China Nuclear Power Situation and Development

ZHANG Aling,WANG Yanjia,GU Alun

Tsinghua University

The Police and Planning of Nuclear Energy

Nuclear power, with clean, safe, high efficiency and economic characteristics, is one of the world's supporting energy as well as coal and oil. Other developed countries have already greatly exceeded China on nuclear power construction. It is an inevitable trend to develop clean and environmental nuclear power in China.

Establishing national nuclear power industry. General Secretary HU has made such 3 orientations as “national”, “high-tech” and “strategy” for China’s nuclear power industry.

Since 2004, China government has changed the police of nuclear development from “moderate” to “ active”

The Police and Planning of Nuclear Energy

32 个国家共有 438(439) 座核电站，核电比例 16％。 36 座在建

美国 103 ，核电比例 22% 法国 56 ， 核电比例 79% 日本 51 ， 核电比例 35% 俄罗斯 20 ，核电比例 20% 德国 10 ， 核电比例 20%

世界核电站分布图世界核电站分布图

欧洲核电站分布图欧洲核电站分布图

亚洲核电站分布图亚洲核电站分布图

北美洲核电站分布图北美洲核电站分布图

The Police and Planning of Nuclear Energy

11 NPP in operation, total 8.6 GW installed capacity

52.3 billion kWh - 2.1% of total power generation

Accept 2 units of CANDU PHWR type, others PWR type

Planning of Nuclear Power Development

The government plans to increase nuclear generating capacity to 40 GWe by 2020 with a further 28 GWe nuclear being under construction then

Requiring an average of 2 GWe per year being added.

Existing Nuclear Power Plants in China

Name Type Commenced

Capacity Vendor Owner Operation

MWe

Qinshan- I PWR 1985 300 CNNC CNNC 1994

Daya Bay PWR 1987 2x944 Framatome CNNC, 1993, 94

GUANDONG

Qinshan- II PWR 1996 2x600 CNNC CNNC 2002, 04

Lingao PWR 1997 2x990 Framatome CNNC, 2002, 03

GUANDONG

Qinshan- III CANDU 1998 2x728 AECL CNNC 2002, 03

Tianwan PWR 1999 2x1000 Russia CNNC 2007

Total (11) 　 　 8824 　 　 　

Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction in China

Reactor Type Net capacity Vendor/Owert Start up

Lingao-II PWR 2*935 MWe 2010

Qinshan-IV PWR 610 MWe CNNC 2010

Total   3090 MWe

Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction in China

The economics of NPP Investment cost Tariff to grid

Imported NPP 2030 US$/kW 55.8 fens/kWh

Indigenous NPP 1334 US$/kW 38.8 fens/kWh

Indigenous coal fired power plants 4000Yan/kW 31.4 fens/kWh

广东大亚湾核电厂

秦山 -I

秦山 -II

副总理曾培炎、加拿大总理克雷蒂安出席庆祝仪式

秦山 -III

2×70 万千瓦

28.8 亿美元

Open Bidding for Third-generation Designs

In September 2004 the State Council approved the two units at Sanmen, followed by six units at Yangjiang (two to start with), these to be 1000 or 1500 MWe reactors

The Sanmen and Yanjiang plants were subject to an open bidding process for third-generation designs, with contracts being awarded in mid 2006

Westinghouse bid its AP 1000 (which now has US NRC final design approval), Areva NP (Framatome ANP) bid its EPR of 1600 MWe

NPP Technologies

PWRs will be the mainstream but not sole reactor type

Nuclear fuel assemblies are fabricated and supplied indigenously

Domestic manufacturing of plant and equipment will be maximized, with self-reliance in design and project management

International cooperation is nevertheless encouraged

New Nuclear Power Reactor Technology Development

In February 2006 the State Council announced that the large advanced PWR and the small high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR) are two high priority projects for the next 15 years

In order to master international advanced technology on nuclear power and develop a Chinese third-generation large PWR“

CNNC has confirmed this, while pointing longer-term to fast neutron reactors

National Laws

The Atomic Energy Act is a supreme legal document in nuclear field to adjust and promote the atomic energy development in China

The Atomic Energy Act being worked out The Environment Protection Act of the People’s

Republic of China was approved by the National People’s Congress (NPC)

The Radioactive Pollution Prevention Act is a basic law for the radioactive waste management

Nuclear Safety and Wastes Management

To meet the needs of nuclear energy development, independent regulatory authorities and implementation bodies came into being in China’s radioactive waste management system in virtue of years of practices.

The State Environment Protection Agency (SEPA), independent of the nuclear industry, carries out supervision and management on nuclear safety and radiation environment of civilian nuclear facilities： licensing management and routine monitoring

Rules and Regulations by Governmental Departments

Detailed Implementation Rules have been promulgated in succession:

National Regulations on Supervision and Management of Safety of Civilian Nuclear Facilities

Provisions on Safety of Civilian Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facilities

Provisions on Safety of NPP Radioactive Waste Management

Environmental Policy on Intermediate and Low-level Radioactive Wastes Disposal

Provisions on Radioactive Waste Management

Nuclear Fuel Cycle

China has primarily established a nuclear fuel cycle system covering uranium exploration, mining and milling, conversion, isotope separation, nuclear fuel element manufacture and spent fuel reprocessing.

Establishment of Nuclear Fuel Cycle System

Uranium Resources

At present the uranium resources supply available domestically

With the prospective need to import much more uranium

CNNC is also keen to participate in exploration and mining abroad, and in 2006 bought into a small Australian uranium prospect

Cardinal Principles of Waste Management

Aiming at safety and taking disposal as core; Ensuring exposure received by workers and

the public within the dose limits set by the state, and keeping at the ALARA level when taking into account the economic and social factors;

Protecting later generations, i.e. no extra burdens and responsibilities to be added to later generations, and the protection level of individuals of later generations will not lower than the current level;

Cardinal Principles of Waste Management

Relevant radioactive waste treatment facilities should be designed, constructed and operated simultaneously with facilities or practices producing radioactive wastes

Cardinal Principles of Waste Management

Taking into full consideration the inter-relations between various phases of waste management:

reduction in output categorized collection purification and concentration, volume reduction

and solidification careful encapsulation, safe transportation in-situ interim storage concentrated disposal, controlled discharge

Cardinal Principles of Waste Management

The environmental impact assessment should be conducted prior to any waste management facility or practice.

The discharge amount should be applied for to environment protection agencies.

The amount and concentration of radioactive materials discharged to environment must lower than the discharge limits set by regulatory authorities.

Treatment of L/ILW

L/ILW arising from NPPs will be cement-solidified in 200 L steel barrel or large concrete container

Development of a series of cement formulas, methods to examine the solidification performance, and some cementation apparatuses

Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW

Near-surface disposal of I/LLSW including cement formula piles and hydraulic fracture disposal

Following the policy of regional disposal of I/LLSW, China has set up several state regional I/LLSW disposal sites where nuclear installations are comparatively concentrated

Near-surface Disposal of I/LLSW

The northwest I/LLSW repository put into operation with planed capacity of the first phase is 5,200,000 m3

The design disposal capacity of Guangdong Beilong repository, closing to the Daya Bay and Ling Ao NPPs in Shenzhen, is 80,000 m3

Repository in Zhejiang in planning

Treatment and Disposal of HLW

Spent fuel storage

Reprocessing

Vitrification of HLLW

Deep geological disposal of HLW

Spent Reprocessing

Initiate target: recovery of uranium and plutonium for resource conservation

Long target: Reprocessing + partitioning → transmutation: remov

e trans-uranium and separate strontium and cesium Improvement of resource utilization Minimizing the radioactive toxic Reducing the waste repository volume

Spent Reprocessing

Scientific research and test verification carried out for a 50 tU spent fuel project

A commercial facility put into operation after 2020

Deep Geological Disposal of HLW

Plan for deep geological disposal of HLW consists of four stages: technical preparedness; geological research; on-site test and construction

Great progress on sitting for repository and underground laboratory, and the feasibility study

Northwest region of China: primarily determined as one of the most likely candidate sites

Two wells as deep as 700 m and 500 m respectively drilled for carrying out multi-disciplinary research

Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities

Drafting National standard Safety Requirements for Decommissioning of Nuclear Facilities

Carrying out relevant development work Assessment of radioactivity inventory Decontamination Cutting technology Remote operation Smelting Radioactive waste management Health protection and safety

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