china under deng xiaoping

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China Under Deng China Under Deng Xiaoping Xiaoping 1976 - 1989 1976 - 1989

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China Under Deng Xiaoping. 1976 - 1989. Deng…in his own words:. “ It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice.” “Poverty is not socialism. To be rich is glorious.” “Let some people get rich first.” “Reform is China's second revolution.” - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: China Under Deng Xiaoping

China Under Deng China Under Deng XiaopingXiaoping

1976 - 19891976 - 1989

Page 2: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Deng…in his own words:Deng…in his own words:““It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice.” It doesn't matter if a cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice.”

““Poverty is not socialism. To be rich is glorious.” Poverty is not socialism. To be rich is glorious.”

““Let some people get rich first.” Let some people get rich first.”

““Reform is China's second revolution.” Reform is China's second revolution.”

““When our thousands of Chinese students abroad return home, you will see how China will transform itself.” When our thousands of Chinese students abroad return home, you will see how China will transform itself.”

““The United States brags about its political system, but the President says one thing during the election, something else when he takes office, something else at midterm and something The United States brags about its political system, but the President says one thing during the election, something else when he takes office, something else at midterm and something else when he leaves.” else when he leaves.”

Page 3: China Under Deng Xiaoping

After Mao's death on September 9, After Mao's death on September 9, 19761976, Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng, called Deng back from , Mao's chosen successor, Hua Guofeng, called Deng back from internal exile to help him restore order and oust the internal exile to help him restore order and oust the Gang of FourGang of Four..

The The Gang of FourGang of Four was the name given to a leftist political faction composed of four Chinese Communist was the name given to a leftist political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials- including Jiang Qing- last wife of Mao.Party officials- including Jiang Qing- last wife of Mao.

After he outmaneuvered Hua for Party control in After he outmaneuvered Hua for Party control in 19771977, Deng launched the "Beijing Spring", which allowed , Deng launched the "Beijing Spring", which allowed open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the period of open criticism of the excesses and suffering that had occurred during the period of The Cultural The Cultural RevolutionRevolution. Hua was allowed to retire from political life.. Hua was allowed to retire from political life.

Page 4: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Due to the valuable contributions Deng had made during the Due to the valuable contributions Deng had made during the revolutionary years, his political struggle against the revolutionary years, his political struggle against the Gang of Gang of FourFour, as well, as well as the notable success in his efforts to restore as the notable success in his efforts to restore social order, he had earned enormous prestige in the Party and social order, he had earned enormous prestige in the Party and among the people. With the strong backing of powerful political among the people. With the strong backing of powerful political veterans and in accordance with the People's wishes, in July veterans and in accordance with the People's wishes, in July 19771977, at the Third Plenary Session of the Tenth Central , at the Third Plenary Session of the Tenth Central Committee, Deng was reinstated as:Committee, Deng was reinstated as:

Vice-Chairman of the Central CommitteeVice-Chairman of the Central Committee; ; Vice-Premier of Vice-Premier of the State Councilthe State Council; ; Vice-Chairman of the Military Vice-Chairman of the Military CommissionCommission and and Chief of the General Staff of the People's Chief of the General Staff of the People's Liberation ArmyLiberation Army. .

In March In March 19781978 he was elected he was elected Chairman of the Fifth National Chairman of the Fifth National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceConference

Page 5: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Economic Reforms:Economic Reforms:OverviewOverview

"Planning and market forces are not the essential difference between socialism and "Planning and market forces are not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is capitalism. A planned economy is not the definition of socialism, because there is planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. planning under capitalism; the market economy happens under socialism, too. Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity.“ Planning and market forces are both ways of controlling economic activity.“ -Deng Xiaoping-Deng Xiaoping

The Deng reforms decentralized the state economy by replacing central planning The Deng reforms decentralized the state economy by replacing central planning with market forces, breaking down the collective farms and getting rid of state-run with market forces, breaking down the collective farms and getting rid of state-run enterprises. One of the most successful reforms—the "within" and "without” enterprises. One of the most successful reforms—the "within" and "without” production plans—allowed businesses to pursue their own aims after the met their production plans—allowed businesses to pursue their own aims after the met their state-set quotas. Enterprises and factories were allowed to keep profits, use merit state-set quotas. Enterprises and factories were allowed to keep profits, use merit pay and offer bonuses and other incentives, which greatly boosted productivity.pay and offer bonuses and other incentives, which greatly boosted productivity.

In the Deng era there was a shift from central planning and reliance on heavy In the Deng era there was a shift from central planning and reliance on heavy industry to consumer-oriented industries and reliance on foreign trade and industry to consumer-oriented industries and reliance on foreign trade and investment. investment.

Page 6: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms

In December In December 19781978 Deng Xiaoping announced the Deng Xiaoping announced the official launch of the official launch of the Four ModernizationsFour Modernizations, formally , formally marking the beginning of the reform era. The Four marking the beginning of the reform era. The Four Modernizations were in the fields of:Modernizations were in the fields of:

Agriculture Agriculture Industry Industry National Defense National Defense Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

Page 7: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Economic ReformsEconomic Reforms Deng wanted desperately to modernize China and dispense with Deng wanted desperately to modernize China and dispense with

obsolete Marxist ideology. He declared that the obsolete Marxist ideology. He declared that the Four Four ModernizationsModernizations would take precedence over class struggle. As part would take precedence over class struggle. As part of the policy new universities were opened and students were sent of the policy new universities were opened and students were sent abroad for technical training.abroad for technical training.

These reforms stressed economic self-reliance- and also increased These reforms stressed economic self-reliance- and also increased foreign trade and investments by opening up China’s markets. foreign trade and investments by opening up China’s markets. Educated intellectuals were also welcomed back into government Educated intellectuals were also welcomed back into government and industrial positions after long being considered enemies of the and industrial positions after long being considered enemies of the Revolution under Mao.Revolution under Mao.

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Economic ReformsEconomic ReformsIn In 19791979 Deng began dismantling the "rigidly" controlled agriculture collectives and Deng began dismantling the "rigidly" controlled agriculture collectives and encouraging farmers to raise crops in individual plots. According to rules that varied encouraging farmers to raise crops in individual plots. According to rules that varied from province to province, farmers were allowed to hire a certain numbers of laborers, from province to province, farmers were allowed to hire a certain numbers of laborers, and sell their surplus. Peasants were not allowed to own land but they were given long and sell their surplus. Peasants were not allowed to own land but they were given long term leases and rights to renew the leases so there was an incentive for them to take term leases and rights to renew the leases so there was an incentive for them to take care of the land.care of the land.

Deng also introduced incentive price bonuses for above-quota grain production and Deng also introduced incentive price bonuses for above-quota grain production and launched a launched a "responsibility system""responsibility system" which allowed farmers to sell surplus crops on which allowed farmers to sell surplus crops on the open market after the met their government quotas. In the open market after the met their government quotas. In 19841984, in an effort to , in an effort to increase production, the quota was dropped completely for all crops expect cotton and increase production, the quota was dropped completely for all crops expect cotton and grain.grain.

Wheat production doubled between Wheat production doubled between 19781978 and and 19851985 from 41 million to 87 million tons. from 41 million to 87 million tons. By 1987 the output of grains and tubers was three times that of India and almost equal By 1987 the output of grains and tubers was three times that of India and almost equal to that of the U.S. and Soviet Union.to that of the U.S. and Soviet Union.

Page 9: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Economic ReformsEconomic ReformsThe heart of Deng's economic reforms was the establishment of The heart of Deng's economic reforms was the establishment of Special Economic ZonesSpecial Economic Zones (SEZs), in (SEZs), in 19801980, along China's southern , along China's southern coastline. Here Chinese businesses and foreign investors were lured coastline. Here Chinese businesses and foreign investors were lured with chances to make huge profits and incentives such as low taxes, with chances to make huge profits and incentives such as low taxes, cheap land, cheap labor and comparative economic freedom.cheap land, cheap labor and comparative economic freedom.

The Chinese government modernized the infrastructure, attracted The Chinese government modernized the infrastructure, attracted Chinese entrepreneurs with tax exemptions for doing business with Chinese entrepreneurs with tax exemptions for doing business with foreign companies, and lured foreign investors with tax holidays and foreign companies, and lured foreign investors with tax holidays and a large bonded zone for duty-free imports of raw materials. By a large bonded zone for duty-free imports of raw materials. By 19891989 nearly 22,000 joint ventures had been launched, 952 with American nearly 22,000 joint ventures had been launched, 952 with American firms. Chrysler and Coca-Cola were among the first American firms to firms. Chrysler and Coca-Cola were among the first American firms to launch joint ventures. launch joint ventures.

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Economic ReformsEconomic ReformsSome have called the Some have called the “reform and opening”“reform and opening” policy the greatest poverty- policy the greatest poverty-reducing program in history. It not only launched a period of economic reducing program in history. It not only launched a period of economic prosperity in China it lifted around 300 million people out of poverty and prosperity in China it lifted around 300 million people out of poverty and another 100 million have moved into middle class. At the time the “reform another 100 million have moved into middle class. At the time the “reform and opening” policy was approved China was still suffering from famines and opening” policy was approved China was still suffering from famines and the per capital GDP of China was 381 yuan. In and the per capital GDP of China was 381 yuan. In 20072007 it reached it reached 18,900 yuan ($2,760).18,900 yuan ($2,760).

China has the fastest growing economy in the world for many years now. China has the fastest growing economy in the world for many years now. It has managed to maintain a It has managed to maintain a 10 percent growth rate10 percent growth rate through the through the 1980s1980s, , 1990s1990s and and 2000s2000s. China’s growth rate has been five and six times higher . China’s growth rate has been five and six times higher than the growth rate in the United States, Japan and the major countries than the growth rate in the United States, Japan and the major countries in Europe. The only countries that have posted similar growths rates over in Europe. The only countries that have posted similar growths rates over extended periods of time in recent years have been Japan in the 1960s, extended periods of time in recent years have been Japan in the 1960s, 70 and 80s and South Korea in the 1970s, 80s and 90s.70 and 80s and South Korea in the 1970s, 80s and 90s.

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Savings increased 14,000 percent and exports went from $10 Savings increased 14,000 percent and exports went from $10 billion a year to almost $1 trillion. China rose from an economic billion a year to almost $1 trillion. China rose from an economic backwater into the world's third largest economy.backwater into the world's third largest economy.

The economic boom has mainly benefitted the 300- 400 million or The economic boom has mainly benefitted the 300- 400 million or so urban Chinese living in and around the coast. The 18 central so urban Chinese living in and around the coast. The 18 central and western provinces have mainly been left out of the economic and western provinces have mainly been left out of the economic boom and the majority of China's boom and the majority of China's 900 million900 million rural residents still rural residents still live in feudal-like conditions as subsistence farmers.live in feudal-like conditions as subsistence farmers.

Inflation in the Inflation in the 19801980s sparked protests and was a contributing s sparked protests and was a contributing factor to the Tiananmen Square demonstrations in factor to the Tiananmen Square demonstrations in 19891989. Inflation . Inflation in the 1990s also sparked protests.in the 1990s also sparked protests.

Page 12: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Political Ideology and ReformsPolitical Ideology and Reforms Deng was loyal to the Communist party and a firm believer in the Deng was loyal to the Communist party and a firm believer in the

"dictatorship of the proletariat." All major political decision had to be "dictatorship of the proletariat." All major political decision had to be approved by Deng. He insisted that economic reforms could take approved by Deng. He insisted that economic reforms could take palace without democracy, freedom, and political liberalizations and palace without democracy, freedom, and political liberalizations and that power must remain firmly in the hands of the Communist Party.that power must remain firmly in the hands of the Communist Party.

Deng feared that democracy might lead to the chaos and instability Deng feared that democracy might lead to the chaos and instability he endured during the Cultural Revolution. In he endured during the Cultural Revolution. In 19781978, he said, , he said, "Democracy has to be institutionalized and written into law, so as to "Democracy has to be institutionalized and written into law, so as to make sure that institutions and laws don't change whenever the make sure that institutions and laws don't change whenever the leadership changes, or whenever the leaders change their views or leadership changes, or whenever the leaders change their views or shift their focus."shift their focus."

Page 13: China Under Deng Xiaoping
Page 14: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Political Ideology and Reforms

Chinese foreign policy under Deng was shaped by the Deng dictum “hide your ambitions and disguise your claws” which was taken to mean that China should devote its energy to developing economically and not concern itself so much with international affairs.

The U.S. established relations with the People's Republic of China in 1979 when China was under the leadership of Deng. In 1979, Deng became the first Chinese leader to visit the United States.

Page 15: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Political ReformsPolitical Reforms In In 19831983, Deng launched a "spiritual pollution" campaign in , Deng launched a "spiritual pollution" campaign in

which petty criminals were taken off the streets and which petty criminals were taken off the streets and executed. During the executed. During the "Democracy Wall""Democracy Wall" movement in movement in Beijing, Deng ordered the posters and handbills torn down Beijing, Deng ordered the posters and handbills torn down after critiques of the party were displayed. He also made it after critiques of the party were displayed. He also made it clear that allusions to a departure from the "socialist road" clear that allusions to a departure from the "socialist road" and use of the word "democracy" would be dealt with and use of the word "democracy" would be dealt with harshly.harshly.

Deng also improved relations with Russia, Japan and South Deng also improved relations with Russia, Japan and South Korea and England.Korea and England.

Page 16: China Under Deng Xiaoping

In In 19841984 Deng successfully Deng successfully negotiated an agreement with negotiated an agreement with Margaret Thatcher and the Margaret Thatcher and the British government to return British government to return Hong Kong to Chinese control Hong Kong to Chinese control in 1997, the year Britain's 99-in 1997, the year Britain's 99-year lease on much of the year lease on much of the territory was to expire. The territory was to expire. The Chinese government pledged Chinese government pledged to respect the economic to respect the economic system and civil liberties of the system and civil liberties of the then British colony for fifty then British colony for fifty years after the return.years after the return.

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Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

Page 18: China Under Deng Xiaoping

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen SquareThe pro-democracy demonstrations began in earnest as a display of public The pro-democracy demonstrations began in earnest as a display of public morning for Hu Yabong--a reformist Communist leader who was once morning for Hu Yabong--a reformist Communist leader who was once chosen as Deng's successor but later was purged for advocating political chosen as Deng's successor but later was purged for advocating political reform--who died of cancer on April 15, reform--who died of cancer on April 15, 19891989. Thousands left wreaths at . Thousands left wreaths at Tiananmen Square to honor him. Although Hu was not a leader in a Tiananmen Square to honor him. Although Hu was not a leader in a reformist movement he was a sympathizer to reformist causes and his reformist movement he was a sympathizer to reformist causes and his death prompted students, teachers, intellectuals, workers, reformists and death prompted students, teachers, intellectuals, workers, reformists and ordinary Chinese to gather at Tiananmen Square.ordinary Chinese to gather at Tiananmen Square.

A week after Hu's death 150,000 students had assembled in Tiananmen A week after Hu's death 150,000 students had assembled in Tiananmen Square. By the end of May there were nearly a million. Students from all Square. By the end of May there were nearly a million. Students from all over China, some of whom had been assisted by railway workers who let over China, some of whom had been assisted by railway workers who let them ride free on the trains, came to Beijing for the protests. They were them ride free on the trains, came to Beijing for the protests. They were supported by millions of ordinary Chinese citizens, and at one point there supported by millions of ordinary Chinese citizens, and at one point there was even some discussion that soldiers might defect to the side of was even some discussion that soldiers might defect to the side of demonstrators.demonstrators.

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Tiananmen SquareTiananmen SquareOn May 19, martial law was declared. On May 19, martial law was declared. Thousands of military vehicles, Thousands of military vehicles, including tanks and armored including tanks and armored personnel carriers, began moving into personnel carriers, began moving into Beijing.Beijing.

On May 29th, five days before the On May 29th, five days before the massacre, students from the Beijing massacre, students from the Beijing Art Institute raised a 30-foot-high Art Institute raised a 30-foot-high statue called the statue called the Goddess of Goddess of DemocracyDemocracy, which was model after , which was model after the Statue of Liberty, near the the Statue of Liberty, near the Monument of People's Heroes at the Monument of People's Heroes at the center of the square. By that time center of the square. By that time some 3,000 demonstrators staged a some 3,000 demonstrators staged a pro-democracy hunger strike. On pro-democracy hunger strike. On June 2nd there was a rock concert June 2nd there was a rock concert and soldiers began moving in.and soldiers began moving in.

Page 20: China Under Deng Xiaoping

At 2:00am on June 4th 1989, People's Liberation Army tanks and At 2:00am on June 4th 1989, People's Liberation Army tanks and 300,000 soldiers moved into Tiananmen Square in Beijing to crush a 300,000 soldiers moved into Tiananmen Square in Beijing to crush a large pro-democracy demonstration that had been going on for seven large pro-democracy demonstration that had been going on for seven weeks. The tanks rolled over people that got in their way and soldiers weeks. The tanks rolled over people that got in their way and soldiers opened fire on groups of protesters.opened fire on groups of protesters.

The Chinese government death figure is 300. Other estimates range The Chinese government death figure is 300. Other estimates range from 2,700 to much higher. Never before had the People's Liberation from 2,700 to much higher. Never before had the People's Liberation Army turned its weapons on the Chinese people with the intention of Army turned its weapons on the Chinese people with the intention of murdering so many of them. Demonstrations at Tiananmen Square in murdering so many of them. Demonstrations at Tiananmen Square in 1976 and 1987 had been broken up with batons and tear gas not 1976 and 1987 had been broken up with batons and tear gas not guns and tanks.guns and tanks.

Tiananmen SquareTiananmen Square

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Survivors…In their own words:Survivors…In their own words:The student activist Lu Jinghua later recalled, The student activist Lu Jinghua later recalled, "The night the army came, I finally left "The night the army came, I finally left the square at 2:30am and made my way out. It was terrible. They were shooting the square at 2:30am and made my way out. It was terrible. They were shooting people, there was blood everywhere. I was mad, sad, scared—everything together. people, there was blood everywhere. I was mad, sad, scared—everything together. I just didn't want to die. I didn't know whether to walk or run.“I just didn't want to die. I didn't know whether to walk or run.“ [Source: The Independent] [Source: The Independent]

Victims were shot, run over with tanks, clubbed to death, caught in crossfire. Fang Victims were shot, run over with tanks, clubbed to death, caught in crossfire. Fang Zheng, a student at Tiananmen Square who is now China's disabled discus champion, Zheng, a student at Tiananmen Square who is now China's disabled discus champion, had his legs crushed and later amputated after a Chinese army tank ran him down and had his legs crushed and later amputated after a Chinese army tank ran him down and dragged him for 30 feet. dragged him for 30 feet.

Wu Pei, a school teacher, told Newsweek, Wu Pei, a school teacher, told Newsweek, "Around 4:00am, soldiers encircled our "Around 4:00am, soldiers encircled our group. Several hundred in our group lined up and filed off peacefully. But when we group. Several hundred in our group lined up and filed off peacefully. But when we got to Beijing Music Hall [west of Tiananmen Square], some students started got to Beijing Music Hall [west of Tiananmen Square], some students started screaming, 'Don't panic, nobody panic!' Everyone started to run. Suddenly gun screaming, 'Don't panic, nobody panic!' Everyone started to run. Suddenly gun shots crackled around me and the air filled with gas. Just then a tank rolled shots crackled around me and the air filled with gas. Just then a tank rolled through the bike lane, crushing people behind me who couldn't get out of the way. through the bike lane, crushing people behind me who couldn't get out of the way. I still can't endure that [memory]. I'll never forgive them for that." I still can't endure that [memory]. I'll never forgive them for that."

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Time correspondent Jaime FlorCruz recalled, Time correspondent Jaime FlorCruz recalled, "In front of my apartment, about 2 "In front of my apartment, about 2 k east of the square, a convoy of k east of the square, a convoy of army trucks stood bumper-to-army trucks stood bumper-to-bumper. Students had blocked bumper. Students had blocked their advance, chanting Xia lai! Xia their advance, chanting Xia lai! Xia lai! (Come down!). Amid the lai! (Come down!). Amid the commotion, an armored personnel commotion, an armored personnel carrier plowed through the crowd, carrier plowed through the crowd, made a U-turn, then sped off, made a U-turn, then sped off, knocking over a truck loaded with knocking over a truck loaded with students. In an instant one man lay students. In an instant one man lay on the ground, his head a mush of on the ground, his head a mush of red and pink, on the gray concrete. red and pink, on the gray concrete. 'They're killing us,' shrieked a 'They're killing us,' shrieked a woman. Civilians pushed towards woman. Civilians pushed towards the army vehicles, beseeching the the army vehicles, beseeching the military to go home." military to go home."

Page 24: China Under Deng Xiaoping

"For the first time in my life I saw a man die,""For the first time in my life I saw a man die," one student told one student told National Geographic. National Geographic. "The left side of his face was blown away by "The left side of his face was blown away by a bullet."a bullet." The same student found the soldier who shot the man and The same student found the soldier who shot the man and hit him over the head with a metal bar similar to hit him over the head with a metal bar similar to "the sort a cook "the sort a cook uses to stir or mix a large pot.“uses to stir or mix a large pot.“[Source: Ross Terrill, National Geographic, July 1991] [Source: Ross Terrill, National Geographic, July 1991]

There was a report of one tank crushing 11 civilians. Qi Zhiyong, a There was a report of one tank crushing 11 civilians. Qi Zhiyong, a 33-year-old construction worker who lost his left leg from the knee 33-year-old construction worker who lost his left leg from the knee down after he was shot by Chinese troops, told AP, down after he was shot by Chinese troops, told AP, “I saw people “I saw people being run over. Blood sprayed everywhere. The tanks kept being run over. Blood sprayed everywhere. The tanks kept moving as if the people weren’t there. My hair stood on end. I moving as if the people weren’t there. My hair stood on end. I was chilled to the bone.” was chilled to the bone.”

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