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Lighter Circumference

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Pillow Triangle Dolphin Phlegm Scarf Pineapple Toe Bed

Tree Bag Dog Sound Petal Fun Atrocity Silence

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contact truthful eyes three bean hat car tart

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Motivation and Emotion

PSYCH 40S

Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

4

Motivation

Motivation: is a need or desire that

energizes(or moves) behavior and directs it

towards a goal.

Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock

that pinned him down.Aron Ralston

AP Photo/ R

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What motivates YOU?

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Video:The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us

The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us

What does this tell you about Motivation?

Needs and Drives…Aren’t needs and drives the same thing?

No, because the strengths of needs and drives can differ.

You eat a big meal. You are stuffed. 10 minutes later a friend comes over with your favourite dessert, chocolate cake…you eat 2 pieces! Explain.

7

Needs VS Drives• A need is a condition in which we require something we lack.• There are two types of needs:• Biological needs – e.g., sleep from physical deprivation• Psychological needs – e.g., a sense of belonging

• Biological needs and psychological needs give rise to drives.

• Drives are the forces that motivate an organism to take action.

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DrivesMany motivated activities begin with a need.

Needs cause a drive. Drives activate a response designed to attain a goal.

The longer we are deprived of something such as food or water, the stronger our drive becomes. For example, our hunger drive is stronger 6 hours after eating than it is 20 minutes after eating

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Drive-Reduction TheoryPeople and animals experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. They learn to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive, such as eating to reduce their hunger drive.

Basic drives motivate us to restore an internal state of balance. This state of balance (equilibrium) in the body is called homeostasis.

All you need is love! …or is it?

12

A Hierarchy of Motives

Abraham Maslow (1970) suggested that

certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs

like breathing, thirst, and hunger come

before psychological needs such as

achievement, self-esteem, and the need

for recognition. (1908-1970)

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Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsSelf-transcendence needs

Need to find meaning and identity beyond the

self

According to Maslow, once our lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher-level needs.

Hierarchy of Needs ActivityHandout

• Reflect on your activities over the past few months

• Enter two significant behaviours that you think demonstrate the operation of a need at each level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

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Physiological needs• The physical requirements for human survival. The most important,

and should be met first.

• If these requirements are not met, the human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail.

• Eg. ) Air, water, food… etc.

Safety needs• Once physical needs are relatively satisfied, safe needs take

precedence and dominate behaviour. the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. • Eg. ) Personal security, financial security,

health… etc.

Love and Belongingness• The third level of human needs is

interpersonal and involves feelings of belongingness.• Deficiencies within this level can impact

the individual's ability to form and maintain emotionally significant relationships in general, such as:• Eg. ) Friendship, intimacy, family… etc.

Esteem needs• All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to

have self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. • Most people have a need for stable self-respect and self-esteem.• Eg. ) Achievement, respect from others… etc.

Self-Actualization• "What a man can be, he must be.“• This level of need refers to the need to become what one believes he

or she is capable of being.• Many people seek self-actualization through work, hobbies, and

aesthetic experiences such as music, art, and poetry.• Eg. ) a strong desire to become an ideal parent… etc.

All you need is love! …or is it?

Hierarchy of Needs ActivityHandout

• Reflect on your activities over the past few months

• Enter two significant behaviours that you think demonstrate the operation of a need at each level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

21

For the rest of the class…• Complete the “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Examples of Recent

Behaviour” chart,• Complete the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs exercise worksheet (this

needs to be handed in)!• Fill out an Exit slip, AND

Motivation and EmotionPSYCH 40S – Class 2

Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

Needs and Drives• It is our needs that create a state of arousal called

drive.• According to Clark Hull, human beings work to reduce

the state of tension.• it fails to explain complex human behaviors.

Motivation and EmotionOur emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion.The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy.

Motivation and EmotionOur emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion.The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy.

Motivation and Emotion

Our emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion.The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy.

27Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

Extrinsic Motivation• Extrinsic Motivation occurs when we are motivated to perform a

behavior or engage in an activity in order to earn a reward or avoid a punishment. Some examples of behaviors that are the result of extrinsic motivation include: studying because you want to get a good grade, or cleaning your room to avoid being reprimanded by your parents. In each of these examples, the behavior is motivated by a desire to gain a reward or avoid a negative outcome.

Intrinsic Motivation• Intrinsic Motivation involves engaging in a behavior because it is

personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward. Examples of behaviors that are the result of intrinsic motivation include: Participating in a sport because you find the activity enjoyable, solving a word puzzle because you find the challenge fun and interesting, and playing a game because you find it exciting

Extrinsic VS Intrinsic MotivationWhich is better? Surprisingly both work together. Sometimes external rewards can help us achieve a goal.• External rewards can induce interest and participation in something the

individual had no initial interest in. Extrinsic rewards can be used to motivate people to acquire new skills or knowledge. Once these initial skills have been acquired, people may then become more intrinsically motivated to pursue the activity.

• However, a number of studies have demonstrated that offering excessive external rewards for an already internally rewarding behavior can actually lead to a reduction in intrinsic motivation. In one study, for example, children who were rewarded for playing with a toy they had already expressed interest in playing with became less interested in the item after being externally rewarded. Therefore, extrinsic motivators should be avoided in situations where offering a reward might make a "play" activity seem more like "work."

Extrinsic VS Intrinsic Motivation• Reflect on your list of motives from last class. if your list contains less

than 10 motivating factors, brainstorm now!), and put an E beside the Extrinsic motivators, and an I beside the Intrinsic motivators.

Emotion• Emotions are a mixture of:

1) physical arousal2) expressive behaviors 3) conscious experience

Emotions are states of feeling. They are our body’s adaptive response.

List all of the emotions you have experienced today

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EmotionsAcceptanceAffectionAggressionAnticipationApathyAnxietyAngerBoredomConfusionCuriosityDisgustDepressionDoubtEcstasyEmpathyEnvy

EmbarrassmentEuphoriaFearForgivenessFrustrationGratitudeGriefGuiltHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHomesicknessHungerHysteriaInterest

JoyLonelinessLoveParanoiaPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorseSadnessShameSufferingSurpriseSympathyTrust

34List as many emotions as you can think of…

There are eight basic emotions that is related to survival…AcceptanceAffectionAggressionAnticipationApathyAnxietyAngerBoredomConfusionCuriosityDisgustDepressionDoubtEcstasyEmpathyEnvy

EmbarrassmentEuphoriaFearForgivenessFrustrationGratitudeGriefGuiltHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHomesicknessHungerHysteriaInterest

JoyLonelinessLoveParanoiaPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorseSadnessShameSufferingSurpriseSympathyTrust

35Which ones are they and why?

There are eight basic emotions that is related to survival…AcceptanceAffectionAggressionAnticipationApathyAnxietyAngerBoredomConfusionCuriosityDisgustDepressionDoubtEcstasyEmpathyEnvy

EmbarrassmentEuphoriaFearForgivenessFrustrationGratitudeGriefGuiltHatredHopeHorrorHostilityHomesicknessHungerHysteriaInterest

JoyLonelinessLoveParanoiaPityPleasurePrideRageRegretRemorseSadnessShameSufferingSurpriseSympathyTrust

36Which ones are they and why?

Emotions Related to Survival• Anger leads to destruction of the obstacle• Fear leads to protection• Sadness leads to a search for help and comfort• Disgust leads to rejection and pushing away• Surprise leads to a turning inward• Anticipation which lead to exploration and searching• Trust which leads to acceptance and sharing• Joy which leads to reproduction, courting and mating

(Based on the work of Robert Plutchik in the 1980s)

37

Journal Reflection – Motivation• Use your knowledge of motivation and appropriate psychological

terminology to answer the following questions:1) What motivates people?2) Give two example of times when you were motivated to do

something…what motivated you to do it in each and why?

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Watch Evan Puschak’s Vlog• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iJguqh79aBo

Motivation and EmotionPSYCH 40S – Class 3

Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

Marshmallow TestWalter Mischel (1972) presented the marshmallow dilemma to preschoolers at Stanford University.

“You can have this marshmallow now if you want, but if you don’t eat it until after I run an errand, you can have two.”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QX_oy9614HQ

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Immediate VS delayed gratification• Self-control often requires that we ignore

immediate rewards in favor of larger, delayed rewards. Compared to the children who failed the marshmallow test, the children who passed it demonstrated greater personal and social competence in adulthood.• Consideration of the future consequences of

one’s behaviour seems to be associated with better health, greater job success, and stronger interpersonal relations. Self-control may be the master virtue.

Dr. Dave Walsh - The Marshmallow Experiment • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2H9eU5NCqr8

The mature marshmallow test• Adults are taking the marshmallow test on pretty much a daily basis:

• “Should I wait until I have saved up the cash for something I want, or should I just go ahead and put it on the credit card and worry about paying for it later?”• “Should I spend time and money getting an education in order to

increase my earning potential, or should I just take the job offer and start making money now?”• “Should I save money and invest for the future, or should I spend my

money to buy the things I want right now?”

Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence

How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test?

46

Emotional IntelligenceEmotional Intelligence is a combination of skills, such as empathy, self-control and self-awareness. Such skills can make us more flexible, adaptable, emotionally mature. People who excel in life tend to be emotionally intelligent.

47

Emotional Intelligent People

1. Self-awareness (tuned in to their own feelings)2. Empathy (perceive emotions in others)3. Manage emotions (ability to manage your own emotions and

those of others)4. Understand emotions (know what causes various emotions,

what they mean and how they affect behaviour)5. Use emotions (use their feelings to enhance thinking and

decision making)

48Page 397 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence

How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test?

• The marshmallow test became a critical part of the argument that emotional intelligence is important because it links the control of emotions with success.

49

• Let’s back up a bit…

Emotion• Emotions are a mixture of:

1) physical arousal2) expressive behaviors 3) conscious experience

Emotions are states of feeling. They are our body’s adaptive response.

Controversy1) Does physiological arousal precede or follow your

emotional experience?

2) Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?

For example: • Are you happy because you laughed or are you laughing

because you are happy?• Are you sad because you are crying or crying because you

are sad?

The Commonsense Approach• When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes

physiological activity.• When something happens to a person

in a certain situation, the person quicklyinterprets the situation. The interpretationtriggers body sensations that signal afeeling or emotion. The emotion, in turn,triggers a behavior.

Emotional AppraisalEmotional appraisal refers to evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus. (Is it good/bad, threatening/supportive, relevant/irrelevant and so on.)

For example: If another driver cuts you off on the highway, you could become very angry. But if you do, you will add 15 minutes of emotional upset to your day. By changing your appraisal, you could just as easily choose to laugh at the other driver’s childish behaviour and minimize the emotional wear and tear.

Controlling your emotions is a hard thing to do!!

Emotional AppraisalAppraisal:

You have been slighted or demeanedYou feel threatened.You have experienced a lossYou have broken a moral ruleYou have not lived up to your idealsYou desire something another hasYou are near something repulsiveYou fear the worst but yearn for betterYou are moving toward a desired goalYou are linked with a valued object or accomplishmentYou have been treated well by anotherYou desire affection from another personYou are moved by someone’s suffering

55Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

Emotional AppraisalEmotion

You have been slighted or demeaned AngerYou feel threatened. AnxietyYou have experienced a loss SadnessYou have broken a moral rule GuiltYou have not lived up to your ideals ShameYou desire something another has EnvyYou are near something repulsive DisgustYou fear the worst but yearn for better HopeYou are moving toward a desired goal HappinessYou are linked with a valued object or accomplishment PrideYou have been treated well by another GratitudeYou desire affection from another person LoveYou are moved by someone’s suffering Compassion

56Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

The Opponent-process Theory• According to Richard Solomon, emotions come in pairs,

with one emotion followed by its opposite.• For example, one emotion – extreme

happiness –, tends to be followedby feelings that are opposite –extreme sadness, rather than by aneutral feeling.• Why? People are inclined to

maintain balance in theiremotional lives.

Motivation and EmotionPSYCH 40S – Class 4

Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

59

Expressed Emotion

Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal language of emotion universal?

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Expressed Emotion

Charles Darwin observed that angry tigers, monkeys, dogs and humans all bare their teeth in the same way. Darwin believed that emotional expressions evolved to communicate our feelings to other, which aids survival. Such messages give us valuable hints about what other people are likely to do next.

Expressed EmotionFacial expressions of fear, anger, disgust, sadness and happiness (enjoyment) are recognized around the world.

Do we learn facial expressions from others or are we born with them?

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Experienced Emotion

Emotions presentat birth:

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Detecting EmotionMost of us are good at deciphering emotions

through nonverbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face. Presumably, we are

especially sensitive to threatening faces because they warn us of possible harm.

Paul Ekman

Psychologist who has been a pioneer in the study or emotions and their relation to facial expressions.

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Name The Emotions 1

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Emotions Revealed• Emotions Revealed

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Lie DetectorsPolygraph (a lie detector) records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and “sweating.” The device only records general emotional arousal – it can’t tell the difference between lying and fear, anxiety or excitement

Read page 389 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

73

1. What is your favourite type of pizza?2. What is your favourite TV show?3. How many pets do you have?4. What is your favourite color?5. What is your favourite holiday?6. Where do you want to live when you are older?7. What is your middle name?8. What does your mom or dad do for a living?9. How many siblings do you have?10. What is your favourite type of music?

Lie Spotting• http://topix.teachpsych.org/w/page/19980988/Emotion%20Video

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b1bol0C7_FA&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UOFS-k8kkL0&feature=related&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

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Motivation and EmotionPSYCH 40S – Class 5

Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

Anger• In excess, can lead to heart disease

BUT

• Can also help people alleviate problems in a healthy manner

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Causes of Anger

1. People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.

2. People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

CatharsisCatharsis is an emotional release

Catharsis Hypothesis• Releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves

aggressive urges

Do you agree or disagree?

What does the research say?• Expressing anger breeds more anger• Hitting a punching bag leads to more cruelty• Venting anger may lead to more hostility

“Venting to reduce anger is like using gasoline to put out a fire.” Brad Bushman

How should you handle anger?

1. Wait

2. Deal with anger in a way that involves neither being chronically angry over every little annoyance nor passively sulking

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Happiness

People who are happy perceive the

world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more

cooperative, rate job applicants more

favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied

lives.

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Feel-Good, Do-Good PhenomenonWhen we feel happy we are more willing

to help others.

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Predictors of Happiness

Why are some people generally more happy than others?

Stress and Health

PSYCH 40S – Class 5

Source: Rathus, S. A. (2010). Psychology: Principles in Practice. Holt McDougal.

86

Stress and Health

Psychological states cause physical illness. Stress is any circumstance (real or

perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being.

When we feel severe stress, our ability to cope with it is impaired.

Lee Stone/ Corbis

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• Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress- causing situation, we can run away and save our lives.

• Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our risk of illness and health problems.

Stress and Health

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Stress and StressorsAt times stress is the stimulus (missing an appointment) and at other times it is a response (sweating while taking a test).

A stressor is a stress-producing event or situation. Traveling in an airplane may be a stressor for someone who has never flown but not for a flight attendant.

Two Types of Stress

Distress (Negative Stress) – stress that stems from acute anxiety or pressure. This type of stress can take a harsh toll on the mind and body.

Eustress – positive stress which motivates and challenges the person

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Stress and Stressors

When short-lived or taken as a challenge, stressors may have positive effects. However, if stress is threatening or prolonged, it

can be harmful.

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Stressful Life Events

Catastrophic Events: Catastrophic events like earthquakes, combat stress, and floods lead individuals

to become depressed, sleepless, and anxious.

Significant Life Changes: The death of a loved one, a divorce, a loss of job, or a promotion may leave

individuals vulnerable to disease.

Daily Hassles: Rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, and becoming burnt-out are the most significant

sources of stress and can damage health.

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The Stress Response System1. Fight or FlightWalter Cannon introduced the term stress. He proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands

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The Stress Response System2. General Adaptation SyndromeAccording to Hans Selye, the stressed individual goesthrough three phases. Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion

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Stress and the HeartStress that leads to elevated blood

pressure may result in coronary heart disease, a clogging of the vessels that

nourish the heart muscle.

Plaque incoronary artery Artery

clogged

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Stress and ColdsPeople with the highest life stress scores

were also the most vulnerable when exposed to an experimental cold virus.

• The Single Most Important Thing You Can Do For Your Stress:

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6402QJp52M

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Personality Types

Type A is a term used for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally

aggressive, and anger-prone people. Type B refers to easygoing, relaxed people

(Friedman and Rosenman, 1974).

Type A personalities are more likely to developcoronary heart disease.

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Coping with Stress

Problem-focused coping and Emotion-focused coping.

Reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress is called problem-focused coping.

• Taking control• Seeking information• Evaluation the pros and cons

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Coping with StressEmotion-focused coping is when we cannot

change a stressful situation, and we respond by attending to our own emotional needs.(You think about your emotions or you can avoid them.)

• Keeping yourself busy/distracting yourself to take mind off issue

• Letting off steam to other people• Praying for guidance and strength• Ignoring problem• Building yourself up to expect the worse

Women tend to use more emotion focused strategies then men

Personal ControlExternal Locus of Control:

When people feel that chance or outside forces beyond their control determines their fate.

Internal Locus of Control:When people feel that they control their own fate.

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Develop An Internal Locus of Control (Article Review)

1. Read the article. 2. What does research say about people with an internal

locus of control?3. What are the 5 ways to Develop An Internal Locus of

Control?4. What are some tips that are mentioned?

http://stress.about.com/od/psychologicalconditions/ht/locus.htm?p=1

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Develop An Internal Locus of Control

Develop An Internal Locus of Control

1. Realize that you always have choice to change your situation.

2. When you feel trapped, make a list of all possible courses of action.

3. You may want to also brainstorm with a friend to get more ideas

4. When you have a list, evaluate each one and decide on the best course of action for you.

5. Repeat this practice when you feel trapped in frustrating situations in your life.

Tips:

6. Notice your language and self talk.

7. Phase out phrases like, ‘I have no choice’, and, ‘I can’t…” You can replace them with, ‘I choose not to,’ or, ‘I don’t like my choices, but I will…’

8. Your attitude affects your stress level more than you may realize.

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Explanatory Style

People with an optimistic (instead of pessimistic) explanatory style tend to

have more control over stressors, cope better with stressful events, have better

moods, and have a stronger immune system.

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Social Support

Supportive family members, marriage partners, and close friends help people

cope with stress. Their immune functioning calms the cardiovascular system and

lowers blood pressure.

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