china since world war ii from revolutions to reforms
TRANSCRIPT
China since World War II From Revolutions to Reforms
Outline
• GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949)
• Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956)
• Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957)
• Great Leap Forward (1958-1961)
• Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5)
• Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• “Reforms and opening up” (1978- )
Legacies of imperial China
• political philosophy of Confucius (551-479 B.C.)– ordered hierarchy of harmonious relationships– bureaucracy of scholar-officials
• political system of centralized imperial rule– endured from 221 B.C. to 1911 A.D.
• The last dynasty: Qing (1644-1911)– domestic rebellion and foreign encroachment– replaced by the Republic of China in 1912
Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)
GMD-CCP Civil War 1946-1949
• GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party)– Chiang Kai-shek (President)
• CCP: Chinese Communist Party– Mao Zedong
People’s Republic of China
• 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing
• Chairman: Mao Zedong
• 5-Star Red Flag
• Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan
Economic Reconstruction 1950s
• Soviet Union model and assistance
• land reform (eliminate landlord class)
• heavy industry (state-owned enterprises)
• First National People’s Congress (1954)– PRC Constitution
• Zhou Enlai– Premier– Foreign Minister
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
• abandon the Soviet model of economic development– Soviet “scientific planning”
• mass mobilization
• people’s communes
Great Leap Forward (1958-1960)
• unrealistic output targets– industry– agricultural and human disaster
Growing Division (1962-1965)
• Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy
Cultural Revolution (1966-76)
• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• Purge of party cadres
• Purge of intellectuals
Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
• Purge of Liu Shaoqi & Deng Xiaoping
• 1966 - 1971: Lin Biao
• 1972 - 1976: Gang of Four
Diplomatic Achievements
• 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC)
• 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing
Mao and Zhou Died in 1976
• Turning point in China’s postwar era
• “Gang of Four” were arrested
• End of the Cultural Revolution
Reforms and Opening up
• The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978– Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy– economic modernization became focus
• US-PRC established diplomatic relationship in 1979
Deng Xiaoping
• Deng Xiaoping as the “general architect of reforms and opening up” (1978-1997)
• Deng handpicked 3 successive CCP General Secretaries– Zhao Ziyang (1987-1989)– Jiang Zemin (1989-2002)– Hu Jintao (2002- )
• economy “growing out of the plan”
Per Capita Disposable Income 1978 - 2006 (in RMB yuan)
133.6 191.3397.6423.8462.6544.9601.5686.31708.6784 921.6
12211577.74
1926.12090.121622210.32253.422366.42475.632622.22936.4
32553587
343.4 477.6739.1899.61002.21181.41375.71510.21700.6
2026.6
2577.4
3496.2
4283
4838.95160.3
5425.15854
6280
6859.6
7702.8
8472.2
9421.6
10493
11759
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
rural urban
Tian’anmen 1989
• CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang (elite reformist) was removed from all positions
• Deng Xiaoping retired from day-to-day policy making
“socialist market economy”
• break the monopoly of state ownership– 3 million private enterprises employ 43 million
people– 24 million individual businesses employ 48
million people– foreign-invested enterprises employ 9 million
• reforms of the state-owned enterprises– transformation into joint-stock companies
GDP Growth Rates of US, Japan, Russia, & PRC
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
US Japan Russia PRC
Foreign Direct Investment (billion US$) in Mainland China 1983-2006
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Mainland China's Exports & Imports 1978-2006 (billion US$)
Exports Imports
Hong Kong
• On July 1, 1997, Britain returned Hong Kong to China
• Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
China joined WTO in 2001
• Expansion of trade and investment
• weed out inefficient state-owned enterprises
• further retreat of state from economy
• further divide– urban-rural– coastal-inland
• unemployment
Recent political changes
• Then CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin announced in 2001 that the Party would recruit private entrepreneurs
• in the 16th CCP National Congress in November 2002, Hu Jintao replaced Jiang Zemin as the General Secretary of CCP
• in the 10th National People’s Congress in March 2003, Hu Jintao replaced Jiang Zemin as the President of PRC