chinese tools

7/29/2019 Chinese Tools

1/12

Lesson 01 - Phonetics, Hello

INITIALS

A syllable in Chinese is composed of an initial, which is a consonant that begins the syllable, and a final, which covers the rest of thesyllable.

b p m f

d t n l

g k h

j q x

z c s

zh ch sh r

FINALSIn modern Chinese, there are 38 finals besides the above-represented 21 initials.

i u

a ia ua

o uo e

e ie

er

ai uai

ei

uei

(ui)

ao iao

ouiou

(iu)

an ian uan an

en inuen

(un)en

ang iang uang

eng ieng ueng

ong iong

TONESMandarin Chinese has four pitched tones and a "toneless" tone.

Tone Mark Description

1st d High and level

2nd d Starts medium in tone, then rises to the top

3rd d Starts low, dips to the bottom, then rises toward the top

4th d Starts at the top, then falls sharp and strong to the bottom

Neutra

lda Flat, with no emphasis

TONES CHANGES

A 3rd tone, when immediatlely followed by another 3rd tone, should pe pronounced in the 2nd tone.

N ho = N ho


2/12

CONVERSATION

- N ho!

!

- Zi j in!

!

n (pro) You

ho (adj) good, well

nho! Hello, How are you?

zi (adv) again

jin (v) see

zijin! Goodbye!

CALLIGRAPHY EXERCISES

4 first chinese characters : et . Learn the stroke order.
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3/12

Lesson 02 - Phonetics, Thank You

RULESOFPHONETICSPELLING

1 zi ci si = z c s

2 zhi chi shi = zh ch sh

3 ju jue juan junqu que quan qunxu xue xuan xun

===

j je jan jnq qe qan qnx xe xan xn

4 yu yue yuan yun = e an n

5 ya ye yao youyan yin ying yang

yong

==

=

ia ie iao iouian in ing iang

iong

6 wu wa wo waiwei wan wen wangweng

===

u ua uo uaiuei uan uen uangueng

SOUND DISCRIMINATIONM

1 bo po ba pa bi pi

2 de te da ta di ti

3 ge ke ge ka gu ku

4 ji qi jia qia jiu qiu

5 zi ci za ca ze ce

6 zhi chi zha cha zhe che

7 yin ying lin ling jin jing

8 yan yang gan gang kan kang

9 gen geng men meng fen feng

TONE DRILLS

b b b b b b b b

k k k k q q q q

xi xi xi xi mi mi mi mi

gun gun gungun

x x x x

du du du du mng mng mng mng

tin tin tin tin y y y y

hu hu hu hu xi xi xi xi

NEUTRAL TONE

In Chinese there are a number of syllabes which are unstressed and take a feeble tone. This is known as the neutral tone which isshown by the absence of tone-graph.

mma : mum iren : husband,wife

bba

: dad hizi

: child, children


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gge : elder brother gunxi : relation

ddi : younger brother xixie : thank you

jijie : elder sister kqi :polite

mimei : youngersister xixi : have a rest

RETROFLEX FINAL

The final "er" is sometimes attached to another final to form a retroflex final and when thus used, it is no longer an independentsyllable. A retroflex final is represented by the letter "r" added to the final.

hu + er -> hur yhur : a momentdin + er ->dinr ydinr : a littlen + er -> nr nar : wherezh + er -> zhr zhr : thereCONVERSATION

- Du b q

- Mi gunxi

- Xixie

- B kqi

- Mngtin jin

!

- xi xi y hur

- ho ba

Du b q I'm sorry!

mi (adv) not

gunxi (n) relation

Mi gunxi! That's all right

Xixie Thank you !

b (adv) not

kqi (adj) polite

B kqi ! You're welcome !

mngtin (adv) tomorrow

jin (v) see

Mngtin jin! See you tomorrow!

xixi (v) have a rest

yhur (n) a moment

xixi yhur! Have a rest!

ho (adj) good

ho ba All right!

CALLIGRAPHY EXERCISES

20 new characters.


5/12

Lesson 03 - NumeralsEasy and straightforwardThe Chinese counting system is fairly easy and straightforward. There are not as many number words as in English (where thenumbers zero up to twenty require twenty-one different words, plus more words for the tens, e.g. 'forty').

BASIC NUMBERS : FROM 1 TO 10

Chinese Pinyin

1 y

2 r

3 sn

4 s

5 w

6 li

7 q

8 b

9 ji

10 sh

0 / lng

FROM 11 TO 99

Chinese Pinyin Note

11 shy 10+1

12 sh'r 10+2
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13 shsn 10+3

19 shji 10+9

20 rsh 2x10

21 rshy 2x10+1

22 rsh'r 2x10+2

30 snsh 3x10

40 ssh 4x10

90 jish 9x10

99 jishji 9x10+9

FROM 100 TO 999

Chinese Pinyin

100 ybi

101 ybilngy

110

ybiy(sh)

111 ybiyshy

120 ybi'rsh

200 rbi

999

jibijishji

1000 ANDAFTER

Chinese Pinyin

1 000 yqin

1 001 yqinlngy

1 010 yqinlngsh

1 100 yqinybi

9 999

jiqinjibijishji

10 000 ywn


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1 000 000 ybiwn

100 000 000 yy

EXAMPLES

100,004 =

10,050,026 = or

20 new characters.

Lesson 04 - Surname, First Name

CONVERSATION 1 : WHAT'SYOURFAMILYNAME? ()

- Nn gu xng?

- W xng Zhng.

- N jio shnme mngzi?

- W jio Zhng Jngshng.

- T xng shnme?

- T xng Wng.

nn (pro) you (respectful)

gu (adj) honour

xng (n) surname

(v) be surnamed

w (pro) I, me

Zhng (n) (a surname)

n (pro) you

jio (v) call

shnme (pro) what

mngzi (n) name

Jngshng (pro) (a first name)

t (pro) he

Wng (n) (a surname)

Translation

- What's your (family) name?

- My family name is Zhang.

- What's your first name?

- My first name is Jingsheng.

- What's his family name?

- His family name is Wang.

CONVERSATION 2 : WHOISHE? ()
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8/12

- T sh shi?

- T sh wde losh.

- N rnshi t ma?

- Rnshi, t sh Zhng losh de xusheng.

sh (v) be

shi (pro) who

de (part) (possessive particle)

wde (pro) my

losh (n) teacher

rnshi (v) know

ma (part) (question particle)

xusheng (n) student

Translation

- Who is it (he)?

- He is my teacher.

- Do you know him?- Yes, he is a student of teacher Zhang.

CONVERSATION 3 : WHAT'SYOURFRIEND'SNAME? ()

- Nde pngyou jio shnme mngzi?

- T xng L, jio L Dhi.

- L sh tde xng, hi sh Shnghi de hi.

nde (pro) your

pngyou (n) friend

L (n) (a surname)

Dhi (n) (a first name)

tde (pro) his

hi (n) sea

Shnghi (n) Shanghai

Translation

- What is your friend's name?

- His family name is Li, his first name is Dahai.

- Li is his family name, "hai" is the same "hai" than in Shanghai.

GRAMMAR

Question with an interrogative pronoun

A question with an interrogative pronoun has the same word order as that of a declarative sentence.

Example:

- Who is he?

- He is my student.

The interrogative particle

When the interrogative particle(ma) is added at the end of a declarative sentence, it becomes a question.Example:

- You know him.

- Do you know him?

- He is a teacher.


9/12

- Is he a teacher?

The possesive particle

When used attributively to show possession, a noun usually takes the structural particle (de) after it.Example:

- my teacher

- teacher's student

CALLIGRAPHYEXERCISES

29 new characters.

Lesson 05 - Country, Nationality

CONVERSATION 1 : WHICHCOUNTRYAREYOUGOINGTO?

- Xinshengnn q n g guji?

- W q Zhnggu.

- Nn sh Zhnggurn ma?

- Shde, w sh Zhnggurn.

xinsheng (n) Mr.

q (v) go

n (pro) which

g (m) (a measure word)

guji (n) country

Zhnggu (n) China

rn (n) person

Zhnggurn (n) Chinese person

shde yes, all right

Translation

- Mister, which country are you going to?

- I go to China.

- Are you Chinese?

- Yes, I'm Chinese.

CONVERSATION 2 : WHICHCOUNTRYAREYOUFROM?

- Xioji, n sh n gu rn?

- W sh Migurn.

- Tmen y sh Migurn ma?

- B tmen b sh Migurn.

Tmen du sh Ynggurn

xioji (n) Miss

gu (v) country

Migu (n) U.S.A

(plural suffix)

tmen (pro) they

y (adv) also, too

b, b (adv) no, not

du (adv) all

Ynggu (n) Britain
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10/12

Translation

- Miss, which country are you from?

- I'm American.

- Are they American too?

- No, they are not american, they are all English.

CONVERSATION 3 : HAVEYOUBEENTO CHINA?

- N q guo Zhnggu ma?

- W mi q guo Zhnggu.

- N xing q Zhnggu ma?

- W hn xing q Zhnggu.

guo (part) past particle

mi (adv) no, not

xing (v) want to, think

hn (adv) very

Translation

- Have you been to China?

- I haven't been to China.

- Do you want to go to China?

- I really want to go to China.

GRAMMAR

The verbal particlesand The verbal particle

which occurs immediately after a verb denotes that some actions took place in the past. It is often used to

emphasize an experience. The negative form of "verb +" is "+ verb +".Example:

- - I have been to the USA.- - I have'nt been to the USA.Phrase structure

The adverbs are placed before the verb.

Example:

- - I am Chinese too.- - We are all Chinese.- - I am not Chinese.The verb

is an optative verb. The optative verb is placed before the verb.Example:

- - Do you want to go to China?- - I really want to go to China.


11/12

EXERCISES : SUBSTITUTION DRILLS

Exercise 1

- Nn

q

n

g

guji?

- W

q

Zhnggu.

Fgu (n) France

Dgu (n) Germany

Jind (n) Canada

Ydl (n) Italy

Rbn (n) Japan

Exercise 2

- Nn

sh

Zhnggurn

ma?

- W

( b )

sh

Zhnggurn.

Fgurn (n) French (people)

Dgurn (n) German

Jindrn (n) Canadian

Ydlrn (n) Italian

Rbnrn (n) Japanese

Exercise 3

- N

n (pro) you

w (pro) I, me


12/12

sh

n

gu

rn?

- W

sh

Migurn.

nmen (pro) you (plural)

wmen (pro) we

t (pro) he

t (pro) she

tmen (pro) they

20 new characters.
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