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China’s need for sustainable design

2

GDP

30285 billion(2008)

1872 billion(1990)

Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009

Gross Domestic Product and Population of China(1990 - 2008)

Population

1.328 billion

1.143 billion

3

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

315381

454531

607683

756822

880

Urban Population of China (1990 - 2030)

(in Millions)

Source: UN: World Urbanization Prospects

Urbanization Rate China (1990 - 2030)

Source: UN: World Urbanization Prospects

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

Urban Rural

27%31% 35%

40%45%

49%53%

56% 60%

Urbanization in China

4

Source: State of the World’s Cities 2008/2009 (UN HABITAT 2008)

2 0 2 52 0 0 0

C h i n a ’ s M e g a c i t i e s

C h i n a ’ s M e g a c i t i e s

Urban Growth in China

5

2 0 2 5

C h i n a ’ s M e g a c i t i e s

arable land non-arable land

Urban Growth and Arable Land in China

6.4% of arable land was lost between 1995 and 2005 due to industrialization and modernization.

In 2005 China had around 122 million hectares of arable land, covering 13% of its territory. (USA: 19%)

China has less than 7% of the world’s ar-able land with which to feed more than 20% of the world’s population. The USA has 20% of the world’s arable land to feed 5% of the world’s population.

6

Air Pollution8 out of every 10 rainfalls in Guangzhou, capital of Guangdong province, were classified as acid rain in 2007.

(China Daily 2008-03-28)

Destruction by PollutionMore than 80% of China’s 33UN-designated World Heritage sites, including the Leshan Buddha, have been damaged by air pollution and acid rain, mostly from the burning of coal.

(Associated Press – 2007-11-04)

Drinking WaterAbout 300 million farmers do not have access

to save drinking water. (China Daily 2008-01-11)

Water Pollution26% of surface water in China is totally unusable, 62% is unsuitable for fish and 90% of the rivers running through cities are polluted.

(China Daily 2007-12-28)

DesertificationIn 2000, 12 sandstorms hit Beijing, three times

more than the average for the 1990s.

(SCMP 2007-04-16)

We now live in an Era of Consequences!

7

Building Industry Environmental Impact Facts

50%Of the materials ex- tracted from earth are consumed by the building sector.

60%Of all the waste produced comes from building and civil engineering work.

40%Of the greenhouse gases result from construction and use of buildings.

Source: The Energy Manual

8

people

prosperity

Sustainability in Architecture

planet: building design has to consider energy and resources saving strategies.

people: buildings that fails to meet the users’ requirements will fail completly.

prosperity: any design solution has to make economical sense, otherwise it will not be realized.

planet

9

175

Air Condition(per 100 Households)

Shanghai China

96

30

95

2000 2007

Computer(per 100 Households)

91

Shanghai China

53

26

9

2000 2007

Refrigiator(per 100 Households)

Shanghai China

102 104

80

95

2000 2007

147

183

137

Television(per 100 Households)

Shanghai China

116

2000 2007

Living Standards(ownership of appliances per 100 urban households)

Source: China Statistical Yearbook 2009 / Shanghai Statistical Yearbook 2008

10

Residential

Commercial

Transportation

Agriculture

Industry

Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / Energy Information Administration 2008 / European Environment Agency 2009

USA

Europe

26 %

15 %

28 %

31 %

22 %

19 %28 %

31 %

Energy consumption in 2000 by sector

according to the National Bureau of Statistics.

sectors directly linked to design.

Energy consumption in 2000 by sector

according to the LBNL

16 %

9 %

12 %

7 %

10 %

7 %

69 %

Energy consumption in China by Sector

11

Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007 / US Energy Information Administration

27 %9 %

7 %

21 %

32 % 24 %

20 %

41 %

7 %8 %

Other Uses

Lighting

Space Heating

Cooking

Water Heating

Appliances

AirCondition

Lighting

Space Heating

Water Heating

Appliances

of usage directly linked to design

of usage directly linked to design

China USA

41% 56%

Residential Energy Consumption by Usagefor China and USA

12

of usage directly linked to design

69%

China

Source: LBNL: Energy Use in China January 2007

Commercial Energy Consumption by Usage

Other Uses

Lighting and Other

Space Heating

Water Heating

AirCondition

54 %

30%

8% 7%

13

29° C

30° C

31° C

32° C

Urban Heat Island Effect

14

Adjustment of Building Blocks

pedestrianpath way

street traffic

conventional layout adjusted layout

15

1

2

3

45

6

7 Project Development: Bidding, Financing, Usage, Requirements, Feasibility Study ...

1

Building Design:Project Analysis, Preliminary Design, Approval, Design Development ...

2

Construction:Supervision, Quality Control ...

3

Operation I :Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...

4

Modernization:Refurbishment, Upgrading, Adaptation, Modernization ...

5

Operation II:Building Management, Maintainance, Service, Running Costs ...

6

Deconstruction:Waste Management, Recycling ...

7

Building Life Cycle

16

Build

ing

ener

gy c

onsu

mpt

ion

(10

00

kw

h/ye

ar)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

33%

Wasteful Behavior Design Conservation Behavior

33%

Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market

Energy Saving by Design & Behavior

Pumps

Lighting

Space Heating

Ventilation

Water Heating

Plug Loads

Space Cooling

17

a full modernization of the building envelope and replacement of heating and air conditioning systems improves the building efficiency by 30% minimum, 50% to 75% is possible.

Source: WBCSD: Energy Efficiency in Buildings - Transforming the Market

Building Modernization Fact

18

Detached HouseTechnical Comparison Terrace House Apartment Block High-rise building

Orientation: north-southBuilding volume: 4320 m2

Proportion of windows:north: 20%east: 30% west: 30%south: 50%

A/V Ration [1/m3]

Proportion of windows [%]

Total Energy Consumption [kWh/a]

Lighting

0.78

23

168 000 (100%)

+

21

136 000 (81%)

o

27

113 000 (67%)

o

30

126 000 (75%)

+

0.65 0.43 0.49

Comparison of Building Types

Source: The Energy Manual

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Winds

Summer Sun

Winter Sun

LocalClimate

ConditionsW

S

E

N

Climate Zones in China Local Climate Conditions

NortheastSummer: warm Winter: long, cold, dry

NorthwestSummers: hot, dry Winters: long, cold, dry winters with high winds and dust

SouthwestSummers: cool, dry Winters: cold, dry with high winds

SichuanSummers: hot, wet Winters: cool, misty

SouthSummers: Hot, wet Winters: cool to cold, dry

NorthSummer: Hot, wet Winter: cold, dry winters

SoutheastSummers: hot, wet Winters: warm, dry

YunguiSummers: warm Winters: cool

Climate Conditions

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Parties in the Building Industry

Governmentlaw

Investorsfunds

Peoplebehavior

Architectsknow-how

P

I

G

A

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