INTRODUCTION

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Spice and Vegetable.

Tropical and subtropical

Centre of Origin : Mexico

Sec.Centre of Origin : Guatemala and Bulgaria

Capsicum, Paprika, Pimento, hot pepper, red pepper,

bird pepper, Chilli, Chile pepper.

Capsicum species are diploids, with most having 24

chromosomes (n = x = 12), but with several

wild species having 26 chromosomes (n = x = 13)

Global

India contributes for around 25% of world chilliproduction

Other major producer are China, Pakistan, Morocco, Mexico, Spain and Turkey

Chilli contributes for 22% of world spices trade in terms of volume.

Globally China is emerging as major threat for India

Asian countries consumes chillies directly while USA and EU imports mainly for its oleoresin requirement

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India

Major Producer, consumer & exporter in the world

Chilli accounts for 20-30% of total Indian spices exports valuing approx 400-500 crore

Practically all the states in India grows chilliresulting in arrivals round the year.

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State Wise contribution of Chilli

27%

19%5%12%

9%

2%

8%

18%AP

Karnataka

MP

Maharashtra

Orissa

UP

TN

Others

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Origin

Chilies and their various cultivars originate in South and Central America and are cultivated around the world as spices, vegetables and healing plants.

Chili peppers and their products have several medicinal functions as decongestants and pain killers, they are rich source of vitamin C and have antibacterial properties.

Chili is also used in pepper sprays and organic pesticides!

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Capsicum species

C. frutescens

C. fasciculatum

C. fastigiatum

C. flexuosum C. hookerianum

C. lanceolatum

C. leptopodum

C. luteum

C. microcarpum

C. minutiflorum

C. mirabile

C. parvifolium

C. praetermissum

C. schottianum

C. scolnikianum

C. stramonifolium

C. tetragonum

C. tovarii

C. villosum

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C. pendulum

C. pubescensC. minimum

C. baccatumC. abbreviatum

C. anomalum

C. breviflorum

C. buforum

C. brasilianum

C. campylopodium

C. cardenasii

C. chacoense

C. ciliare

C. ciliatum

C. chlorocladium

C. coccineum

C. cordiforme

C. cornutum

C. dimorphum

C. dusenii

C. exile

C. eximium

C. violaceum

C. frutescens

C. galapagoensis

C. geminifolum

C. chinense C. annuum

Classification of Capsicum

annuum

Kingdom Plantae

Division Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Solanales

Family Solanaceae

Genus Capsicum

Species annuum

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Capsicum annuum

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C. chinense

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Capsicum frutescens

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Capsicum baccatum

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FLOWER

Capsicum annuum starts flowering at the axil of

the first branching node, with subsequent

flowers forming at each additional node

Usually C. annuum has a solitary flower at the

axil

The flowers are complete, with calyx, corolla,

and male and female sex organs.

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Capsicum flower is bisexual, hypogynous and usually

pentamerous

The Capsicum calyx is broadly campanulate, ribbed, about 2 mm long, and truncate or undulate to weakly or prominently dentate with 5-7 teeth.

with usually 5 but sometimes 6-7 (-8) petals in some species.

Typically the flowers have 5 stamens The pistil comprises an ovary of 2-3 carpels that is 2-5 mm long and 1.5-5 mm in diameter,

a style 3.5-6.5 mm long, and a capitate stigma slightly wider than the style.

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The nectary appears as swellings on the basal part of

the ovary. The nectariferous cells are smaller and

denser than the neighbouring parenchyma. Stomata are

present in the nectary epidermis, but do not appear on

the other parts of the ovary epidermis.

Anthesis

The daily start of anthesis apparently is controlled by daylength

The corolla typically opens within the first 3 hours after sunrise, and the petals remain open for less than a day; there also can be a smaller peak of anthesis in the afternoon. the anthers

To occur late in the morning, between 10 am and noon. Depending on the environmental conditions and variety, the period of receptivity of the stigma is

5-8 days, from several days before anthesis to fewer days afterwards, with maximum fertility on the day of

anthesis

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Pollen and fertilisation

The pollen grains of chili pepper are medium to light yellow, subspheroidal, pitted, and tricolporate with longitudinal grooves.

The plant has about 1-1.5 mg of pollen per flower with 11,000-18,000 pollen grains in a single anther.

Pollen tube growth from the stigma to the egg has been reported to take 6 to 42hrs.

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Male-sterility in peppers (Capsicum annuum L.) was first documented in the 1950’s. Since then considerable

knowledge has been accumulated on the nature of the trait, the means of its identification and induction, inheritance of both genic and cytoplasmic genic male-sterility, its line maintenance, and the potential for breeding hybrid cultivars.

Today, several internationally known seed companies use the genic mechanism msms on a large scale for producing hybrids, whereas the cytoplasmic genic source is used mainly for breeding pungent (S) Rf rf hybrids

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CGMS- reported by Peterson (1958)

Hirose and Takashima (1963), Anikeenko (1973)

Not exploited by public and private sector

Reasons-

Hand emasculation and pollination is practicable and feasible

large no. of seeds set/fruit/crossing

CMS-limit no. of lines if they are not complete restorers

Non-CMS based hybrids ensure greater genetic diversity

-stable and sustainable production

CMS- only ease emasculation

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Fruit

There is extensive diversity in fruit shape, size, wall thickness and fleshiness colour and pungency

blocky bell-shaped, globose, oblong (sausage-shaped), ovoid, conical, cylindrical, banana like (curved); and smooth, grooved, lumpy or wrinkled.. Morphologically the Capsicum fruit is a berry

Green stage- 35-50 days after the flower is pollinated.

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Chilli thrips

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Chilli anthacnose

Generally reported as the

most serious disease

Chillis grown under hot,

humid conditions

E.g. in India (reports 1985-

2006):

10-85% loss pre harvest

10-32% loss post harvest

Damage caused after all

crop production costs

incurred.

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Chilli wilt

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