choice and use of appropriate guidewire in pci
DESCRIPTION
COMPONENTS OF A GUIDE WIRE, WORKHORSE WIRE WIRES FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONS, TRACKABILITY KNOW YOUR WIRE, CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL WIRETRANSCRIPT
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SAJY KURUTTUKULAM
CHOICE AND USE OF APPROPRIATE GUIDEWIRE IN PCI
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CONTENTSCOMPONENTS OF A GUIDE WIREWORKHORSE WIREWIRES FOR DIFFERENT OCCASIONSTRACKABILITYKNOW YOUR WIRECLASSIFICATIONPROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL WIRE
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COMPONENTS OF A WIREcore, distal tip and
outer covering.
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CORE
The inner part of the guide wire is referred to as the core.
Extends throughout the shaft of the wire
It is the stiffest part of the wire that
gives the stability and steerability to the guide wire.
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CORE MATERIALS
Stainless steel (Majority) / Nitinol (BMW) Tru-torque SS(Asahi), Durasteel (Galeo).
Dual Core – Nitinol + Stainless steel
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CORE MATERIALSStainless steel Provides excellent support, pushability, torque, good shapability.
BUT Less flexible in comparison to newer core materials and more susceptible to kinking.
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CORE-MATERIALSNITINOL Excellent flexibility, steering Kink resistant
Negative Less torqueability than SS
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Table 14 Categorisation/classes of guidewires
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Workhorse GuidewiresATW/ATW Marker
• Stabilizer• BMW / BMW Universal• Zinger• Cougar XT• Asahi Light / Medium• Asahi Standard• Asahi Prowater Flex• Choice Floppy• Luge• IQ• Forte Floppy• Runthrough NS• Galeo
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How to test guidewire support Test method: measure the
force required for 60° bending at different distances from the tip
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CTO Wire properties
(1)Tip load
Floppy wires <1g
CTO Wires >3g
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The selection of a guidewireessential component
INFLUENCED BYvessel anatomy the lesion morphology the devices to be used operator's experience and preference.
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LEFT MAIN PCIThe choice of a guidewire is not of critical
importance. Wire selection usually includes spring tip
guidewire designed for frontline lesions, for example, ChoICE™ Floppy (Boston Scientific), Hi-Torque Balance Middleweight (Abbott Vascular)
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LEFT MAIN PCIThe choice of a guidewire is not of critical
importance. Wire selection usually includes spring tip
guidewire designed for frontline lesions, for example, ChoICE™ Floppy (Boston Scientific), Hi-Torque Balance Middleweight (Abbott Vascular)
FOR LEFT MAIN OR RCA OSTIAL PCI AN EXTRASUPPORT WIRE IS PREFERED
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BIFURCATION PCIIn the presence of difficulties accessing the side
branch some hydrophilic wires such as the ChoICE™ PT Floppy (Boston Scientific), PT Graphix™ (Boston Scientific) or Asahi Fielder (Abbott Vascular) may become useful.These wires have higher risk to perforate the distal vessel if allowed to migrate into small side branched or too distally. Therefore it is important to monitor the distal position of the wire tip. These wires also should not to be jailed because of the risk of wire rupture during pullback.
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DISSECTIONSChOICE Floppy Asahi Soft . The parallel wire technique can be
recommended if a dissection plane is entered with the first wire
Ochiai M, Ashida K, Araki H, Ogata N, Okabayashi H, Obara C. The latest wire technique for chronic total occlusion. Ital Heart J 2005;6:489-93..
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CALCIFIED LESIONSChoICE Floppy (Boston Scientific). If it fails to cross the lesion, the next step is
to choose floppy hydrophilic wire such as the ChoICE PT Floppy (Boston Scientific) or Asahi Fielder (Abbott Vascular)
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Floppy
ES – Extra-Support
Grand-Slam
Iron-man
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TORTUOUS ANATOMYvery floppy wire with support for
device delivery could be usedBMW FIELDER FCWHISPER ESWIGGLE WIRE
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MAIN VESSEL TRACKING
Short tapering better
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Tip load and support for Asahi Intecc guidewires
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CTO Wires
Hydrophilic Non-coated / Hydrophobic
TIP TIP
Non-tapered Tapered Non-tapered Tapered
Miracle 3,4.5,6 Cross It 100 - 400
Pilot 50,100,150 Conquest Pro
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CTO GUIDE WIRE TECNIQUES
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PENETRATION FORCE. The “penetration force” of a wire depends
on both the tip load and the cross-sectional area of the wire tip.
For wires of similar tip dimension, those with greater tip load are stiffer and have greater penetration force and pushability than ones with smaller tip load
For wires having similar tip load, those with a tapered end have greater penetration force than ones with an untapered end.
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THANK YOU
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
SLIDING
Micro-channels present
ISR total occlusions
STAR technique
Hydrophilic wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
SLIDING
Hydrophilic wires
• Pilot, Whisper
• Fielder wires
• Cordis – Shinobi
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
DRILLING (controlled)
“Workhorse technique”
Most CTOs with discrete
entry point after initial attempt
with soft (intermediate wires)
Stiff , hydrophobic non-tapered wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
DRILLING (controlled)
“Workhorse technique”
Stiff , hydrophobic non-tapered wires
• Miracle 3, 4.5, 6
• Cross It 100, 200, 300
• Medtronic Persuader 3,6 gm
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
Penetration
• Blunt entry point
• Heavily calcific or resistant lesions
• Alternative to “drilling” as the
“work horse technique” after initial soft wire failure
Super stiff tapered wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
Penetration
Super stiff tapered wires
Asahi Conquest (regular) and Pro
Cross It 400
Persuader 9 gm
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WHICH WIRE WILL NOT PERFORATE
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ANY WIRE WILL PERFORATE
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Dock extension
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Tip load and support for Asahi Intecc guidewires
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Wire types - Support– Light ChoICE™ Floppy - Boston Scientific; Asahi Light - Abbot Vascular; Whisper LS - Abbott Vascular;
– Moderate support PT Graphix - Boston Scientific; Whisper MS - Abbott Vascular; Balance Middleweight – Abbott Vascular.
– Extra support ChoICE™ Extra Support - Boston Scientific; Mailman – Boston Scientific; Asahi Grand Slam - Abbott Vascular
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Figure 10 Components of a guidewire
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HOW TO CLASSIFY CORONARY GUIDE WIRES?
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CLASSIFICATIONNO UNIFORM CLASSIFICATION BUT SOME CATEGORISATION
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Table 14 Categorisation/classes of guidewires
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Figure 10 Components of a guidewire
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purpose of the coating To reduce frictions by facilitating the
movement of the wire within the coronary anatomy and across the lesion, helping the wire negotiate tortuous anatomy,— To improve deliverability by facilitating the movement of interventional equipment over the wire.
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types of coatings Hydrophilic coatings attract water and are
applied over the entire working length of the wire, including tip coils. When dry, the coating is a thin, non-slippery solid. Upon contact with liquids, such as saline or blood, the coating becomes a slippery gel-like surface that acts to reduce friction with the vessel walls and increase trackability. Hydrophilic coating provides a lubricious, low friction feel inside the vessel and more trackability.
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Hydrophobic coatings are silicone based coatings which repel water and are applied on the working length of the wire, with the exception of the distal tip. They require no activation by liquids to create a "wax-like" surface and to achieve the desired effect— to reduce friction and increase trackability of the wire. Silicone coating has higher friction, more stable feel inside the vessel.
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Table 14 Categorisation/classes of guidewires
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SPECIFIC PURPOSE WIRESPRESSURE WIREMARKER WIREROTABLATOR WIREWIGGLE WIRE
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“Support”Indicator of the core strength
More stronger the core – more support
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Floppy
ES – Extra-Support
Grand-Slam
Iron-man
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Wire types - Support– Light ChoICE™ Floppy - Boston Scientific; Asahi Light - Abbot Vascular; Whisper LS - Abbott Vascular;
– Moderate support PT Graphix - Boston Scientific; Whisper MS - Abbott Vascular; Balance Middleweight – Abbott Vascular.
– Extra support ChoICE™ Extra Support - Boston Scientific; Mailman – Boston Scientific; Asahi Grand Slam - Abbott Vascular
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Pseudostenosis caused by wire in tortuous vessel
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GUIDEWIRES FOR CTO
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Core - to - tip
Shaping ribbon
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(2) Hydrophilic coating - Slippery
(3) Tapering of wire tip.
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CTO Wires (Stiffer)
Hydrophilic Non-coated / Hydrophobic
TIP TIP
Non-tapered Tapered Non-tapered Tapered
Miracle 3,4.5,6 Cross It 100 - 400
Pilot 50,100,150 Conquest Pro
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Tapered wires
Pros: Minimizes tip resistance and Select small vascular micro-channels within
the CTO.
Cons These needle like tips can also easily dissect
and perforate the vessel wall.
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CTO guide wire techniques
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Tip load and support for Asahi Intecc guidewires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
SLIDING
Micro-channels present
ISR total occlusions
STAR technique
Hydrophilic wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
SLIDING
Hydrophilic wires
• Pilot, Whisper
• Fielder wires
• Cordis – Shinobi
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
DRILLING (controlled)
“Workhorse technique”
Most CTOs with discrete
entry point after initial attempt
with soft (intermediate wires)
Stiff , hydrophobic non-tapered wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
DRILLING (controlled)
“Workhorse technique”
Stiff , hydrophobic non-tapered wires
• Miracle 3, 4.5, 6
• Cross It 100, 200, 300
• Medtronic Persuader 3,6 gm
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
Penetration
• Blunt entry point
• Heavily calcific or resistant lesions
• Alternative to “drilling” as the
“work horse technique” after initial soft wire failure
Super stiff tapered wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
Penetration
Super stiff tapered wires
Asahi Conquest (regular) and Pro
Cross It 400
Persuader 9 gm
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Figure 13 Relationship between coating, polymer cover, lubricity and tactile feedback
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purpose of the coating To reduce frictions by facilitating the
movement of the wire within the coronary anatomy and across the lesion, helping the wire negotiate tortuous anatomy,— To improve deliverability by facilitating the movement of interventional equipment over the wire.
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types of coatings Hydrophilic coatings attract water and are
applied over the entire working length of the wire, including tip coils. When dry, the coating is a thin, non-slippery solid. Upon contact with liquids, such as saline or blood, the coating becomes a slippery gel-like surface that acts to reduce friction with the vessel walls and increase trackability. Hydrophilic coating provides a lubricious, low friction feel inside the vessel and more trackability.
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Hydrophobic coatings are silicone based coatings which repel water and are applied on the working length of the wire, with the exception of the distal tip. They require no activation by liquids to create a "wax-like" surface and to achieve the desired effect— to reduce friction and increase trackability of the wire. Silicone coating has higher friction, more stable feel inside the vessel.
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ASAHI SoftTip load: 1.0 g
Radiopaque length: 3 cmOutside diameter: 0.014"Coating: HydrophobicTip style: Core to tipPolymer cover: none
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PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL GUIDEWIRE
Several properties are desirable in an ideal guidewire, but no single guidewire may possess all of them. Guidewires must be chosen based on the requirement of an individual case.
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Biomed Tech 2012; 57 (Suppl. 1) © 2012
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CLASSIFICATIONPROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL WIRECOMPONENTS OF A GUIDE WIREWORKHORSE WIREWIRES FOR SPECIAL OCCASIONSTRACKABILITY
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The effect of different guide wires on the trackability of coronary stentdelivery systems
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The effect of different guide wires on the trackability of coronary stentdelivery systems
friction properties and flexibility of the stent system
constitution of the vessel properties of the guide wire
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Biomed Tech 2012; 57 (Suppl. 1) © 2012
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HI-TORQUE BALANCETip load: 0.6 g
Radiopaque length: 3 or 40 cmOutside diameter: 0.014"Tip Outside diameter: 0.014"Coating: Hydrophilic or -phobicTip style: Shaping RibbonPolymer cover: noneCore Material: ELASTINITE Nitinol
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Components of a guidewire. There are three main components of guidewire structure: core, distal tip and outer covering. The design of the guidewire tip: (A) core-to-tip, (B) shaping ribbon.
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Any wire can perforate
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WIRE COATING
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CoatingThe coating is the outer covering on the core
that keeps the overall diameter consistent and influences the wire performance.
Almost all wires have a proximal PTFE coating.
“True coating” Distal tip – 30 cm To reduce friction To increase maneuverability
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Wire types – based on coating– Hydrophilic coating (ChoICE Floppy - Boston Scientific; PT Graphix- Boston Scientific; Asahi Fielder - Abbott Vascular)
– Hydrophobic coating Asahi Soft - AbbottVascular
- Non-coated
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Hydrophilic wires Eg. Hydrotrack (Medtronic), M coat (Terumo) Hydrocoat (Pilot)
PROSOffer good manoeuvrability in tortuous vessels.
CONSMore likely to penetrate beneath plaque and dissectHydrophilic wires also tend to select small branches
or vasavasorum and perforate more frequently.
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Non-Coated / Hydrophobic wires ProsMore controllable (and therefore less likely to dissect)Provide better tactile feel
ConsPoor trackabilityWire tip becomes stiffer, torque response
increases, but less tip resistance is transmitted to the operator, making it easier to enter a false channel.
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purpose of the coating To reduce frictions by facilitating the
movement of the wire within the coronary anatomy and across the lesion, helping the wire negotiate tortuous anatomy,— To improve deliverability by facilitating the movement of interventional equipment over the wire.
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types of coatings Hydrophilic coatings attract water and are
applied over the entire working length of the wire, including tip coils. When dry, the coating is a thin, non-slippery solid. Upon contact with liquids, such as saline or blood, the coating becomes a slippery gel-like surface that acts to reduce friction with the vessel walls and increase trackability. Hydrophilic coating provides a lubricious, low friction feel inside the vessel and more trackability.
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Hydrophobic coatings are silicone based coatings which repel water and are applied on the working length of the wire, with the exception of the distal tip. They require no activation by liquids to create a "wax-like" surface and to achieve the desired effect— to reduce friction and increase trackability of the wire. Silicone coating has higher friction, more stable feel inside the vessel.
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ASAHI SoftTip load: 1.0 g
Radiopaque length: 3 cmOutside diameter: 0.014"Coating: HydrophobicTip style: Core to tipPolymer cover: none
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Workhorse GuidewiresATW/ATW Marker
• Stabilizer• BMW / BMW Universal• Zinger• Cougar XT• Asahi Light / Medium• Asahi Standard• Asahi Prowater Flex• Choice Floppy• Luge• IQ• Forte Floppy• Runthrough NS• Galeo
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PROPERTIES OF AN IDEAL GUIDEWIRE
Several properties are desirable in an ideal guidewire, but no single guidewire may possess all of them. Guidewires must be chosen based on the requirement of an individual case.
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Harikrishnan.S SCTIMST
www.sctimst.ac.in
Guidewires for PCI
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1977
Blunt, closed-end, Inner balloon catheter with a short guide-wire attached to its tip
• Non-manoeuvrable catheter.
• Impossible to perform
independent movements of the
wire and balloon.
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1982John B Simpson et al reported the first experience with a new over-the-wire balloon system.
Could be passed beyond the coronary
stenosis, providing a platform for the
subsequent delivery of the balloon catheter.
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Anatomy of guide wires
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Wire tip
Wire tip – important component.
Decides the wire characteristics
CTO Wires
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Radio-opaque tip
Visibility of the wire tip is provided by radiopaque platinum coils that are usually placed at the distal tip 2 to 3 cm in length, but maybe much longer.
Galeo Wires – 3 cm distal radio-opaque tip.
BMW wire – 3 cm distal radio-opaque tip
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Standard wire structure
0.014 inch diameter
Tapered tip to 0.009/0.010 in some
PTFE coating – whole length.
Tip – coated/non-coated
Tip has a radioopaque platinum coil.
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Runthrough NS
Dual Core
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Tortuous wires
Wiggle wire
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Tip Radiopacity: 2cm; two 5mm marker system
BOSTONForté® Floppy Marker Wire
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enhanced precision and control turn-for-turn torque response.
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How to select guide wires for CTO?
Start with a Soft wire Floppy wires Hydrophilic floppy wire
Then go to harder (stiffer) wires Tapered tip wires Tapered and hydrophilic tip
Always exchange the stiff wire for a soft wire once crossed
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Side branch at CTO
1. Hydrophilic wires
may not succeed.
2.Careful penetration
to enter the plaque.
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KINETIX Guidewire.Replaces conventional spring coil design, to provide more efficient energy transfer from physician hand to guide wire tip, for turn-for-turn torque response.
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Guide wires for PCI
Guidewire selection depends on the patient, vessel and lesion characteristics.
Guide wire selection is crucial for a safe and successful procedure.
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff),
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff),
TIP COATING
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff),
TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No coating)
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff),
TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No coating)
TIP STYLE
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff),
TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No coating)
TIP STYLE(one-piece core-to-tip, two-piece core with shaping ribbon),
TIP TAPERING
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff),
TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No coating)
TIP STYLE(one-piece core-to-tip, two-piece core with shaping ribbon),
TIP TAPERING(tapered, untapered), CORE MATERIAL
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff), TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No
coating) TIP STYLE(one-piece core-to-tip, two-piece core
with shaping ribbon), TIP TAPERING(tapered, untapered), CORE MATERIAL(stainless steel, Nitinol, high-
tensile stainless steel), DEVICE SUPPORT
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff), TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No
coating) TIP STYLE(one-piece core-to-tip, two-piece core
with shaping ribbon), TIP TAPERING(tapered, untapered), CORE MATERIAL(stainless steel, Nitinol, high-
tensile stainless steel), DEVICE SUPPORT
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff), TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No coating) TIP STYLE(one-piece core-to-tip, two-piece core
with shaping ribbon), TIP TAPERING(tapered, untapered), CORE MATERIAL(stainless steel, Nitinol, high-
tensile stainless steel), DEVICE SUPPORT(light, moderate support, extra
support), TARGET LESION
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CATEGORISATION
TIP FLEXIBILITY(floppy/soft, intermediate, stiff), TIP COATING(hydrophilic hydrophobic, No coating) TIP STYLE(one-piece core-to-tip, two-piece core with
shaping ribbon), TIP TAPERING(tapered, untapered), CORE MATERIAL(stainless steel, Nitinol, high-tensile
stainless steel), DEVICE SUPPORT(light, moderate support, extra
support), TARGET LESION(workhorse/frontline wires, CTO
wires, wires for tortuous lesions,
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Thank youThank you
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Components of a guidewire. There are three main components of guidewire structure: core, distal tip and outer covering. The design of the guidewire tip: (A) core-to-tip, (B) shaping ribbon.
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Components of a guide wire
Core
Outer covering
Distal tip
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The effect of different guide wires on the trackability of coronary stentdelivery systems
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The effect of different guide wires on the trackability of coronary stentdelivery systems
friction properties and flexibility of the stent system
constitution of the vessel properties of the guide wire
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HI-TORQUE BALANCE Tip load: 0.6 g
Radiopaque length: 3 or 40 cmOutside diameter: 0.014"Tip Outside diameter: 0.014"Coating: Hydrophilic or -phobicTip style: Shaping RibbonPolymer cover: noneCore Material: ELASTINITE Nitinol
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TIP DESIGNCORE TO TIP
SHAPING BALLOON
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GUIDEWIRES FOR CTO
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Core - to - tip
Shaping ribbon
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CTO Wire properties
(1)Tip load
Floppy wires <1g
CTO Wires >3g
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(2) Hydrophilic coating - Slippery
(3) Tapering of wire tip.
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CTO Wires (Stiffer)
Hydrophilic Non-coated / Hydrophobic
TIP TIP
Non-tapered Tapered Non-tapered Tapered
Miracle 3,4.5,6 Cross It 100 - 400
Pilot 50,100,150 Conquest Pro
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Tapered wiresPros:Minimizes tip resistance and Select small vascular micro-channels within the
CTO.
ConsThese needle like tips can also easily dissect and
perforate the vessel wall.
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CTO guide wire techniques
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
SLIDING
Micro-channels present
ISR total occlusions
STAR technique
Hydrophilic wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
SLIDING
Hydrophilic wires
• Pilot, Whisper
• Fielder wires
• Cordis – Shinobi
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
DRILLING (controlled)
“Workhorse technique”
Most CTOs with discrete
entry point after initial attempt
with soft (intermediate wires)
Stiff , hydrophobic non-tapered wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
DRILLING (controlled)
“Workhorse technique”
Stiff , hydrophobic non-tapered wires
• Miracle 3, 4.5, 6
• Cross It 100, 200, 300
• Medtronic Persuader 3,6 gm
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
Penetration
• Blunt entry point
• Heavily calcific or resistant lesions
• Alternative to “drilling” as the
“work horse technique” after initial soft wire failure
Super stiff tapered wires
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Lesion specific CTO approaches
Penetration
Super stiff tapered wires
Asahi Conquest (regular) and Pro
Cross It 400
Persuader 9 gm
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(2) Hydrophilic coating - Slippery
(3) Tapering of wire tip.
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Core - to - tip
Shaping ribbon
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Any wire can perforate
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Core characteristics
Core diameter
Larger diameters improve the support.
Lesser diameter more flexibility.
Larger diameter – 1:1 torquability.
Core taper
Shorter taper enhance the support and transmission of push
force.
Longer tapers enhance the flexibility.
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“Support”
Indicator of the core strength
More stronger the core – more support
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REFERNCESJACC INTERVENTIONS APRIL2012PCR-EAPCI TEXT BOOK