chlordecone in the french west indies: overview of research

P. GarriguesP. GarriguesInstitute for Molecular SciencesInstitute for Molecular SciencesUMR 5255 CNRS. UniversitUMR 5255 CNRS. Universitéé de Bordeaux 1. Francede Bordeaux 1. France

Chlordecone in the French West Indies:Chlordecone in the French West Indies:Overview of research activities dealing Overview of research activities dealing

with soil and aquatic ecosystems with soil and aquatic ecosystems

http://ism.u-bordeaux1.fr

POPs Workshop, Brno, 22-24 May 2011

ContributorsContributors::

Laurent Laurent LagadicLagadic

INRA, INRA, ÉÉquipe quipe ÉÉcotoxicologiecotoxicologie et Qualitet Qualitéé des Milieux Aquatiques, Rennesdes Milieux Aquatiques, RennesDominique Monti, Dominique Monti, SoazigSoazig LemoineLemoine

ÉÉquipe Dynamique des quipe Dynamique des ÉÉcosystcosystèèmes Carames Caraïïbes (bes (DynecarDynecar), Universit), Universitéé des des Antilles et de la Guyane, Antilles et de la Guyane, PointePointe--àà--PitrePitre

FranFranççois Herman, Patrick Boucherois Herman, Patrick BoucherSYPAGUA (SYPAGUA (SYndicatSYndicat des Producteurs Aquacoles de des Producteurs Aquacoles de GUAdeloupeGUAdeloupe), Parc ), Parc

Aquacole de Guadeloupe, PointeAquacole de Guadeloupe, Pointe--NoireNoireGilles Gilles BocquenBocquenéé, Alain , Alain AbarnouAbarnou, Jacques Bertrand, Jacques Bertrand

IFREMER Nantes, FranceIFREMER Nantes, FranceXavier Xavier BodiguelBodiguel, Lionel , Lionel RenalRenal

IFREMER MartiniqueIFREMER MartiniqueEric GodardEric Godard

DSDS MartiniqueDSDS MartiniqueJean Jean LacasLacas

DIREN MartiniqueDIREN MartiniquePOPs Workshop, Brno, 22-24 May 2011

French West IndiesFrench West Indies

Archipelago composed of Guadeloupe Island (1630 kmArchipelago composed of Guadeloupe Island (1630 km²² and 400 000 and 400 000 inhab.) and Martinique Island (1128 kminhab.) and Martinique Island (1128 km²² and 400 000 inhab.).and 400 000 inhab.).

-- Banana production: 251 000 t; 800 farms, 18 000 workers, 125 MBanana production: 251 000 t; 800 farms, 18 000 workers, 125 M €€


French West French West IndiesIndies

Tropical Tropical climateclimate isis suitablesuitable for banana culture, but the warm and for banana culture, but the warm and wetwetweatherweather conditions are conditions are alsoalso favourablefavourable for for manymany variousvarious pestspests thatthat explainexplainthe important use of biocides.the important use of biocides.

ApproximatelyApproximately 180 tonnes of 180 tonnes of chlordeconechlordecone have been have been extensivelyextensively usedused in in variousvarious technicaltechnical formulations in banana plantations, and formulations in banana plantations, and probablyprobably in a few in a few otherother cultures, cultures, fromfrom 1972 to 1972 to itsits ban in 1993, to ban in 1993, to wrestlewrestle withwith the the weevilweevilCosmopoliesCosmopolies sordidussordidus..

ApproximatelyApproximately 8300 ha in Guadeloupe and 10700 ha in Martinique are 8300 ha in Guadeloupe and 10700 ha in Martinique are consideredconsidered to to bebe moderatelymoderately or or heavilyheavily contaminatedcontaminated by by chlordeconechlordecone (Le (Le DDééaultault and and ProccaciaProccacia 2009), 2009), whichwhich representrepresent about 25 % of the land about 25 % of the land surface surface usedused for agriculture in for agriculture in eacheach islandisland. .


La chlordecone (keponeR, curloneR)La chlordecone (La chlordecone (keponekeponeRR, curlone, curloneRR))

- Organochlorine compound used up to 1993.Exemptions for FWI.- Weak water solubility ( 1-3 mg/L), affinity for lipid

(log Kow = 4,6 - 5,6; log Koc = 3.3)BCF = 6000 in algae, 21000 in invertebrate, 60 200 for sea fish

- UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/20/Add.10 (2007). - No evidence of microbial degradation

-- OrganochlorineOrganochlorine compound compound usedused up to 1993.Exemptions for FWI.up to 1993.Exemptions for FWI.-- WeakWeak water water solubilitysolubility ( 1( 1--3 mg/L), 3 mg/L), affinityaffinity for for lipidlipid

(log (log KowKow = 4,6 = 4,6 -- 5,6; log 5,6; log KocKoc = 3.3)= 3.3)BCF = 6000 in BCF = 6000 in algaealgae, 21000 in , 21000 in invertebrateinvertebrate, 60 200 for , 60 200 for seasea fishfish

-- UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/20/Add.10 (2007). UNEP/POPS/POPRC.3/20/Add.10 (2007). -- No No evidenceevidence of of microbialmicrobial degradationdegradation

Impact on Humans:Moderate acute toxicity Endocrine disruptor, Possible carcinogenic compound (group 2B)Observation of 2 more times prostate cancer in men in

FWI than in France

Impact on HumansImpact on Humans::Moderate acute toxicity Moderate acute toxicity Endocrine disruptor, Endocrine disruptor, Possible carcinogenic compound (group 2B)Possible carcinogenic compound (group 2B)Observation of 2 more times prostate cancer in men in Observation of 2 more times prostate cancer in men in

FWI than in FranceFWI than in France

Impact on aquatic species:• neurotoxic, CL50 crustacean/fish = 10 µg/l • endocrine disruption: fertility decrease, • delay in development,

Impact on Impact on aquaticaquatic speciesspecies::•• neurotoxicneurotoxic, CL, CL5050 crustacean/fishcrustacean/fish = 10 = 10 µµg/l g/l •• endocrine disruption: endocrine disruption: fertilityfertility decreasedecrease, , •• delaydelay in in developmentdevelopment, ,


La chlordecone (keponeR, curloneR)La chlordecone (La chlordecone (keponekeponeRR, curlone, curloneRR))

- Provisionnal Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) : 0.5 µg/kg b.w.

- Accidental exposure : PTDI should not exceed 10µg/kg (AFSSA, 2005)

- In Fish maximum residue level : 20 µg/kg (AFSSA, 2008).

- 180 demersal species fished around Martinique and Guadeloupe. None represents more than 5% of the landings.

- Fish and seafood : an important part of human diet 55-110 g/d; 3 times higher than in France.

- Short commercial fish trade ( uncontrolled)

-- Provisionnal Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) : 0.5 Provisionnal Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) : 0.5 µµg/kg b.w.g/kg b.w.

-- Accidental exposure : PTDI should not exceed 10Accidental exposure : PTDI should not exceed 10µµg/kg (AFSSA, 2005)g/kg (AFSSA, 2005)

-- In Fish maximum residue level : 20 In Fish maximum residue level : 20 µµg/kg (AFSSA, 2008).g/kg (AFSSA, 2008).

-- 180 demersal species fished around Martinique and Guadeloupe. 180 demersal species fished around Martinique and Guadeloupe. None represents more than 5% of the landings.None represents more than 5% of the landings.

-- Fish and seafood : an important part of human diet 55Fish and seafood : an important part of human diet 55--110 g/d; 3 110 g/d; 3 times higher than in France.times higher than in France.

-- Short commercial fish trade ( uncontrolled)Short commercial fish trade ( uncontrolled)


Soil PollutionSoil Pollution

Concentration levels different as function of Concentration levels different as function of soil type ( carbon storga capability). soil type ( carbon storga capability). WISORCH Model ( Cabidoche et al., 2009)WISORCH Model ( Cabidoche et al., 2009)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Te

neur

sol

0-3

0 cm

en

chlo

rdéc

one

mg/

kg

Andosol Sol ferralitiqueSols argileux

Used in babana plantations between 1972 Used in babana plantations between 1972 and 1993 (Kand 1993 (Kééponepone®® and Curloneand Curlone®®) ) to wrestle to wrestle with the weevil with the weevil Cosmopolites sordidus Cosmopolites sordidus

Source : Y.-M. Cabidoche / INRA APC

≈ 4000 ha ;< 1/5ème SAU

Source : DAF-SPV / INRA, 2006


Soil contamination for centuriesSoil contamination for centuries


For a 20 year period of using For a 20 year period of using chlordecone, modelling predict a chlordecone, modelling predict a strong concentration decrease in strong concentration decrease in about 700 years.about 700 years.

© INRA APC et INFOSOL 2006© INRA APC et INFOSOL 2006© INRA APC et INFOSOL 2006

Predictable evolution of soil Predictable evolution of soil concentration in the south of concentration in the south of «« BasseBasse--TerreTerre »» in the next 570 yearsin the next 570 years……

Apports de CLD 1972 - 1993

0.01

0.10

1.00

10.00

100.00

1950 2050 2150 2250 2350 2450 2550 2650 2750 2850Année après J-C

CLD

cal

culé

0-3

0 cm

m

g kg

-1 s

ol s

ec andosolferralsolnitisol


Chlrodecone risk mappingChlrodecone risk mapping

Based on:Based on:

-- Aerial pictures en 1970, 1980, 1992Aerial pictures en 1970, 1980, 1992

-- Soil analyses :BRGM 2004 (297 Soil analyses :BRGM 2004 (297 samples),Chambre dsamples),Chambre d ’’agriculture agriculture --FREDON 2003 to 2005 (1030 samples)FREDON 2003 to 2005 (1030 samples)--Chlordecone concentration up to 20 Chlordecone concentration up to 20 mg/kgmg/kg


From soil contamination to river contamination From soil contamination to river contamination (Guadeloupe)(Guadeloupe)

Drainage, via deep watersand run offsDrainage, via deep watersand run offscontribute to the river contaminationcontribute to the river contamination


Babana plantation : Babana plantation : contamination into the contamination into the deep soil. deep soil.

River

Erosion Erosion soil transfersoil transfer

sedimentssediments

Spring

Con

cent

ratio

n en

chl

ordé

cone

(en

µg/L

) Source : DIREN

Guad

eloupe. Analyses : IPG

et LDA

26.


Chlordecone in estuarine sediments (Martinique)Chlordecone in estuarine sediments (Martinique)

StrongStrong linklink withwith contamination of river basins. contamination of river basins. RapidRapidtransfertransfer due to due to coarsecoarse torrentialtorrential charactercharacter of the of the riversrivers..

–– NordNord--AtlantiqueAtlantique•• (Basse Pointe : 549 (Basse Pointe : 549 µµg/kg g/kg d.wd.w. ; . ; MacoubaMacouba : :

148 148 µµg/kg g/kg d.wd.w.).)

–– BaysBays, , centrecentre--sudsud AtlantiqueAtlantique•• Galion (47 Galion (47 µµg/kg g/kg d.wd.w..)..)•• Robert (Mansarde : 143 Robert (Mansarde : 143 µµg/kg g/kg d.wd.w.).)•• FranFranççois (92 ois (92 µµg/kg g/kg d.wd.w..)..)

–– BaysBays, côte Cara, côte Caraïïbe be •• FortFort--dede--France (LFrance (Léézarde : 552 zarde : 552 µµg/kg g/kg d.wd.w.).)•• SaintSaint--Pierre (Roxelane : 69 Pierre (Roxelane : 69 µµg/kg g/kg d.wd.w.).)

148 54926 54

47143 5

23 9262 5

0.5383

5520.5

0.569

0.50.5


Contamination of aquatic species (Guadeloupe)Contamination of aquatic species (Guadeloupe)

Source : D. Monti 2005, 2006, 2007. A

nalyses : LDA26

Con

cent

ratio

n en

chl

ordé

cone

da

ns le

mus

cle

(en

µg/k

g d

e po

ids f

rais)

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0

Rivi

ère

Gra

nde

Ans

e

Etan

g G

omm

ier

Gra

nde

riviè

re à

Goy

ave

Gra

nde

Rivi

ère

de

Cap

este

rre

Rivi

ère

du G

rand

C

arbe

t

Rivi

ère

Du

Ples

sis

Petit

e Ri

vièr

e à

Goy

ave

Rivi

ère

Léza

rde

Rivi

ère

Mou

stiq

ue à

Petit

-Bou

rg

Rivi

ère

Mor

eau

Rivi

ère

La R

ose

Rivi

ère

Mou

stiq

ue à

Sain

te R

ose

Rivi

ère

Cor

osso

l

Rivi

ère

de V

ieux

Ha

bita

nts

Rivi

ère

aux

Her

bes

For all the freshwater species (fish and crustaceans), thecontamFor all the freshwater species (fish and crustaceans), thecontamination is ination is variable, with extreme values in rivers from the south of variable, with extreme values in rivers from the south of «« BasseBasse--TerreTerre »»


Contamination of freshwater organisms. GuadeloupeContamination of freshwater organisms. Guadeloupe

Source : D. Monti, 2005

For For Macrobrachium faustinum Macrobrachium faustinum ("ouassou"),("ouassou"),BCF is very dependant from envrionmental BCF is very dependant from envrionmental and physiological conditions. and physiological conditions.

Source : D. Monti, 2008

Poissons

BCF BCF isis variable variable fromfrom one one speciesspecies to to anotheranother and and alsoalsobetweenbetween the muscle and the muscle and visceraviscera..


Contamination of aquaculture farming

OcOcééan S.A. / Parc Aquacolean S.A. / Parc AquacoleNursery provides Nursery provides «« ouassousouassous »» shrimp shrimp larvae (larvae (Macrobrachium rosenbergiiMacrobrachium rosenbergii) for ) for farming in Guadeloupe and in farming in Guadeloupe and in MartiniqueMartinique

Maximum residue limit (20 Maximum residue limit (20 µµg/kg) g/kg) overpassed in 3 farms for which overpassed in 3 farms for which production is stoppedproduction is stopped

Source : SYPAGUA, 2009. Analyses : LDA 26

ExploitationExploitation Eau "Ouassous" "BCF"

G1 / Saint Claude : ≈ 0,02 µg/L 98 µg/kg 4900

G2 / Saint Claude / B6 : 0,085 µg/L 163 µg/kg 1930

G2 / Saint Claude / B3 : 0,21 µg/L 240 µg/kg 1150

G3 / Goyave : 0,13 µg/L 113 µg/kg 860


Impacts on natural creyfish populations (Impacts on natural creyfish populations (Macrobrachium Macrobrachium faustinum)faustinum)

unpolluted

polluted

■■ an increase of black coloran increase of black color

■■ an agressive behavioran agressive behavior

■■ a weaker growtha weaker growth

■■ a preference for oxygenated watersa preference for oxygenated waters

■■ a strong abundance of fertilized femalesa strong abundance of fertilized females

■■ a smaller size for fertilized femalesa smaller size for fertilized femalesSource : D. Monti & S. Lemoine 2007


La chlordécone (keponeR, curloneR)La chlordLa chlordéécone (cone (keponekeponeRR, curlone, curloneRR))

- Provisionnal Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) : 0.5 µg/kg b.w.

- In Fish maximum residue level : 20 µg/kg (AFSSA, 2008).

- Fish and seafood : an important part of human diet 55-110 g/d; 3 times higher than in France.

- Average consumers (50g/d) , low contamination (20 µg/kg)1 ug/kg/d :1/30 of PTDI

- Important consumers ( 300 g/d) : high contamination (1000 µg/kg 200 ug/kg/d : 7 times the PTDI.

-- ProvisionnalProvisionnal TolerableTolerable Daily Daily IntakeIntake (PTDI) : 0.5 (PTDI) : 0.5 µµg/kg g/kg b.wb.w..

-- In Fish maximum In Fish maximum residueresidue levellevel : 20 : 20 µµg/kg (AFSSA, 2008).g/kg (AFSSA, 2008).

-- Fish and Fish and seafoodseafood : an important part of : an important part of humanhuman dietdiet 5555--110 g/d; 3 110 g/d; 3 times times higherhigher thanthan in France.in France.

-- AverageAverage consumersconsumers (50g/d) , (50g/d) , lowlow contamination (20 contamination (20 µµg/kg)g/kg)1 1 ugug/kg/d :1/30 of PTDI /kg/d :1/30 of PTDI

-- Important Important consumersconsumers ( 300 g/d) : ( 300 g/d) : highhigh contamination (1000 contamination (1000 µµg/kg g/kg 200 200 ugug/kg/d : 7 times the PTDI. /kg/d : 7 times the PTDI.


Major issues : Major issues : RiskRisk ManagementManagement

-- Grenelle de lGrenelle de l’’EnvironmentEnvironment : : EcophytoEcophyto DOM. Programmes DOM. Programmes ChlordeconeChlordecone20082008--2010 and 20112010 and 2011--2013 ( 60 M 2013 ( 60 M €€) )

-- Better understanding of the environmental compartments, developBetter understanding of the environmental compartments, development ment of techniques for remediation.of techniques for remediation.

-- Development the human monitoring for a better understanding of Development the human monitoring for a better understanding of effects effects on the human health.on the human health.

-- Improvement of the reduction to chlordecone exposure of populaImprovement of the reduction to chlordecone exposure of populations, tions, ensuring the quality of local food production and supporting impensuring the quality of local food production and supporting impacted acted producers.producers.

-- Management of the contaminated areas and information of the Management of the contaminated areas and information of the populations. populations.


chlordecone in the french west indies: overview of research

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