 1995. In 1995 and 1996, the singleoutbreaks were in a family farm, the same farm over the two years in Region II (Chile 1999, section 12). The spread of classical swine fever in Chile has been from the commercial herds to family herds and notboth ways (Chile 1999, section 12).

The historical picture of classical swine fever in Chile since 1981 is presented below in Figure 1.


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Figure 1. No. of outbreaks of classical swine fever in Chile 1981-2001

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Year

No.

34 outbreaks, 5 of which were commercial herds

15 outbreaks of which 1 was a commercial herd

14 outbreaks of which 1 or 2 were commercial herds


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3. VETERINARY INFRASTRUCTURE

Organization and structure of veterinary services of the country, region or zone are known.

3.1 Organigrams - see Chile(1999) Appendix 2 and Appendix 3.

3.2 Animal health budget - no information provided.

3.3 Number of veterinarians per sector - see Table 1 below and Chile (1999) section 2,“Structure Of The Official Veterinarian Service”.

3.4 Legislation - regulatory measures for the prevention and control of the disease - see Chile(1999), section 21, “Legal Antecedents” and section 7, “Animal Transit Control”.

3.5 Monitoring and audit programs - see brief mention of zoosanitary and sanitary qualitymonitoring Chile (1999), section 2, “Structure Of The Official Veterinarian Service”.

3.6 Livestock populations (recent census) - see Table 1 and figure 2 below representing the pigpopulation as reported by the National Institute for Statistics (INE), 1997 census and Chile(1999), section 3, “Main Facts About The Pig Sector In Chile”. The average herd size ofcommercial herds in 1997 was 4526 swine. An update to this census information wasprovided by Naranjo (2001) (see below), in which the number of commercial herds isdramatically reduced. In addition, the number of family herds is reduced from 40,000 in1997 to 15,000 currently averaging only about 1 or 2 pigs per family farm.


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Additional Information on the Biosecurity and Production of Commercial SwineHerds in Chile

About 100 commercial herds comprising 140,000 sows exist in Chile today. All areclosed farrow to finish operations. There are 3-4 genetic herds, 2 of which are PICnucleus herds of high genetics. One of the 100 commercial herds has 70,000 sowslocated in 14 premises in a mountainous area (4 premises for reproduction, the other 10for growing and finishing). The commercial herds obtain an average of 25 pigs weanedper sow per year. Fourteen herds comprise a total of 30,000 sows and the remaining85 herds comprise 40,000 sows. The number of commercial herds has decreasedsince the previous census although the commercial herds still produce 92-95% of all theswine production in Chile.

In the previous census there were 40,000 family operations while with the recent censusthis number has diminished to 15,000. These operations average only 1 or 2 pigs. Thefamily operations are not efficient and as feed costs escalate more are going out ofoperation. While the commercial operation is able to produce a low fat pig, this is notthe case with the family operation. Some family operations exist because they havetheir own feed crops. One of the commercial herds owns a distribution chain for bothpork and poultry meat and this has had an impact on the viability of family operations. The family operations are located mostly in the South, Regions VIII and IX. Familyoperations kill and butcher their own pigs.

The commercial operations are located mostly in Region VI and in the MetropolitanRegion. A number of these operations have contracts for pork with Japan, which hasaccepted both the herds and abattoirs as adhering to Good Practices. The largestcommercial farm and the other 14 large herds, mentioned above, operate under a formalorganization to maintain strict quality control and practices. This organizationcooperates fully with SAG so that all output is certified by SAG and provided with asanitary certificate. The organization owns 3-4 abattoirs for its exclusive use. Japanaccepts the safety of pork from this organization, not necessarily recognizing Chile ashog cholera free. The biosecurity of the commercial herds in this organization includesBiosafety Good Practices, prohibition of pork products being introduced by farmworkers, and an external fence. The herds are audited 4 times yearly by an externalsource and records have to be maintained on the operation and the norms to befollowed. The set of norms is evaluated at 1000 points. Any farm that fails to meet atleast 600 points is removed from the organization. The norms include many biosecurityaspects such as truck washing, workers to shower before entry and to wear only farmclothing. The genetic nucleus herds are only visited by veterinarians at the beginning ofthe week and no other visitors are permitted until 48 hours have elapsed. The geneticnucleus herds have live-in workers while the remaining herds have both live-in and live-out workers. The herds do not import more than 100 pigs per year, an importquarantine site is located nearby. Eighty percent of the total pork production in Chile isproduced by this organization, amounting to 2.5 million pigs per year out of a total of 2.8million pigs.


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Region Veterinarians Technicians Commercial FamilyTotal Population No. of Herds Family 1998 1996-2001

I 3 21 5,150 5,150 198II 1 3 3,104 3,104 10 221III 3 3 2,003 2,003 197IV 3 8 4,363 966 8 3,397 56V 12 29 76,046 75,202 44 844 309 12

RM 23 21 421,661 418,963 67 2,698 855 25VI 6 7 519,513 517,410 57 2,103 769 80VII 9 21 128,638 103,275 28 25,363 320 69VIII 14 21 227,580 162,824 24 64,756 370 280IX 12 12 190,933 29,351 61 161,582 108 328X 23 27 130,959 130,959 6 39XI 7 9 4,034 4,034 804XII 10 10 2,897 2,897 250

Central 48 21Totals 174 213 1,716,881 1,307,991 289 408,890 2747 2559

CommercialVeterinary Services in 1999 Pig Population in 1997 Serology (ELISA)

Table 1. Veterinary services, swine population and classical swine fever serological tests in Chile according to Region..


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Figure 2. Pig population in Chile by Region in 1997

0

100,000

200,000

300,000

400,000

500,000

600,000

I II III IV V RM VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Region

Nu

mb

er

Total population Commercial Family


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3.7 Industries profile (animal identification, marketing, movement patterns, feed and slaughterindustries, biological and pharmaceutical industries) - see Chile (1999) section 6,“Slaughter Plants”, section 8, “Domestic Pig Market”; Chile (2001), Figure 5. Per CapitaMeat Consumption

Marketing - see Chile (2001), Figures 6, 7, and 8.

Slaughter industries - see Chile (1999), section 6, “Slaughter Plants” and Chile (2001),Figures 9 and 10.

3.8 Training and educational programs - see Chile (1999), section 15, “Links Between PublicAnd Private Sectors”. For all “Red Diseases” (hog cholera, erysipelas, salmonellosis andPRRS), there is a program of education of the swine producers with respect to thediseases, garbage feeding practices, and submission of specimens to the laboratory fordisease confirmation (Naranjo 2001).

4. LABORATORY SUPPORT

Laboratory support is adequate.

4.1 Level of containment - no information provided.

4.2 Diagnostic methods (protocols) - see Chile (1999), section 17, “Laboratory Diagnosis” for abrief history of implementation of the direct immunofluorescence test (IFD) for antigendetection in 1981, the use of pig kidney cells (PK15) to improve the specificity of the IFD in1985, implementation of the serum neutralization test in 1985 and implementation of theELISA serological test in 1994.

4.3 Transport of samples - no information provided.4.4 Expertise of people - no information provided.

5. SURVEILLANCE MEASURES

The country, region or zone being evaluated must demonstrate that an effective system ofsurveillance is in place for early investigation of clinical disease, detection of the agent andreporting disease incidence and prevalence.

5.1 Scientifically-based surveys - see Chile (1999), section 18, in which 21,970 organ tissueswere systematically collected at abattoirs in Regions V to IX and Region RM over the years1994-96 and tested for classical swine fever virus by the immunofluorescence test. Of 16,602 samples that were collected during 1994-95, 70 specimens originating from 6 premiseswere IFD positive. Four of the premises had classical swine fever outbreaks in 1993, onepremises had an outbreak in 1986 and the other premises had not been previouslyinfected. None of the 6 premises presented clinical signs and serological testing in these6 premises according to the scheme presented in Chile (1999), section 19, “VigilanceProcess” and Appendix 4, was negative for classical swine fever. Serum samples werecollected three times during the growing and fattening periods of a total of 240 hogs and


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organ tissues of each hog were IFD tested and found negative. About 5% of the 21, 970tissue specimens originated from pigs of family operations (Chile 2001).

Commercial Herds

The 95% upper confidence level on the herd prevalence of infection (based on 289 herds, ofwhich 5 became infected in 1992, 1 in 1993 and 2 in 1994) was estimated as less than0.003, based on 9 years of herd observations (1992-2001) and a sensitivity of classicalswine fever detection of 90% in a commercial herd.

The serological survey conducted in fattening pigs of commercial herds in 1998 (Chile1999, section 19) revealed 0 positive of 2747 samples ELISA tested. If this survey wasbased on a random sample of hogs and an ELISA test with a sensitivity ofBetaPert(80%,90%,95%), one could conclude that the 95% confidence level of themaximum seroprevalence in the commercial hogs was 0.0014, given that all testednegative. Figure 3 presents the commercial swine population and the serological sampleproportions by Region, illustrating the representativeness of the sampling by Region. Figure 4 presents the probability distribution of the 95% upper confidence of the maximumseroprevalence in the commercial hogs.

Family HerdsThe serological survey conducted through representative sampling of hogs originating fromfamily herds during the years 1996-2001, revealed 0 positive serum samples of 2559 ELISAtested. If this survey was based on a random sample of hogs and an ELISA test with asensitivity of BetaPert(80%,90%,95%), one could conclude that the 95% confidence levelof the maximum seroprevalence in the family farm hogs was 0.0013, given that all testednegative. Figure 5 presents the family farm swine population and the serological sampleproportions by Region, illustrating the representativeness of the sampling by Region. Ofthe 2559 serum samples tested, 1054 samples originated from Regions XI and XII whichnever experienced outbreaks of classical swine fever and which were considered asecosystems from of the disease (Chile 1999, section 12). Figure 6 presents the probabilitydistribution of the 95% upper confidence of the maximum seroprevalence in the family farmhogs.

5.2 Routine sampling and testing of animals - continuous serological surveillance for classicalswine fever antibodies will be an ongoing activity beginning in 2002 (Chile 2001). Directsurveillance for hog cholera is conducted when needed as in suspect cases (Naranjo2001). Submissions of samples from suspect cases with negative results during the period1997-98 are presented in the Chilean document Chile (1999), section 19, “Records OfClassical Swine Fever Suspects Attention, 1997-98 Term, Chile”.

5.3 Organized sentinel program, if appropriate - sentinel herds are monitored in high risk areasto bring forward to the attention of SAG any hog cholera virus activity (Naranjo 2001).

5.4 Banking of biological specimens for retrospective studies, if needed - no informationprovided.


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Figure 3. Commercial swine population - 1997 population and 1998 serological sample proportions by Region

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45


Region

Population proportion

Sample proportion


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Figure 4. Distribution of maximum prevalence -commercial...

Val

ues

in 1

0^ 3

Values in 10^-3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Mean=1.223483E-03

1.1 1.1625 1.225 1.2875 1.351.1 1.1625 1.225 1.2875 1.35

5% 90% 5% 1.17 1.29

Mean=1.223483E-03

Figure 6. Distribution of maximum prevalence- family farms

Val

ues

in 1

0^ 3

Values in 10^-3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Mean=1.31331E-03

1.2 1.275 1.35 1.425 1.51.2 1.275 1.35 1.425 1.5

5% 90% 5% 1.25 1.39

Mean=1.31331E-03


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Figure 5. Family swine population - 1997 population and 1996-2001 serological sample proportions by Region

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45


Region

Population proportion

Sample proportion


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6. IMPORT POLICIES

In 1998, the importation of pork into Chile amounted to 1,215 tonnes at a value of $1.8 million (US$) (Chile 1999, section 9, “Foreign Trade of Pig Sector”).

7. CONTROL MEASURES

Control measures are in place to prevent spread of the disease if reintroduced into the country. Sections 13 to 16 (Chile 1999) detail the control and eradication measures in place to eradicateclassical swine fever. Indemnification to producers following the eradication of classical swine feveris achieved through an insurance program (Chile 1999, section 16). The control measures reportedto the OIE for the year 2000 (OIE 2001) are not indicated which appears to be a reporting errorsince previous annual reports (1998 and 1999) indicate: * (notifiable disease), Qf (quarantinemeasures at the frontier), S (stamping-out), Su (surveillance), and Vp (vaccination prohibited).

8. VACCINATION PRACTISES

Vaccines against classical swine fever were prohibited from use on October 6, 1997 (Chile 1999,section 21). There were 1,723,900 swine vaccinated in 1996 as reported to the OIE (www.oie.int)while there were 2,006,720 doses produced and approved in 1996 and 2,060,300 doses producedand approved in 1997 (Chile 1999, section 20). On April 6, 1998 Chile declared itself free withoutvaccination (Chile 1999, section 22).

CONCLUSIONS

Chile’s swine population is free of classical swine fever, based, in particular, on the following:

• the serological surveys of both commercial and family herds illustrating, with a high probability, avery low maximum prevalence of classical swine fever in either population

• the absence of the disease in commercial herds since 1995• the absence of the disease in family herds since August 1996 (recurrence of infection in a single

herd that was detected in 1995)• prohibition of classical swine fever vaccination since October 6, 1997• the recent population dynamics to larger and fewer commercial herds (currently about 100

commercial herds) and the dramatic reduction in the number and size of family herds (currentlyabout 15,000 family herds, averaging 1 or 2 pigs) since the 1997 agricultural census.


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REFERENCES

Chile (1999). Chile - a country free from classical swine fever. Government of Chile, Agriculture andLivestock Service, Department of Livestock Protection, Epidemiological Surveillance. 27 pp. Englishversion.

Chile (2001). Epidemiological data on classical swine fever on small farms, October 2001. Government ofChile, Agriculture and Livestock Service, Department of Livestock Protection, Epidemiological Surveillance.11 pp. Spanish version.

Naranjo J. (2001). Government of Chile, Agriculture and Livestock Service, Department of LivestockProtection, Epidemiological Surveillance. Personal communication in San Salvador, El Salvador, June 28th.

Office international des épizooties (OIE). World Animal Health in 2000. Volumes 1 and 2.


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Appendix

1. Document entitled “Chile - a country free from classical swine fever”. Government of Chile, Agricultureand Livestock Service, Department of Livestock Protection, Epidemiological Surveillance. 1999.

2. Document entitled “Epidemiological data on classical swine fever on small farms, October 2001". Government of Chile, Agriculture and Livestock Service, Department of Livestock Protection,Epidemiological Surveillance. October 1999. English translation of Spanish document.

REPUBLIC OF CHILEMINISTRY OF AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK SERVICEDEPARTMENT OF LIVESTOCK PROTECTIONSUBDEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGYCALSURVEILLANCE

CHILE: A COUNTRY FREE FROM CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER

Chile - 1999

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. MAIN FACTS ABOUT CHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2. STRUCTURE OF THE OFFICIAL VETERINARIAN SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

3. MAIN FACTS ABOUT THE PIG SECTOR IN CHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4. INDUSTRIAL PIG PRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

5. FAMILY PIG PRODUCTION (BACKYARD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6. SLAUGHTER PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7. ANIMAL TRANSIT CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

8. DOMESTIC PIG MARKET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

9. FOREIGN TRADE OF PIG SECTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

10. ANTECEDENTS OF THE DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

11. HISTORICAL EPIDEMIC FACTS ABOUT CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER IN CHILE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

12. PROJECT SITUATION ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF CLASSICAL SWINE FEVEROUTBREAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

13. GOALS OF THE CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER ERADICATION PROJECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

14. LINES OF ACTION OF THE PROJECT FOR CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER ERADICATIONIN CHILE.OBJECTIVES: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

15. LINKS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

16. FINAL STAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

17. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

18. CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER MONITORING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

19. VIGILIANCE PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

20. CONTROL OF VACCINES AGAINST CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

21. LEGAL ANTECEDENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

22. DECLARATION OF CHILE AS A COUNTRY FREE FROM CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

APPENDICES

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1. MAIN FACTS ABOUT CHILE

Geographic Situation: Chile is a country belonging to three continents, as its territory lies within SouthAmerica, Antarctica and Oceania. It is situated on the southWestern part of the Southern Cone of SouthAmerica, extending onto the Antarctic Continent and reaching Easter Island, in Polynesia. Moreover, itsterritory includes the Juan Fernandez Archipelago and San Felix, San Ambrosio and Salas y GomezIslands. Its lengthy and narrow shape causes a great diversity of landscapes, climates and flora. Itsgeography is uneven and mountainous, and it is decorated with a great number of rivers, lakes and lagoons.(Appendix 1)

Boundaries: North: Peru, East: Bolivia and Argentina, South: South Pole, West: Pacific Ocean.Area: 756,096.3 km.2 (*)Population: 14,622,354 inhabitantsLanguage: Spanish (Other Languages: Mapuche, Quechua, Aymara and Pascuense)Administrative Division: Thirteen Regions (divided into 51 provinces and 335 municipalities):Tarapaca (I Region)Antofagasta (11 Region)Atacama (111 Region)Coquimbo (IV Region)Valparaiso (V Region)Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins (VI Region)Maule (VII Region)Biobio (VIII Region)La Araucania (IX Region)Los Lagos (X Region)Aysén del General Carlos lbañez del Campo (XI Region)Magallanes y Antartica Chilena (XII Region)Metropolitana de Santiago (Metropolitan Region)Capital: Santiago (Metropolitan Region)

* excludes Chilean Antarctic Territory (1.250.000 km.2) and inner sea waters.Source: National Institute for Statistics (INE), Statistical Abstract 1997.

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1. CHILE'S TOTAL, FOREST, AGRICULTURAL AND CATTLE FOREIGN TRADE

The following tables exhibit details and figures of Chile's exports and imports during the 1992-1998 period.

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS BETWEEN CHILE AND THE WORLD, 1992-1998 (MILLIONS US$)

IMPORTS

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Total Country 9670.2 10771.4 11412.6 15348.3 17353.1 18299.9 17265.4

Other sectors 9018.2 10087.9 10065.1 14305.7 16105.2 17030.4 16003.5

Forest. Agriculture andCattle

652.0 683.5 807.5 1042.6 1247.9 1269.5 1261.9

Cattle 170.2 187.7 173.4 229.9 270.8 289.8 281.2

Agriculture 468.2 474.6 606.3 769.6 920.5 915.8 915.3

Forest 13.6 231.2 27.7 43.1 56.5 63.9 65.4

EXPORTS

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Total Country 10125.5 9416.2 11643.4 16444.7 15396.2 17024.8 14757.1

Other sectors 7357.2 6713.5 8368.9 11971.4 11226.3 12754.5 10443.2

Forest. Agriculture andCattle

2768.3 2702.7 3274.5 4473.3 4169.9 4270.3 4313.9

Cattle 69.2 65.1 102.9 112.5 116.3 164.0 168.9

Agriculture 1660.4 1540.9 1721.0 2095.3 2510.1 2458.3 2700.4

Forest 1038.7 1096.7 1450.6 2265.5 1453.5 1647.9 1444.5

Source: ODEPA Statistics

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF CATTLE PRODUCTS CLASSIFIED BY SOURCE ANDDESTINATION MARKETS. 1992-1998 PERIOD. (THOUSANDS US$).

IMPORTS

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Total 170191 187707 173423 229907 270819 289773 281232

EEC 18891 29593 12691 17150 28464 13481 24353

APEC 35680 40586 42749 52530 52177 49102 42855

MERCOSUR 95636 103963 111512 152801 180261 221345 205342

OTHER 19984 13565 6471 7426 9917 5845 8682

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EXPORTS

Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

Total 69199 65067 102900 112512 116310 164037 168941

EEC 20323 18739 24174 26809 32050 50575 45724

APEC 16313 8689 15389 16990 21261 28537 47293

MERCOSUR 17389 20951 36049 36391 20268 44456 33188

OTHER 15174 16688 27288 32322 47731 40469 42736


2. STRUCTURE OF THE OFFICIAL VETERINARIAN SERVICE

Organization and structure of the Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG)

Agriculture and Livestock Service (SAG) is a non-centralized organization, which has a legal constitutionand a patrimony of its own. It is responsible to the Ministry of Agriculture, and its mission is to support theenhancement of competitiveness, sustainability and equity level within the forest, agriculture and cattlesectors, through improvements to the condition of the state of production resources related to sanitary,environmental, genetic and geographic dimensions, and nutrition quality development.

In order to fulfill its duties, the Service exhibits a nationwide coverage, and it has founded its organization,basically on three structural levels (Appendix 2).

Strategic Central Ruling levelTactical Regional Coordination levelOperative Sector Executive level

Superior direction, organization and administration of the Service are duties of its National Director, who isat the same time its legal representative. The central level is composed of five Technical Departments:Agriculture Protection, Livestock Protection, Renewable Natural Resources Protection, Seed, andLaboratories and Quarantine Stations. It also has six Counseling Departments: Juridical, Planning andStudies, Internal Controlling, International Affairs, General Secretary and Administration and Finance.

Coordination and execution of the various programs carried out by the Service are geographically andfunctionally distributed according to the administrative division of the country, among the 13 regions; whichdevelop their activities through 63 Sector Offices.

The Animal Health Authority within the Republic of Chile settles on the Agriculture and Livestock Service,which enforces it through its Livestock Protection Program (Appendix 3), committed to the development ofthe country's cattle patrimony through protection, care and improvement of animal health, sanitary qualityand harmlessness of the subsector's products, by-products and consumable goods, as well ascollaborating with the development and consolidation of the cattle industry and technology in order tosupport the productive exporting efforts made by the subsector and the country.

In order to accomplish this mission, three areas have been defined to develop the program's tasks

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1. Zoosanitary: with constant monitoring actions, Defense and Laboratory Diagnosis, and sanitaryimprovement through disease control and eradication programs (brucellosis, hydatidosis, and goathealth).

2. Sanitary Quality: through control and certification of exportable products and by-products, residuemonitoring and control on cattle products, registry and control of biological and pharmaceuticalproducts for veterinarian use.

3. Cattle Industry and Technology: collaborating with technological development and consolidation ofcattle industry, proposing rules and standards related to the quality of milk and its sub-products,enforcing the Law on Meat Classification and standardization and the rules concerning control of animalfeed.

The table below exhibits the Service's personnel endowment:

OFFICIAL VETERINARIAN SERVICE'S PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL PERSONNELENDOWMENT

Region Professional Technician Total

I 3 21 24

II 1 3 4

III 3 3 6

IV 3 8 11

V 12 29 41

R.M. 23 21 44

VI 6 7 13

VII 9 21 30

VIII 14 21 35

IX 12 12 24

X 23 27 50

XI 7 9 16

XII 10 10 20

CENTRAL 48 21 69

TOTAL 174 213 387

The Ministry of Health holds Public Health authority in Chile, through its Health Agencies System (27Agencies cover the whole national territory). Among its functions, it authorizes controls and guarantees thatall the products reserved for human consumption are elaborated under a proper sanitary condition, grantingpermission to abattoirs and processing plants that elaborate cattle products for domestic consumption.

- 7 -

3. MAIN FACTS ABOUT THE PIG SECTOR IN CHILE

The Sixth National Agricultural Census, carded out in 1997, revealed the national pig livestock, totaling1,716,881 head of livestock. The most relevant regions are the V1 Region and the Metropolitan Region(R.M.), which, summed up, concentrate 54.82% of the nation's livestock.

PIG LIVESTOCK, CHILE, 1997

Regions Stock Share (%)

I 5,150 0.30

II 3,104 0.18

III 2,003 0.12

IV 4,363 0.25

V 76,046 4.43

R.M. 421,661 24.56

VI 519,513 30.26

VII 128,638 7.49

VIII 227,580 13.26

IX 190,933 11.12

X 130,959 7.63

XI 4,034 0.23

XII 2,897 0.17

Total 1.716,881 100.00

Source. National Institute for Statistics (INE).

Pig breeders, abattoirs and sausage processing plants have achieved a high technological level, as in theproduction premises, as well as the slaughtering, industrial processing and marketing stages.

4. INDUSTRIAL PIG PRODUCTION

It is important to point out that, since the late 70's, domestic pig production has undergone a progressivetransformation. At the present time, more than 76% of the livestock is concentrated in industrial premises,totaling 289 farms that range, basically, from Region IV to IX. According to estimates derived from acensus among pig producers, farms within these regions totaled 1.307.991 head.

- 8 -

PIG LIVESTOCK IN DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL FARMS, JUNE 1997

Region Stock Number of farms

Heads %

Total 1.307.991 100,0 289

IV 966 0,1 8

V 75.202 5,7 44

R.M. 418.963 32,1 67

VI 517.410 39,6 57

VII 103.275 7,9 28

VIII 162.824 12,4 24

IX 29.351 2,2 61

Source. National Institute for Statistics (INE) (Pig forms census).

5. FAMILY PIG PRODUCTION (BACKYARD)

Family pig breeding is an activity spread nationwide in rural sectors, and totals 408,890 head.The maximum share concentrates in the southern part of the country, in regions VIII, IX and X.

PIG LIVESTOCK IN FAMILY FARMS (*), CHILE, 1997

Regions Stock (thousands of heads) Share (%)

I 5150 1.3

II 3104 0.8

III 2003 0.5

IV 3397 0.8

V 844 0.2

R.M. 2698 0.7

VI 2103 0.5

VII 25363 6.2

VIII 64756 15.8

IX 161582 39.5

X 130959 32.0

XI 4034 1.0

XII 2897 0.7

Total 408890 100.00

Source: (*)1997 census estimates, National Institute for Statistics (INE).

- 9 -

6. SLAUGHTER PLANTS

Law 19.162, known also as the "Meat Law", aimed mainly to develop a deep change in the meat marketingsystems within the country. At the same time the number of slaughterhouses was decreased, becausethey did not fulfill the needs for infrastructure, equipment and mode of operation. By the time this law cameinto force, a significant number of abattoirs ceased their operations because their slaughter volume did notjustify the investments required to fulfill the required standards.

The Metropolitan Region is the main consumption and slaughtering center in the country, concentratingmore than 45% of domestic slaughter, reaching this figure by bringing livestock from cattle producingregions.

Abattoirs (MAT) are by majority concentrated in the X, IX, VIII, VII, R.M. (Metropolitan) and V Regions,which coincide with the places with a higher number of head of cattle and/or the place of the main urbandistricts within the country.

In relation to Self-Consumption Slaughter Centers (CFA), they represent about a third of the placeswarranted by the SAG services for animal slaughtering.

SLAUGHTER PLANTS, BROKEN DOWN BY REGIONS, CHILE, 1998

Regions

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII R.M. Total

MAT 4 3 2 7 9 12 10 17 12 16 3 8 11 114

CFA 1 0 1 3 0 5 0 10 2 8 20 0 0 50

Total 5 3 3 10 9 17 10 27 14 24 23 8 11 164

7. ANIMAL TRANSIT CONTROL

Animal transit control is granted and regulated by the "Law of Animal Health" disposition, DFL RRA No 16 of19.02.63, which, in its Third Chapter, describes the procedure for regulating animal transit by means of the"Guide for free animal transit" paper, which determines that livestock transport throughout the territory ofthe Republic must be subject to a Free Transit Waybill. Besides the preceding, there is a tax-relateddisposition that forces shippers to furnish a waybill or invoice on those animals in transit.

Free transit waybills, along with tax seals and fiscal stamps, are issued by the Municipal Treasury, whichgrants transit along public roads, railroads, air and water ways. By the other way, managers of livestockmarkets or abattoirs shall not be able to sell at auction or to slaughter an animal without having thecorresponding free transit waybill in sight.

The above mentioned persons are obliged to preserve at the establishment they operate, for a three yearterm, the waybills that prove the origin of the livestock they sold or slaughtered.

Every free transit waybill is countersigned by the Chilean Police, at the police control, which is closest tothe place of origin or the way of transit of the animals.

- 10 -

The data entered on the free transit waybills includes:

• Name of the animal's owner• Destination person, establishment or market’s name• Sketch of the owners proprietary mark• Species, gender and number of head• Signature of the animal's owner, or the precedence premise, market or establishment's manager.

8. DOMESTIC PIG MARKET

Modern production conditions at industrial premises, together with the implementation of high technology,have made possible, during 1998, the slaughtering of 2.839.274 head. This has contributed, among otherachievements, to the generation of exportable surplus.

PIG SLAUGHTERING AND PORK PRODUCTION, CHILE 1992 - 1998

Year Slaughtering(head)

Annual variation (%) Pork (Ton.) Annual variation (%)

1992 1,754,811 3.2 137,571 6.8

1993 1,844,589 5.1 147,282 7.1

1994 1,992,533 8.0 160,814 9.2

1995 2,196,089 10.2 172,410 7.2

1996 2,330,501 6.1 184,698 7.1

1997 2,577,344 10.6 208,703 13.0

1998 2,839.274 10.2 235,014 12.6

Source: National Institute for Statistics (INE).

Breeding farms and animals identification system: The Agriculture and Livestock Service maintains aregister of all the pig breeding farms (industrial and family). Identification of stud animals is made by meansof earrings, and fattening pigs are marked by means of notches in the ears (Canadian system).Identification and traceability of slaughtered pigs becomes easier because a high percentage of thetransactions are straight from the premise to the abattoir.

In addition, the reduced share (6.9%) of the livestock markets in the total marketing volume shows thepredominance of direct transactions and the completeness of this branch of trade.

PIG AUCTIONS AT LIVESTOCK MARKETS, BROKEN DOWN BY YEAR

Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Number ofhead

343,709 363,288 329,819 288,488 260,581 199,817 193,973


- 11 -

Apparent Pork consumption

With regard to unitary apparent pork consumption, the year 1998 exhibited the highest historical figure of14.8 kg, which means that the per capita consumption has doubled in the last decade.

APPARENT PER CAPITA PORK CONSUMPTION

Year Consumption(Kg per capita)

Annualvariation (%)

1992 9.7 7.7

1993 10.4 7.2

1994 11.2 7.7

1995 12.1 8.0

1996 12.7 5.0

1997 13.5 6.3

1998 14.8 9.6


9. Foreign trade of pig sector

Regarding the foreign trade of pork, we can affirm that our imports are of little significance, and they totaled,in 1998, 1215 tons and US$ 1.8 million.

On the other hand exports, primarily towards Argentina (46.1%) and Japan (29.3%), are of the highestimportance regarding to volume during 1998 nevertheless the returns, expressed as FOB values, placeJapan in the first place with 52.7% (US$ 20.1) followed by Argentina with 30,9% (US$ 11.8). Nationalforecasts of pork shipments have been boosted by the declaration of Chile as a country free fromCLASSICAL SWINE FEVER, which shall facilitate a higher presence in other marketplaces.

PORK IMPORTS AND EXPORTS, CHILE, 1992-1998

Year Exports Imports

Volume (ton) Value (thsndsUS$ FOB)

Volume (ton) Value (thsndsUS$ FOB)

1992 6,055 9,520 110 145

1993 3,360 6,912 290 637

1994 4,113 10,312 111 596

1995 2,159 5,809 1,025 1,387

1996 2,425 5,516 1,173 1,412

1997 12,093 24,592 1,048 1,559

1998 17,506 38,179 1,215 1,827


- 12 -

10. ANTECEDENTS OF THE DISEASE

CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER is a viral disease which affects common pigs, and whose development fromsevere to chronic is the result of interactions between the viral agent and susceptible pathogenic guests indetermined areas or environments.

Such interactions are primarily facilitated by the presence of the viral agent in the ecosystems, byintroduction of ill or susceptible pigs, and consumption by the pigs of organic waste contaminated with thedisease virus. The disease infection rate rises close to 100%, and its death rate is also very high,especially in those ecosystems having highly susceptible guests.

Its incorporation to the "A" list of diseases of the OIE means that it has been defined as pathology capableof producing severe pig health upsets, hence severely affecting commercial exchanges with animals and pigproducts.

The presence of this severe disease in our country, together with the magnitude of the losses it produced tothe pig sector and the limitations its presence imposed to the complete development of an importantnational pig trade and to pig and pig-products exports, imposed that, in 1980, the Livestock ProtectionDivision of the Agriculture and Livestock Service initiated the preparation of a project to eradicate HotCholera from the country, a goal that was achieved after 18 years of constant efforts, as from the Public aswell as from the Private sector.

11. HISTORICAL EPIDEMIC FACTS ABOUT CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER IN CHILE.

CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER was diagnosed for the first time in Chile in the middle of 1943, a time when thefollowing lesions were described:

• Hemorrhages on the kidney cortex• Hemorrhagic infarcts on the spleen• Hemorrhagic lesions on the spleen• Large intestine, blind intestine and ileum ulcers• Button ulcers in blind intestine• Initiating necrosis focus in rectum.

During subsequent years, and until the introduction of good quality vaccines, the disease originated severelosses in the country. During 1961, at the Fourth National Veterinarian Convention, a project was presentedabout a "Disease Map of Chile", which referred to CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER after this manner:

• The disease is present throughout the whole country, an exception being made for the provinces ofChiloe and Aysen

• Geographical distribution of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER lies mainly on the Central Valley and itsCoast, but it appears less frequently in the pre-cordillera.

• The highest frequency of appearance is in the central-southern part of Chile.• Provinces of Linares, Maule, Ruble, Arauco, Cautin, Osorno Llanquihue, are the areas with the highest

frequency (Ruble and Cautin show laboratory diagnosis and the other provinces show clinical diagnosisand autopsy).

• Seasonally, CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER appears in all seasons. Provinces of Nuble and Llanquihuehave appearances of the disease only in spring and summer.

- 13 -

In 1974, due to the formulation of the Decade Plan for Animal Health, which included a Pig ProtectionProject, a sanitary survey was conducted among the country's pig breeders. Its results showed that 15% ofthe surveyed producers declared they had had the disease on their premises.

12. PROJECT SITUATION ANALYSIS AND HISTORY OF CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER OUTBREAKS.(1981-1992 TERM)

• 262 CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER outbreaks were detected in the country.• Only regions XI and XII remained free from CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER outbreaks, which led to

consider them as ecosystems free from the disease.• Metropolitan, V and VIII regions were characterized by a high appearance of CLASSICAL SWINE

FEVER outbreaks on industrial pig premises.• CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER affected premises were 8% of industrial type (more than 50 mothers) and

92% were family premises, fattening premises and waste-feeding breeding places.• CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER does not transmit from small family breeding to large industrial premises.

On the contrary, the presence of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER in large premises is a factor ofdissemination of the disease towards the small pig production.

• The strategy adopted by the project determined a real decrease of the CLASSICAL SWINE FEVERincidence in the country, this way enabling the achievement of the commitment to eradication. Alreadyin 1991, the disease was showing a decreasing trend of its incidence.

• The higher incidence in 1992 is a sign of the high monitoring performed on the major industrial infectionsources and the dissemination factors.

The actions described before, allowed the achievement of the control over the disease, except for theepidemic outbreak in 1992, when 34 outbreaks occurred, five of which appeared in industrial plants, fromwhere the viral agent disseminated to the rest of the country through infected pigs and contaminated meat.This fact influenced the latter appearance of the disease in 1993 and 1994.

On the other hand, in 1995 there was an outbreak at a family premise located in the middle of the Atacamadesert (11 Region), more than 1000 km away from industrial production areas. This situation recurred inAugust 1996, affecting the same premise due to persistence of infected animals on the premise. Thissituation was resolved by applying the new laws established for the eradication process, which involvedslaughter and destruction of all the pigs on the premise.

- 14 -

Number of outbreaks of classical swine fever in Chile 1981-2000

97

64

20

37

21

3

12

0 2 3

34

15 14

1 1 0 0 0 00

20

40

60

80

100

120

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Year

No

. of o

utb

reak

s

- 15 -

13. GOALS OF THE CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER ERADICATION PROJECT

• To eradicate CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER from the country• To set up a monitoring system to control exotic diseases in pigs• To enhance foreign trade forecasts

Goal:

• To eradicate the disease within 10 years time

Strategy:

• Within the free zones, that comprised regions X (continental Chiloe), XI and XII, it was forbidden tovaccinate against CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER as well as to bring living pigs and crude products fromthe rest of the country. In the case of an outbreak, the infected animals and their contacts would bekilled or slaughtered.

As for the Control Zone, comprising the rest of the country, the basic actions were:

• Control of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER outbreaks detected, by means of setting primary quarantine onpremises before diagnosis, and an official quarantine upon confirmation of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER,prohibiting free commercialization of the pigs to marketplaces, abattoirs or other premises.

• Upon every CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER outbreak an epidemiological investigation would have beendone, aiming to know the possible source or sources of the disease.

• Reception of reports on suspicion of disease in premises, marketplaces and abattoirs.• Samples collection at abattoirs, especially those of highest regional volume.• Effectuation of a national pig census, that would allow to characterize different pig ecosystems.

14. LINES OF ACTION OF THE PROJECT FOR CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER ERADICATION IN CHILE.OBJECTIVES:

Sanitary control: to control every situation that poses a risk of dissemination of the infection agent, takingall the measures necessary to prevent it.

Legislation: to have adequate legislation according to the needs of the project, allowing its easyinterpretation and enforcement.

Training: to achieve that the Veterinary participating in the project receives the necessary training to carryout the tasks assigned to them.

Administration: to set up and maintain different procedures that allow programmed activities to be carriedout fluently, making necessary resources available in time.

Biostatistics and evaluation: to set up and maintain an information system that permit permanentknowledge of the evolution of the disease and the functioning of the project with respect to the activitiesperformed and the degree of fulfillment of goals and objectives.

- 16 -

Studies and Monitoring: to know the evolution of factors that condition the occurrence of the disease and toevaluate the risk of dissemination and introduction of the agent.

Sanitary education: to enhance the degree of knowledge of the disease among the community in order toimprove their denunciation and support to the project's actions.

15. LINKS BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS

The need to keep the Private Sector informed, in order to ease the Project's activities and the execution ofsome joint activities, determined that, since 1978 and before the threat of African CLASSICAL SWINEFEVER coming to the country, the Livestock Protection Division of SAG accomplish meetings and sendperiodic information to Veterinary and pig breeders in the country.

That is how it can be pointed out the accomplishment of a great number of meetings with the Associationsof veterinary specialized in pigs, Association of Pig Breeders and other veterinary.

Besides, participation of SAG in informative meetings with veterinary at National Conventions, as well asmeetings organized by the Universities of the country and the College of veterinary of Chile (A.G.), permittedthe project to be a common national objective.

The main issues treated were:

• Appearance of the disease in the country and control activities performed.• Quality control of anti-CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER vaccines• Animal slaughtering procedures and indemnification to producers in cases of appearance of

CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER after declaration of Chile as a country free from the disease.

In 1995, modifications were made to the Plan for Control and Eradication of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER,establishing a new strategy aiming to eradicate CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER from the National territory,whose main lines of action were:

• Epidemic Monitoring• Sanitary Control• Laboratory• Sanitary Disclosure• Legislation• Training

16. FINAL STAGE

Epidemic situation of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER in the country set the following landmarks duringOctober 1997:

• Absence of the disease for more than a 14 month term in the whole national territory.

• Absence of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER outbreaks in industrial premises for the last 3 years.

• Absence of detection of the virus within the national pig population, validated through studies onindustrial premises and in small pig farmers operations.

- 17 -

The above was showing that the results of the Project for Control and Eradication of CLASSICAL SWINEFEVER, which had been carded out jointly by working with the private sector, were exhibiting anexceptional epidemic condition, which, at the same time, was allowing the necessary steps to be taken inorder to establish the eradication of the disease. This situation was agreed to by the national productivesector.

Faced with a favorable scenario in order to achieve CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER eradication, it was decidedto prohibit vaccination throughout the whole national territory from October 06, 1997, preserving a bank with800,000 vaccine doses which would eventually be used if an outbreak would occur, and whose cost wouldbe assumed by the producer sector.

On the other hand, an insurance was bought, which would allow to pay off the losses generated by thedeath or killing of animals, in the case of a CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER outbreak. Just as with the vaccinebank, the cost of this insurance is assumed completely by the Association of Pig Producers (ASPROCER).

Among the actions foreseen for this final stage is epidemic monitoring by means of systematic monitoringover industrial premises and small farmers, sanitary controls at livestock concentration places such aslivestock marketplaces, cattle shows, pig gathering places, etc.

17. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

Diagnostic methods used during the development of the Program for Control and Eradication can besketched as follows:

Beginning from the development of the direct immunofluorescence technique (IFD) to detect antigens, beingcustomary since 1981.

During 1985, CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER diagnosis was complemented with virus culture of pig kidneycells (PK15) as a way to improve specificity of customary diagnosis through IFD to detect the viral antigen.During the same year a technique for serum neutralization was implemented, which eased the evaluation ofthe immune state but not diagnosis on vaccinated animals.

In 1994, ELISA technique was implemented. This improved laboratory work efficiency by processing ahigher number of samples. During the after-eradication stage ELISA has become the customary diagnosticmethod for CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER because of its high sensitivity and specificity.

18. CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER MONITORING

During 1978 and 1979 SAG detected, at domestic abattoirs, 37 and 92 positive diagnoses respectively,which were distributed within the central-southem territory as follows:

Regions I R.M. VI VII VIII IX X Total

Number of positive diagnostics 1 41 2 4 6 66 9 129

- 18 -

During 1980 a prevalence study of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER in Chile was performed, whose results werethat 97% of the samples analyzed were positive to the diagnosis performed with the DirectImmunofluorescence test. The table below exhibits the number of samples analyzed and the positiveresults, as well as the rate of positiveness broken down into regions:

Regions Number of samplesanalyzed

Number of positivesamples

% Of positivesamples

IV 22 1 4,5

V 177 16 9,0

R.M. 1092 139 12,7

VI 52 2 3,8

VII 44 2 4,5

VIII 284 11 3,9

IX 147 12 8,2

X 133 7 5,3

Total 1951 190 9,7

During 1994-1995 term a systematic sampling was performed at abattoirs, among female waste material atall industrial premises, aiming to detect premises with viral infection.

SAMPLING OF ORGANS OF FEMALE PIG WASTE MATERIAL (IFD METHOD) ATABATTOIRS, BROKEN DOWN BY REGIONS AND BY YEARS.

Region 1994 1995 1996 Total

V 18 688 354 1060

R.M. 1294 5804 1221 8319

VI 1356 2522 1109 4987

VII 2054 1618 1380 5052

VIII 281 573 1065 1919

IX 188 206 239 633

5191 11411 5368 21970

Source: Livestock Laboratory SAG

During that time a total 21,970 samples were processed in the laboratory. Only six premises were detectedas infected by the virus without having symptoms of the disease. Four of them were premises that had hadoutbreaks in 1993, one had had outbreaks in 1986 and the last one had not had the disease before.

Note: 16602 samples were processed (94-95), 70 of which were positive, being the last positive diagnosison the 11th of April, 1995. The following table indicates the premises and number of positive samples foreach premises.

- 19 -

Plantel 1994 1995 1996El Peñón 56 0 0Olivar 0 3 0Schumager 8 0 0Carrizal 1 0 0Lora 1 0 0La Perla 1 0 0Total 67 3 0

Aiming to define the situation of the premises that had had historic positive diagnosis, and considering thatafterwards they had had sampling with negative results, a Vigilance Process was performed on all of them.

19. VIGILANCE PROCESS

As an overview, the process consisted of using groups of non-vaccinated pigs, identified and distributedevenly among the different yards within the production barn. These pigs were kept in that condition upontheir shipment to the slaughterhouse, so they shared the same place with other vaccinated pigs throughoutthe different stages of usual operation in the industry (motherhood, breeding and fattening) for at least threemonths.

These groups were serum-tested on the 60th day (breeding stage), 100_1 loth day (breeding stage) and athird test 15 days before they were sent to the slaughterhouse (160 or more days, fattening stage). Alongwith this, samples from organs from these pigs were collected at the slaughterhouse to perform laboratorytests. Results of this vigilance process proved the absence of viral activity on these premises. (Appendix 4)

VIGILANCE PROCESS ON PREMISES, BROKEN DOWN INTO REGIONS, 1996

Region Premise Groups Pigs in each group Total of pigs

R.M. SchumacherOlivar de Mansel

43 1010 4030

VI El Carrizal 5 10 50

VII El PeñónFundo LoraLa Perla

633 101010 603030

24 10 240

Source: Project for Control and Eradication of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER

Additionally, a serological research was performed on a representative sample from small farmers pigs inregions I to IV, XI and XII, which did not show the presence of antibodies, which indicates that these non-vaccinated pigs have no viral activity nor have had contact with CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER virus.

- 20 -

SEROLOGICAL RESEARCH (ELISA) ON SMALL PIG FARM OPERATIONS, CHILE, 1996

RegionNumber of samples

Results

1 179 Negative

11 173 Negative

111 151 Negative

IV 39 Negative

X1 388 Negative

X11 125 Negative

TOTAL 1055

Source: Livestock Laboratory SAG

RECORDS OF CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER SUSPECTS ATTENTION, 1997-98 TERM, CHILE

Region Type of operation Type of sample Presumed diagnostic Final diagnostic

I Family Organ tissue CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER Negative

III Family Blood CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER Negative

VI Industrial Piglet CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER Negative

VIII Family Organ tissue CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER Negative

R.M. Industrial abattoir Organ tissue CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER Negative

R.M. Industrial abattoir Organ tissue CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER Negative

Source: Denunciation Attention Records, SAG

- 21 -

When the decree on prohibition to vaccinate against CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER came into force, it wasdecided in 1998 to establish a survey system to ensure this prohibition was complied with at every pigoperation. Estimations were that only breeding females could exhibit some degree of serological reactionsbecause of their immune memory generated in past vaccinations. In fattening pigs, however, no positivesera should be detected. The tables below show the results of the survey:

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY (ELISA) ON FATTENING PIGS, 1998

Category Region Total of samples Results

Positive Negative

Fattening II 10 0 10

Fattening V 309 0 309

Fattening R.M. 855 0 855

Fattening VI 769 0 769

Fattening VII 320 0 320

Fattening VIII 370 0 370

Fattening IX 108 0 108

Fattening X 6 0 6

Total 2747 0 2747

- 22 -

SEROLOGICAL SURVEY (ELISA) ON BREEDING FEMALES, 1998

Category Region Total of samples Results

Positive Negative

Breeding females V 263 51 212

Breeding females R.M. 305 2 303

Breeding females VI 674 8 666

Breeding females VII 194 88 106

Breeding females VIII 247 37 210

Breeding females IX 40 25 15

Breeding females XII 37 1 36

Total 1760 212 1548

20. CONTROL OF VACCINES AGAINST CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER

Since the beginning of the Plan for Control and Eradication, rigorous efforts were made in order to describeand specify the immunologic product needed to support the achievement of the proposed targets.

The Plan considered the usage of vaccines by the private sector, authorizing to that effect only the Chineselineage of CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER, in order to control the disease at clinical and sub-clinical levels inregions where it was endemic, strengthening the mass's immunity of the national pig population andreducing to some extent the incidence of carriers.

At no time vaccines were obligatory, because their handling, application and marketing were at all timesunder the private sectors control. However, official authorization to distribute and use CLASSICAL SWINEFEVER vaccine was always conditioned upon fulfillment of the standards that regulated biological productregistration. Moreover, biological quality of each series or lot of the product had to be certified by researchand quality controls, according to specific requirements stated by the respective legal standards.

The plan had to have at every time with a proven immunological quality product; safe to be inoculated topigs and that would not interfere the field diagnosis. Since 1984 a new control system was implemented,with officially defined techniques which established specific requisites about Immunofluorescence (negativeto IFD) and Efficacy. The latter should have to be tested on vaccinated pigs against the pathogenic virus,with quantitative criterion (100 DP50% by dose).

- 23 -

REQUISITES FOR VACCINES AGAINST CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER (11980-1997 TERM)

Requisites CLASSICAL SWINE FEVERvaccine

DecreeNo 146224.06.80

Disposition No

1543 of23.11.83

Disposition No

147916.10.84

Control for registration (Seed LineageControl)Harmlessness test by dose andimmunosupression + + +

Harmlessness test on breeding females - - -

Attenuation irreversibility test - - -

Reduced diffusibility test - -

Series control + + +

Sterility test + + +

Humidity test + + +

Harmlessness test - + +

IFD test (vaccine and pigs) - + +

Identity test Chinese lineage - + +

Efficacy test + (full dose) + (diluted dose)100DP 50%

+ (diluted dose)100DP 50%

In 1987, due to the repeated isolation of the challenging virus in tonsils from vaccinated pigs used for officialcontrol of each vaccine series, it was deemed the right time to perform an analytical evaluation of thesituation, in order to explore the feasibility of applying a new estimation criterion about CLASSICAL SWINEFEVER vaccine's efficiency so as to avoid the presence of carrier animals in the field.

Within such research work, two quantitative criteria were compared to calculate the protective dose of thevaccines: clinical and virological criteria, both on vaccinated animals, clinically healthy, and after they wereexposed to pathogenic cultures of the virus.

The results of this research showed that clinical criterion for evaluation only had 20% sensitivity, being forthat insufficient to evaluate an efficacy test. On the other hand, virological criterion had 100% sensitivity and80% specificity, concluding that evaluations should be thereafter made on virological criterion so as to avoidthe presence of carrier animals.

In 1991, before the private sector's concern about the performance that national CLASSICAL SWINEFEVER vaccines would have regarding the viruses isolated in the country, an experiment was designed inorder to evaluate clinically, pathologically and immunologically the real protection given by the biologicalagent used.

- 24 -

In 1992, an agreement was made about the effectuation of a research on immunological behavior of nationalvaccines against CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER before the virus. The results showed that national vaccinesstudied granted an adequate immunity against the virus lineage named "El Peñon".

During the last years of the Plan (1994), and despite there being the availability of a harmless non-fluorescent biological agent, the disease was still appearing on some industrial premises within the country.This situation determined the need to exhaust every expedient of research on the properties of nationalvaccines against CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER, which led finally to a research on duration of the immunitythey conferred.

The research done confirmed the data described by literature about the heterogeneous serological responseof pigs inoculated with anti-CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER vaccine, and the lack of correlation between thetiters of neutralizing antibodies and the protection against the disease. It also cleared the point about thefulfillment by the biological agents of the minimum serological requisites established by InternationalReference Organizations, that is 80% serum positiveness six months after vaccination; but, from an anat. -pathological and virological point of view, immunity conferred was not enough to avoid CLASSICAL SWINEFEVER lesions and presence of carriers.

There is no doubt that, in eradicating CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER from the country, vaccine use has beena fundamental supporting implement; however, the success obtained has also been a prize and anacknowledgment to the efforts made by a group of professionals and technicians in the public and privatesectors, who nourished from knowledge and encouraged to find scientific explanations to biologicalprocesses around us, did not hesitate to complete their task with experiences and researches thatendowed the project with the best biological agent available.

VACCINES CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER (SERIES AND DOSES CONTROLLED) 1981-1997TERM.

Year Source Seriescontrolled

Seriesapproved

Dosescontrolled

Dosesapproved

Dosesrejected

Reason

1981 National 10 10 1049190 1049190

1982 National 7 7 672250 672250

1983 National 11 10 904810 811310 93500 IFD+

1983 Imported 2 2 1050 1050

1984 National 12 9 1080950 834450 246500 Efficacy



1987 National 8 8 2060100 2060100

1988 National 7 7 1770530 1770530

1989 National 10 9 2169200 1866900 302300 IFD+

1989 Imported 1 1 740 740

1990 National 6 6 2066370 2066370

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1992 National 8 8 2765450 2765450

1993 National 9 9 2765870 2765870

1994 National 8 8 2677360 2677360

1995 National 10 10 3517820 3517820

1996 National 6 6 2006720 2006720

1997 National 6 6 2060300 2060300

Total 146 138 32663030 31286220 1405800

21. LEGAL ANTECEDENTS

The actions developed within the struggle against the disease are supported by the following legaldispositions:

• Decree No 318, of 1925, Ministry of Agriculture, declaring CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER as an obligatorycontrol disease.

• Law Power Decree (DFL) RRA No 16, of 1963, Ministry of Agriculture, establishing measures to avoidthe presence of pigs on public roads, dumps, riversides and other unsuitable places.

• Decree No 32, of February 19, 1996, Ministry of Agriculture, establishing the "Regulation for Eradicationof CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER", which systematized a great number of measures already in force, andgives further attributions to the Agriculture and Livestock Service in order to achieve eradication of thedisease, given the results obtained until that date by means of the Program in progress.

• Disposition No 2928, of October 6, 1997, Agriculture and Livestock Service, prohibiting inoculation ofvaccines against CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER throughout the national territory.

• Decree No 987, of 1998, Ministry of Agriculture, declaring Chile as a country Free from CLASSICALSWINE FEVER.

22. DECLARATION OF CHILE AS A COUNTRY FREE FROM CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER

According to regulations established by article 2.1.13.2. of Zoosanitary Code of the International ZoologicalEpidemics Office (OIE), which indicates "One country can be considered free from CLASSICAL SWINEFEVER when there is evidence of absence of the disease for at least a two year term. This termshortens to one year since the appearance of the last case in countries that practice sanitary killingtogether with vaccination against CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER, and six months in countries thatpractice only sanitary killing."

Given that requisites established by OIE were at fulfillment, on April 6, 1998, Disposition Na987 was signedby the Ministry of Agriculture, declaring the country FREE FROM CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER, being thisdisposition published on the Official Paper of the Republic of Chile, Na 36039, on April 14, 1998. Besides,this disease was incorporated to the system for prevention of exotic diseases.

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Appendix 1

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Government of ChileAgriculture and Livestock Service

Animal Protection Department

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA ON CLASSICAL SWINE FEVER ON SMALL FARMS

OCTOBER 2001

Introduction

In 1998, Chile was declared free from classical swine fever, without vaccination, as a result of an eradicationprogram that began in the 1980s.

The program included a massive vaccination campaign, a sanitation plan and strict control of infected farmswhich, in conjunction with surveillance, diagnostic tests and biosecurity, eliminated the agent from thecountry, making it possible to withdraw vaccination and have Chile declared free from the disease.

Since the declaration, a series of preventive actions has been carried out to maintain the disease-freestatus of the country. Surveillance, response to reports of suspect cases and sero-epidemiologicalmonitoring have been undertaken for early detection of the disease and to confirm its absence in thenational swine herd in industrial operations and on family farms.

This paper summarises the epidemiological data in the possession of the Agriculture and Livestock Service(SAG) on the status of CSF on family farms.

1. Review of the data

1. Epidemiological status of CSF on family farms during the eradication program

During the eradication program, information was obtained that makes it possible to draw the followingconclusions:

a. The disease was endemic in a small number of industrial operations.

b. From infected industrial operations, the disease spread to other industrial operations and to familyfarms, through direct sales or livestock fairs, causing outbreaks throughout the country.

c. A study of population characteristics and occurrences of the disease concluded that family farmpopulations were clearly separate from industrial populations and were only linked by the transport of hogsfor repopulation or finishing from industrial operations to family farms, through livestock fairs.

d. There was no evidence in family operations of residual circulation of the virus after outbreaks orendemic conditions during the program. Five percent of the 21,000 samples processed from 1994 to 1996during monitoring of slaughterhouses in regions V to IX corresponded to family operations, and no infectionwas detected (direct immunofluorescence and viral isolation in PK15).

e. In the final stage of the eradication program (1996 to 1998), information obtained from surveillancein slaughterhouses, as part of permanent sanitary inspection, and the national system for responding to redalert reports, did not detect any evidence of the disease in either type of producer (industrial or family).

f. During the project, use of vaccine on family farms was found to be low, which meant a high level ofsusceptibility, as was demonstrated by the large number of family farms where outbreaks of the diseaseoccurred during the project.

g. Focuses of CSF in family farms presented high morbidity/mortality in areas exposed to the agent,but with self-limitation on its dissemination to other areas as a result of low contact rates and theelimination of susceptible animals.

h. After the sources of infection in industrial operations were eliminated, the disease disappeared fromfamily farms and from the entire country. It can be concluded, on the one hand, that conditions were not

present for the establishment of an endemic ecosystem for the disease in this class of producers and, onthe other, that this class did not participate in the genesis of epidemic cycles.

2. Structural changes in industrial and family hog production systems

2.1 Reduction of the hog population on family farms

Both the hog population raised on family farms and the number of family farms have declined significantly inrecent years. Between the last two agricultural censuses (1977 and 1997), both the total number of animalsand the number of small farms dropped by 50%. This paralleled a dramatic reduction in the number of largeoperations as well, which, however, was accompanied by an increase of 3.5 times in the number of hogsraised in industrial operations.

There was also a clear drop in the number of hogs traded at fairs and a decline in the number of headslaughtered in regions where family producers predominated, compared to a steady and significant increasein slaughters in regions where industrial operations are located.

These data indicate that the hog population on family farms is less important in the hog production systemand therefore its influence as an epidemiological risk factor is also lower.

2.2 Significant increase in the number of hogs slaughtered and concentration in industrial operations

The volume of hogs slaughtered has increased significantly in recently years, almost exclusively in theMetropolitan Region (MR) and Region VI. Slaughters in regions where the vast majority of family producersare located show a clear reduction.

2.3 Different spatial distribution of family and industrial producers

The spatial distribution of the hog population shown in the 1997 Agricultural Census indicates a cleardifference in the location of industrial and family producers. While industries are mainly located in theMetropolitan Region and Region VI, family producers are mainly located in Regions VIII, IX and X. This,coupled with different forms of production and marketing, points to the absence of any functional or spatialrelationship between the two groups.

3. Sero-epidemiological sampling to detect CSF in hogs raised on family farms

Representative samples of this population were taken between 1998 and 2001, and the results are givenbelow.

Summary of sampling to detect CSF in hogs raised on family farms, 1996-2001

Region 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 Total

I 179 1 18 198

II 173 8 24 16 221

III 151 7 39 197

IV 39 17 56

V 12 12

RM 25 25

VI 41 39 80

VII 69 69

VIII 10 270 280

IX 328 328

X 39 39

XI 388 416 804

XII 125 37 48 40 250

Total 1055 104 48 458 894 2559

Number of samples collected from family farms and the number of premises for the years 2000-2001.

Region Premises Samples

I1 2 18

II 14 40

III 12 44

IV 16 62

V 4 20

RM 1 25

VI 12 75

VII 14 69

VIII 39 452

IX 130 343

X 37 71

XI1 20 416

XII 20 70

Total 321 1705

1 Samples collected in 2000.

As can be seen, over 2,500 tests were performed (IFD in 1996 and ELISA in 1998-2001) and all the resultswere negative. The sampling carried out between 1994 and 1996 to detect infections in industrial operations(more than 21,000 tests) included a significant number of tests on animals produced on family farms, since100% of hog suppliers whose animals were slaughtered in the central zone were sampled. This providedsufficient data to typify that group on the central level. At the end of 1996, it was decided to complement theinformation by designing an additional sample in the outlying regions, whose results are shown in the table.This explains why samples for Regions V to X were not included in the monitoring. [sic]

Monitoring for 2001 has complied with the pre-established parameters for number of samples and producerselection. In addition, in conjunction with national monitoring for PRRS, which will begin next year and willalso include small producers, the tests for CSF will be continued as part of the strategy for continuousmonitoring of exotic diseases in the national livestock herd.

III. Conclusions

1. The agent for classical swine fever is not present on family farms or in industrial operations, confirmingthe fact that Chile is free from the disease.

2. National hog production has undergone major structural changes. While there has been a decline in thenumber of large operations, those remaining have steadily increased their production volumes. There hasbeen a significant reduction in transactions at livestock fairs, owing to the larger number of hogs raised invertically-integrated companies. There has been a clear reduction in the share of family farmers and theepidemiological risk for the national hog industry presented by that level has also declined. Effectivebiosecurity plans are being implemented by the industry.

Figure 1. Distribution of hog farmers and hogs by Region.

Figure 2. Distribution of pigs according to community in 1997.

Figure 3. Number of hog farmers by size of farm (hectares) according to the years 1977 and 1997.

Figure 4. Distribution of hogs by size of farm (hectares) according to the years 1977 and 1997.

Figure 5. Per capita meat consumption (kg per person per year) by year according to species.

Figure 6. Number of hogs sold at livestock fairs by year according to Region.

Figure 7. Number of hogs sold at livestock fairs by Region according to year.

Figure 8. Number of hogs slaughtered and number of hogs sold at livestock fairs by year, 1990-2000.

Figure 9. Distribution of hogs slaughtered by Region according to year.

Figure 10. Distribution of hogs slaughtered by year according to Region.

chile csf evaluation · evaluation of chile for classical swine fever (g39) february 12, 2002 - 6 -...

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