CHINA'S B E L E C T R I C A I N D U S T R Y

Beijing"-!!-HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

President Yang Visits Indonesia and Ttiaiiand • P r e s i d e n t Y a n g S h a n g k u n ' s v i s i t t o I n d o n e s i a a n d T h a i l a n d f r o m J u n e 5 t o J u n e 1 5 w i l l d e e p e n u n d e r s t a n d i n g , s t r e n g t h e n t r u s t , e x p a n d c o - o p e r a t i o n a n d f u r t h e r f r i e n d s h i p b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s ( p . 4 ) .

Cliina—A Major Eiectricai Appliance Producer n T h e p r o d u c t i o n s c a l e a n d o u t p u t o f C h i n a ' s h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e i n d u s t r y a r e n o w a m o n g t h e w o r l d ' s h i g h ­es t a n d t h e i n d u s t r y ' s e q u i p m e n t h a s r e a c h e d t h e a d v a n c e d w o r l d l e v e l . T h e s e a c h i e v e m e n t s h a v e a l l o w e d C h i n a t o s w i t c h f r o m a n i m p o r t e r t o a n e x p o r t e r o f h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i ­a n c e s ( p . 1 3 ) .

Returned Students Play an Important Role in China • O v e r t h e p a s t 1 2 y e a r s , C h i n a h a s s e n t 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e t o s t u d y o r c a r r y o u t r e s e a r c h a b r o a d . N e a r l y h a l f h a v e r e t u r n e d t o C h i n a a n d a s s u m e d i m p o r t a n t r o l e s i n t h e n a t i o n ' s s o c i a l i s t m o d e r n i z a t i o n d r i v e ( p . 2 2 ) .

Ttie World Expects Much of the United Nations • I t i s t h e w o r l d p e o p l e ' s d e s i r e t h a t t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s s h o u l d p l a y a m o r e e x t e n s i v e r o l e i n p r o m o t i n g s e c u r i t y a n d s t a b i l i t y i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d t h e w c w l d a s a w h o l e . C h i n a , a p e r ­m a n e n t m e m b e r o f t h e U N S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l , w i l l s u p p o r t t h e w o r l d b o d y i n i t s e f f o r t s t o m a i n t a i n p e a c e - k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n s ( p . 8 ) .

The Traditional Chinese Painting n D i s t i n c t i v e i n t h e i r e x p r e s s i v e f o r m , t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g s h a v e t h e i r o w n u n i q u e s t y l e . A p a i n t i n g u s u a l l y i n c l u d e s t h e s u b j e c t t i t l e a s w e l l a s p o e t r y a n d s e a l s , a l l o f w h i c h c o m b i n e t o e n r i c h i t s a r t i s t i c s c o p e a n d d e p t h ( p . 2 6 ) .

VOL. 34, NO. 23 JUNE 10-16,1991

C O N T E N T S

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS A V i s i t o f G r e a t I m p o r t a n c e

EVENTS/TRENDS B l a s t F u r n a c e ' s R e p a i r M a k e s

O v e r h a u l F e a t N u k e I n d u s t r y : S a f e t y F i r s t B u s h ' s D e c i s i o n o n M F N

W e l c o m e d i n B e i j i n g K e e p i n g i n S h a p e : A N e w - F o u n d

O b s e s s i o n T r a n s - R e g i o n a l C o - o p e r a t i o n

G e a r s u p

INTERNATIONAL U N ' s R o l e i n a N e w W o r l d

O r d e r F u t u r e o f U S B a s e s U n s u r e C e n t r a l A m e r i c a F o r e s e e s P e a c e

CHINA C h i n a — A M a j o r E l e c t r i c a l

A p p l i a n c e P r o d u c e r ' M y H o m e t o w n I s N i c e r ! ' — A

V i s i t t o t h e R e t u r n e d T i b e t a n C o m p a t r i o t T u o m e i N a m c a

R e t u r n i n g S t u d e n t s G l a d t o B e B a c k

S p r i n g E v e r y w h e r e — D e v e l o p m e n t i n T r a d i i i o n a l C h i n e s e P a i n t i n g

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f T r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e P a i n t i n g

5 -7

1 1 1 2

13

18

2 2

2 5

2 6

TOURISM 2 7 FROM THE CHINESE PRESS 2 8 BUSINESS/TRADE 2 9 - 3 1 CULTURE/SCIENCE 3 2 3 4 COVER: H o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i ­a n c e p r o d u c t i o n l i n e .

P h o t o b y W a n g J u n c h a o

G e n e r a l E d i t o r i a l O f f i c e T e l : 8 3 1 4 3 1 8 T L ^ : 2 2 2 3 7 4 F L P D A C N F A X : 8 3 1 4 3 1 8 E n g l i s h D e p t . T e l : 8 3 1 5 5 9 9 E x t . 5 4 6

P u b l i s h e d e v e r y M o n d a y b y B E I J I N G R E V I E W 2 4 B a i w a n z h u a n g R o a d , B e i j i n g 1 0 0 0 3 7 T h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f C h i n a D i s t r i b u t e d b y China International Book Trading Corporation ( G U O J I S H U D I A N ) P . O . B o x 3 9 9 , B e i j i n g , C h i n a

S u b s c r i p t i o n r a t e s ( 1 y e a r ) : Australia A.$33.60 New Zealand NZ.$45.00 UK 18.00 USA US$33.80 Canada. ..Can.$33.80

NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

A Visit of Great Importance by Our Guest Commentator Tang Shuifu

President of the People's Re­public of China Yang Shangkun will pay a visit

to Indonesia and Thailand at the invitation of Indonesian Presi­dent Soeharto and King of Thai­land Bhumibol Adulyadej June 5-15.

This is the first visit of Presi­dent Yang to these two countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The aim of his visit is to deepen understanding, strengthen trust, expand co-operation and further friendship between China and Indonesia and Thailand. This tour will also further strengthen relations with ASEAN.

President Yang's visit to In­donesia, a return one to Pres­ident Soeharto's to China last year, is also the first visit to that country by a Chinese head of state since former Chairman Liu Shaoqi visited there in 1963. China and Indonesia are neigh­bouring countries. Since ancient times the two countries have had traditional friendly exchanges and have established strong ties of friendship. Indonesia is one of the first countries to have esta­blished diplomatic relations with New China. The two countries have had good co-operative re­lations and have made positive contributions to safeguarding peace and stability in the Asian region. With efforts by both sides, the economic, trade and personnel exchanges have been restored in recent years.

On August 8, 1990 China and Indonesia restored relations af­

ter a 23-year-old suspension. The normalization of the relations between the two countries has not only opened broad prospects for their co-operation in politi­cal, economic, trade, science and technology, educational and cul­tural fields, but also promoted peace and common development of Asia. Chinese Premier Li Peng visited Indonesia last Au­gust and Indonesian President Soeharto visited China last Nov­ember. These visits laid down a favourable foundation for rela­tions between the two countries.

Since China and Indonesia signed a memorandum of under­standing on the restoration of di­rect trade in 1985, the two coun­tries have become important mutual trade partners. The vol­ume of bilateral trade increased to US$804 million in 1989 from US$240 million in 1984. Last year the total volume of bilateral trade was US$1.18 billion. On the occasion of restoration of relations, the two governments signed a trade agreement provid­ing guarantee to remove the ob­stacles in trade activities and to promote economic and trade co­operation. In January this year China and Indonesia signed an aviation agreement regarding the building of an air bridge be­tween Beijing and Jakarta.

Indonesia is a major country in Asia and the Indonesian peo­ple are very diligent and intel­ligent. Under the leadership of President Soeharto, the Indone­sian people have chosen a path of development suited to their

national conditions. With its economy developing steadily, Indonesia has become one of Asia's dynamic countries.

In international affairs, the Indonesian government follows the Ten Principles adopted at the Bandung Conference in 1955 and develops friendly ties with other countries. Indonesia has made great efforts in seeking a comprehensive, just and reason­able solution to the Cambodi­an question along with Thailand and other ASEAN countries, winning widespread internation­al appreciation and respect.

Thailand is a close neighbour of China. The friendly ex­changes between the two peoples go back to ancient times. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the two coun­tries in 1975, bilateral relations in political, economic, trade, science and technology, and cul­tural areas have been rapidly ex­panding.

Over the past 16 years, fre­quent exchange of visits by lead­ers of the two coutries has laid a solid foundation for the develop­ment of co-operation.

Non-governmental exchanges between the two countries have also increased in recent years. These exchanges have deepened mutual understanding and promoted friendship between the two peoples.

In March 1978, China and Thailand signed a trade pact and an agreement on scientific and technological co-operation. They

4 JWIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

EVENTS/TRENDS

a l s o s i g n e d a p r o t o c o l a g r e e m e n t r e l a t e d t o t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a j o i n t t r a d e c o m m i s s i o n . I n M a r c h 1 9 8 5 , d u r i n g P r e s i d e n t L i X i a n n i a n ' s v i s i t t o T h a i l a n d , t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s s i g n e d a n a g r e e ­m e n t o n e s t a b l i s h i n g a j o i n t c o m m i t t e e o n e c o n o m i c c o ­o p e r a t i o n a n d a n o t h e r o n e o n p r o m o t i n g a n d p r o t e c t i n g i n v e s t ­m e n t . T h e s e a g r e e m e n t s f u l l y d e m o n s t r a t e t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s ' w i l l i n g n e s s t o s t r e n g t h e n f u l l e c o n o m i c c o - o p e r a t i o n , m a r k i n g a n e w e r a i n t h e h i s t o r y o f e c o ­n o m i c c o - o p e r a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s .

I n t h e e a r l y y e a r s a f t e r C h i n a a n d T h a i l a n d e s t a b l i s h e d d i ­p l o m a t i c r e l a t i o n s , b i l a t e r a l t r a d e v o l u m e w a s i n t h e t e n s o f m i l l i o n s o f U S d o l l a r . I n 1 9 8 2 , t h e f i g u r e r o s e t o U S $ 4 6 0 m i l ­l i o n , a n i n c r e a s e o f 2 0 t i m e s . I n 1 9 8 9 , t h e t r a d e v o l u m e r e a c h e d a r e c o r d U S $ 1 . 2 b i l l i o n . C h i n a i s n o w t h e s i x t h l a r g e s t t r a d e p a r t ­n e r o f T h a i l a n d .

E c o n o m i c c o - o p e r a t i o n h a s e x ­p a n d e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s t o i n ­c l u d e t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f j o i n t v e n t u r e s . I n t h e f i e l d o f s c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y , b o t h s i d e s h a v e s o f a r s i g n e d a n d p u t i n t o a c t i o n 3 0 0 c o - o p e r a t i v e p r o j e c t s .

I n s p i t e o f t h e c h a n g i n g w o r l d p o l i t i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c s i t u a ­t i o n s , C h i n a a n d T h a i l a n d m u ­t u a l l y r e s p e c t , u n d e r s t a n d , t r u s t a n d c o - o p e r a t e , t h u s a l w a y s m a i n t a i n i n g c l o s e t i e s . T h e d i f ­f e r e n c e i n s o c i a l s y s t e m s h a s n o t p r e v e n t e d t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s f r o m d e v e l o p i n g f r i e n d l y r e ­l a t i o n s . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s s e t a n e x a m p l e i n e s ­t a b l i s h i n g r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n n a ­t i o n s w i t h d i f f e r e n t s o c i a l s y s ­t e m s .

P r e s i d e n t Y a n g ' s v i s i t t o I n ­d o n e s i a a n d T h a i l a n d w i l l c e r ­t a i n l y f u r t h e r S i n o - I n d o n e s i a n a n d S i n o - T h a i f r i e n d l y r e l a t i o n s a n d l i f t t h e m u t u a l c o - o p e r a t i o n t o a n e w h i g h . •

No.2 Blast Furnace after the SS-day overhaul. ^HOil XLiA

Blast Furnace's Repair Makes Overhaul Feat

T r I i h e s p e e d y o v e r h a u l o f a b l a s t f u r n a c e a t t h e C a p i t a l I r o n a n d S t e e l C o r p o r a t i o n

( C I S C ) o f B e i j i n g h a s b e e n a w o r k ­m e n ' s m i r a c l e . M o r e t h a n 4 0 0 i t e m s i n 1 6 s y s t e m s w e r e r e f i t t e d o r r e p a i r e d i n o n l y 5 5 d a y s , w h i l e a s i m i l a r r e p a i r i n t h e S o v i e t U n i o n t o o k 9 8 d a y s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e e n v i r o n m e n t w a s b e a u t i f i e d a t t h e s a m e t i m e .

N o . 2 B l a s t F u r n a c e w a s b u i l t a n d p u t i n t o o p e r a t i o n o n D e c e m ­b e r 1 5 , 1 9 7 9 . I t s e f f e c t i v e v o l u m e w a s 1 , 3 2 7 c u b i c m e t r e s . T h e d e ­s i g n i n g f o r t h e o v e r h a u l b e g a n i n A u g u s t 1 9 9 0 a n d t h e p r o j e c t s t a r t ­e d o n M a r c h 2 1 , 1 9 9 1 . T h e t o ­t a l d e m o l i s h e d w e i g h t w a s 1 3 0 , -0 0 0 t o n s . A l l t h e e q u i p m e n t a n d 8 , 5 6 3 t o n s o f s t e e l s t r u c t u r e s w e r e d e s i g n e d a n d m a d e b y t h e C I S C i t s e l f .

T h e t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t i n t h e p r i n c i p a l p a r t o f t h e p r o j e c t w a s 1 3 1 . 4 8 m i l l i o n y u a n , 7 0 m i l l i o n y u a n o f w h i c h w a s s p e n t o n r e p a i r a n d 6 1 . 4 8 m i l l i o n y u a n u s e d i n t e c h n i c a l r e f o r m a n d r e n o v a t i o n . J u d g i n g f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t u t i l i z a ­t i o n c o e f f i c i e n c y r e a c h e d 1 .13 o n

t h e s e v e n t h d a y a f t e r t h e f u r n a c e w e n t b a c k i n t o o p e r a t i o n o n M a y 1 5 , t h e t o t a l i n v e s t m e n t i s e x p e c t ­e d t o b e r e c o u p e d i n s i x m o n t h s ' t i m e .

D u r i n g t h e o v e r h a u l , 2 3 i t e m s o f n e w a n d a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y w e r e a d o p t e d . T h e r e p a i r e d f u r ­n a c e n o w h a s a n e f f e c t i v e v o l u m e o f 1 , 7 2 6 c u b i c m e t r e s . T h e f u r n a c e u s e s c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e d e s i g n e d b y t h e C I S C i t s e l f , w h i c h c o v e r s a l l t h e c o n t r o l s y s t e m w i t h m o r e t h a n 1 , 0 0 0 s u p e r v i s i o n p o i n t s t h a t c a n b e s h o w n o n t h e m o n i t o r s .

A c t i n g G e n e r a l M a n a g e r o f t h e C I S C L u o B i n g s h e n g s a i d o f t h e e x p e r i e n c e : " T h e h u m a n f a c t o r a n d t h e c o n t r a c t s y s t e m a r e o u r f o u n d a l i o n . T h e a c h i e v e m e n t s g a i n e d i n t h e o v e r h a u l o f N o . 2 B l a s t F u r n a c e p r o v e d t h a t w e a r e c a p a b l e o f d e v e l o p i n g n e w t e c h ­n o l o g y . "

by Staff Reporter L i Bin

Nuke Industry: Safety First

R a d i a t i o n 1 - v e l s i n m o s t o f t h e n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s i n C h i n a a r e l e s s t h a n o n e

t e n t h o f t h e a n n u a l a v e r a g e

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-W,;!**! 5

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

a m o u n t o f t h e r a d i a t i o n c o m m o n ­l y f o u n d i n n a t u r e f r o m s o u r c e s s u c h as s u n , a i r , w a t e r o r s o i l .

T h i s c o n c l u s i o n w a s d r a w n f r o m a n e v a l u a t i o n c o n d u c t e d b y 6 0 0 s c i e n t i s t s f r o m 1 9 8 1 t o 1 9 8 8 i n a n i n s t a l l a t i o n a r e a o f 6 0 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s , w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f 1 5 0 m i l l i o n .

A c c o r d i n g t o C h i n e s e e x p e r t s , t h i s e v a l u a t i o n o f n u c l e a r e n v i r o n ­m e n t i s s i m i l a r t o t h o s e i s s u e d b y s o m e f o r e i g n c o u n t r i e s , i n c l u d i n g t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , F r a n c e a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , o n t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e i r o w n c o u n t r i e s .

T h e e x p e r t s a t t r i b u t e t h e g o o d n u c l e a r e n v i r o n m e n t i n C h i n a t o t h e n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y ' s a d h e r e n c e t o t h e p o l i c y o f " s a f e t y f i r s t " a n d " p r e v e n t i o n f r o m t h e v e r y b e g i n ­n i n g . "

E s s e n t i a l t o m a k i n g u p t h e s h o r t f a l l i n t h e c o u n t r y ' s m i n e r a l e n e r g y r e s o u r c e s , n u c l e a r i n d u s t r y h a s d e v e l o p e d r a p i d l y i n C h i n a i n r e c e n t y e a r s .

T h e i m p a c t o f n u c l e a r i n s t a l l a ­t i o n s o n t h e e n v i r o n m e n t i s o f g r e a t c o n c e r n t o t h e p u b l i c .

A c c o r d i n g t o a r e p o r t i s s u e d r e ­c e n t l y b y t h e C h i n a N a t i o n a l N u ­c l e a r I n d u s t r y e v a l u a t i n g t h e q u a l ­i t y o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a r o u n d n u ­c l e a r i n s t a l l a t i o n s s e t u p i n t h e p a s t 3 0 y e a r s , t h e a m o u n t o f r a d i a ­t i o n i n t h o s e a r e a s i s l o w e r t h a n t h e r e g u l a t e d n a t i o r . a l s t a n d a r d .

S a f e t y f i r s t h a s b e e n t h e g o v e r n ­m e n t ' s w a t c h w o r d w h e n t h e c o u n ­t r y p u s h e s f o r w a r d w i t h i t s n u ­c l e a r e n e r g y p r o g r a m m e . D u r i n g t h e p a s t 3 0 y e a r s , t h e c o u n t r y h a s se t u p i n d e p e n d e n t n u c l e a r r e g u l a ­t o r y o r g a n i z a t i o n s a n d s t r i c t r u l e s t o e n s u r e s a f e t y .

M o r e o v e r , 1 0 t o 2 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e i n v e s t m e n t i n a n u c l e a r p r o j e c t h a s b e e n s p e n t o n s a f e t y , e n v i r o n ­m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n a n d s c i e n t i f i c r e s e a r c h .

T h e Q i n g s h a n N u c l e a r P o w e r S t a t i o n n e a r S h a n g h a i , t h e f i r s t o f i t s k i n d i n t h e c o u n t r y , h a s e n t e r e d i t s c o m m i s s i o n i n g p h a s e a n d i s t o b e l o a d e d w i t h f u e l l a t e r t h i s y e a r . I n s t a l l e d w i t h a 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 - k i l o w a t t p r e s s u r i z e d w a t e r r e a c t o r , Q i n -s h a n w i l l h a v e n o s a f e t y p r o b l e m s

b e c a u s e h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s w i l l l e a d t o a l o w e r r e a c t i n g s p e e d , u n l i k e t h e S o v i e t - m a d e g r a p h i t e -u r a n i u m C h e r n o b y l p o w e r p l a n t , s a i d C h i n e s e n u c l e a r e x p e r t s .

T o p r e v e n t a n y i r r e g u l a r c o n ­s t r u c t i o n a n d e n s u r e n u c l e a r s a f e ­t y , t h e g o v e r n m e n t s e t u p C h i n a ' s N a t i o n a l N u c l e a r S a f e t y A d m i n i s ­t r a t i o n i n 1 9 8 4 . I t s u p e r v i s e s e v e r y s t e p o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k . •

Bush's Decision on MFN Welcomed in Beijing

r • i h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t h a s I e x p r e s s e d i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n

JiL f o r U S P r e s i d e n t G e o r g e B u s h ' s a n n o u n c e m e n t o n M a y 2 8 t h a t h e w i l l s u g g e s t t o C o n g r e s s r e n e w a l o f t h e m o s t f a v o u r e d n a ­t i o n s t a t u s f o r C h i n a .

A C h i n e s e F o r e i g n M i n i s t r y s p o k e s m a n s a i d o n t h e s a m e d a y o f t h e U S p r e s i d e n t ' s a n n o u n c e m e n t , " T h e d e c i s i o n i s r e a l i s t i c a n d w i s e . "

T h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t h a s a l ­w a y s b e l i e v e d , t h e s p o k e s m a n s a i d , a p r o p e r s e t t l e m e n t o f t h e M F N i s s u e b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s b e n e f i c i a l t o b o t h c o u n t r i e s a n d w i l l h e l p p r o m o t e r e s t o r a t i o n a n d g r o w t h o f S i n o -U S r e l a t i o n s a n d m a i n t a i n a n d e n h a n c e p r o s p e r i t y i n H o n g K o n g a n d t h e A s i a - P a c i f i c r e g i o n a t l a r g e .

H e e x p r e s s e d h i s g o v e r n m e n t ' s r e g r e t o v e r t h e U S s t a t e m e n t t h a t i t w i l l b l o c k e x p o r t s o f s o m e h i g h ­t e c h p r o d u c t s t o C h i n a o n t h e g r o u n d s o f C h i n a ' s e x p o r t o f m i s ­s i l e s .

" I t i s k n o w n t o a l l , " t h e s p o k e s ­m a n s a i d , " t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n ­m e n t h a s a l w a y s a d o p t e d a s e r i o u s , r e s p o n s i b l e a n d p r u d e n t p o s i t i o n o n i n t e r n a t i o n a l a r m s t r a d e . "

H e r e i t e r a t e d t h a t t h e C h i n e s e g o v e r n m e n t h a s a l l a l o n g a t t a c h e d g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e t o S i n o - U S r e l a ­t i o n s f o u n d e d o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e p r i n c i p l e s e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e t h r e e j o i n t c o m m u n i q u e s b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s .

" W e h o p e t h a t b o t h s i d e s w i l l

s t r i c t l y a d h e r e t o t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s i n t h e i n t e r e s t o f r e s t o r a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e b i l a t e r a l r e ­l a t i o n s , " t h e F o r e i g n M i n i s t r y s p o k e s m a n s a i d . •

Keeping in Shape: A New-Found Obsession

Wh e n L i Z h e n m i n g t o o k o f f h i s m i l i t a r y u n i f o r m i n 1 9 7 5 a n d b e c a m e a r a ­

d i o f a c t o r y w o r k e r i n B e i j i n g , h e l o o k e d l i k e a " b e a n s h o o t " — 1 8 0 c m ( n e a r l y 6 f t . ) i n h e i g h t b u t w e i g h i n g o n l y 5 4 k i l o g r a m m e s ( a b o u t 1 1 9 l b . ) . A f t e r h i s m a r r i a g e i n 1 9 8 3 h e g r e w p a u n c h y a r o u n d t h e w a i s t . H e c o n t i n u e d g a i n i n g w e i g h t , r e a c h i n g 9 3 k g ( 2 0 5 l b . ) . T h e n h e d e c i d e d t o d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t i t .

L a s t M a r c h , L i , 3 8 , e n r o l l e d i n a n a e r o b i c e x e r c i s e c l a s s a t B e i ­j i n g ' s L i s h e n g H e a l t h T o w n . H e l o s t 3 k g i n t h e f i r s t t w o w e e k s . " I f e e l v i g o r o u s a f t e r s e v e r a l w o r k o u t s h e r e , " h e s a i d , " n o w I c a n e a s i l y t h r o w o u t m y c h e s t as m y b e l l y i s g e t t i n g f l a t t e r . " I t s e e m e d h e w o u l d n o t q u i t t h e g y m a n y t i m e s o o n , d e t e r m i n e d a s h e w a s t o r i d h i s b o d y o f e x c e s s i v e f a t .

L i s h e n g H e a l t h T o w n , l o c a t e d i n a b i g b a s e m e n t o f t h e c i t y ' s Y u e t a n G y m n a s i u m , o p e n e d l a s t F e b r u a r y a s t h e b i g g e s t f i t n e s s t r a i n i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n i n t h e c o u n ­t r y . W i t h a 6 0 0 - s q u a r e - m e t r e g y m ­n a s t i c h a l l l a r g e e n o u g h t o a c ­c o m m o d a t e o v e r 2 0 0 p e o p l e a n d a 2 5 0 - s q u a r e - m e t r e a e r o b i c - e x e r c i s e r r o o m , t h e t o w n i s i n d e e d t h e e n v y o f o v e r s e a s f i t n e s s t r a i n e r s .

T h e e m e r g e n c e o f t h e L i s h e n g H e a l t h T o w n f u e l e d t h e c a p i t a l ' s f i t n e s s c r a z e . M a n y p e o p l e , e s p e ­c i a l l y y o u n g a n d m i d - a g e d w o m ­e n , w e r e m a g n e t i z e d b y t h e u p ­d a t e d a e r o b i c d a n c i n g t h e t o w n o f f e r e d . S o o n t h e o r g a n i z e r s f o u n d t h a t t h e r e w e r e m o r e a p p l i c a n t s t h a n t h e y c o u l d h a n d l e , a l t h o u g h t h e a n n u a l a d m i s s i o n f e e r a n as h i g h a s 4 4 4 y u a n , a b o u t f o u r

6 tfaijlKG REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

E V E N T S / T R E N D S

Women practise aerobic dancing in the Lisheng Health Town. u HAIBO

m o n t h s ' s t a r t i n g s a l a r y f o r a w h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r w i t h a d o c t o r ' s d e g r e e . N o w t h e r e a r e 3 , 0 0 0 t r a i ­n e e s h e r e , m o s t o f t h e m s t u d e n t s , g o v e r m e n t f u n c t i o n a r i e s , c o m ­p a n y m a n a g e r s f r o m 1 6 t o 5 6 y e a r s o l d . E n t r y w a s s o c o m ­p e t i t i v e t h a t s o m e J o h n r y -c o m e - l a t e l i e s h a d t o p u l l p e r s o n a l c l o u t i n o r d e r t o g e t i n .

" I t i s m y p l e a s u r e t o see s o m a n y p e o p l e s e e k i n g h e a l t h a n d b e a u t y , " s a i d S u n Y u k u n , g e n e r ­a l m a n a g e r o f t h e t o w n a n d v i c e p r e s i d e n t o f t h e C h i n a B o d y b u i l d ­i n g C o m m i t t e e . " Y o u w o u l d n ' t e x ­p e c t s u c h t h i n g s t o h a p p e n j u s t a d o z e n y e a r s a g o , w h e n p e o p l e w e r e n o t as w e l l f e d , a n d w e r e n o t y e t r e a d y t o a c c e p t d i s c o a n d a e r o b i c d a n c i n g , " h e a d d e d . S u n b e l i e v e s t h i s c r a z e i s a s i g n a l o f g r e a t e r m a t e r i a l w e a l t h a n d a n a w a r e n e s s o f b e t t e r h e a l t h s t a n d a r d s . H e i s h a p p y t h a t h e a n d h i s c o l l e a g u e s a r e u n d e r t a k i n g a p r o m i s i n g c a u s e t h a t w i l l b e n e f i t t h e p e o p l e a n d s o c i e t y .

C h i n a d i d n ' t i n t r o d u c e o f f i c i a l b o d y b u i l d i n g c o m p e t i t i o n a n d p u b l i c c a l l i s t h e n i c s u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1 9 8 0 s , w h e n t h e n a t i o n h a d j u s t e m b a r k e d o n t h e c o u r s e o f m o d e r ­n i z a t i o n . S i n c e t h e n f i t n e s s a c t i v i ­t i e s h a v e s p r e a d n a t i o n w i d e , e s p e ­c i a l l y i n b i g c i t i e s . N o w , s i m i l a r h e a l t h c e n t r e s h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n S h a n g h a i , S h e n y a n g , S h e n z h e n

a n d m a n y o t h e r c i t i e s a r o u n d t h e c o u n t r y . A s m a n y a p p l i c a n t s i n B e i j i n g a r e s t i l l s e e k i n g e n t r y , t h e s p o r t s a u t h o r i t i e s a r e p l a n n i n g t o s e t u p a n e w f i t n e s s c e n t r e i n t h e c a p i t a l , w h i c h w i l l b e l a r g e r a n d o f a s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t d e s i g n .

M o s t o f t h e f e m a l e g y m - g o e r s c a m e t o k e e p i n s h a p e a s t h e y s t r e t c h , f l e x a n d r e l a x . A s L i u L i , a 3 8 - y e a r - o l d d o c t o r w h o d e v e l ­o p e d o b e s i t y a f t e r g i v i n g b i r t h t w o y e a r s a g o , p u t i t , " t h e o n l y p u r p o s e I h a v e h e r e i s t o t a k e t h e e x t r a i n c h e s o f f m y w a i s t . "

O n e m i d d l e - a g e d w o m a n h a s o t h e r g o a l s i n m i n d . B e s i d e s g o o d s h a p e , s h e s a i d s h e w a n t e d t o m a k e f r i e n d s a n d g e t a w a y f r o m " t h e b o r i n g h o u s e h o l d c h o r e s . "

M a n y m e n , h o w e v e r , c a m e i n t h e h o p e o f b u i l d i n g t h e i r m u s c l e s a n d l o o k i n g a t h l e t i c . " F o r m e , s t r o n g m u s c l e s a r e t h e m o s t a t t r a c ­t i v e a n d b e a u t i f u l t h i n g s i n t h e w o r l d . I d o n ' t c a r e a b o u t m o n e y a n d s w e a t , i f t h e y c a n h e l p b u i l d m e u p , " s a i d a c o l l e g e s t u d e n t .

by Staff Reporter L i Haibo

Trans-Regional Co-operation Gears up f T p r a n s - r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i c c o -

I o p e r a t i o n , w h i c h a i m s t o l i f t A l o c a l e c o n o m i c b a r r i e r s a n d

p o o l t h e s t r e n g t h s o f v a r i o u s r e ­

g i o n s f o r t h e s a k e o f c o m m o n p r o s ­p e r i t y , i s g a i n i n g m o m e n t u m i n C h i n a .

T o d a t e , m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 c o ­o p e r a t i v e p r o j e c t s h a v e b e e n l a u n c h e d b e t w e e n p r o v i n c e s a n d a u t o n o m o u s r e g i o n s w i t h o r w i t h ­o u t c o m m o n b o r d e r s .

T w e l v e c i t i e s a n d c o u n t i e s i n t h e b o r d e r i n g S h a a n x i , G a n s u a n d S i ­c h u a n p r o v i n c e s , c o v e r i n g 1 6 0 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s a n d w i t h a p o ­p u l a t i o n o f 2 2 m i l l i o n a n d a b u n ­d a n t n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , a r e c o l l a ­b o r a t i n g , b u t n o t b e f o r e r e m o v i n g t h e e c o n o m i c b a r r i e r s b e t w e e n t h e m . F o r s o l o n g , i t w a s n o t u n ­c o m m o n i n t h i s p a r t o f C h i n a t h a t o n e p r o v i n c e b a n n e d t h e s a l e o f s c a r c e r a w m a t e r i a l s t o a n o t h e r , o r s o l d t h e m a t p r i c e s m u c h h i g h e r t h a n w i t h i n i t s o w n t u r f .

T h e a r e a r e m a i n e d p o o r f o r d e ­c a d e s o w i n g t o a n u n d e r ­d e v e l o p e d c o m m o d i t y e c o n o m y t h a t m a k e i t d i f f i c u l t t o f u l l y t a p t h e e c o n o m i c p o t e n t i a l s .

E c o n o m i c c o l l a b o r a t i o n h a s e n ­a b l e d t h e s e t h r e e p r o v i n c e s t o s h a r e t h e i r r a w m a t e r i a l s a n d t e c h ­n o l o g y . O v e r t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s , t h e y h a v e l a u n c h e d 5 , 5 0 0 e c o n o ­m i c a n d t e c h n i c a l p r o j e c t s , p o o l e d n e a r l y 6 0 0 m i l l i o n y u a n o f f u n d s , d e v e l o p e d 1 , 2 0 0 n e w t y p e s o f p r o d u c t s a n d i n t h i s w a y i n c r e a s e d p r e - t a x r e v e n u e b y 2 4 0 m i l l i o n y u a n . •

A t r a d e f a i r c o - s p o n s o r e d b y t h e p r o v i n c e s h a s s e e n 1 0 . 4 b i l l i o n y u a n w o r t h o f g o o d s c h a n g e h a n d o v e r t h e p a s t f i v e y e a r s .

T h e c o - o p e r a t i v e n e t w o r k w i t h N a n j i n g , J i a n g s u P r o v i n c e , as t h e c e n t r e i s y e t a n o t h e r s u c c e s s s t o r y . E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 8 6 , t h e n e t w o r k n o w e n c o m p a s s e s 1 8 p r e f e c t u r e s a n d c i t i e s i n J i a n g s u , A n h u i a n d J i a n g x i p r o v i n c e s . U n d e r t h e n e t ­w o r k , a t o t a l o f 5 , 0 0 0 c o - o p e r a t i v e a g r e e m e n t s h a v e b e e n s i g n e d , 8 b i l l i o n y u a n o f f u n d s i n c o r p o r a t ­e d , a n d 3 0 0 b i l l i o n y u a n w o r t h o f g o o d s t r a d e d .

T o d a t e , t h e t r a n s - r e g i o n a l c o ­o p e r a t i o n i n C h i n a h a s e x t e n d e d t o p r o d u c t i o n , s c i e n c e , t e c h n o l o ­g y , g o o d s d i s t r i b u t i o n , r e s o u r c e s e x p l o r a t i o n a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l p r o t e c t i o n . •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16,, IfJ SJ 7

INTERNATIONAL

U N ' S R o l e in a N e w W o r l d O r d e r

People have reason to expect the United Nations to play a more extensive role in

promoting security and stability in the Middle East and the world as a whole. They cherish the hope because the U N Securi­ty Council rapidly condemned Iraq's invasion of Kuwait and imposed sanctions on Iraq in the course of the Gulf crisis and it is making new efforts for the ar­rangements of postwar peace in the Gulf area.

Peaceful Settlement The Charter of the United Na­

tions puts forth the principle that "all members shall settle their in­ternational disputes by peaceful means" and they "shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force." This is a code of conduct governing state-to-state relations generally acknowledged by the interna-

by Hu Yumin

tional community today. The U N Securi ty Counci l

adopted on August 2, 1990, the very day when Iraq invaded Ku­wait, a resolution calling for Iraq to withdraw its troops. Four days la ter the Secur i ty Counci l passed another resolution impos­ing compulsory economic sanc­tions and an arms embargo on Iraq. After that, U N Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar made continuous personal ef­forts to impel Iraq to withdraw troops from Kuwait. These ac­tions represented the will and aspiration of the international community for upholding jus­tice and peace and enhanced the prestige of the United Nations.

Although the Charter of the United Nations stipulates that only when the Security Council considers "measures" other than the use of force inadequate may it take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary

to maintain or restore interna­tional peace and security, oppor­tunities of preventing the Gulf war from expanding before the outbreak of ground war on Fe­bruary 24 this year were not well explored. Here arises a question: How should the United Nations develop effective measures to en­sure respect for its efforts of settling internat ional disputes peacefully. Reality proved that the use of force in handling the Gulf conflict cannot solve all problems. To maintain a lasting peace in the Gulf region and the Middle East, it remains neces­sary for the United Nations to urge concerned parties to move towards a peaceful settlement af­ter the war in the Gulf. At pre­sent the world is in transition from the old order to the esta­blishment of a new one. On the one hand, the military confron­tation between the West and the East has decreased and the dan-

The U N Security Council is adopting a resolution for the peace in the Gulf region on April 3. CAO XLIEYU

8 RRllJWG REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

Left: UN Secretary-General Javier Perez de Cuellar meets with French Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Roland Dumas on January 11, 1991. Right: The UN chief and former Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz answer questions at the airport in Baghdad on January 13. ger of a nuclear war between the superpowers is reduced. On the other hand, many regional con­flicts have not been resolved and new ones have come forth. Mo­reover, taking into consideration long-term interests, the peaceful purposes of the United Nations should be stressed and all coun­tries should refrain from taking the Gulf war as a precedent for settling international disputes by force.

H a l t i n g t h e A r m s R a c e

The arms race is one of the major causes for the intensified confrontation and incessant hos­tilities in the Gulf area and the Middle East. According to press reports, half of the arms pur­chased by the third world coun­tries in recent years have gone to the Middle East. The majority of these arms came from the super­powers and developed countries, which are also suppliers of tech­nology and equipment used to produce chemical weapons in this region. At the end of the Gulf war some countries, while preventing others from selling arms to the Middle East, sold large quantities of arms to this region themselves on the grounds of "maintaining balance." The concept of "maintaining bal­ance" is abused. If this practice is

not stopped, advanced weapons may be sold to one side or some countries today on this ground, and larger quantities of more advanced weapons may be sold to the other side or some other countries tomorrow on the same ground. This spiralling trend will inevitably intensify the regional arms race and may possibly be­come a means of practising hege­mony. The Gulf war has enh­anced the sense of urgency of some countries to acquire adv­anced weapons to improve their defence. As an important mea­sure for stabilizing the situation in the Middle East, it is impera­tive the United Nations help es­tablish a fair and effective re­gime of controlling arms deal and transfer of weapons in this region. The adoption of Resolu­tion 687 by the Security Council on April 3 this year, which sets the goal of overall arms control in this region, is a positive ef­fort in this direction. Some ma­jor arms suppliers bear the un-shirkable responsibility to halt the regional arms race and should take the lead in undertak­ing the obligations under the in­ternational law and supervision conducted by relevant United Nations organizations. The ques­tion of promoting the establish­ment of a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East was also raised

in Resolution 687. At present the establishment of a nuclear-free zone in the Middle East is thought to be of positive signific­ance to the prevention of the pro­liferation of chemical weapons, ballistic missiles and hi-tech wea­pons in this region and conforms to the common interests of all countries and nations in this re­gion.

O p p o s i n g P o w e r P o l i t i c s

The Gulf war has directed in­ternational attention to the set­tlement of the Arab-Israeli dis­pute. As the Middle East is one of the regions in the present-day world where complex contradic­tions exist, a just settlement of this dispute is of great import­ance to the maintenance of peace in this region and in the world as well. In compliance with "the principle of sovereign equality of all its members" and "respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples" as stipulated in the UN Charter, the United Nations has worked unremittingly for the promotion of the settlement of the Arab-Israeli dispute for more than four decades. Nevertheless, some important resolutions adopted by the United Nations have not yet been carried out. It is mainly be­cause a certain government has

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-l«r»*M 9

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

p e r s i s t e d s t u b b o r n l y i n p u r s u ­i n g p o w e r p o l i t i c s a n d h a s b e e n b a c k e d u p b y t h e s u p e r p o w e r w h o a p p l i e s " d o u b l e s t a n d a r d s " i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t . I t s h o u l d b e s t r e s sed t h a t d i s p u t e s l e f t o v e r b y h i s t o r y c a n n o t b e s e t t l e d b y t h r e a t o r u s e o f f o r c e . F r o m a l o n g - t e r m p o i n t o f v i e w , p r a c t i s ­i n g p o w e r p o l i t i c s h a r m s n o t o n l y o t h e r s t a t e s a n d p e o p l e b u t a l s o o n e ' s o w n s t a t e a n d p e o p l e . I n d e c i d i n g t h e p o s t w a r a r r a n g e ­m e n t s i n t h e G u l f a r e a a n d t h e p e a c e p r o c e s s i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t , t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s s h o u l d e x e r ­c ise a p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e ; t h e s o v ­e r e i g n t y a n d t e r r i t o r i a l i n t e g r i t y o f a l l c o u n t r i e s i n t h i s r e g i o n s h o u l d b e r e s p e c t e d ; t h e i n t e r e s t s o f a l l c o u n t r i e s a n d p e o p l e s t h e r e s h o u l d b e t a k e n i n t o c o n s i d e r a ­t i o n ; s u p p o r t s h o u l d be g i v e n t o t h e c o u n t r i e s t h e r e t o s o l v e p r o b ­l e m s t h r o u g h c o n s u l t a t i o n s o n a n e q u a l f o o t i n g ; a n d i n f l u e n c e o f p o w e r p o l i t i c s s h o u l d b e r e s i s t e d i n c r e a t i n g m o r e f a v o u r a b l e c o n ­d i t i o n s f o r s o l v i n g t h e A r a b -I s r a e h c o n f l i c t , t h u s e l i m i n a t i n g t h e p o l i t i c a l causes f o r t h e t u r ­b u l e n c e a n d c o n f l i c t s i n t h e G u l f a r e a a n d t h e M i d d l e E a s t . T o f u r t h e r t h i s p r o c e s s , t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s m a y c o n v e n e a n i n t e r n a ­t i o n a l peace c o n f e r e n c e o n t h e M i d d l e E a s t w i t h p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f t h e p e r m a n e n t m e m b e r s o f t h e S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l a n d a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d . S u p p o r t i s g i v e n t o d i r e c t d i a l o g u e s b e t w e e n a l l p a r ­t i e s c o n c e r n e d i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t i n c l u d i n g t h e P a l e s t i n e L i b ­e r a t i o n O r g a n i z a t i o n ( P L O ) a n d I s r a e l a n d t o e x p l o r i n g p o s i t i v e m e a s u r e s t o b r i n g a b o u t a peace ­f u l c o e x i s t e n c e b e t w e e n t h e A r a b a n d J e w i s h p e o p l e s .

P e a c e - K e e p i n g A c t i o n s

A f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e G u l f w a r , t h e s i t u a t i o n i n t h e r e g i o n r e ­m a i n s t u r b u l e n t a n d t h e o u t ­b r e a k o f p o t e n t i a l c o n f l i c t s i s s t i l l l i k e l y . R e s o l u t i o n 6 8 7 a d o p t ­e d b y t h e S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l a u ­

t h o r i z e d t h e d e p l o y m e n t o f a U n i t e d N a t i o n s o b s e r v e r u n i t a l o n g t h e K u w a i t - I r a q b o r d e r w h i c h t h e f i v e p e r m a n e n t m e m ­b e r s o f t h e S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l h a v e a g r e e d t o j o i n . U N s e c r e t a r y -g e n e r a l i s s t e p p i n g u p c o n s u l ­t a t i o n s w i t h t h e c o u n t r i e s c o n ­c e r n e d i n e f f o r t s t o p r e v e n t t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f t h e s i t u a t i o n a n d p r o m o t e a p e a c e f u l s e t t l e m e n t .

T h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s h a s d i s ­p a t c h e d t e n m i l i t a r y o b s e r v a t i o n g r o u p s a n d e i g h t p e a c e - k e e p i n g f o r c e s t o h o t s p o t s i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t , A f r i c a , S o u t h A s i a a n d C e n t r a l A m e r i c a s i n c e i t s f o u n d ­i n g . A m o n g t h e m w a s t h e e a r l i e s t p e a c e - k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t — t h e U n i t e d N a ­t i o n ' s T r u c e S u p e r v i s i o n O r g a n i ­z a t i o n — w h i c h w a s d i s p a t c h e d i n J u n e 1 9 4 8 a n d h a s s i n c e r e ­m a i n e d t h e r e . G e n e r a l l y s p e a k ­i n g , p e a c e - k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n s p l a y a u s e f u l r o l e i n e a s i n g r e ­g i o n a l c o n f l i c t s a n d c o n s t i t u t e a n e f f e c t i v e m e a s u r e i n s a f e g u a r d ­i n g i n t e r n a t i o n a l peace a n d se­c u r i t y . H o w e v e r , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t p e a c e - k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n s h o u l d b e c o n d u c t e d i n c o m p l i ­a n c e w i t h t h e p r i n c i p l e o f " n o n ­i n t e r f e r e n c e i n i n t e r n a l a f f a i r s " e s t a b l i s h e d b y t h e U n i t e d N a ­t i o n s , a n d i t s a u t h o r i z a t i o n o f a t i m e l i m i t s h o u l d b e e x p l i c i t l y p r e s c r i b e d . T h e C h a r t e r o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s c o n t a i n s n o spe­c i f i c s t i p u l a t i o n s o n p e a c e ­k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n s , b u t i t d o e s n o t a u t h o r i z e i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e i n t e r n a l d i s p u t e s o f i t s m e m b e r s .

G r e a t c h a n g e s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e i n t h e p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n t h e G u l f s i n c e t h e w a r w a s o v e r . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e A r a b - I s r a e l i d i s p u t e , r e l a t i o n s a m o n g t h e A r a b c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e i n t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n i n s o m e c o u n ­t r i e s a r e e x t r e m e l y c o m p l i c a t e d . C o n d u c t i n g p e a c e - k e e p i n g o p e r a ­t i o n s s h o u l d b e c l e a r l y a n d d e f i n ­i t e l y a u t h o r i z e d b y t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s a n d t h i s a u t h o r i z a t i o n s h o u l d b e s t r i c t l y a b i d e d b y . T h e

i n d e p e n d e n c e a n d s o v e r e i g n t y o f t h e c o u n t r i e s c o n c e r n e d s h o u l d b e r e s p e c t e d ; e f f o r t s s h o u l d b e m a d e t o w i n c o - o p e r a t i o n a n d t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o i n v o l v e m e n t i n i n t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l a f f a i r s . T o a c c o m p l i s h t h e t a s k s a s s i g n e d , t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e peace ­k e e p i n g o r g a n i z a t i o n s s h o u l d h a v e t h e c o n s e n t o f a l l p a r t i e s c o n c e r n e d a n d t h e i r c o m p o s i t i o n s h o u l d g i v e e x p r e s s i o n t o t h e p r i n c i p l e o f e x t e n s i v e p a r t i c i p a ­t i o n b y t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e U n ­i t e d N a t i o n s . S i n c e t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s i s m a k i n g n e w e f f o r t s t o r e a l i z e a d u r a b l e p e a c e i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d t h e s e c u r i t y o f b o t h A r a b n a t i o n s a n d I s ­r a e l s h o u l d be s a f e g u a r d e d i n t h e f u t u r e , i t w i l l b e e s s e n t i a l t o f u r t h e r t h e r o l e o f U N peace ­k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n i n t h i s r e g i o n i n t h e s p i r i t o f t h e U N C h a r t e r .

W i t h i t s f o r e i g n p o l i c y r e a d ­j u s t m e n t s s i n c e t h e 1 9 8 0 s , C h i n a h a s a d o p t e d a m o r e p o s i t i v e a t ­t i t u d e t o w a r d s t h e U N peace ­k e e p i n g o p e r a t i o n . I n 1 9 8 1 C h i n a c l e a r l y r e a f f i r m e d a n d s u p p o r t e d p e a c e - k e e p i n g a c t i o n s c o n f o r m i n g t o t h e s p i r i t o f t h e U N C h a r t e r a n d s t a r t e d t o p a y f u n d s f o r t w o U N p e a c e - k e e p i n g f o r c e s i n t h e M i d d l e E a s t . I n 1 9 8 8 i t b e c a m e t h e 3 4 t h m e m b e r s t a t e o f t h e S p e c i a l C o m m i s s i o n o f t h e U N P e a c e - K e e p i n g O p e r ­a t i o n . I n 1 9 8 9 i t s e n t 2 0 n o n -m i l i t a r y e l e c t i o n s u p e r v i s o r s t o t h e U N T r a n s i t i o n A s s i s t a n c e G r o u p i n N a m i b i a . I n 1 9 9 0 i t s e n t f i v e m i l i t a r y o b s e r v e r s t o t h e U N T r u c e S u p e r v i s i o n O r ­g a n i z a t i o n . T h i s y e a r i t s e n t 2 0 m i l i t a r y o b s e r v e r s t o t h e U N O b ­s e r v e r G r o u p a l o n g t h e K u w a i t -I r a q b o r d e r . C h i n a , as a p e r ­m a n e n t m e m b e r o f t h e S e c u r i t y C o u n c i l , w i l l s u p p o r t t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s i n e n h a n c i n g i t s p eace ­k e e p i n g r o l e a n d w i l l m a k e f u r t h e r p o s i t i v e e f f o r t s f o r a n d g r e a t e r c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e m a i n t e n a n c e o f p e a c e a n d s e c u r ­i t y . •

10 ^ W N G REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

Future of US Bases Unsure by Zhang Xiaodong

No a g r e e m e n t w a s r e a c h e d a f t e r a y e a r o f n e g o t i a ­t i o n s b e t w e e n M a n i l a a n d

W a s h i n g t o n o v e r t h e f a t e o f t h e U S m i l i t a r y bases e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s i n 1 9 4 7 .

T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s l e a s e d t h e bases f o r 9 9 y e a r s . A 1 9 6 6 m o d ­i f i e d a g r e e m e n t s h o r t e n e d t h e t e n u r e t o 2 5 y e a r s b e g i n n i n g i n 1 9 6 6 . T h a t m e a n s t h e l ea se w i l l e x p i r e o n S e p t e m b e r 1 6 , 1 9 9 1 .

I n t h e t a l k s d i s p u t e f o c u s e d o n r e n t s W a s h i n g t o n p a y s f o r u se o f t h e s e bases a n d t h e l e a s e t e n ­u r e . T h e P h i l i p p i n e s , d e m a n d ­i n g W a s h i n g t o n p a y U S $ 8 2 5 m i l ­l i o n a n n u a l l y , o n l y a g r e e d t o a t e n u r e o f s e v e n y e a r s . I t a s k e d t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o p a y U S $ 4 0 0 m i l l i o n i n c a s h a n d t h e r e s t i n t h e f o r m o f f a v o u r a b l e t r a d e , d e b t r e d u c t i o n a n d s u p p l y o f m i l i t a r y e q u i p m e n t . T h e P h i l i p ­p i n e s p l a n s t o r e g a i n t h e s e m i l ­i t a r y bases i n 1 9 9 8 w h e n t h e c o u n t r y c e l e b r a t e s i t s 1 0 0 t h a n ­n i v e r s a r y o f i n d e p e n d e n c e . T h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , h o w e v e r , h o p e s t o e x t e n d t h e t e n u r e f o r 10 o r 12 y e a r s b y p a y i n g o n l y U S $ 3 6 0 m i l l i o n y e a r l y .

T h e d i f f e r e n c e i s g r e a t a n d seems d i f f i c u l t t o be r e s o l v e d as b o t h s ides a r e r i g i d i n d e m a n d s . H o w e v e r , t h e r e i s s o m e r o o m t o m a n o e u v e r . S t a n l e y S c h r a g e r , s p o k e s m a n f o r t h e U S n e g o t i a t ­i n g t e a m , s a i d t h a t a l t h o u g h a n a g r e e m e n t w a s n o t r e a c h e d , p r o ­gress h a s b e e n m a d e . R a u l M a n g -l a p u s , c h i e f P h i l i p p i n e n e g o t i a ­t o r a n d s e c r e t a r y o f f o r e i g n a f ­f a i r s , s t a t e d t h a t t h e P h i l i p p i n e s

w a s " f l e x i b l e . " A p r e l i m i n a r y a g r e e m e n t o n

t h e l e g a l s t a t u s o f A m e r i c a n s i n t h e bases w a s r e a c h e d . T h e U n i t ­e d S t a t e s a g r e e d t h a t t h e P h i l i p ­p i n e s w i e l d s j u d i c i a l p o w e r s o v e r U S m i l i t a r y p e r s o n n e l i n t h e P h i ­l i p p i n e s . B o t h s i d e s r e a c h e d a n a g r e e m e n t i n p r i n c i p l e c o n c e r n ­i n g t h e d e f e n c e o f t h e C l a r k A i r B a s e . A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e y c a n u s e , c o m m o n l y o r s e p a r a t e l y , t h e a i r base . A d d i t i o n a l l y , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a g r e e d t o r e t u r n f o u r s m a l l m i l i t a r y bases t o t h e P h i ­l i p p i n e s t h i s y e a r .

T o d e a l w i t h s o m e s p e c i f i c i s ­sues , a " t e c h n i c a l c o m m i s s i o n " w a s f o r m e d t o c o n t i n u e c o n s u l t a ­t i o n .

I s i t p o s s i b l e f o r W a s h i n g t o n a n d M a n i l a t o s e t t l e t h e p r o b ­l e m s o f r e n t s a n d t e n u r e b e f o r e t h e l e a s e e x p i r e s t h i s S e p t e m b e r ?

Y e s . B o t h s ide s , o u t o f t h e i r o w n i n t e r e s t s , d e s i r e a n e w a g r e e ­m e n t . T h e S u b i c B a y N a v a l B a s e a n d t h e C l a r k A i r B a s e , t w o o f t h e l a r g e s t U S o v e r s e a s bases , a r e i n d i s p e n s a b l e f o r m a i n t a i n ­i n g W a s h i n g t o n ' s i n t e r e s t s i n A s i a . L o c a t e d b e t w e e n t h e P a c i f ­i c O c e a n a n d t h e I n d i a n O c e a n , t h e C l a r k A i r B a s e i s t h e base c a m p o f t h e U S 1 3 t h a i r u n i t a n d t h e S u b i c B a y N a v a l B a s e t h e m a j o r s u p p l y s i t e o f t h e U S S e v ­e n t h F l e e t .

A f t e r t h e G u l f w a r , t h e bases ' i m p o r t a n c e i n c r e a s e d as W a s h ­i n g t o n l o o k s t o w a r d s a n e w w o r l d o r d e r a n d g r e a t e r p o t e n t i a l i n t e r f e r e n c e i n r e g i o n a l c o n f l i c t s .

C a r l F o r d , t h e U S a s s i s t a n t se­

c r e t a r y o f d e f e n c e , s t r e s s e d t o C o n g r e s s i n A p r i l t h a t t h e t w o m a j o r m i l i t a r y bases a r e o f v i ­t a l i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ' " f r o n t d e f e n c e . " H e r e ­v e a l e d t h a t t h e t w o bases d i d c o n t r i b u t e g r e a t l y t o t h e G u l f w a r . F o r d e m p h a s i z e d t h a t , t o r e a l i z e U S n a t i o n a l g o a l s , c o n t i n ­u e d U S m i l i t a r y p r e s e n c e i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s s h o u l d r e m a i n u n ­c h a n g e d .

T h e P h i l i p p i n e s , t h o u g h a w a r e o f t h e d a m a g e d o n e t o t h e n a ­t i o n ' s s o v e r e i g n t y a n d d i g n i t y b y t h e c o n t i n u e d p r e s e n c e o f U S bases , f i n d s i t h a r d t o a s k t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o i m m e d i a t e l y w i t h d r a w f r o m t h e P h i l i p p i n e s b e c a u s e o f p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d m i l i t a r y n e e d s .

F i d e l V . R a m o s , P h i U p p i n e se­c r e t a r y o f d e f e n c e , s a i d t h a t t h e P h i l i p p i n e s s h o u l d k e e p t h e U S m i l i t a r y bases . H e w a r n e d t h a t t h e P h i l i p p i n e e c o n o m y a n d n a ­t i o n a l d e f e n c e w i l l b e d a m a g e d i f t h e bases a r e s u d d e n l y s h u t d o w n . T h e s e c r e t a r y s t r e s s e d t h a t i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o m a i n t a i n se­c u r i t y r e l a t i o n s w i t h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s f o r a p e r i o d o f t i m e , w i t h ­i n w h i c h t h e P h i l i p p i n e s c a n d e ­v e l o p i t s o w n n a t i o n a l d e f e n c e c a p a c i t y .

A l t h o u g h t h e U S - P h i l i p p i n e n e g o t i a t i o n s o n m i l i t a r y bases a r e m a t t e r s o f c o n c e r n t o t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s , t h e p o s i t i o n o f n e i g h ­b o u r i n g n a t i o n s s h o u l d be c o n s i ­d e r e d . I n f a c t , t h e A s s o c i a t i o n o f t h e S o u t h e a s t A s i a n N a t i o n s a n d J a p a n s u p p o r t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ' e f f o r t t o m a i n t a i n m i l i t a r y bases i n t h e P h i l i p p i n e s . I t w a s r e p o r t ­e d t h a t S i n g a p o r e a n P r i m e M i n ­i s t e r G o h C h o k T o n g s t r o n g l y a s k e d P h i l i p p i n e P r e s i d e n t C o r a -z o n A q u i n o t o k e e p t h e m a j o r U S m i l i t a r y bases i n t h e P h i l i p ­p i n e s d u r i n g h i s v i s i t t o M a n i l a i n A p r i l .

T h e r e f o r e , a n a g r e e m e n t o n t h e r e n e w a l o f base l ea se i s l i k e ­l y t o be r e a c h e d , p r o v i d e d , o f c o u r s e , t h a t n o a b r u p t i n c i d e n t o c c u r s . •

BEIJING REVIEW, J U N E »M^i49?l 11

I N T E R N A T I O N A L

Central America Foresees Peace by Li Zhimin

As w o r l d a t t e n t i o n r i v e t s o n t h e M i d d l e E a s t a n d t h e S o v i e t U n i o n , C e n t r a l

A m e r i c a , r i d d l e d w i t h a h i s t o r y o f c i v i l s t r i f e , q u i e t l y m o v e s t o ­w a r d s peace .

R e c e n t l y a n t i - g o v e r n m e n t f o r c e s i n E l S a l v a d o r a n d G u a ­t e m a l a r e a c h e d a g r e e m e n t s w i t h t h e g o v e r n m e n t s o f t h e t w o w a r -t o r n C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n n a t i o n s , t h u s r e m o v i n g a m a j o r o b s t a c l e o n t h e r o a d t o r e g i o n a l peace .

L a s t y e a r , i n t h e w a k e o f a c h a n g e o f g o v e r n m e n t i n N i c a r a ­g u a , a n t i - g o v e r n m e n t g u e r r i l l a s d i s b a n d e d u n d e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u p e r v i s i o n . T h e n e w d e v e l o p ­m e n t i n N i c a r a g u a , as a c a t a ­l y s t f o r peace i n C e n t r a l A m e r ­i c a , e n c o u r a g e d n e i g h b o u r i n g H o n d u r a s i n i t s e f f o r t s t o m a k e peace . S i m i l a r l y , peace e f f o r t s a r e g o i n g f o r w a r d i n E l S a l v a d o r a n d G u a t e m a l a .

T h e c i v i l w a r i n E l S a l v a d o r h a s b e e n d r a g g i n g o n f o r a d e ­cade , c l a i m i n g m o r e t h a n 7 0 , 0 0 0 l i v e s . A y e a r a g o , t h r o u g h t h e m e d i a t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s S e c r e t a r y G e n e r a l J a v i e r P e r e z d e C u e l l a r , t h e o p p o s i n g p a r t i e s m e t i n G e n e v a . I n A p r i l t h i s y e a r t h e t a l k s m o v e d t o M e x i c o C i t y , M e x i c o . A t t h e e n d o f t h e m o n t h t h e o p p o s i t i o n g u e r r i l l a f a c t i o n , t h e F a r a b u n d o M a r t i d e L i b e r a -c i o n N a c i o n a l ( F M L N ) , r e a c h e d a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h e S a l v a d o r ­a n g o v e r n m e n t o n t h e k e y i s ­s u e o f f o r m i n g a n a t i o n a l p o l i c e f o r c e i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e a r m e d f o r c e s a n d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d o m e s ­t i c s e c u r i t y . T h i s i s a m a j o r c o n ­d i t i o n t h a t t h e F M L N a t t a c h e d t o t h e t a l k s .

T h e a g r e e m e n t a l s o s t a t e d t h a t

a n e w S u p r e m e C o u r t o f J u s t i c e w o u l d b e e s t a b l i s h e d u n d e r a n e w e l e c t i o n s y s t e m , m a k i n g t h e j u d i c i a r y d e p a r t m e n t f r e e f r o m g o v e r n m e n t a n d p a r t i s a n i n f l u ­e n c e .

B o t h s i de s a g r e e d t o se t u p a S u p r e m e E l e c t o r a l C o l l e g e t o r e ­p l a c e t h e e x i s t i n g C e n t r a l E l e c ­t i o n C o m m i t t e e . N o s i n g l e p a r t y o r p a r t y a l l i a n c e w o u l d b e d o m i ­n a n t i n t h e e l e c t o r a l c o l l e g e a n d a l l l e g a l l y r e g i s t e r e d p a r t i e s w o u l d h a v e t h e r i g h t t o s u p e r v i s e t h e e l e c t i o n s . I n a f i n a l s t a t e ­m e n t t h e g o v e r n m e n t u n d e r t o o k t o u r g e t h e N a t i o n a l A s s e m b l y , t h e n a t i o n ' s p a r l i a m e n t , i n t o p a s s i n g c o n s t i t u t i o n a l a m e n d ­m e n t s t h a t w o u l d g a i n b i l a t e r a l a p p r o v a l . S e v e r a l d a y s l a t e r , t h e S a l v a d o r a n p a r l i a m e n t p a s s e d a n a m e n d m e n t . I t s 4 7 a r t i c l e s b a s i ­c a l l y s q u a r e d w i t h t h e a g r e e m e n t r e a c h e d b e t w e e n t h e t w o s ides . T h e r e a f t e r , t h e c o u n t r y t o o k a t u r n f o r t h e b e t t e r .

S i m u l t a n e o u s l y , t h e a n t i -g o v e r n m e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n i n G u a t e m a l a , t h e G u a t e m a l a n N a ­t i o n a l R e v o l u t i o n a r y U n i t y , h e l d t a l k s a n d r e a c h e d a n a g r e e m e n t w i t h g o v e r n m e n t r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n c l u d i n g m i l i t a r y l e a d e r s i n M e x i c o C i t y . T h e t a l k s f o c u s e d o n a w i d e r a n g e o f i s s u e s : t h e r o l e o f t h e m i l i t a r y , c o n s t i t u t i o n ­a l a m e n d m e n t s , c h a n g e s i n t h e e l e c t i o n s y s t e m , e q u a l r i g h t s f o r t h e I n d i a n t r i b e s , s o c i o - e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s , t h e p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y t h e o p p o s i t i o n p a r t i e s i n t h e n a ­t i o n a l p o l i t i c a l l i f e , t h e a r r a n g e ­m e n t o f a c o m p l e t e c e a s e f i r e , t h e d e m o b i l i z a t i o n o f g u e r r i l l a f o r c e s a n d v e r i f i c a t i o n a n d i m ­p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e a g r e e m e n t

o n c e p e a c e i s r e a l i z e d . W i t h t h e a g r e e m e n t , o p p o s i t i o n l e a d e r s be ­l i e v e d t h a t t h e d o o r t o peace h a d b e e n o p e n e d .

I t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t i n t e r v e n ­t i o n b y b i g p o w e r s e x a c e r b a t e d t h e r e g i o n ' s p e r s i s t i n g c i v i l w a r s , t h o u g h i t w a s m a i n l y i n t e r n a l p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l p r o b l e m s t h a t w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e t u r b u l e n c e . L a t i n A m e r i ­c a n c o u n t r i e s h a v e c a l l e d o n o u t ­s i d e f o r c e s t o s t o p i n t e r f e r e n c e i n t h e r e g i o n a n d l e t t h e C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n p e o p l e t o s e t t l e t h e i r o w n p r o b l e m s .

C h a n g e s i n t h e g l o b a l p o l i t i c a l c l i m a t e e x e r t e d a g r e a t i n f l u e n c e o n t h e r e g i o n ' s p o l i t i c a l s i t u a t i o n . A s a n e d i t o r i a l i n t h e New York Times n e w s p a p e r p o i n t e d o u t e a r l i e r t h i s y e a r , t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f C e n t r a l A m e r i c a i s f a l l i n g i n W a s h i n g t o n ' s f o r e i g n p o l i c y a n d U S i n t e r e s t i n t h e r e g i o n i s s h r i n k i n g .

T h e e b b i n g o f o u t s i d e i n f l u ­e n c e h a s p a v e d t h e w a y f o r s u c ­c e s s f u l L a t i n A m e r i c a n m e d i a t ­i n g e f f o r t s . M e x i c o a n d V e n e z u e ­l a , t h e t w o c o u n t r i e s t h a t a d ­j o i n t h e C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n r e ­g i o n , h a v e p l a y e d a k e y r o l e i n b r o k e r i n g t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s . T h e v a r i o u s a r m e d f a c t i o n s i n t h e r e ­g i o n , l o n g c o m m i t t e d t o a r m e d s t r u g g l e , c h a n g e d s t r a t e g y b y r e ­s o r t i n g t o p o l i t i c a l m e a n s t o a c h i e v e r e f o r m s . T h e r e g i m e s i n t h e s e c o u n t r i e s d e m o n s t r a t e d a w i l l i n g n e s s t o r e f o r m t h e g o v e r n ­m e n t a n d t h e s o c i e t y . T h e s e f a c ­t o r s c o m b i n e t o b r i n g a b o u t t h e n e w t u r n i n g p o i n t i n t h e peace p r o c e s s i n C e n t r a l A m e r i c a .

A t p r e s e n t , t h e t a l k s a r e c o n ­t i n u i n g a n d a f i n a l c e a s e f i r e i s y e t t o b e r e a l i z e d . T h e p h y s i c a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l w o u n d s i n ­c u r r e d f r o m m a n y y e a r s o f w a r n e e d t i m e t o h e a l . S h o u l d a f o r ­m a l c e a s e f i r e b e a c h i e v e d , i t w i l l s t i l l be a l o n g t i m e b e f o r e d o m e s ­t i c s t a b i l i t y i s r e a l i z e d i n C e n t r a l A m e r i c a . B u t t h e l a t e s t d e v e l o p ­m e n t s i n E l S a l v a d o r a n d G u a t e ­m a l a h o l d m u c h p r o m i s e o f a b e t t e r f u t u r e f o r t h e r e g i o n . •

12 BEWINtS K E V I E W , JUNE 10-16, 1991

CHINA

China—A Major Electrical Appliance Producer

by Our Staff Reporter Liu Jianjun

In the past decade, China's household electrical appliance industry has made much headway.Its production scale and output are now among the world's highest and its technology has reached the advanced world level. The achievement has allowed China to switch from an importer to an exporter of large numbers of household electrical appliances.

Since the 1970s, it has taken only a dozen or so years for China's household

electrical appliance industry to extricate itself from its back­ward situation and turn the country into a major household electrical appliance producer.

Increase in Output Before it introduced the poli­

cy of reform and opening to the outside world in 1979, China did not have any modern, large household electrical appliance enterprises. Production of col­our television sets, refrigera­tors, washing machines, tape-recorders, video recorders and air conditioners was basically non-existent or still in the re­search stage. The country could

only produce a small amount of black-and-white televisions and electric fans with an annual out­put value of several hundred million yuan.

Since 1979, the government has spent several dozen billion yuan on introducing advanced technology from abroad and building many large and medium-sized household electr­ical appliance enterprises. As a result, China's household electr­ical appliance industry with its complete array of industrial sys­tems took shape.

According to the State Statist­ical Bureau, China now boasts more than 1,000 household electrical appliance enterprises, including more than 20 colour TV producers, 51 refrigerator plants, 42 washing machine fac­

tories and over 100 cassette tape-recorder manufacturers, as well as several hundred enter­prises turning out small house­hold electrical appliances. Sev­eral scores of comprehensive and large household electrical appliances production conglom­erates have been set up, includ­ing the Wanbao Electrical Ap­pliances Group in Guangdong, the Jinxing Electrical Appli­ances Group in Shanghai, the Panda Electrical Appliances Group in Jiangsu and the Peony Electrical Appliances Group in Beijing. In 1990, the output val­ue of China's household electri­cal appliance industry totalled 24 billion yuan, and the output of some products such as black-and-white televisions, refrigera­tors, washing machines, electric fans and irons has become the world's highest.

According to statistics, the nation's refrigerator output in 1990 amounted to 4.754 million, 40 times more than the accumu­lated total produced in the 23 years preceding 1978.

In 1989, the output of wash­ing machines came to 6.526 mil­lion, compared with 245,000 in 1980.

The growth of television out­put has been even more remark­able. In 1958, China could only produce 200 black-and-white televisions. The figure was 500,-000 in 1978, including 3,000 colour televisions produced on a

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10T1«<1991 13

C H I N A

trial basis. By 1990, China's tel­evision output reached 26.62 million, including 10.23 million colour ones.

The Guangzhou Wanbao Electrical Appliances Group, a small plant heavily in debt with 300 employees a decade ago, leads the nation in refrigerator production. In 1981, it conduct­ed enterprise reform and introd­uced advanced equipment and technology from abroad, and become the nation's biggest re­frigerator production base in less than three years. Currently, the comprehensive household electrical appliances group has several dozen enterprises and 10,000 workers and staff mem­bers on its pay-roll. With its an­nual output of refrigerators ex­ceeding 1 million and its annual output value 3 billion yuan, the group has become one of the eight largest refrigerator manu­facturers in the world.

According to a responsible member of the China House­hold Electrical Appliances As­sociation, China's household electrical appliance industry has reached or approached the 1980s technical level of devel­

oped countries. V a r i e t y o f P r o d u c t s

According to the State Statist­ical Bureau, when New China was found in 1949, its house­hold electrical appliance indus­try could only turn out three varieties and, by 1979, only a dozen or so varieties. By 1990, the figure soared to more than 200 and, moreover, each varie­ty has many specifications and models.

Take refrigerators for exam­ple. In 1979, China was only able to produce direct cooling compressor refrigerators with a single chamber. Today, howev­er, it can manufacture refriger­ators with two or three cham­bers in more than 20 specifica­tions and with a capacity from 50 to 200 litres. The country can also produce the most up-to-date refrigerators with three chambers and three temper­ature settings.

China's televisions have de­veloped from only small black-and-white versions to both black-and-white and colour tel­evisions ranging in size from 14

to 21 inches, including flat screen and right-angled remote-controlled televisions, televi­sions with multi-screens, high articulation, stereoscopic and memorial functions, as well as colour televisions with extra large screens produced especial­ly for the Asian Games.

China's washing machines have expanded from single to twin tubs and from semi­automatic to fully automatic models with more than ten var­ieties.

Electric fans have developed from table and suspension to electronically sensitive and computer remote-controlled ones in several dozen varieties, meeting the need of both spe­cialized and public locations.

Audio and video products have widened from single-product to product lines with multi-functions and multi-specifications.

In addition, to meet increas­ing public demands, China has developed over 100 new prod­ucts, such as rice-cookers, electric-heating blankets, hair styling sets, smoke exhausters, microwave ovens, electronic massage devices, music door bells, dust collectors, electric ovens and thermos devices. Each new product has a wide product line. Nowadays, custo­mers do not have to queue up to shop as was common a decade ago, but, instead, they meticu­lously compare and choose from among a dazzling array of household electrical appliances on the counters. Moreover, new products are constantly coming on to the market.

A d v a n c e d W o r l d L e v e l

China's household electrical appliances have not only in­creased in quantity and variety, their technical performance and

14 BHJWQ (tEVIEW, JUNE 10-16,1991

C H I N A

quality are also on the rise. Ma­jor products have reached the advanced world level of the 1980s with some products of the best quality available world­wide.

According to the China Household Electrical Appli­ances Association, in recent years, China's household electr­ical appliances won many prizes at international fairs and spe­cial exhibitions. For instance, they won 26 gold medals at the noted international fairs held in Leipzig, Vancouver, Hawaii, Singapore, Jamaica and Paris. Some products, such as Guang­zhou's Wanbao refrigerators and Qingdao's Qindao-Liebherr refrigerators have become world name-brand products. China's stereoscopic colour tel­evisions with multiple screens are also among the world's best.

According to the bulletin re­port on the quality of household electrical appliances which was released by the State Technolo­gy Monitoring Bureau in July 1990, the selective quality ex­amination of 45 colour TV producers and 45 washing machine factories showed that the quality of their products was up to standard in every re­gard and that their safety per­formance was up to internation­al standard.

The quality of the 40 prod­ucts made by the Wanbao Electrical Appliances Group, for example, has reached state Grade A standard and their technical indexes conform to the standards published by the International Electrical Appli­ances Organization. Wanbao re­frigerators have been awarded certificates of quality by the US Electrical Association and the product can now enter the US market without inspection.

Thanks to their reliable qual­ity, China's electrical products

have not only won the trust of domestic customers, their prod­ucers have also won many inter­national bids. Qindao-Liebherr refrigerators produced by the Qingdao Refrigerators Plant were the winner at a bidding organized by the World Health Organization in 1987 and cho­sen best product at two refriger­ator competitions sponsored by the U N Children's Fund in 1988.

I m p o r t s a n d E x p o r t s

Important factors for the rap­id development of China's household electrical appliance industry and the high quality of its products are that the in­dustry has introduced a large amount of advanced technology and purchased complete sets of equipment and production lines from abroad, improved on the imported technology and stepped up the process of the Chinese-made components and parts.

Incomplete statistics show that since 1978, China's house­hold electrical appliance indus­try has conducted extensive ex­changes and co-operation in many ways with several dozen

countries and regions, including Japan, the United States, Italy, Britain, Germany, the Nether­lands, Sweden, Australia, the Soviet Union, Singapore and Hong Kong. Technical Exchanges. According to officials in charge of the production of household electr­ical appliances from the Minis­try of Light Industry and the Ministry of Machine-Building and Electronics, over the past decade, China has sent out sev­eral hundred technical inspec­tion groups to conduct technical inspections and exchange prod­uction and managerial infor­mation to the above-mentioned countries and regions. At the same time, China has also re­ceived inspection groups from many countries and invited for­eign experts to undertake on-site management. Import of Complete Sets of Equipment and Technology. In the past ten years, China has introduced several hundred complete sets of equipment and production lines from a dozen or so countries, including Ja­pan, the United States, Italy, the Netherlands and Germany. The number of colour television production lines alone tops 100.

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE J(M«;'W91 15

C H I N A

China's household electrical appliance industry has also in­troduced and absorbed single-item production techniques and technology so as to promote and enhance the industry's capacity.

Statistics show that in the past decade China has import­ed 3,530 complete sets of equip­ment and technological items, valued at US$20.5 billion. Joint Ventures and Co-operative Production. In addition to the introduction of complete sets of equipment and technology from abroad and domestic produc­tion of household electrical ap­pliances, China's household electrical appliance industry has also absorbed foreign capi­tal for co-operative production and management. Examples are the colour television joint ven­ture financed by Fujian Prov­ince and the Hitachi Co. of Japan, the fan production en­terprise set up with funds from Guangdong's Foshan and a for­eign business and the air condi­tioning plant jointly funded by Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Prov­ince, and an overseas business.

While vigorously introducing equipment and technology from abroad, China's house­hold electrical appliance indus­try has exported its products in mass quantities, eliminated the reliance on imports and played an important role in the world household electrical appliance market.

Statistics show that in 1990, China's household electrical ap­pliances directly exported to other countries were valued at US$200 million. Of this, the amount of televisions was more than 1,000 times higher than in 1981, and exceeded 200 percent of the imported figure (1.296 million) that year.

The export varieties have in­creased from a dozen or so a

decade ago to several dozen and the product composition switched from low-tech to high­tech products. The export scope has expanded from Southeast Asian and African countries to North American, and West Eu­ropean and East European countries, totalling more than 100 countries and regions. The volume of export has risen from just several thousand sets in a single transaction to several hundred thousand pieces. In 1988, for example, the country exported 800,000 electric fans to North American countries.

To date, China has set up 50 household electrical appliance export bases, including 20 col­our TV, 13 refrigerator, six washing machine, 15 electric fan and five air conditioning unit export bases. Most of the country's electrical appliance enterprises sell part of their products on the world market each year.

P r o b l e m s a n d P r o s p e c t s

While China 's household electrical appliance industry has made rapid progress, it has also met with some problems, particularly in the past two

years. According to the China

Household Electrical Appli­ances Association, the main problems are decontrol of the production scale of some prod­ucts and overlapping imports. For instance, China's colour tel­evision production capacity has already exceeded 15 million, greatly outpacing the market demand, and, since 1988, there has been large stocks of colour televisions, reaching as high as 3 million. The Beijing TV Plant alone has 200,000 televisions in stock.

The market is glutted with some electrical appliances and the sales volume in some large department stores have dropped enormously, from several hundred to just a dozen sets dai­ly in some locations. While the market is saturated with house­hold refrigerators, washing machines and electric fans, the production lines in several doz­en enterprises have stopped op­eration.

Another major problem is that China's videocorder mar­ket has been seriously affected by illegal imports.

In addition, China still has a long way to go in increasing

16 BBUWGREVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

C H I N A

C h i n e s e - m a d e p a r t s , i m p r o v i n g t h e q u a l i t y o f p r o d u c t s a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f n e w p r o d u c t s . I t h a s t o s p e n d l a r g e a m o u n t s o f f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e o n t h e p u r ­c h a s e o f f o r e i g n c o m p o n e n t s e a c h y e a r , a n d t h e a m o u n t h a s e x c e e d e d t h e t o t a l v o l u m e o f C h i n a ' s e x p o r t . I n a d d i t i o n t o o v e r p r o d u c t i o n , a n o t h e r r e a s o n f o r t h e s l u g g i s h m a r k e t i s t h a t C h i n a l a c k s n e w p r o d u c t s w h i c h a r e r o u t i n e l y u p d a t e d a n d u p ­g r a d e d .

W i t h t h e s e p r o b l e m s i n m i n d , t h e r e s p o n s i b l e g o v e r n m e n t d e ­p a r t m e n t h a s s i n c e 1 9 8 9 b e g u n a r e c t i f i c a t i o n p r o g r a m m e . E m ­p h a s i s h a s b e e n p l a c e d o n r e a d ­j u s t i n g t h e i n d u s t r i a l s t r u c t u r e , r i g o r o u s l y c o n t r o l l i n g o v e r l a p ­p i n g i m p o r t s , r e t r e n c h i n g o v ­e r p r o d u c t i o n , l o w e r i n g p r i c e s , o p e n i n g t h e i r u r a l m a r k e t s , p r o d u c i n g m a r k e t a b l e p r o d u c t s

a n d p u t t i n g a h a l t t o s m u g g l i n g a c t i v i t i e s . A s o f n o w , t h e r e h a v e b e e n g o o d r e s u l t s . A f t e r r e d u c ­i n g t h e o u t p u t o f m a j o r h o u s e ­h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e s ( c o l ­o u r T V se t s , r e f r i g e r a t o r s a n d w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s ) i n 1 9 9 0 , t h e i r o u t p u t a n d t h e m a r k e t d e ­m a n d w e r e b a s i c a l l y b a l a n c e d a n d t h e p r i c e s w e n t d o w n b y 4 0 p e r c e n t . T h e a m o u n t o f p r o d ­u c t s i n s t o c k i s c o m i n g d o w n a n d t h e s a l e s v o l u m e g r o w i n g i n r u r a l a r e a s . S o m e n e w l y d e v e l ­o p e d p r o d u c t s , s u c h as c o m p u ­t e r r e m o t e - c o n t r o l l e d c o l o u r t e l ­e v i s i o n s w i t h l a r g e s c r e e n s , a u ­t o m a t i c h o u s e h o l d s m o k e e x ­h a u s t v e n t i l a t o r s , w a s h i n g m a c h i n e s s u i t a b l e f o r r u r a l a r e a s , a n d m u l t i - f u n c t i o n a l v i -d e o c o r d e r s h a v e e n j o y e d b r i s k s a l e s . A c c o r d i n g t o a n o f f i c i a l f r o m t h e M i n i s t r y o f C o m ­m e r c e , t h e s a l e s v o l u m e o f

h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e s h a s p i c k e d u p . I n r e g a r d s t o s m u g g l i n g , t h e C u s t o m s H o u s e a n d t h e S t a t e A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f I n d u s t r y a n d C o m m e r c e h a v e j o i n t l y s e t u p l a w - e n f o r c e m e n t o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o p u t a h a l t t o s m u g g l e d g o o d s a n d p r o t e c t t h e n a t i o n a l i n d u s t r y .

A f t e r r e a d j u s t m e n t a n d r e c t i ­f i c a t i o n , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t C h i ­n a ' s h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i ­a n c e i n d u s t r y w i l l o v e r c o m e t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s o f o v e r p r o d u c t i o n a n d t h e t r a n s i e n t m a r k e t s l u g ­g i s h n e s s a n d e n t e r a n e w p e r i o d o f d e v e l o p m e n t . T h i s i s b e c a u s e C h i n a ' s h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p ­p l i a n c e i n d u s t r y i s s t i l l a t t h e g r o w i n g s t a g e a n d h a s g r e a t p o ­t e n t i a l f o r d e v e l o p m e n t . F r o m a l o n g - t e r m p o i n t o f v i e w , p r o s ­p e c t s a r e b r i g h t as t h e o w i n g r a t e o f h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p ­p l i a n c e s i s f a i r l y l o w i n t h e v a s t c o u n t r y s i d e a n d r e m o t e a r e a s . T a k e v i d e o c o r d e r s f o r e x a m p l e . C u r r e n t l y t h e r e a r e 2 5 0 m i l l i o n f a m i l i e s i n C h i n a . I f t h e o w i n g r a t e i s 15 p e r c e n t , o v e r 3 0 m i l ­l i o n v i d e o c o r d e r s w i l l b e n e e d ­e d . A l l k i n d s o f h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e s w i l l e n j o y b r i s k s a l e s as l o n g as t h e y m e e t p u b l i c d e m a n d a n d t h e i r p r i c e s a r e r e a s o n a b l e . C h i n a ' s h o u s e ­h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e s u p p l y w i l l f a l l s h o r t o f d e m a n d f o r a l o n g p e r i o d o f t i m e .

G i v e n t h i s s i t u a t i o n , C h i n a ' s h o u s e h o l d e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e i n d u s t r y w i l l c o n t i n u e t o i n t r o d ­u c e a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y a n d e q u i p m e n t b a d l y n e e d e d i n t h e c o u n t r y , e x p a n d i t s c o - o p e r a t i v e s c o p e a n d , o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e e x i s t i n g s c a l e , r e a d j u s t t h e i n ­d u s t r i a l s t r u c t u r e . T o p p r i o r i t y w i l l b e g i v e n t o r a i s i n g t h e t e c h n i c a l l e v e l a n d q u a l i t y , d e ­v e l o p i n g n e w m a r k e t a b l e p r o d ­u c t s , i n c r e a s i n g e x p o r t s a n d t r y i n g t o g e t a b i g g e r s h a r e i n t h e w o r l d m a r k e t . •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 1CJ6 , 'B91 17

CHINA

'My Hometown Is Nicer!' -A Visit to the Returned Tibetan Compatriot Tuomei Namca

T m u o m e i Namca left his h o m e t o w n , N y a i n r o n g County in Tibet, at the age

of 16. After three visits, Tuomei, a former follower of the Dalai Lama, finally decided to settle down in his native home. "My hometown," he exclaims to us, "is nicer!"

Tuomei Namca, 42, went abroad together with his father, a former herdsowner, in the 1960s. He first studied at a night school for adults in New Delhi.

After his graduation from the school, he became involved in political activities, following oth­ers to work for "Tibet's in­dependence."

"I was quite active at that time," he said. "Later, I was ap­pointed the head of a reception agency in Nepal for the 'exiled Tibetan government'."

On the tenth day of the third month according to Tibetan calendar each year, or the so-called "uprising day," senior leaders sta­tioned in various countries by the "exiled government" meet in India.

"I attended nearly every meeting in those years. We discussed how to bring about an independent Ti­bet'," he said. "I gradually grew weary of the activities as time went on, however. Although we had initiat- ; ed many political activi­ties outside China, no coun­try recognized Tibet as an independent country."

In 1979, the Tibet au­tonomous regional govern­ment announced that it

by Namgyai and Liu Qizhong

welcomed overseas Tibetans to visit their friends and relatives, go sightseeing or settle down in their homeland, forgiving them for any misdeeds abroad.

"I half believed and half doubted what I heard on the ra­dio," he said. "But I missed my hometown so much that before long I set out, with rather mixed feelings, for Tibet."

It just so happened that when he returned to Nyainrong Coun­ty, his hometown, local residents were facing severe hardships and the central government was sending a lot of relief material.

"Though the local people were not well-off, they did not blame the government. On the con­trary, they all thanked the Com­munist Party for having done so much for them," he noted.

"The situation made me even Zhaba (second right), a Tibetan compatriot who

in 1982, has bought a walliing tractor. MA II\'C

more confused, and since life in my hometown was not very good, I left again," he continued.

Tuomei didn't return for five years. During his stay abroad, however, he followed develop­ments in Tibet on the radio. "I felt curious about the state's pre­ferential policies and, to tell you the truth, nearly everything I heard. Nyainrong was always on my mind. I missed my homeland very much."

Tuomei returned to his na­tive place for the second time in 1983, curious about what was happening following the reform. "I decided to learn why people supported the Communist Party and the village cadres so much," he said.

Tuomei saw a lot of his home­town and visited many people there. Later, he went deep into

the grazing area in north­ern Tibet and called on herdsmen. After that, he travelled to Beijing and Shanghai where he saw the bustling cities and the re­markable changes which had taken place.

"Seeing is believing," Tuomei said. "The policy of the Communist Party is good. My fellow villagers all had enough food and clothing and even TV sets in their homes."

"At the time of my visit, I made up my mind to re­turn and settle," Tuomei said. "Of course, I went back to discuss the idea with my wife and children.'

Tuomei returned to his hometown in the summer

re-

18 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

Traditional Chinese Paintings

Beauties on a Journey. Peng X i a n c h e n g Boating at Dusk. ^'"^

Autumn. Zhang Renzhi Landscape. He Haixia

C H I N A

Gelong Lobsang Danzin (second left), who returned to Tibet in 1980, is now a member of the Standing Committee of the Lhasa People's Political Consultative Conference.

o f 1 9 8 5 . T h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t o f f e r e d t h e m a t w o - b e d r o o m a p a r t m e n t c o m p l e t e w i t h a s i t ­t i n g r o o m . T h e y w e r e a l s o g i v ­e n a p i ece o f l a n d i n d o w n t o w n N a g q u f o r t h e b u i l d i n g o f a h o u s e s o t h a t T u o m e i ' s w i f e c o u l d s t a r t a b u s i n e s s .

S o o n T u o m e i N a m c a w a s e l e c t e d a m e m b e r o f t h e S t a n d ­i n g C o m m i t t e e o f t h e N a g q u P r e f e c t u r a l C o m m i t t e e o f t h e C h i n e s e P e o p l e ' s P o l i t i c a l C o n ­s u l t a t i v e C o n f e r e n c e . T h e p o s i ­t i o n c a r r i e s a 3 0 0 y u a n m o n t h l y s a l a r y .

L a s t y e a r , T u o m e i ' s t w o d a u g h t e r s , C e z h a Z h o l c e n g a g e d 14 a n d C e d a n Q u n b e i a g e d 1 2 , w e r e e n r o l l e d i n t h e T i b e t a n c lass o f t h e H o n g g u a n g M i d d l e S c h o o l i n T i a n j i n . T h e s t a t e c o v ­e r s a l l s c h o o l a n d l i v i n g e x p e n s e s .

" T h e m o r e t h e g o v e r n m e n t c a r e s f o r u s , t h e m o r e I w a n t t o s u p p o r t i t s e f f o r t s , " T u o m e i s a i d . " I t r y t o d o m o r e f o r t h e c o u n t r y a n d t h e p e o p l e i n o r d e r t o r e t u r n t h e g o v e r n m e n t ' s k i n d n e s s . '

F r o m l a t e 1 9 8 9 t o e a r l y 1 9 9 0 , t h e N a g q u P r e f e c t u r e w a s s t r u c k b y t h e w o r s t b l i z z a r d i n a c e n t u ­r y . A c t i n g o n h i s o w n , T u o m e i N a m c a a s k e d t o h e l p w i t h t h e d i s a s t e r r e l i e f w o r k . H e w a s a p ­

p o i n t e d b y t h e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t t o l e a d a r e l i e f w o r k g r o u p a n d h e l p b l i z z a r d v i c t i m s i n t h e w o r s t h i t c o u n t y o f J i a l i , r e a r r a n g e t h e i r l i v e s a n d r e s t o r e p r o d u c ­t i o n .

A s t h e h e a v y s n o w c o n t i n ­u e d f o r n e a r l y h a l f a y e a r a n d r e a c h e d 1 5 0 c m i n d e p t h , t h e e x ­i s t e n c e o f t h e l o c a l h e r d s m e n w a s e n d a n g e r e d . T u o m e i N a m c a w a s a t a l o s s . H e d o u b t e d w h e t h e r

p e o p l e t h e r e c o u l d b e g i n a n e w l i f e .

A f e w d a y s l a t e r , h o w e v e r , t h e c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t u s e d h e l i c o p ­t e r s t o s h i p l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f r e l i e f m a t e r i a l s u c h as f o o d , m e d i c i n e a n d w o o l l e n b l a n k e t s i n t o t h e r e g i o n . T h e s h i p m e n t s e n s u r e d t h a t t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f t h e l o c a l p e o p l e w o u l d be m e t .

A l t h o u g h t h e c a l a m i t y l a s t e d h a l f a y e a r , n o o n e f r o z e o r s t a r v e d t o d e a t h . " I t w a s r e a l l y a m i r a c l e , " T u o m e i N a m c a e m ­p h a s i z e d .

T u o m e i h a s a p i c t u r e w h i c h h e k e e p s i n a T i b e t a n - s t y l e c a b i n e t . T a k e n a f t e r t h e b l i z z a r d , t h e p i c ­t u r e s h o w s a n o l d h e r d s m a n a n d a y a k w h i c h t h e g o v e r n m e n t g a v e h i m .

" T h e o l d m a n , " T u o m e i s a i d , " w i t h t e a r s i n h i s e y e s a n d h o l d ­i n g m y h a n d s i n h i s , s a i d r e p e a t ­e d l y : T h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y i s r e a l l y g o o d t o us ! "

W h e n h e s p o k e t o u s , t e a r s a l s o w e l l e d u p i n T u o m e i ' s eyes . A t s u c h t i m e s , i t i s e a s y t o u n d e r ­s t a n d w h y t h e T i b e t a n p e o p l e l o v e t h e C o m m u n i s t P a r t y o f C h i n a so m u c h . •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 18-16,.1991 19

CHINA

Over the past 12 years, the Chinese government has sent about 100,000 people to study or conduct research abroad. To date, nearly half have returned and are playing important roles in a variety of positions.

Returning Students Glad to Be Back by Our Staff Reporter Cui Lili

Cai Fengxian, 32, associate professor at the Dalian University of Science and

Technology and a specialist in physical chemistry, won com­mendations by the Chinese gov­ernment for her remarkable con­tributions to teaching and scien­tific research. Cai, who went to France to complete a post-Ph.D course in the mid-1980s, devel­oped a high-active and high-selective catalyst there which was awarded a patent in France and other European countries. After she returned to China in 1987, she continued her research in the field, making a number of achievements which attract­ed the attention of colleagues at home and abroad.

Another 409 returned students won the commendation together with Cai. Having achieved the title of associate professor or as­sociate research fellow, these spe­cialists, most around 40 years of age, some about 30, have become the backbone in their respec­tive fields of study. Some have achieved scientific research re­sults of advanced world levels.

According to Yang Changchun, head of the propa­ganda section of the Returned Students Department of the State Educational Commission, about 100,000 people (both

government-funded and self-supporting) studied or conducted research in 76 countries over the past 12 years, nearly half of whom have completed their stu­dies and returned to China. Working in government organ­izations, institutions of higher learning, research institutes, companies, enterprises and other units under the central and prov­incial authorities, the returned students have played an increas­ingly important role in China's economic development.

Most of the students were sent abroad by the government. Eager to help their motherland, they bring back the most advanced scientific, technological, manage­ment expertise in the world. Yang said that the government will continue to send at least sev­eral thousand students abroad annually.

Selection of Applicants Since 1978, the Chinese Acade­

my of Science has sent more than 7,300 visiting scholars, graduate students and other researchers to take degree courses abroad, about one-tenth of all state-funded overseas students.

The policy of sending staff to study abroad is based on a realis­tic assessment of the academy's

actual conditions. According to Yan Yongping, director of the Overseas Students Section of the academy's Educational Depart­ment, many of the people who form the backbone of the var­ious branches of studies under the academy will retire within five to ten years. If the academy fails to bring forth qualified suc­cessors in time, the country's scientific research will undoubt­edly be adversely affected in the future.

Given this situation, the study plan has a clear objective. In ge­neral, the authorities of the aca­demy will first determine which research projects have priority, followed by publication of a guide to the projects and the competition and selection of aca­demy applicants. The candidates are chosen according to the need of different institutes under the academy and their own academ­ic qualifications. A 1990 survey found that 80 percent of the more than 3,600 returned stu­dents had acquired a technical title above associate research fel­low, 30 percent held the position of director of research office or above, and almost 50 percent had won state or ministerial rewards for outstanding scientific results.

An important aim in sending scientists and technicians abroad

20 BEOlNG'ltEVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

C H I N A

is to encourage them to keep abreast of advanced world science and technology by their direct involvement in up-to-date research and to help raise Chi­na's scientific research level when they return to the country. Since 1985, the academy has in­troduced, on a trial basis, a special policy towards top-notch scholars. According to this poli­cy, staff who have achieved crea­tive scientific research results, published important academic theses in influential internation­al academic publications, or won significant international academ­ic awards during their study abroad will be listed among the academy's outstanding intellec­tuals. The academy will finance their participation in academic symposiums in China and may apply for funding to purchase re­ference materials, apparatus, re­agents and other necessities for scientific research before they re­turn to China. They will also be given preferential treatment in promotions and in the resolution of housing and other problems.

Ma Songde, one of the acade­my's top intellectuals, went to study image processing at the Paris No. 6 University in 1978 and acquired a French doctorate in 1986. Extremely diligent, Ma continued to display remarkable talent. In September 1985, he at­tended the EURO Graphic 85' and captured two of the meet­ing's three prizes for excellent academic papers, eliciting the ad­miration of all his foreign col­leagues. After he returned to China in 1986, the academy ap­pointed him a research fellow and provided him with housing. Today, as a member of the State Hi-Tech Plan Experts Commit­tee, he is the head of the model recognition laboratory of the academy's Institute of Automa­tion, a key state project.

Yuan Yaxiang, in his early 30s, is the academy's youngest research fellow. In 1982, he was

sent by the academy's Computer Centre to study applied math­ematics and theoretical physics for a doctor's degree at Cam­bridge University of Britain. During his study, he completed more than a dozen influential academic theses and was invit­ed to attend international confer­ences on five occasions. He won the first mathematics prize at a competition of post-graduate academic papers at Cambridge University and a second prize at an all-England mathematics competition. He was also elected a research fellow of a college at Cambridge University, a ti­tle which no one had previously been able to acquire before being awarded a doctor's degree. Al­though Yuan has yet to complete his studies, he returns to China every year for six months in or­der to link research result with scientific research at home. The academy supports his work by providing him with special funds for his domestic research work.

The academy plans, in the next five years, to train 200 top intel­lectuals like Ma and Yuan, as the nucleus and backbone of the aca­demy's future development. E x c h a n g i n g R e s u l t s

When Zhao Nanming, 51, cur­rently a professor of biophysics and director of the Biological Science and Technology Depart­ment of Qinghua University, stu­died at the University of Califor­nia of the United States in 1978, he was among the first batch of Chinese students sent abroad af­ter the country opened its door to the outside world. At the time, Qinghua University had no de­partment of biology. After he completed his studies in 1981, he returned to the university and set up the department in 1984. After six years of efforts, his depart­ment became a first-rate teach­ing and scientific research insti­tute in China and has trained a

WAI^G ZIjIS Lin Gui (left), president of the Ziiong-slian Hospital attaclied to the Shanghai Medical University who earned a docto­rate in medical science in Sweden, ex­amines apparatus before an operation. large number of undergraduates, post-graduates and doctorates. It has established a key state labor­atory, the facilities and equip­ment of which compare favour­ably with the laboratories of some developed countries. Many of its scientific results have filled in technological gaps previous­ly hampering the field's devel­opment in China and some re­sults have reached advanced world levels.

Zhao attributed such achieve­ments to China's open policy which enabled him to make up for the time lost during the "cul­tural revolution" (1966-76) and which allowed him to keep abreast of the rapidly changing situation in the world's science and technology. "The aim of es­tablishing the biological science and technology department was to let China in the near future occupy a place in the new scien­tific arena," Zhao said.

Today, more than 70 percent of the 60 staff members in Zhao's department are intellectually vi­brant returned students who are

BEIJING REVIEW, JUN6>0.-16ja991 21

C H I N A

Zhang Shensheng (right) of the Shanghai Communications University returned to China after receiving a doctorate in the United States. He dedicates himself to computer research and development; Zheng Wanlie, associate professor of the Mechanical Department of the Shanghai Tongji University, has researched refrigeration technology after receiving his doctorate in the Soviet Union. Here, he shows local residents how to use a household gas water heater and radiator. able to keep up with world devel­opment of science and technolo­gy and have a solid scientific re­search foundation.

In Zhao's department, the se­lection and priority given to the development of research projects are based on China's actual con­ditions and on world devel­opment trends. Internationa] ex­changes are also encouraged to ensure the free flow of informa­tion and help his staff constantly tap their own potential and catch up with or surpass their foreign colleagues.

According to this policy, each staff member of the department can attend international academ­ic meetings or other exchange programmes for three months each year. Those with outstand­ing achievements in teaching and academic research are allowed to work abroad for one year out of five. To fulfil its long-term ex­change plan, the department sends five people abroad and ex­pects five already abroad to re­turn each year. So far, all of the returned scholars have rendered excellent service. Sui Senfang, a Ph.D professor of the Biogeo-physical Department of the Munich University of Technolo­gy, headed key project research after he returned to China in 1989. Zhao provided him with a laboratory and funds for re­

search, as well as fully capable partners and assistants. In the last two years, Sui was able to bring his research results to three international academic exchange conferences and has been quite satisfied with his work environ­ment and the progress he has made.

A d a p t a b l e t o C h a n g e s

Lu Junqin was sent by the Bei­jing Electro-Optical Source Re­search Institute to further his studies in Federal Germany in 1979, returned a doctorate de­gree holder and was posted de­puty general engineer at the re­search institute in 1983. In 1985, because of his achievements in optical research, Lu was listed in the World's Who's Who of Opit-ical Science and Engineering by the United States. With such a background, Lu never imagined he would quit his research area and turn to another career one year later.

Lu, now deputy general man­ager of the Xingye Co. of the China International Trust and Investment Corp., is in charge of a mountain of business routines: holding discussions with foreig­ners on the import of funds, technologies and managerial ex­pertise, probing ways to expand exports, and arranging economic

co-operation with foreign busi­nessmen. All of this has virtually nothing to do with Lu's special­ity.

His new job, however, has not left him frustrated. On the con­trary, he always keeps himself busy and happy. He quit his career because, among others, the research institute he once worked for had neither the funds nor the working conditions he needed to continue his research. Such a situation was common that a returned student could not find a job suited to his/her spe­cial training. This has been part­ly because the state could not afford to pay for facilities and partly because some people failed to tailor themselves to the changing circumstances. Lu Jun­qin is a case in point. Although some students had the same ex­periences as Lu once had, com­plaining that they could not fol­low through on their training, Lu had a different opinion. "I take it for granted," Lu said, "that since I was sent abroad by the state, I came back to serve the country." Though he could not pursue his academic speciality because the state lacked the resources he needed, he has generated as much interest in his new job as in his old. Now, he still makes use of his expertise in foreign lan­guage and electronic engineer-

22 BEfjlWREVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

CHINA

WU ZUZHENC WANG ZijlN Xu Qingyao, deputy director of tlie Foreign Languages Department of Sichuan Polytechnic College and a student who retuned from the United States, makes preparations for the new academic year; Hong Ziliang (centre), associate professor of the Electronics Engineering Department of the Shanghai Fudan University who received a doctorate in Switzerland, discusses an electric circuit design with his colleagues.

ing. Ye Yanlin, 35, once studied in

France and Canada and returned a Ph.D to the Technical Physics Department of Beijing Universi­ty early in 1989. Later that year he was appointed an associate professor with his research fo­cused on the basic theory of nu­clear physics. "In other coun­tries," he said, "there are more specialists than are needed in my research area. It is common for two or three post-Ph.D to apply for one job. Moreover, even though one gets the job, it will take him a long time to get a research project and organize a research group of, say, ten mem­bers." Many have to turn to oth­er areas, for example, radiation therapy in hospitals or steriliza­tion of foodstuffs by nuclear ra­diation, after graduation.

Ye said he hoped to make some accomplishments in his field. He returned to Beijing University after finishing his studies abroad. As he expected, his research project was ap­proved soon after he made an application and his department organized a research group of four full and associate profes­sors and some aides and provid­ed some research funds.

Nevertheless, Ye's research was not plain sailing and he met with more difficulties than ex­

pected. For example, the equip­ment of the Technical Physics Department was outdated, and there were no funds for new equipment. To top it all, in order to do experiments, Ye sometimes had to travel thousands of miles to Lanzhou, Gansu Province, to use the heavy-ion cyclotron in­stalled there.

"Of course," Ye said, "I will still hold on to my job and strive to do something good for the country."

Compared with Lu and Ye, Liu Jin, a Ph.D from Japan, is lucky. In 1988, Liu, then 29 years old, completed his doctor­al programme in Japan's Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology and came back to continue his post-Ph.D studies at the Biology Department of Bei­jing University. In 1989, Liu took up the plant genetic engi­neering for obtaining transgen­ic plants that resist infection of plant pathogens. He is trying to screen resistance genes from a myriad of microbes and create a disease-resis tant t ransgenic plant, thus blazing a new trail in the world's biological research. Liu has since screened a group of microbes (antagonist microbes) that can resist or inhibit plant pathogens, wherein he separated four antimicrobial proteins. By comparing the four antimicrobi­

al proteins with the amino acid sequence of more than 20,000 types of proteins so far identified worldwide with the help of com­puters, he has concluded that they are the latest functional proteins ever discovered. The four proteins will be included in the international protein bank of European molecular biology. His research is still in full swing.

In the past year, Liu and his colleagues have presented their research papers at three interna­tional conferences and had them published in Chinese and foreign publications, drawing the atten­tion of coun te rpa r t s abroad. Since Liu's research has much to do with the leaf blight of rice, a widespread and serious disease in China, it will, in experts's words, prove to be very rewarding if Liu succeeds and his findings are ap­plied to agricultural production.

Associate Professor Liu is now in charge of laboratory protein engineering and plant genetic en­gineering, a key state project, in co-operation with Chen Zhan-gliang, the youngest professor with international recognition at Beijing University, and 31-year-old Associate Professor Gu Hon-gya, both of whom returned from the United States with a doctoral degree. The state has in­vested more than 500,000 yuan every year, altogether several

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE lO.l^s.1991 23

C H I N A

millions, in their research. "If your research area is not only needed by the state, which will then fund it, but is also compe­titive internationally, you half­way home," Liu said.

Because of the housing shor­tage, the Liu family of three is still packed into a single room and hves on a monthly salary of less than 200 yuan. However, Liu feels he is leading a full life, sit­ting in his spacious laboratory on the top floor of a four-storeyed building by the Unknown Lake on campus. "I'm a Chinese. I'm content because I'm working to my fullest for my own country. I believe there are many others who share my view."

S e r v i c e a n d P r o b l e m s Last year Shi Gang returned

from Japan with a Master's de­gree in business. Learning that Shi hoped to work in Beijing and has his wife transferred from Xian to the capital, the China Service Centre for Returned Ov­erseas Students recommended him to the China Internation­al Trust and Investment Corp. They needed a well-educated manager and so quickly decided to hire Shi and his wife. Shi was very pleased because in China it is often difficult to have one's spouse transferred into Beijing from outside.

The service centre based in the Beijing Languages Institute has been able to help many returned students in similar ways since it was established in 1987. From the beginning, the centre offered services to students who wanted to study abroad and to those who have returned. Its services in­cluded applying for exit visas, purchasing air tickets and seeing students off at the airport.

Liu Lihe, the centre's deputy director, said that his centre has established regular ties with nearly 100 universities and re­search institutes in the United

States, Canada, Japan, Australia, France, Germany and New Zea­land so as to be in the best posi­tion to help students find jobs when they come back. Adhering to the principle of "rational com­petition and two-way choice," the centre sends employers to go abroad annually to hire students about to graduate and organizes students to come back on an in­spection tour, thus helping them know better China's current si­tuation.

However, the centre's attempts at good services and high effi­ciency for overseas students are often handicapped by adminis­trative dilly-dallying and red tape. For example, the state has made it clear that a Ph.D, wheth­er he/she is trained at home or broad, is entitled to have his/her spouse and dependents trans­ferred to his or her place of work. Over-elaborate personnel trans­fer procedures often prevent this from happening.

One of the centre's most im­portant tasks is to promote per­sonnel flow. The resistance to this work comes mainly from the organization which once em­ployed the students. Take the case of She Fu for exmple. He was sent to study in Germany by the Shanghai Tongji Medical University and given the title of professor by the university upon his return. But She was willing to work for Zhejiang University even though he was offered a post of an associate professor. This is because Zhejiang Univ­ersity's working conditions were more suitable for She's research project. She's persistence in working for Zhejiang Univ­ersity irritated Tongji Univ­ersity which refused to let him go. The centre had to untie the knot. Although, after much per­suasion by the centre, Tongji University eventually let She go, Liu still feels powerless and inef­fective in dealing with such cases as She's.

One unidentified foreign-trained student related his exper­ience. At his request, the service centre recommended him to the personnel department of a univ­ersity in south China. The univ­ersity turned him down, on the grounds that it did not need a person of his speciality. Soon af­ter that, however, a professor of the same university who worked in the same field as the student learned of the student when he read the Job Wanted column for foreign-trained students in a newspaper published by the ser­vice centre. The professor imme­diately wrote to the centre, invit­ing the student to be his aide. The student got the job he want­ed, but the story indicates that sometimes departments of the same organization do not work hand in hand.

Outdated personnel manage­ment system, and shortages of funds and housing are the prob­lems which often plague foreign-trained students. To solve these problems, the state has do|ie a lot. For example, it has ' es­tablished a natural science foun­dation, a special fund for promis­ing young teachers and subsidies to assist foreign-trained students on their return to work in China. Such government departments as the Ministry of Public Health and the Ministry of Agriculture have earmarked special funds to help foreign-trained students get their research programmes off the ground. The Chinese Acade­my of Science established a spe­cial fund under the authority of the president which can only be used for foreign-trained stu­dents. Recently, the state set aside 5 million yuan to build apartment houses for foreign-trained students, a step that will also be taken by the State Educa­tion Commission. In addition, a more flexible and effective per­sonnel management system, set up especially for foreign-trained students, is now under consider­ation. •

24 BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

CHINA

Spring Everywhere —Development in Traditional Ch/nese Painting

by Liu Boshu

r r i h e policy of "letting a I hundred flowers blossom

and a hundred schools of thought contend" has been tho­roughly carried out since China's reform and opening to the out­side world in 1979. Art is respect­ed and individuality of art recog­nized. A lively and new aspect in traditional Chinese painting has emerged during the past few years.

After several thousand years of development, especially dur­ing the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and the Qing Dynas­ty (1616-1911), traditional Chinese painting attained a high artistic level in approach, subject matter, brush skill and composition, but subjects gradually became res­tricted. Figure paintings only de­picted historical figures; land­scape painters expressed an ideal paradise of mountains and riv­ers, no human activities; bird and flower paintings concentrat­ed exclusively on plum blos­soms, orchids, bamboo, chrysan­themums, cranes, magpies, fish and roosters.

But during the ten years of turmoil under the slogan of "everything for politics," tradi­tional painting almost came to a dead end with respect to subject. However, in the last few years, traditional painting has made a breakthrough, and creation by enriching traditional subjects with the idea of the times has broadened and increased the scope and subject matter. In fi­gure paintings, painters with su­perb skill are making efforts to reflect human activities from different angles and in three di­

mensions. Various aspects of modern life from the heroic deeds of outstanding persons from various generations to the customs and lifestyles of ordi­nary people are depicted, reflect­ing their joy, anger, sorrow and happiness. Landscape painters continue to praise their country's magnificent mountains and riv­ers, and boldly illustrate the loess plateau and other scenery of dis­tinct local features which have never or rarely been painted be­fore. A large number of excellent works rich in local detail and flavour have been created. Art-lovers can feast their eyes on beautiful masterpieces of birds and flowers, which show a real picture of "a hundred flowers in blossom." Many subjects which in the past were never or rarely used, have been created. In the past few years, the scope and depth of the rich new subjects of traditional Chinese painting have seldom been seen in its pre­vious history.

The "newness" of Chinese painting has been prominently shown through a variety of tech­nique of expression. While mod­ern painters study and adopt traditional Chinese painting techniques, they have blazed their own trails and developed their own styles of their desire to free themselves from the shac­kles of the old painting formulae. Some study indepth of the legacy of traditional Chinese painting, some explore other art forms, and others learn from foreign art, including Western contem­porary art, thereby greatly en­riching the expression of tradi­

tional Chinese painting. In the art world, traditional

Chinese painting has always cul­tivated a unique art style of its own. It has inspired many paint­ing styles and formed many schools. Contemporary tradition­al Chinese painting has inherited this excellent national tradition and different schools have been formed according to the differ­ent cultural backgrounds, geog­raphy, environment, time and aesthetic demands. In the last few years, various styles of Chinese traditional painting have appeared which are promi­nent in local character. As for mountains and rivers, Beijing painters pursue the beauty of "grand and large." They use large brush strokes or a sharp black and white contrast to show earth-shaking power; as for the loess plateau, the use of colour and ink together or a splash of the brush to show a cold, deso­late, boundless plateau, is both primitive yet extremely mod­ern. Northeastern painters paint white mountains and black riv­ers, which, although bulky, have a charming and gentle effect. Those in the Jiangs u and Zhe-jiang area use graceful and free­style brushwork to express their unexplainable passion for water villages. Apart from the differ­ent styles of the different re­gions, China's painters have their own unique ways of painting that are so rich that one feels overwhelmed and unable to ab­sorb it all.

The author, Liu Boshu, was born in Yongxiu County, Jiangxi Province, in 1935 and graduated from the Central Academy of Fine Arts in 1953 where he studied painting under the guidance of Xu Beihong, a famous painter and edu­cator. Liu has been head of the de­partment of traditional Chinese paint­ing and deputy president of the Central Academy of Fine Arts. He is now depu­ty chief executive of the Tradition­al Chinese Painting Research Institute and executive director of the Chinese Artists' Association. •

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE-IW*, 1991 25

C H I N A

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f T r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e P a i n t i n g

Pa i n t i n g s i n t h e w o r l d c a n b a s i c a l l y b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o l a r g e c a t e g o r i e s ,

t h a t i s , O r i e n t a l a n d W e s t e r n . O r i e n t a l p a i n t i n g i n c l u d e s m a i n l y t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g , w h i l e W e s t e r n i s m a i n l y o i l p a i n t i n g . T r a d i ­t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g i s d i s ­t i n c t i n i t s e x p r e s s i o n a n d f o r m s i t s o w n u n i q u e s t y l e i n t h e E a s t a n d e v e n i n t h e w o r l d .

I n i t s e a r l y p e r i o d o f d e v e l ­o p m e n t , r e l i g i o u s f i g u r e s w e r e t h e s u b j e c t o f t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g . M o u n t a i n s , r i v e r s , f l o w e r s a n d b i r d s a p ­p e a r e d o n l y i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d a n d d i d n o t o c c u p y m u c h space. T h e y w e r e l a t e r e n ­l a r g e d a n d g r a d u a l l y d e v e l ­o p e d i n t o i n d e p e n d e n t s t y l e s .

T h e t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g i s d i s t i n g u i s h e d w i t h i t s s p e c i a l p a i n t i n g t o o l s a n d m o u n t i n g m e t h o d s . I t i s a l s o u n i q u e i n i m p l i c a t i o n . F o r e x ­a m p l e , a r t i s t s m a y " d r a w f i s h a n d n o w a t e r , b u t s t i l l t h e r e a r e r i p p l e s . " Q i B a i s h i p a i n t e d h i s s h r i m p s w i t h o u t w a t e r , y e t o n e c a n s t i l l f e e l w a t e r f r o m t h e m o v e m e n t o f t h e s h r i m p s . I n s o m e i n s t a n c e s w h e n C h i n e s e p a i n t e r s h a v e h e l d e x ­h i b i t i o n s i n E u r o p e , s o m e f o r ­e i g n f r i e n d s h a v e m i s t a k e n t h e e m p t y space i n t h e i r w o r k s as b e i n g u n f i n i s h e d ; i n f a c t , t h i s i s a n i m p o r t a n t a r t i s t i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g .

I n k o u t l i n e s a r e c h i e f l y u s e d i n C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g , t h e n

b y L u o H a j p o

t h e s h a p e s a r e f i l l e d i n w i t h c o l o u r . T h i s m a k e s t h e s h a p e s c l e a r a n d p r e c i s e . A n o u t ­s t a n d i n g p a i n t e r s k i l l f u l l y e x ­p r e s s e s a c e r t a i n f e e l i n g t h r o u g h h i s f i g u r a t i v e a n d v i ­g o r o u s o u t l i n e s . T h e c o l o u r i s s i m p l e a n d g e n e r a l i z e d a n d is a p p l i e d t o g i v e l i v e l i n e s s a n d v i v i d n e s s .

I n c o m p o s i t i o n , C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g a d o p t s " r a n d o m p e r ­s p e c t i v e s " o r " m o v i n g p e r s p e c ­t i v e s . " T h i s i s m o r e f l e x i b l e t h a n " f o c u s p e r s p e c t i v e " i n t h a t i t p u t s s u b j e c t s o f v a r y i n g t i m e a n d space t o g e t h e r pe r ­f e c t l y . F o r e x a m p l e , i n t h e g r a n d l a n d s c a p e p a i n t i n g How Beautiful the Mountains and Rivers Are, c o n t e m p o r a r y p a i n t e r s F u B a o s h i a n d G u a n S h a n y u e c o m b i n e a l l f o u r sea­s o n s f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f t i m e , a n d , f r o m t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f space , t h e y c o m b i n e scenes f r o m t h e s o u t h o f t h e Y a n g t z e R i v e r , n o r t h C h i n a , t h e r e d s u n o v e r t h e E a s t C h i n a S e a , a n d s n o w o n t h e w e s t e r n b o r d e r . T h i s c a n n o t be d o n e b y " f o c u s p e r s p e c ­t i v e . "

P a i n t i n g s a r e b a s e d o n a s u b j e c t . W h e r e a s i n W e s t e r n p a i n t i n g , o n l y t h e s i g n a t u r e o f t h e a r t i s t a n d d a t e a r e p u t i n t h e c o r n e r , i n C h i n e s e p a i n t ­i n g , t h e y a r e o f t e n n o t o n l y w r i t t e n i n a c o n s p i c u o u s p l a c e . T h e p a i n t i n g m a y i n ­c l u d e s u b j e c t t i t l e , p o e m s a n d sea l s . P o e m , c a l l i g r a p h y a n d p a i n t i n g a r e m e r g e d t o e n r i c h t h e s c o p e a n d d e p t h o f t h e a r t

w o r k . A s f o r c a l l i g r a p h y a n d

p a i n t i n g d u r i n g t h e T a n g D y ­n a s t y ( 6 1 8 - 9 0 7 ) a n d t h e S o n g D y n a s t y ( 9 6 0 - 1 2 7 9 ) , a n u m b e r o f s c h o l a r s a n d o f f i c i a l s i n f e u d a l C h i n a a l w a y s e x p r e s s e d t h e i r p e r s o n a l a m b i t i o n s b y u s i n g s y m b o l s o f m o u n t a i n s , r i v e r s , f l o w e r s a n d b i r d s . T h e y p a i d g r e a t a t t e n t i o n t o t h e c u l ­t i v a t i o n o f l i t e r a t u r e , c a l l i g r a ­p h y a n d t h e c r e a t i o n o f i d e a s i n p a i n t i n g w h i c h w a s t h e n c a l l e d " s c h o l a r p a i n t i n g . " D u r i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c h o l a r p a i n t i n g , c a l l i g r a p h y w a s c o n s i d e r e d p a i n t i n g , a n d p a i n t i n g b a m b o o w a s c a l l e d " w r i t i n g b a m b o o , " a n d p a i n t ­i n g p l u m w a s " w r i t i n g p l u m . " C o n t e m p o r a r y p a i n t e r s W u C h a n g s h u o , Q i B a i s h i a n d H u a n g B i n h o n g a d d e d b e a u t y t o t h e i r p a i n t i n g s w i t h t h e i r o u t s t a n d i n g c a l l i g r a p h y .

T h e s e a r e n o t t h e o n l y a r t f e a t u r e s o f t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e r e a r e 3 2 m e t h o d s o f u s i n g t h e b r u s h a n d 18 m e t h o d s o f u s i n g i n k . B y l e n d i n g b r u s h a n d i n k t o xuan p a p e r , a h i g h q u a l i ­t y a b s o r b e n t p a p e r m a d e i n X u a n c h e n g , A n h u i P r o v i n c e , s k i l l f u l p a i n t e r s o f t r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g a n d c a l l i g r a ­p h y c a n a c h i e v e e n d l e s s t e c h ­n i q u e s .

C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g h a s b e e n s p l e n d i d l y c u l t i v a t e d o v e r sev­e r a l t h o u s a n d s o f y e a r s . I t i s a l s o t h e c r y s t a l l i z a t i o n o f t h e e n d l e s s d e d i c a t i o n o f p a i n t e r s f r o m pas t d y n a s t i e s . •

26 B E IJ IN G REVIEW. JUNE 10-16, 1991

General Manager Gao Wenzhong

Address: 109 South Huanghe Street, Shenyang, China

Postcode: 110031 Tel: 466500-466509 Telex; 80045 FHFD CN Fax: 665207

TOURISM

Liaoning Phoenix Hotel A three-star tourist hotel, the Phoenix Hotel of

Liaoning Province is located in the beautiful Beihng area of Shenyang, Liaoning Province. Equipped with advanced facilities, the hotel has 260 elegantly decor­ated guest rooms. The seven dining halls serve Can­tonese, Liaoning and Shandong delicacies as well as the Western-style food. Service facilities include a tourist company, taxicab team attached to the hotel, booking ticket agent, foreign currencies exchange, credit card services, IDD telephone, business centre, satellite TV, conference facilities, market, laundry, medical mas­sage, sauna, billiards and tennis court, dancing hall. They provide convenience and comfort for tourists and businesmen. The well-trained hotel personnel of­fer courteous, high-quality services.

The phoenix is a symbol of luck and beauty, and, likewise, Phoenix Hotel Liaoning is certain to please you.

Tianiun Dynasty—A Unique Hotel y n d e r soft lights, a small

I Phihppino musical band of \ - / three males and one female

sing and play world-famous songs on request. Under a tea-coloured Arabian patterned canopy, young girls dressed in Arabian clothes half-kneel as they serve guests ar­ound the dining hall. Here guests can enjoy local Moroccan delica­cies. There are large golden yellow Aladdin coffee pots and a scene out of A Thousand and One Nights. This is the enchanting at­mosphere one discovers in the Magic Lamp Cocktail Lounge at the Tianiun Dynasty Hotel in Bei­jing.

The hotel is situated at the northern end of Wangfujing Av­enue in the centre of Beijing's bus­iest commercial area. Guests stay­ing in the upper rooms can gaze down onto the golden vermilion-roofed buildings of the Forbidden City. Managed by the Hong Kong Dynasty Management Group, this joint venture hotel is one of the

many high-class hotels that have sprouted up in Beijing recently. Despite the strong competition, however, the Tianiun Dynasty Ho­tel has attracted overseas tourists with its unique style.

Ms Anna Fang, manager of its public relations department, said that the hotel is presently in trial operation. There are still some restaurants, gymnasium, shopping and recreation facilities being fur­nished, and if all goes according to schedule, they should be ready for use later this summer. The under­ground, ground and first floors are mainly for recreation, shopping, food and drinks. The second floor has the largest glass-ceilinged cen­tral lounge in Asia, providing a setting and style similar to the square in Rome.

For the convenience of business tourists, Ms Fang said the hotel has a commercial centre complete with a wide range of services for guests. In the centre is an exhi­bition and sales hall, the largest

among Beijing's elite hotels, where one can purchase fine imitation Chinese porcelain. In addition to a gymnasium, the health centre in­cludes also a swimming pool, a tennis court, solarium, sauna bath, squash and bowling. Ms Fang went on to say that such complete health facilities are not common in other Beijing hotels. The hotel service is not only convenient for tourists, but also an ideal health and recreational spot for foreign guests living in the capital.

by Han Baocheng Hotel staff wish guests a Happy New Year at Spring Festival during a per­formance of the traditional Chinese lion dance in the central hall.

HAN BAOCHENG

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE Ifl-W, 27

F R O M T H E C H I N E S E P R E S S

The Chinese Dialects H U B E I R I B A O (Hubel Daily) The Northern Dialect of

Beijing is the predomi­nant speech spoken by 70

percent of the Chinese popula­tion.

The remaining speech pat­terns predominant in the coun­try include Wu spoken by poe-ple in Shanghai and Kejia, which originated in Meixian and is spoken by residents of Guangdong.

Among Chinese dialects eight are major ones. They are:

1. Northern: Predominant in Beijing, this dialect is the colourful speech heard north of Yangtze River, upper coas­tal area of Zhenjiang, lower coastal area of Jiujiang, Si­chuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, the northwestern Hubei and Hunan provinces and northern part of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. More than 70 percent of the Han people use this form of verbal communication.

2. Wu: About 8.4 percent of the Chinese people speak Wu, originated from the Shanghai dialect. It is also spoken in areas south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province and most of Zhejiang Province.

3. Hunan: Identified by sim­ilarity to Changsha dialect, spoken in Hunan Province by about 5 percent of the popula­tion.

4. Jiangxi: Used by 2.4 per­cent of the Chinese population living in Jiangxi Province and in southeastern part of Hubei Province.

5. Kejia: Originated in Meixian, it is spoken by resi­dents of the eastern, southern and northern parts of Guang­dong Province, the southeast­ern Guangxi Zhuang Auton­

omous Region, the western part of Fujian Province, the southern Jiangxi Province, and in some areas of Hunan and Sichuan provinces. About 4 percent of the Chinese people use it.

6. Guangdong: Originating in Guangzhou City and spoken by 5 percent of China's popu­lation in Guangdong Province. The dialect is heard in most parts of Guangdong and south­eastern Guangxi Zhuang Au­tonomous Region.

7. Northern Fujian: Identi­fied as an offshoot of Fuzhou dialect of Fujian Province, it is spoken by about 1.2 percent of China's population in Fujian.

8. Southern Fujian: Origin­ated in Xiamen and is used by about three percent of Han po­pulation in Fujian and many overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia.

(No. 14892)

The Bustling Taklimakan Desert J I N G J I C A N K A O B A O (Economic Reference) At the end of the 19th cen­

tury, a Swedish explorer braved the journey to

the Taklimakan desert in Xin­jiang Uygur Autonomous Re­gion to unearth relics silent for thousands of years along the Silk Road. He almost lost his life there. Recalling his adven­ture there, he wrote after­wards that the Taklimakan de­sert was the sea of death which fell short of merely a tomb­stone.

Today, however, the desert area of 330,700 square km is very much alive. In the sum­mer of 1983, some 300 oil ex­plorers of the Bureau of Oil Exploration under the original Ministry of Petroleum Indus-

I try entered that desolate land using special vehicles. Their living and working there was the first time human beings had lived and worked in that desert for any sustained length of time.

In November 1987 a drilling crew of the Oil and Natural Gas Corp. built a derrick in the desert's center. In the vicini­ty, a meteorological observa­tory station was set up by a comprehensive desert inspect­ing group under the Chinese Academy of Sciences to collect and record the weather infor­mation for the vast wasteland —the second largest mobile de­sert in the world.

Today one can see and feel the bustling desert by explo­sions, noisy machines, and shutthng cargo vehicles.

Living in special sand-proof coaches, the workers have all materials needed for daily use. They watch China Central Tel­evision Station's programmes transmitted by satellite, and ordinary illness are treated there. The abundant water be­neath the sand provides them drink and bath. The workers named their residency "the de­sert guesthouse."

The explorers often play football and badminton bare­foot in the soft sand in their spare time. During holidays they hold dancing parties in the open air. The nosisy fire­works at New Year's Eve ce­lebrations makes the "sea of death" lively.

The gradual expansion of the oil development and ex­ploration will bring more changes in Taklimakan desert. The Chinese scientists plan to build a solar energy power sta­tion covering an area of 30,000 square km, addding a new dimension to the desert's usefulness.

(February 3, 199J)

28 B K M I N G REVIEW, J U N E 10-16 , 1991

BUSINESS/TRADE

Tianjin Lures More Foreign Investment

The Economic and Technolog­ical Development Zone in Tian­jin, north China, has obtained additional foreign investment for 1991.

Tian Guiming, an official in charge of the zone's public rela­tions, noted that in the first four months of this year 37 foreign firms have been approved to set up projects in the zone, a two­fold increase over the same per­iod of last year. These projects have a total investment of US$80 million. For example, the M.G.M Co. of the United States invested US$500,000 to purchase the right to use 1 square km of land in the zone. It plans to erect a trade mansion on the land and invite other foreign firms to construct textile, light industries and chem­ical projects. Japan has built ear­lier this year a foodstuffs en­terprise company with a total investment of US$6 million.

Tian said that Taiwan and South Korea are eager to invest in Tianjin.

The zone, built by the Tianjin authorities in 1984, provides for­eign businessmen with preferen­tial policies. Foreign businessmen may invest in the zone in a flexi­ble form and enjoy a certain re­duction and exemption from im­port duties, enterprise income taxes and industrial and commer­cial consolidated tax. With good transport facilities, the zone is about 3 km from the Tianjin Xingang Harbour, north China's largest harbour with advanced container wharves. Since Decem­ber 1989, the development zone has invested'nearly 500 million yuan in the development of in­frastructure facilities to improve its investment climate.

So far, enterprises from 22 countries and regions have set up 253 investment projects with a total investment of US$500 mil­

lion in the zone. Of this sum, 20 percent were contributed by the United States, followed by Hong Kong and Macao. The foreign in­vestment is made in such fields as machinery and electronics, new building materials, textile and light industries, foodstuffs and medicine. In the coming few years, he said, his zone will en­courage foreign investment in the fields of marine biology, machi­nery and electronic industries.

by Huang Wei

New Foreign-Funded Projects in Hainan

networks, numerica l micro­wave telecommunications facili­ties, optical cable installation, and the first-stage expansion of the Haikou Port.

Another six were listed among the key projects to use foreign government loans with available allocation. They include a paper mill, the disposal of polluted wat­er and garbage, the second-stage construction of the Yangpu Port, a compound feed plant and a fruit processing plant using a to­tal investment of US$243 million and negotiated loans of US$163 million.

by Zhang Zhiping

Hainan Province plans to set up 60 key projects for the use of foreign investment.

According to the plan, 26 pro­jects which are now under wav will use US$232.5 million of di­rect foreign investment, of which about US$86 million will be in­vested within the year. They in­clude a cement works, tourist facilities, aquatic breeding, the production of stockings, essence and spices and the construction of a shopping centre.

P repara to ry work is being made for another 22 directly foreign-funded projects involving a total investment of US$1.58 bil­lion, and over US$40 million will be invested within the year. The main projects include the Yang­pu Development Zone, the Guil-ingyang Development Zone, a tyre factory, a cement works, a polyamide fibre factory, a tyre fabric factory, the Gourmet Pow­der Co. Ltd. and the Sanya 10,000-ton finished oil dock.

Six were listed among projects to use foreign government loans totalling US$520 million, and US$40 million of which will be invested within the year. The key construction projects include an express way, a civilian airport, programme-controlled telephone

Five New Air Routes

i Ke Deming, deputy director of the Civil Aviation Administra-

' tion of China, noted in late May I that his administration plans to

open five new international lines; Bei j ing-Xiamen-Djakanta (In­donesia), Guangzhou-Djakanta, Beijing-Cairo (Egypt), Xiamen-Pinang (Malays ia) and Shenyang-Irkutsk ( the Soviet Union).

China also plans to open air routes or chartered air lines for flights to Mongolia, Laos and Chiang Mai (Thailand).

CAAC announced that it will purchase three Boeing-757, four Boeing-737-300, two MD-11, five MD-82, eight Yak-42 and two Y-7 in order to satisfy the needs of newly opened international air lines.

By the end of last year, CAAC had opened 45 international air routes to 35 cities in 28 countries in addition to its eight regional air routes. There are also fixed chartered air routes from 17 ci­ties to Hong Kong. So far, CAAC has 206 transport aircraft, in­cluding 127 large and medium-sized airplanes.

by Li Ning

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16j im 29

BUSINESS/TRADE

Yunnan Attracts Overseas Investors

T h e S t i p u l a t i o n s o f Y u n n a n P r o v i n c e C o n c e r n i n g t h e E n c o u r ­a g e m e n t o f I n v e s t m e n t b y O v ­erseas C h i n e s e , H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o C o m p a t r i o t s a n d t h e S t i ­p u l a t i o n s o f Y u n n a n P r o v i n c e C o n c e r n i n g t h e E n c o u r a g e m e n t o f I n v e s t m e n t b y T a i w a n C o m p a ­t r i o t s w e r e p r o m u l g a t e d a n d i m ­p l e m e n t e d i n l a t e M a r c h .

T h e t w o s t i p u l a t i o n s c a n b e b o i l e d d o w n as f o l l o w s :

— E n t e r p r i s e s s c h e d u l e d t o o p ­e r a t e f o r a p e r i o d o f m o r e t h a n t e n y e a r s a r e t o p a y t h e m i n i m u m l a n d - u s e fees as p r e s c r i b e d i n t h e r e g u l a t i o n s . T h e d e v e l o p m e n t fees m a y b e p a i d i n a l u m p . E n ­t e r p r i s e s w h i c h d e v e l o p s i t e s o n t h e i r o w n a r e t o b e e x e m p t f r o m d e v e l o p m e n t fees f o r f i v e y e a r s b e g i n n i n g f r o m t h e d a t e o f o p ­e r a t i o n e x c e p t f o r t w o K u n m i n g d i s t r i c t s , t h e d o w n t o w n d i s t r i c t s o f D o n g c h u a n , Y u x i , Q u j i a n g , C h u x i o n g , D a l i a n d G e j i u c i t i e s . T e c h n o l o g i c a l l y a d v a n c e d a n d e x p o r t - o r i e n t e d e n t e r p r i s e s t h a t a r e s c h e d u l e d t o o p e r a t e f o r a p e r i o d o f m o r e t h a n t e n y e a r s a r e t o be e x e m p t f r o m d e v e l o p m e n t fees f o r e i g h t y e a r s .

— T e c h n o l o g i c a l l y a d v a n c e d o r e x p o r t - o r i e n t e d e n t e r p r i s e s ( j o i n t v e n t u r e s , c o - o p e r a t i v e a n d f o r e i g n - o w n e d e n t e r p r i s e s ) s c h e d ­u l e d t o o p e r a t e f o r a p e r i o d o f m o r e t h a n t e n y e a r s i n t h e p h o s ­p h a t e c h e m i c a l s , r u b b e r p roces s ­i n g , i r o n a n d s t e e l , n o n f e r r o u s i n d u s t r i e s , p a p e r p r o c e s s i n g i n ­d u s t r y a n d h i g h - t e c h i n d u s t r y a r e t o be e x e m p t f r o m l o c a l i n c o m e t a x f o r e i g h t t o t e n y e a r s b e g i n ­n i n g f r o m t h e f i r s t p r o f i t - m a k i n g y e a r . E n t e r p r i s e s as s u c h a r e t o be e x e m p t f r o m l a n d - u s e fees f o r 8 t o 13 y e a r s e x c e p t t h o s e t o be b u i l t i n t h e b u s y s e c t i o n s o f K u n m i n g ' s P a n l o n g a n d W u h u a d i s t r i c t s .

— E n t e r p r i s e s s c h e d u l e d t o o p ­e r a t e f o r a p e r i o d o f m o r e t h a n 15

y e a r s i n a g r i c u l t u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n ­i m a l h u s b a n d r y , a q u a t i c p r o d ­u c t s , e n e r g y , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u r e f a c i l i t i e s w i l l b e e x e m p t f r o m l o c a l i n c o m e t a x f o r t e n t o 2 0 y e a r s a n d l a n d - u s e fees f o r t e n t o 13 y e a r s b e g i n n i n g f r o m t h e f i r s t p r o f i t - m a k i n g y e a r .

T h e s e p r e f e r e n t i a l t e r m s a r e a p p l i c a b l e t o p r o d u c t i v e e n t e r ­p r i s e s w i t h a n o p e r a t i o n p e r i o d o f m o r e t h a n t e n y e a r s t o b e b u i l t i n c o u n t i e s t h a t a r e r e l a t e d as p o v e r t y - s t r i c k e n b y t h e s t a t e o r t h e p r o v i n c e .

— E n t e r p r i s e s e n g a g e d i n e n e r ­g y , t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , a n d i n f r a s ­t r u c t u r e f a c i l i t i e s , w h e n i t i s d i f ­f i c u l t f o r t h e m t o b a l a n c e f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e r e c e i p t s a n d d i s b u r s e ­m e n t s , m a y f i n d r e l i e f t h r o u g h t h e s t a t e f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e m a r ­k e t .

— E n t e r p r i s e s m e n t i o n e d a b o v e e n j o y p r i o r i t y i n t h e s u p ­p l y o f w a t e r , e l e c t r i c i t y , gas , c o a l , m e a n s o f t r a n s p o r t a n d c o m -i j i u n i c a t i o n s f a c i l i t i e s n e e d e d f o r p r o d u c t i o n a n d a t t h e s a m e p r i c e s as a r e c h a r g e d o n l o c a l s t a t e -o w n e d e n t e r p r i s e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e y a l s o e n j o y p r i o r i t y i n t h e s u p p l y i n g o f p e r s o n n e l , l a b o u r f o r c e a n d r a w m a t e r i a l s .

I n a d d i t i o n , t h e I n v e s t m e n t S e r v i c e C e n t r e f o r T a i w a n , H o n g K o n g a n d M a c a o C o m p a t r i o t s a n d O v e r s e a s C h i n e s e e s t a b l i s h e d b y Y u n n a n P r o v i n c e a n d t h e m a ­t e r i a l s a n d E q u i p m e n t S e r v i c e C e n t r e f o r F o r e i g n - F u n d e d E n ­t e r p r i s e s w i l l p r o v i d e i n v e s t o r s w i t h c o n s u l t a n c y s e r v i c e r e g a r d ­i n g l a w s , p o l i c i e s a n d t h e s u p p l y o f r a w m a t e r i a l s . •

China to Hold Its 3rd Technology Fair

T h e T h i r d N a t i o n a l N e w T e c h ­n o l o g y a n d N e w P r o d u c t s F a i r w i l l b e h e l d b e t w e e n N o v e m b e r 8 - 1 4 t h i s y e a r i n G u a n g z h o u , G u a n g d o n g P r o v i n c e .

L i u N i a n z u , d e p u t y m a y o r o f G u a n g z h o u , a n n o u n c e d t h a t t h e i t e m s o n d i s p l a y w i l l e m p h a s i z e t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d p r o d u c t s w h i c h a r e n e w l y d e v e l o p e d , h a v e p r a c t ­i c a l v a l u e , a r e a d y m a r k e t a n d e x p o r t p o t e n t i a l . A l s o o n d i s p l a y a r e t e c h n o l o g i c a l i t e m s s u i t a b l e t o S o u t h e a s t A s i a n c o u n t r i e s , i n ­c l u d i n g m a c h i n e s , s m a l l f a r m m a c h i n e s a n d t o o l s , e n v i r o n m e n ­t a l p r o t e c t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d e q u i p m e n t , m e d i c i n e a n d b u i l d ­i n g m a t e r i a l s . E x p e r t s a n d b u s i ­n e s s m e n f r o m s c i e n t i f i c , t e c h n o l ­o g i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c c i r c l e s , a n d f o r e i g n e n t e r p r i s e s a r e w e l c o m e t o c o m e t o C h i n a a n d n e g o t i a t e t e c h n o l o g i c a l c o - o p e r a t i o n a n d p r o d u c t e x c h a n g e s .

A t l a s t y e a r ' s f a i r , C h i n e s e b u s ­inesses s i g n e d 2 4 c o n t r a c t s a n d l e t t e r s o f i n t e n t v a l u e d a t 1.1 b i l ­l i o n y u a n w i t h m o r e t h a n 1 0 0 f o r e i g n c l i e n t s , o f w h i c h U S $ 1 0 0 m i l l i o n w a s i n f o r e i g n c u r r e n c y .

L i u s a i d t h e H o n g K o n g Y u e x -i u S c i e n c e a n d T e c h n o l o g y D e ­v e l o p m e n t C o . w i l l c o n t a c t b u s ­i n e s s m e n f r o m H o n g K o n g , M a c a o a n d T a i w a n a b o u t t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e f a i r .

Medicine Producer Seeks Co-operation

S h e n J i a q i u , d i r e c t o r o f t h e H e n g y a n g T r a d i t i o n a l C h i n e s e M e d i c i n e F a c t o r y i n H u n a n P r o v i n c e , r e c e n t l y a n n o u n c e d i t s e a g e r n e s s t o s e e k c l i e n t s c o ­o p e r a t i o n b o t h a t h o m e a n d a b r o a d t o a d d m o r e i n v e s t m e n t a n d e x p a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n s ca l e o f i t s p r o d u c t , t h e A n c i e n t C h i n e s e M e d i c i n e f o r H e a l t h , i n o r d e r t o m e e t t h e g r o w i n g d o m e s ­t i c a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e m a n d .

S h e n s a i d t h a t , d u e t o t h e spe­c i a l f u n c t i o n a n d p o p u l a r i t y o f t h e m e d i c i n e , h e h o p e d h i s p a r t ­n e r s w i l l be f i n a n c i a l l y s t r o n g e n ­o u g h t o m a r k e t t h e p r o d u c t w e l l .

T h e m e d i c i n e w a s d e v e l o p e d

30 .BJ^JJNG REVIEW, JUNE 10-16. 1991

B U S I N E S S / T R A D E

by the Hunan Traditional Chinese Medicinal Research Academy according to a pres­cription from a medical work unearthed in the Mawangdui Tomb of the Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD), by using mod­ern technology for producing anti-senility ready-made Chinese medicine. Clients from the coun­tries and regions including the United States, Japan, Sweden, Hong Kong and Taiwan wrote letters and sent agents for the product soon after it was put on the market. At present, the prod­uct has been exported to many countries and regions including Singapore and Canada.

by Chen Dian

Best-Selling World Clocks

Jinda-brand world clock, made with advanced quartz electronic technology and integrated cir­cuits, was a hit with foreign bus­inessmen at the Guangzhou Ex­port Commodities Fair held this spring. Japanese and US bus­inessmen signed contracts for the products worth US$1 million.

The Jinda-brand clocks were produced by the Ruzhou Munici­pal Electronics Factory, Henan Women check the quality of a world clock.

Province. Compared with other foreign-made clocks, their advan­tage is that the same machine core turns the compass and turn-wheel simultaneously, even as the graduation of the compass and the turnwheel is correspond­ing to the trapeze bottomwheel. Such a clock displays the stan­dard time of 31 countries. Con­venient to use, the products will be of wide use in tourism, navi­gation and post and telecommun­ications. The technology was pa­tented in China last year.

The world clocks were desig­nated as product symbols for the 11th Asian Games held in Bei­jing in autumn last year, and are widely used in various gymna­siums and sports grounds.

At present, Jinda-brand clocks include wall clocks, desk clocks and arts and crafts clocks carved in wood with an annual output of 30,000 clocks. They are exported to Japan, the United States, the Soviet Union, Western Europe and Southeast Asia.

The factory's director Xue Yin said that a world clock noting the time and alarm will be sold this autumn on the market.

The factory, built in 1987, produces various kinds of other quartz products in addition to the above-mentioned items. Products such as sound-controlled illumi-

ZHOU GUANGZHONG

nation, programme-controlled time and light-controlled time are patented in China.

by Feng Jing

Lyophilized Royal Jelly Powder Exported

The Lyophilized Royal Jelly Powder produced by the Laoshan Pharmaceutical Factory in Nanj­ing recently won a gold medal for excellent Chinese health prod­ucts. The product also won the gold medal at the 32nd Inter­national Beekeeping Conference held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in 1989.

The new-type health medicine was first developed by the factory in 1984 and passed technological appraisal of the state medicinal department. Over recent years, its sales have soared drastically. Last year about three tons of the product were exported to Japan, Southeast Asia and Western Eu­rope, making up 60 percent of its output.

Tong Zhengzhong, director of the factory, said the jelly powder, produced by using the desiccat­ing technology of vacuum freez­ing, keeps the ingredients ef­fective and is convenient for carrying, has a long preservation period and can be easily taken. One gram of jelly powder equals to ten bottles of royal jelly taken orally.

Tong said that as a good nutri­tive substance, royal jelly powder has been widely recognized both at home and abroad. China has a long history in bee breeding and abundant resources in the indus­try. The factory, one of the larg­est of the trade in the country, hopes to co-operate with foreign clients in funding and technology to develop its lyophilized royal jelly powder.

by Han Baocheng BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE lO-ltf, \99l 31

C U L T U R E / S C I E N C E

China Supremacy Topples in Table Tennis

The Chinese table tennis teams won a "tragic" vic­tory at the Chida World

Table Tennis Championships which finished on May 8. Al­though China won three titles for women's singles, women's dou­bles and mixed doubles, it failed to regain the Swaythling Cup and to defend the Marcel Corbil-lon Cup, two of the most impor­tant events in table tennis com­petition. China ranked first in total medals with three golds, four silvers and 2 bronzes, out­shining the powerful Swedish team and the unified Korean team. However, the results can­not conceal the fact that China is losing its supremacy in table ten­nis.

The Chinese women's team has kept the Marcel Corbillon Cup for 16 consecutive years. But this time, it was taken away by the unified Korean team. The de­feat was a big blow for the Chinese women's team which has been considered No.l in the world. "What's the use of being first in total medals when we have lost the team title?" asked Zhang Xielin, coach of the Chinese women's team.

No one thinks more highly of the Marcel Corbillon Cup than Zhang. Since 1975, Zhang has successfully led his team in capturing the title nine consecutive times, in­cluding eight Marcel Corbil­lon Cups and the gold medal at the First World Cup Table Tennis Competition held last year.

The women's teams of the People's Democratic Republic of Korea and the Republic of Korea were world forces even before they joined hands. This time, the combined team

posed the strongest threat to the Chinese women team.

April 29 was a black Monday for the Chinese teams. In the morning, Czechoslovakia edged China out of the finals in the men's team event with a score of 3-2, and China only finished sev­enth. It was the first time that the Chinese men's team was kicked out of the final competi­tion since 1957. In the after­noon, adding insult to injury, the Chinese women's team failed to defend the Marcel Corbillon Cup.

Speaking about the defeat of the Chinese men's team, Xi Enting, coach of the team, said that he had considered Czechos­lovakia as the No.l opponent in preparing for the event, and his worry became a reality when his players were downed by Cze­choslovakia. Xie said that the

Deng Yaping, champion of women's singled at the 41st World Table Tennis Championships.

LAN HONGGUANG

lack of experience and poor per­formance of the players account­ed for the defeat. Xi added that the new playing format, four sin­gles and one doubles, instead of the previous nine singles, had also contributed to his team's fall from grace.

Since 1954, Asian men's teams (China and Japan) have taken 17 titles out of the 20 world table tennis competitions, and Euro­pean countries (Sweden and Hungary) have only won two. The Asian players had held ab­solute supremacy in this event. However, in recent years, Eu­ropean players began to outdo Asian competitors with superior playing technique.

In mixed doubles, Wang Tao and Liu Wei beat their team­mates Xie Chaojie and Chen Zihe who had defeated Yoo Nam-kyu and Hyun Jung-hwa of the unified Korean team. It is China's eighth time to win the title since Zhang Xielin and Lin Huiqing took it in China in 1971.

18-year-old Deng Yaping demolished Li Bun-hui of Ko­rea in under 36 minutes. The win wiped out the memory of her defeat to Li in the 1989 World Championships in Dortmund, Germany. It is the ninth time that China has won the title for women's sin­gles.

One of the most notable fea­tures of the 41st World table Tennis Championships was that many Chinese veteran players were employed by for­eign teams as coaches or play­ers. This has contributed to the development of world table tennis. Although the Chinese team has been top­pled from their supremacy now, the large number of Chinese players employed by more and more foreign coun­tries is a good reminder of China's table tennis power.

by Lou Linwei 32 BtajING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

CULTURE/SCIENCE

China Goes Ahead in Optics Research

In 1980, the Photoelectric Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of

Sciences (CAS), located in Chengdu in southwest China's Sichuan Province, established the Adaptive Optics Research Section, the only one of its kind in China. Although it has come ten years later than in foreign countries, it has made a series of outstanding achievements over the past de­cade.

When one observes a re­mote object beyond the atmos­phere with an astronomical telescope, the image of the ob­ject is fuzzy. This problem, caused by interference from atmospheric turbulence, has long posed difficulties in trad­itional optic technology and puzzled scientists.

Since the 1970s, some coun­tries have made efforts to measure the dynamic interfer­ence of turbulence flow by combining electronic technol­ogy with optical technology and make real-time correc­tions with high-speed control. In this way, the optical system is able to adapt to the chang­ing outside conditions and maintain a clear image. Adaptable optics can improve laser beam quality in high-resolution optical observation. This new technology, which requires a fine combination of optical and electronic tech­niques, has attracted world­wide attention.

In 1986, the Chengdu Pho­toelectric Research Institute succeeded in developing the technology of multidicter wavefront error correction, which has been successfully used in the error correction of

the light path of the LF12 las­er fusion device in the Shang­hai Photomechanical Re­search Institute. With the cor­rection, the energy concentra­tion of the static focus spot is three times greater. The mul­tidicter wavefront error cor­rection is one of the few pract­ical adaptable optical systems in the world. It was rated as one of China's three dis­tinguished technologies at a state-level appraising meeting. It won the CAS' top award for scientific and technologi­cal progress.

In 1987, the Chengdu in­stitute, for the first time in China, made a real-time cor­rection of error caused by atmospheric turbulence flow with its 21-unit adaptable opt­ical telescope. It achieved good results in correcting the wavefront error caused by a 340-metre-long horizontal at­mospheric turbulence.

In 1988, at a technical ap­praisal meeting presided over by Wang Daheng, China's leading optical expert, many participants pointed out the Chengdu institute's experi­mentation had produced one of the few dynamic wavefront correcting systems that work successfully in a closed way, indicating that China has mastered the key technique in adaptable optics. The device was awarded CAS' prize for outstanding scientific and technological achievement.

In 1989, the institute achieved real-time correction in laser beaming atmospher­ic turbulence. Using a weak wavefront probe with photon counting capacity, real-time correction of turbulence flow

of a celestial body was achieved at the Yunnan Ob­servatory during September and October 1990. The double stars of 1.94-2.92 magnitude was successfully resolved; that is, the obscure chart of two stars was distinguished af­ter correction. China became the fourth country capable of resolving double stars, after the United States, Germany and France.

During the Seventh Five-Year Plan period (1986-90), the institute made a break­through in developing the technology of adaptable op­tics, some of which surpasses that of Western Europe and the Soviet Union. It developed the 37-unit and 69-unit de-formable mirrors, the high speed tilt mirror, the special 40 million times per second high speed digital processor used for wavefront control, and the 37-unit digital high speed wavefront control sys­tem.

The Chengdu institute also pays attention to the interme­diate application of high tech­nologies. It developed a sys­tem of high-speed micro-driven locating technology which has a high resolution and a response time of less than one millisecond. This technology plays an important role in manufacturing inte­grated circuits, in biological engineering, laser, and preci­sion machining, and large-scale radar.

In addition, the newly de­veloped precision optical translation device, among oth­er products, has been patented by the state and is used by dozens of domestic consu­mers.

by Lou Linwei

BEIJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16,t99i 33

C U L T U R E / S C I E N C E

D i n o s a u r R e s e a r c h N i a i c e s N e w A c h i e v e m e n t s

Th e Z i g o n g D i n o s a u r M u ­s e u m i n Z i g o n g C i t y , S i ­c h u a n P r o v i n c e , t h e

l a r g e s t n a t u r a l m u s e u m i n C h i n a , h a s r e c e i v e d m o r e t h a n 2 m i l l i o n v i s i t o r s s i n c e i t w a s b u i l t i n 1 9 8 4 .

T h e m u s e u m , c o v e r i n g a n a r e a o f o v e r 2 5 , 0 0 0 s q u a r e m e t r e s , w a s b u i l t o n t h e l a r g e d i n o s a u r f o s s i l e x c a v a t i o n s i t e . A t p r e s e n t t h e m u s e u m h a s m o r e t h a n 2 0 0 d i n o s a u r f o s ­s i l s , i n c l u d i n g 3 0 c o m p l e t e a n d n e a r - c o m p l e t e d i n o s a u r s k e l e t o n s a n d s e v e n d i n o s a u r s k u l l s .

T h e d i n o s a u r w a s a n e x t i n c t l a n d r e t i l e o f t h e m e s o z o i c e r a , a p e r i o d d a t i n g a b o u t 2 5 0 m i l l i o n t o 6 5 m i l l i o n y e a r s ago . T h e d i n o s a u r g r o u p c o n ­t a i n s t w o d i s t i n c t t y p e s , t h e h z a r d - h i p p e d d i n o s a u r s a n d b i r d - h i p p e d d i n o s a u r s a c c o r d ­i n g t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e i r p e l v i s e s .

I n t h e U n d e r g r o u n d F o s s i l R e v e l a t i o n H a l l o f t h e m u ­s e u m , d i n o s a u r f o s s i l s a r e b u r ­i e d i n t h e i r o r i g i n a l p l a c e s . A d o z e n d i n o s a u r s k e l e t o n s a r e o n d i s p l a y i n t h e e x h i b i t i o n h a l l , i n c l u d i n g t h e l i z a r d -f o o t e d d i n o s a u r , b i r d - f o o t e d d i n o s a u r , w i n g e d d i n o s a u r a n d t h e s n a k e - n e c k e d d i n o ­s a u r . V i s i t o r s c a n g e t s o m e i d e a a b o u t t h e d i n o s a u r a n d i t s l i v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t t h r o u g h t h e p i c t u r e s , e x p l a n a ­t i o n s a n d a r t i f i c i a l s e t t i n g s i n t h e k n o w l e d g e h a l l .

A c c o r d i n g t o e x p e r t a n a l y s ­i s , d u r i n g t h e m e s o z o i c e r a , Z i g o n g , i n t h e s o u t h e r n p a r t o f t h e S i c h u a n B a s i n , w a s a l o w s w a m p l a n d d o t t e d b y l a k e s a n d r i v e r s a n d c o v e r e d w i t h d e n s e v e g e t a t i o n s i n c l u d ­i n g p i n e s a n d g i n g k o t r e e s .

w h i c h w a s a n i d e a l h o m e f o r d i n o s a u r s a n d o t h e r r e p t i l e s . T h e f i r s t p i e c e o f d i n o s a u r f o s ­s i l w a s d i s c o v e r e d i n Z i g o n g i n 1 9 1 5 . S i n c e t h e n , a l a r g e n u m ­b e r o f d i n o s a u r a n d v e r t e b r a t e f o s s i l s h a v e b e e n l o c a t e d i n o v e r 8 0 p l a c e s . T h e d i n o s a u r f o s s i l s o f t h e J u r a s s i c P e r i o d , w h i c h d a t e s b a c k t o 2 1 0 m i l ­l i o n t o 1 3 5 m i l l i o n y e a r s a g o , w e r e t h e f i r s t o f t h e i r k i n d f o u n d i n t h e w o r l d .

P a l a e o n t o l o g i s t s Y a n g Z h o n g j i a n a n d D o n g Z h i m i n g f r o m t h e I n s t i t u t e o f V e r t e ­b r a t e P a l a e o n t o l o g y a n d P a -l a e o a n t h r o p o l o g y u n d e r t h e C h i n e s e A c a d e m y o f S c i e n c e s , C a i K a i j i f r o m t h e C h e n g d u G e o l o g i c a l I n s t i t u t e , a n d o t h ­e r C h i n e s e s c i e n t i s t s b e g a n t o m a k e c o m p r e h e n s i v e i n v e s t i ­g a t i o n s a n d r e s e a r c h i n t o t h e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s , e c o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s a n d t h e c a u s e s o f d e a t h o f t h e d i n o s a u r s . T h e y h a v e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e d i n o ­s a u r s i n D a s h a n p u , Z i g o n g , l i v e d o n s h a l l o w l a k e b e a c h e s a n d t h a t A s i a w a s t h e b i r t h ­p l a c e o f s t e g o s a u r i a . T h e y a l s o g a v e e x p l a n a t i o n s c o n c e r n i n g

t h e d i n o s a u r a n d i t s r e l a t i o n t o o t h e r a n i m a l g r o u p s . T h e y a l s o p u t f o r t h s e v e r a l n e w s u g g e s t i o n s t o a c c o u n t f o r t h e e x t i n c t i o n o f t h e d i n o s a u r i n ­c l u d i n g " c h a n g e o f c l i m a t e , " " c o l l i s i o n o f m i n o r p l a n e t s " a n d " s u d d e n c h a n g e i n h e r e d i ­t a r y i n f o r m a t i o n s y s t e m . "

H o w e v e r , o t h e r p a l a e o n t o l ­o g i s t s d o n o t b e l i e v e t h a t t h e d i n o s a u r i s e x t i n c t i n t h e w o r l d t o d a y . T h e y s a y t h a t d i ­n o s a u r w a s a h o m o i o t h e r m a l a n i m a l , a n d t o d a y s ' b i r d s w e r e t r a n s f o r m e d f r o m t h e t w o -f o o t e d d i n o s a u r s w h i c h w e r e s m a l l , n i m b l e , a n d a d e p t a t r u n n i n g .

S o m e f o r e i g n d i n o s a u r spe­c i a l i s t s , a f t e r v i s i t i n g t h e m u ­s e u m , s a i d t h a t C h i n a s h o u l d b e c o m e a n a u t h o r i t y o n t h e d i n o s a u r , f o r t h e d i n o s a u r f o s ­s i l s i n t h e m u s e u m a r e t h e b e s t p r e s e r v e d i n t h e w o r l d .

G a o K e n y a n , v i c e - d i r e c t o r o f t h e Z i g o n g D i n o s a u r M u ­s e u m , s a i d t h a t t h e a c h i e v e ­m e n t s o f t h e m u s e u m i n d i ­n o s a u r s t u d y o w e t o i t s r i c h v a r i e t y o f f o s s i l s a n d e x t e n s i v e r e s e a r c h b y t h e e x p e r t s . H o w ­e v e r , t h e m u s e u m h a s n o t y e t b e e n u s e d t o i t s f u l l p o t e n t i a l , a n d t h e s t u d y o f t h e c o l l e c t i o n i s s t i l l a t i t s p r i m a r y s t age , a d d e d G a o . •

W u s h u S h o w i n H e n a n

T i h e 1 9 9 1 I n t e r n a t i o n a l T o u r i s m a n d T r a d i ­t i o n a l W u s h u F e s t i ­

v a l w i l l b e h e l d i n P u y a n g , H e n a n P r o v i n c e f r o m J u n e 1 8 t o J u n e 2 3 . W u s h u g r o u p s f r o m a d o z e n o f c o u n t r i e s a n d r e g i o n s , s u c h as J a p a n , S i n g a p o r e ,

S o u t h K o r e a , S w e d e n a n d t h e P h i l i p p i n e s , h a v e b e e n i n v i t e d t o p a r t i c i p a t e . T h e r e w i l l b e a t h r e e - d a y t r i p t o P u y a n g , D e n g f e n g a n d L u o y a n g , a n d t h e a t r ­i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e s c h a r a c ­t e r i s t i c o f c e n t r a l C h i n a . •

34 ' 'MlJING REVIEW, JUNE 10-16, 1991

A Tiger.

A R T P A Q E

Drying Fish.

Papercuts by Wang Siyu

W a n g S i y u , b o r n i n L e q i n g C o u n t y , Z h e j i a n g P r o v i n c e i n 1 9 2 3 , i s n o w a n a d m i n i s t r a t o r w i t h t h e Z h e j i a n g P r o v i n c i a l R e ­s e a r c h I n s t i t u t e o f C u l t u r e a n d H i s t o r y . R i c h i n f o l k a r t c h a r a c t e r ­i s t i c s , h i s p a p e r c u t s a r e b o l d y e t s i m p l e a n d d i s p l a y t h e s t r e n g t h o f h i s s p e c i a l t e c h n i q u e s .

Spring Ploughing.

A n Old Fisherman With a Good Catch.

We specialize in: B i c y c l e s , s e w i n g m a c h i n e s , w a t c h e s , a l a r m c l o c k s , s t a i n l e s s s t e e l t a b l e w a r e a n d

k i t c h e n u t e n s i l s , g l a s s w a r e , e n a m e l w a r e , l e a t h e r e t t e a n d p l a s t i c s u i t c a s e s , p l a s t i c p a c k i n g p r o d u c t s , f i s h i n g n e t a n d l i n e , h a r d w a r e , b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s , c l e a n s e r s a n d c o s m e t i c s , e l e c t r i c a l a p p l i a n c e s , e t c .

O u r c o r p o r a t i o n a d o p t s v a r i e d , f l e x i b l e t r a d e m e t h o d s a n d w i l l u s e s u c h t r a n s a c t i o n s a s s p o t e x c h a n g e , a c c o u n t i n g , c o m p e n s a t o r y a n d b a r t e r t r a d e , c o - o p e r a t i v e e n t e r p r i s e s , j o i n t v e n t u r e , p r o c e s s i n g w i t h i m p o r t e d m a t e r i a l s , p r o c e s s i n g w i t h c l i e n t s u p p l i e d m a t e r i a l s a n d s a m p l e s , m a n u f a a u r e o f a c l i e n t ' s b r a n d , a n d a s s e m b l i n g w i t h s u p p l i e d o r i m p o r t e d p a r t s .

C u s t o m e r s a r e w e l c o m e t o v i s i t o u r o f f i c e o r c o n t a c t u s v i a c o r r e s p o n d e n c e .

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