chinese literature

History Channel (China)

China’s Quiz Bowl

What is the National Flag of China?a.) Five-Stars Red Flagb.) Blue-Diamond Flagc.) Three-Moons Red Flagd.) Two-Stars Pink Flag

Answer: a.) Five-Stars Red Flag

Who is the current President of China?a.) Me Yen Gaob.) Hu Jintaoc.) T’ao Ti Ch’ind.) Chu che Tsik

Answer: b.) Hu Jintao

The territorial seas of China are the following except for:a.) Bohai Seab.) Yellow Seac.) Red Sead.) South China Sea

Answer: c.) Red Sea

This religion is originated from China and it is one of the Chinese religion.a.) Hinduismb.) Buddhismc.) Confucianismd.) Jainism

Answer: c.) Confucianism

What is the first dynasty in China?a.) T’ang Dynastyb.) Chou Dynastyc.) Yuan Dynastyd.) Shang Dynasty

Answer: d.) Shang Dynasty

History Channel (China)

Zao Shang Hao

People’s Republic of

China

The word "China" is derived from the Persian word Cin

which is from the ,(چین)Sanskrit word Cīna.

Location

China officially the People's

Republic of China (PRC), is a

sovereign state located in East

Asia.

People’s Republic of China

National Flag:

Five-Stars-Red-FlagThe flag of China was officially

adopted on October 1, 1949.

The red of the Chinese flag

symbolizes the communist

revolution, and it's also the

traditional color of the people.


National Flag:

Five-Stars-Red-FlagThe large gold star represents

communism.

The four smaller stars represent the

social classes of the people.

In addition, the five stars together reflect

the importance placed on the number

five in Chinese thought and history.


National Emblem


National Anthem:

March of the Volunteers

Capital City:

Beijing


Largest City:

Shanghai

Official Language:

Mandarin Chinese


Recognized Regional

Languages:• Mongolian

• Tibetan

• Uyghur

• Zhuang

• various others


Official Written

Language:

Vernacular Chinese

PEOPLE:

Han

Chinese (93.

3%), plus 55

ethnic

groups like

Miao, Li,

Mongolian



Government:

Single-party people's

republic

Legislature:

National People's Congress


Total Area : 9,596,961

Water: is about 0.28 % of

the total Area.

Population: 1.35 Billion

(World's most populous country)

People’s Republic of ChinaTerritorial Seas:

Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea,

East China Sea, and South

China Sea.Climate:

Continental monsoon

(Tibet: vertical climate

zone).

Religions and Beliefs

AtheistConfuciani

smBuddhismTaoism

Islam

Catholicis

mProtestantis

m


Religions and Beliefs



Currency:

Renminbi (yuan)

(¥)


Administrative Demarcations

Provinces: 25

Autonomous Regions: 5

Municipalities: 4

(Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and

Chongqing)

Special Administrative Regions: 2

(Hong Kong and Macau).


Chinese President:

Hu Jintao

Chinese history is generally divided into dynasties or periods

during which particular family or group of people

reigned.

Chinese states were unified into a large

empire with a central government.

The Chinese empire lasted for over two thousand

years surviving periods of internal turmoil, attacks

from outside invaders and the rise and fall of

numerous dynasties.

The poet T’ao Ch’ien lived during the period

known as the Six Dynasties (220 A.D – 581

A.D), one of the most tumultuous eras in the

Chinese History.

ChineseDynasties

SHANG DYNASTY 1700-1050 BC

The first Chinese dynasty

that left historical records,

the loosely feudal Shang,

settled along the Yellow

River in eastern China from

the 17th to the 11th

century BC.


The oracle bone script of

the Shang Dynasty

represents the oldest form

of Chinese writing yet

found, and is a direct

ancestor of modern

Chinese characters.


The Shang were conquered

by the Chou, who ruled

between the 12th and 5th

centuries BC, until its

centralized authority was

slowly eroded by feudal

warlords.

Chou Dynasty (1045-255 BC)

Their dynasty lasted for about 800 years.

The great literary works of philosophy and religion that became the basis for

Chinese religious and social belief stem from what is called the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476) and the Warring States Period (475-221).

Chou Dynasty (1045-255 BC)

Taoism, Confucian literature, and other prominent religious and philosophical

schools all emerged during these periods.

Qin Dynasty (221-206 BC)

The Warring States period ended in 221 BC, after the state of Qin conquered the

other six kingdoms and established the first unified

Chinese state.


Qin Shi Huang, the emperor of Qin, proclaimed himself the "First Emperor" (始皇帝 ) and imposed reforms throughout

China, notably the forced standardization of the

Chinese language, measurements, length of cart

axles, and currency.


The Qin Dynasty lasted only fifteen years, falling soon

after Qin Shi Huang's death, as its harsh legalist and

authoritarian policies led to widespread rebellion.

Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)


The subsequent Han Dynasty ruled China between 206 BC and 220 AD, and created a lasting Han cultural identity among its populace that has endured to the present day.


The Han Dynasty expanded the empire's territory considerably

with military campaigns reaching Korea, Vietnam,

Mongolia and Central Asia, and also helped establish the Silk

Road in Central Asia.


Han China gradually became the largest economy of the

ancient world. At the beginning of the era, Confucianism was revived. Confucian texts were

rewritten and republished.


The resulting ideology was the official ideology of the Han Dynasty and

influenced political thinking afterwards.

The era’s major contributions were historical texts and scientific works.

T’ang Dynasty (618-907)


The T’ang Dynasty had a big empire that benefited from trade

with the west along the Silk Road, battled with the Tibetan Empire,

and experienced the growing influence of organized Buddhist

religions.


This era’s main contribution to Chinese literature was in the

poetry of Dufu, Li Bai and many other poets. Dufu and Li Bai are

often thought of as China’s greatest poets.

Sung Dynasty (960-1279)

Sung Dynasty (960-1279) Military technology greatly advanced. They traded little

with the west due to the presence of warring Muslim states on the old trade routes.

There wasn’t territorial expansion, but the empire was continuously attacked by nomadic tribes and countries around them.

So the era is divided into two eras called the Northern Sung (960-1127) and Southern Sung (1127-1279) eras.

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

The Chinese rebelled against the Mongols, and the Ming Dynasty era began about 1368.

One of the four great classics called Journey to the West about a monk going to India was written during this time of isolation.

Novels were the era’s main contribution.

Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368)


The Mongols established the very rich Yuan Dynasty.

The Mongols were nomadic people who herded cattle north of the Tang Empire and wandered over a large area fighting on horseback.


It was a big empire with high technology, a big population and a big army.

It was an era of some historically renowned dramatic playwrights and novelists who wrote in vernacular language.

In the 19th century, various rebellions and wars took place which caused the end of the

dynastic rules.

Summary of the Dynasties and their Contributions

1.) Shang Dynasty Old Chinese Writing System2.) Chou Dynasty Basic Philosophical and Religious Literature3.) Qin Dynasty Literary Disaster and Legalism4.) Han Dynasty Scientific and Historical Texts

Summary of the Dynasties and their Contributions

5.) T’ang Dynasty Early Woodblock Printing and Poetry6.) Sung Dynasty Early Woodblock Printing, Travel Literature,

Poetry, Scientific Texts and the Neo-Confucian Classics

7.) Ming Dynasty Novels8.) Yuan Dynasty Drama and Great Fictional Novels

Chinese Literature 1000 b.c. – a. d. 1890

Know contentment And you will suffer no disgrace ; Know when to stop And you will meet with no danger. You can then endure. -the Tao Te Ching

Literary Context

•Poetry is a part of everyday life throughout the history of China• Poets have been among the most highly regarded members of Chinese Society.• 2nd – 12th centuries A. D. the main Chinese poetic form was the Shih Ching (The Book of Songs). *Even the number of lines , each of which has the same number of words. *Often expressed personal emotions. *Many have brooding or trouble tone , but can express contentment.

Chinese Philosophy

•Contrast between Chinese and Western modes of philosophic thinking.•Western philosophers seek out of being of things , the essential reality lying behind appearances.•Chinese principal and establishment and cultivation of harmonious relationships within their social structures.•Chinese thinking is far more concrete , this worldly and above all, practical.

Cultural Context

Chinese attitudes and beliefs were shaped by 3 religios and philosophical schools :

Taoism

Confucianism

Buddhism

Taoism

•Tao- path or the way •Stresses freedom, simplicity and the mythical contemplation of nature (“Tao”).

•Force that controlled the universe

•Beyond the scope of human concerns , but can see its working by observing nature.

Taoism

•Avoid human desires

•Not educating

•Not honoring men of worth or encourage cleaver to act *Cause jealousy and greed *Opposites of Confucianism

Confucianism

•How people act – moral behavior

•Social relations based on subordination: family ruled by authoritarian father, state ruled authoritarian king.

•However , governed by the concept ren – with a loving attitude towards others.

Confucianism

•Tried to teach students to become true gentlemen – morally and spiritually.

•Must conduct oneself in a virtuous manner, those in power serve as models.

•Heaven is the supreme moral authority , which dictates how one must live.

Buddhism

•To lead a moral life•To be mindful and aware of thoughts and actions•To develop wisdom and understanding •Life is sorrow and sorrow is caused by desires•Rid self of desires•Does not claim to be God•Attain enlightenment through meditation

Buddhism

•Solutions to our problems are within ourselves

•Beliefs are incorporated into poetry through symbols, imagery and language of Chinese Literature •Quite and calmness is a central notion in Buddhist thought.

TRADITION

AND

CULTURE

Chinese Wedding Traditions

Red is the Color of Weddings in China

Red is central to the wedding theme of China. It signifies love, joy and prosperity and is used in variety of ways in Chinese wedding traditions.


The bride's wedding gown is often red, as are the wedding invitations, and wedding gift boxes or envelopes for cash gifts. Even the bride and groom's homes are decorated in red on the wedding day.


Before the Chinese Wedding Day

A Chinese bride traditionally goes into seclusion with her closest friends. This Chinese custom gives the bride-to-be some time to symbolically mourn the loss of her friends and family.


Some time before the couple are married, the groom’s family carries wedding gifts in red baskets and boxes to the bride’s house. One of the basket contain “uang susu” or “milk money”. Others will contain personal things for the bride, so that on her wedding day all of her personal belongings will be in the groom’s house.


The bride takes the gifts to another room where they are sorted through. Three days before the wedding day, women from the bride’s family reciprocate, bearing gifts– including some returns in red wrapping to the grooms family.


The Day of the Wedding Ceremony

Wedding anniversaries in China, are carefully chosen according to astrological signs. It is also customary for couples to be married on the half-hour or their wedding day rather than at the top of the hour.


In this way, the couple begins their new lives together on an “upswing”, while the hands of the clock are moving up, rather than down.

Chinese FestivalsEvent: Chinese New

Year Date: The first day of a

year in lunar calendar, usually between the late January and early February.

Activities: fireworks display, visiting and greeting, Yangke dancing, lion and dragon dancing, holding temple fairs and many other great folklore-inspection events.

Chinese FestivalsThis was the time for the Chinese to congratulate each other and themselves on having passed through another year, a time to finish out the old, and to welcome the new year.Common expressions heard at this time are: GUONIAN to have made it through the old year, and BAINIAN to congratulate the new year.

Chinese FestivalsEvent: Lantern

Festival Date: 15th of the first

lunar monthActivities: Lanterns

expositions, garden parties, firework display and folk dances.The New Year celebrations ended on the 15th of the First Moon with the Lantern Festival.

Chinese FestivalsIn the legend, the Jade Emperor in Heavens was so angered at a town for killing his favorite goose, that he decided to destroy it with a storm of fire.

Chinese FestivalsEvent: Dragon Boat

FestivalDate:5th day of the 5th

lunar month

Activities: Dragon Boat races and eating Zong Zi(pyramid shaped rice wrapped in reed or bamboo leaves).

Chinese FestivalsEvent: Mid-Autumn

FestivalDate: 15th of the 8th

lunar monthActivities: Dragon Boat

racing, enjoying moonlight and eating moon cakes.Probably the second most important festival in the Chinese calendar, Zhong qiu has ancient origins.

Chinese FestivalsAbundant meals are eaten during the festival and moon cakes, round pastries filled with nuts, dried fruits, preserved flowers, sesame and or marinated beef or bacon are eaten.

Chinese FestivalsEvent: QingmingDate: 12th of the 3rd

lunar month, usually around April 4th or 5th.

Activities: Cleaning ancestors graves and holding memorial ceremonies, spring outing, and flying kites.

Chinese FestivalsThis is a time when ice and snow has gone and plants are beginning to grow again, and is a time for respect to ancestors. Qingming is often marked by an indulgence of the Chinese passion for kite flying.

Chinese food

• Chinese cuisine includes styles originating from the diverse regions of China, as well as from Chinese people in other parts of the world. The history of Chinese cuisine in China stretches back for thousands of years and has changed from period to period and in each region according to climate, imperial fashions, and local preferences. Over time, techniques and ingredients from the cuisines of other cultures were integrated into the cuisine of the Chinese people due both to imperial expansion and from the trade with nearby regions in pre-modern times, and from Europe and the New World in the modern period.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine

• Over time, techniques and ingredients from the cuisines of other cultures were integrated into the cuisine of the Chinese people due both to imperial expansion and from the trade with nearby regions in pre-modern times, and from Europe and the New World in the modern period.

• Styles and tastes also varied by class, region, and ethnic background. This led to an unparalleled range of ingredients, techniques, dishes and eating styles in what could be called Chinese food, leading Chinese to pride themselves on eating a wide variety of foods while remaining true to the spirit and traditions of Chinese food culture.

The Chinese Language• Chinese (漢語 ) comprises of seven main

dialects, Mandarin (官話 ), Cantonese (廣州話 , 廣府話 ), Hakka (客家話 ), Wu (吳語 ), Min (閩語 ), Xiang (湘語 ), and Gan ( 贛語 ) (Fig. 1). The variety of Mandarin based on the speech in the capital Beijing is the official national language of mainland China and is termed Pŭtōnghuà, Common language (普通話 ). The de facto common language in Hong Kong and overseas Chinese communities is Cantonese. Amongst the official languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Taiwanese, and Hakka (Fig. 1).

Chinese alphabet

• There are and have been several Chinese alphabets, that is pre-existing alphabets adapted to write down the Chinese language. However, the standard Chinese writing system uses a non-alphabetic script with an alphabet for supplementary use.[1] There is no original alphabet native to China. China has its Pinyin system though sometimes the term is used anyway to refer to logographic Chinese characters (sinograms). It is more appropriately used, though, for phonemic transcriptions such as pinyin.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_Chinese

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Writing_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_alphabet#cite_note-1

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_character

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin

CHINESE MONEY

• Chinese Currency – Renminbi (RMB)• Chinese yuan, also known as Renminbi, is used throughout

in mainland China, while in Hong Kong and Macau, Hong Kong dollar and pataca are respectively used. The basic unit of Renminbi is Yuan and the sign of Yuan is ￥ .

• The metric conversion about Chinese Yuan is :• 1Yuan=10jiao 1jiao=10fen • In some parts of China, yuan is called kuai and jiao is

referred as mao. Chinese money is issued by the People's Bank of China in denominations of one, two, five, ten, twenty, fifty, and one hundred yuan. The jiao and fen coins are both issued in ones, twos, and fives.

• For many travelers, exchanging money is frequently needed along their trip, which is particularly true for businessmen along their China business travel. In China, currency exchange could be available in large banks, hotels and airports..

http://www.chinatour.com/business-travel.htm

• China education is the largest education system in the world. On June 2013, there were 9.12 million students taking the National Higher Education Entrance Examination (Gao Kao) in China. Investment in education accounts for about 4% of total GDP in China

•The higher education sector has growth as well. China is seeking to improve the quality of education through a major effort at curriculum reform. China has increased the proportion of its college-age population in higher education to over 20 percent now from 1.4 percent in 1978

• China has a consistent teacher development system. Teaching has historically been and remains today a highly respected profession in China. Teachers have strong preparation in their subject matter and prospective teachers spend a great deal of time observing the classrooms of experienced teachers, often in schools attached to their universities. Once teachers are employed in school, there is a system of induction and continuous professional development in which groups of teachers work together with master teachers on lesson plans and improvement.

was the founder of the humanistic school of philosophy known as the Ju or Confucianism, which taught the concepts of benevolence, ritual, and propriety.

• Confucius

• Kong Qui, better known as Confucius,

was born in 551 B.C. in the Lu state

of China. He died in 479 B.C.

Confucianism later became the

official imperial philosophy of China,

and was extremely influential during

the Han, Tang and Song dynasties.

His teachings, preserved in

the Analects.

focused on creating ethical models of family

and public interaction, and

setting educational standards.

• The Analects of Confucius

孔子的“論語”

• An anthology of brief passages that present the

words of Confucius and his disciples.

• Describe Confucius as a man, and recount some

of the events of his life.

• The Analects includes twenty books, each

generally featuring a series of chapters that

encompass quotes from Confucius, which were

compiled by his disciples after his death.

http://www.gradesaver.com/the-analects-of-confucius/

http://www.gradesaver.com/author/confucius/

Po Chu-i was a gentleman poet and government official during the golden age of the Tang dynasty in China.

Po Chu-i eventually retired to a

monastery when he was in his

50s. One of his legs was paralyzed

at the end of his life.

• His poetry often has the easy,

retiring quality of Chan poetry of

the time.

Lao Tzu ("old man" or "old sage") was the ancient author of Tao Te Ching, the most widely translated Chinese work of all time and the classic book of the religion or philosophy known as Taoism.

• A general history of China from

the first century B.C. describes

Lao Tzu as an older

contemporary and teacher

of Confucius (551-479 B.C.).

• It says he wrote the two-

volume Tao Te Ching at the

request of the keeper of a "pass"

while on a westward journey.

• Lao Tzu takes a more mystical

approach to tuning into the

natural order of things as a way

of achieving personal and social

harmony.

The most important concept developed in the Tao te ching is tao. Tao literally means "road" or "way."The Tao te ching itself is a collection of sayings expounding the principal Taoist teachings.

T'ao Ch'ien (365-427) was one of China's foremost poets in the five-word shih style, and his influence on subsequent poets was very great. Also known as

T'ao Yüan-ming

One of T'ao's best-known poems is a debate among "Substance, Shadow, and Spirit, " who speak respectively for hedonism, Confucian fame, and a kind of Taoist stoicism which accepts life in its totality.

Tu Fu was a great Chinese poet of the T'ang dynasty, a family that ruled China from 618 to 907.

• He is known as a poet-

historian for his portrayal of

the social and political

disorders of his time and is

also noted for his artistry

and craftsmanship.

• His poetry introduces an

intense, dramatic, and

touching personalism

through the use of

symbols and images, irony

and contrast.

During the time of the Ch’in and Han dynasties, a cave chief named Wu married two wives and each give birth to baby girls. Hey…guyss…ipapakilala ko sainyo ang

aking dalawang asawa…ang nasa kanan ay ermat neh Yeh Shen at ang

nasa kaliwa ay ang step-ermat neh Yeh Shen.

Hi mga fwnsss!!Ang ganda2 ko

noh..ambot nang bana nako nga

nangabet,,,makajumberna dle gaka

kontento..pro gaduda ko bcin ge gayuma ra

anang kabet nya.

Baba shufabels

hah…..bcin barangun tka

dra….

Before long Chief Wu and Yeh-Shen’s mother died leaving Yeh-Shen’s to her stepmother. The, stepmother didn’t like Yeh-Shen.

What do you think is the reason why the stepmother of

Yeh-Shen didn’t like her???

The stepmother of Yeh-Shen didn’t like her because she was more beautiful and kinder than her own daughter.

Etchushera ning bataa nea….bisan sige’g panghinlo sa

among balay gwapa japon….tan-awara makawalag respeto ang ka

gwapa….

Hi, I’m Yeh-Shen!

Naa pod ko’y anak nga poryagaba ug nawong..AHOHOY

…

Hi, I’m the legal daughter!

Yeh-Shen’s only friend is a fish and each day the fish came out of the water onto the bank to be fed by Yeh-Shen.

Bessy gahangolan jud kog pagkaon neh step-ermat…share2

nalang tah ane hah!..ang importante kay d tah

mashoangers….HARHAR

BES, KAW NAJUD ANG GITAKDA BA…!! Yaw na

kabalaka bes kay puhon2 dili naka

mag.antos sa bruhita nimong step-ermat..

One day the step-sister of Yeh-Shen found out that the friend of Yeh-Shen can talk. She consulted her mother and they had a bad planned.

Mama maintriga jod ka ani vah…

HEHEHHAHA..ang amigo neh Yeh Shen nga isda ga

istorya…

Is that REAL??

Yes ma, REAL NA REAL, REAL NA REAL..

Do you read what I’m thinking????HEHEHEH;

I have an evil plan!

•What do you think is the plan of the

stepmother of Yeh-Shen???

Let’s find out!!!!

Yeh-Shen is late for dinner. When she arrive….

Hoy bae l8 naka sa panihapon lamian raba

among sud.an.

YEYEYEYO..Our viand is a fish

BAKLAKITA..HAHAHAHA

wwwhhoooaaaatttt??????

?

Pero yaw kabalaka kay gebilin namu ang bukog nya para nimo..huaah huuaaww!!!

When Yeh-Shen saw the bones of her friend fish she cried and cried for she can’t accept what had happened.

I’m pasensya kau bessy nga bukog nalang ka ron

owhhh…..

Don’t worry I’m okay and I will still be with

you though I’m already a bone…

Did you just talk???_english speaking

pajud owh makahilak pod tag samot bes.

Don’t be afraid Yeh-Shen..yes it’s me…

you’re friend.

Owh lage kaw lage naa..hheehh…yaw

ko kalaga bessy oie..

Yeh-Shen is still happy despite of what happen. Then, one day a message from the palace arrive that all the maiden will be invited because the prince will choose a wife in that event.

Baby ayoha nga dapat ikaw ang mmapila hah..

Oo ma oyh,,kung dili madalag

istorya….gayumahon hehe..joke lng.

And, you Yeh-Shen stay at home.

Yes MOM!!

The friend of Yeh-Shen had observed that Yeh-Shen is sad…..So…

I know you’re sad Yeh-Shen but don’t worry

you can go to the palace.

How can it be???

The fish bone transform into a beautiful heels…and when Yeh-Shen fit it she transform, too!

It’s me Yeh-Shen, don’t be afraid to

use me.

Ook!!

And, Yeh-Shen transform into this

beautiful lady.

Before Yeh Shen went to the palace the fish warn her never to lost the heels, but unfortunately one of the heels was left in the palace.

Hoy fwnd!!! edj maul8 hah…sorry jud kaau kay nabilin ang

isa ka sandal…tabange kog pangita bessy veh…plssssy!!!!

Hoy badat ay pag enichus dha oie…balike nalang didto gud kaysa gahilaka raka nga

mura kag amaw diha.

In the next morning, the Prince and his servants were roaming around finding the owner of the heel as the Prince is interested to marry the girl. Many girls who were interested and claim to be the owner of the heel.

Torkwoato pagpangutana nah diha kung knxa naa tag.iya ug ipasukod

para xureness.

Owke kamahalan…ale moh linya lang..one

line ra hah kay magsukod tah.

Kadyot lang sir kay mag picture2 same para naay e.post sa

fb…

Lge sir…edj mag strong…makatesting lge me anang

sukod2…

Ako na ang mo testing….murag fit jud kau nea nako bah..

Unfortunately, there is no maiden who had fitted the heel. However, Yeh Shen arrived holding the other pair of the heel.

Sir ako ang tag.iya ana ayh….huhu..salamat kay

nakita nimo…ambe na sir kay muole nakog balay..

Weehh, isuot daw be para mkita ang

katag..

And the magic appeared again…chaacharan..

Ohhh.. Diva..gatuo naka bessy….ako lage nea gift saqong friend….!!!

The prince was astonished of what he had seen. Then, Yeh-Shen is so happy because she was the one chosen by the prince to marry him.

Such a beautiful girl!

Will you marry me???

Yes of course…it’s my

pleasure…

After the wedding, Yeh-Shen lived in the palace and her step mother and sister were not allowed to visit her…and they lived happily!!!

I LOVE YOU SO MUCH

YEH-SHEN!

THE LOVE THAT I

HAVE FOR YOU WILL NOT FADE

AND DEATH COULD

NOT SEPARATE

US.

--THE END---

JIESHU

References:

www.onlinedictionary.comwww.wikianswers.comwww.slideshare.netwww.china.govwww.googleimages.comwww.theodora.com/mapswww.wikipedia.com

http://www.onlinedictionary.com/

http://www.wikianswers.com/

http://www.slideshare.net/

http://www.china.gov/

http://www.googleimages.com/

http://www.theodora.com/maps

http://www.wikipedia.com/

chinese literature

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