choices upper intermediate - wordpress.com€¦ · · 2017-01-03your student’s book. grammar...

Choices UpperIntermediateGRAMMAR

Grammar unit 1 p. 12Quantity:

Study the grid on page 5 of your language choice booklet and exercise 5 of your student’s book.

Grammar unit 3 p. 28Verb patterns:

1. Study the verbs on page 11 of your language choice booklet to see whether the verb needs one of these patterns:

• verb + to + infinitive

We forgot to drive back.

• verb + object + infinitive

I want you to listen.

Grammar unit 3 p. 28Verb patterns:

2. verb + -ing form

I enjoy travelling.

3. verb + -ing of infinitive

We went on talking about her boyfriend. meaning to continue

We went on to talk about her boytfriend. meaning a change of activity

Grammar unit 4 p. 36Passive

Active Passive

1. The class watches a film. A film is watched (by the class).

2. The class is watching a film. A film is being watched (by the class).

3. The class watched a film. A film was watched (by the class).

4. The class was watching a film. A film was being watched (by the class).

5. The class has watched a film. A film has been watched (by the class).

6. The class has been watching a film. A film has been being watched (by the class).

7. The class had watched a film. A film had been being watched (by the class).

8. The class will watch a film. A film will be watched (by the class).

9. The class is going to watch a film. A film is going to be watched (by the class).

10. The class can watch a film. A film can be watched (by the class).

Grammar unit 4 p.36Passive

1. Look up the subject and the object forms.

2. Change the object into the subject.

3. Find out which tense is used

4. Insert the correct form of ‘to be’ and tense

5. Insert the past partciple. * + -ed regular verb / 3rd row irregular

6. When necessary finish the sentence with the by-agent.

Grammar unit 4 p. 36Passive

Tense To be + past participle (PP)

Present simple Is / are + PP

Present continuous Is / are + being + PP

Past simple Was / were + PP

Past continuous Was / were being + PP

Present perfect Have/ has been + PP

Past perfect Had been + PP

Going to + infinitive Is / are + going to be + PP

Can/ will/ should + infinitive (modal) Can be + PP

Passive infinitive Be + PP

Passive –ing form Be + -ing + PP

Grammar unit 4 p.42 Nouns

1. Countable nouns; boy – tree – foot - university

2. Uncountable nouns; rice – water – time – milk

3. Plural nouns

Mind:

Some nouns are thought of as 1 (singular) but do have a plural form. Usually these refer to groups. You have to use a singular verb form.

The police is on time at the event.

When a plural verb form is used the group is referred to as individuals.

The police are on time at the event.

To express intentions To be going to +

infinitive

I’m going to study law.

Grammar unit 5 p. 48Future

To express uncertain

predictions

May + infinitive

He may be going away

tonight.

Grammar unit 5 p.48Future

To talk about informal

arrangements which

we can change

Present continuous

I’m going to the movies

with Cameron tonight.


To talk about official

arrangements which

we cannot change

Present simple

The movie starts at

20.30.


Grammar unit 5 p. 52 Talking about the past:

• When something was in the future at that time. We can use a modal (would, should, could), to be going to, past continuous. (meaning the past forms of the future equivalents).

• Events that were in the future at that time. We can use a conditional (if/when) or a time clause.

• When we say that something had been happening up to a past moment. We use the past perfect progressive.

• When something happened at the same time. We can use past simple or past continuous.

Grammar unit 6 p. 56 Reference

To refer to people, things, facts and action we use different ways. Study them on page 19 in your Language Choice.

Grammar unit 6 p. 62Uncertainty

If you want to express doubt or to say that we are not certain about the facts we want to express we have different strategies:

• Modal verbs are used to say that a situation is probable, certain, possible or impossible.

• Verbs and expressions are used to give a statement of fact.

• Adverbs of probability are used to express guesses or to draw conclusions.

For further details check Language Choice 35

Grammar unit 7 p. 68Conditionals

To talk about uncertain events and situations (things that may or may not happen; which may or may not be true) we use if clauses.z

First conditional if + present will + infinitive

If we get this leaflet we will know where to go.

Second conditional if + past would + infinitive

If we got this leaflet we would know where to go.

Third conditional if + past perfect would have + past participle

If we had gotten this leaflet we would have known where to go.


To talk about uncertain events and situations (things that may or may not happen; which may or may not be true) we use if clauses.

Zero conditional if + present present

If the children sleep, the parents are happy.One event will lead to another.

If you want a PS4, remember to save some money. Giving advice and making suggestions.


To talk about uncertain events and situations (things that may or may not happen; which may or may not be true) we use if clauses.

Mixed conditionals:

• if + past perfect could / would + infinitive

If the police hadn’t caught the thief, he would be out on the streets.

To talk about present and future situations which are no longer possible because of the way things have turned out.

• if + past simple would / could + perfect infinitive

If I were single, I would have lived in the city centre.

To talk about imaginary present situations and hypothetical consequences in the past.

Grammar unit 7 p. 72It and there

Empty subject:

1. When there is no particular meaning we use it. It’s high time we did something.

2. To say that something exists or existed we use there. There aren’t a lot of girls in this class.

It is used to refer to something (mentioned before):

The car went by very fast. It was a Ferrari.

Grammar unit 8 p. 76Relative clauses

Clauses beginning with question words are often to modify nouns and some pronouns to identify people and things, or to give extra information about them.

• Identify people and things defining relative clause

• Extra information non-defining relative clause

• Who, whom, which introduce the relative clause

• Who / whom refer to people

• Which refers to things

• That = who / which in informal sentences

• That is used in identifying clauses.

• Which can refer to:

1) A noun There’s a programme tonight which you might like.

2) A clause She cycled an entire year, which surprised everybody.

Grammar unit 8 p. 76Relative clauses

Defining clauses Non-defining clauses

• Used to identify the person or thing • Used to give further information person /

thing already identified

• No commas • Commas

• We can leave out who, which, that if pronoun isn’t the subject of the clause

• Cannot leave out the relative pronoun

• A preposition can be put at the end of the clause

• No use of ‘that’

Grammar unit 8 p. 82Nominal relatives

• The thing that can be expressed by using what.

I hope you’re giving me what I need.

• Everything / anything can be expressed by using whatever.

I am happy with whatever I may win.

• To emphasise what

What makes my mom cry is becoming a grandma.

Grammar unit 9 p. 88Reporting

• Reporting or indirect speech is used to report people’s words, thoughts, beliefs etc.

• Words spoken at one place and time may be reported in another place and time. Sanne said she didn’t like the party, and she wanted to go home.

• A change in speaker may change the pronoun.

• Change of time may mean change in tense.


To make clear we are reporting we use an introductory clause. If this clause is in simple past we must change the tense of the main clause.

Examples:

He said – She believed – We thought – They exclaimed etc.


Tense changes:

• Will would

The test will be easy. The test would be easy.

• simple present simple past

She needs help. She said she needed help.

• present continuous past continuous

Tim’s decorating the Christmas tree. Mom told me Tim was decorating the Christmas tree.

• present perfect past perfect

This has been a wonderful year. They told me it had been a wonderful year.


Tense changes:

•past simple past perfect

I grew up in Baarn. She told me she had grown up in Baarn.

• can could

I can swim. Poor thing, he thought he could swim.

•May might

We may be home in an hour. He told us we might be home in hour.

•No change!

past perfect

Would, could, might


Tense changes:

•No change!

past perfect

Would, could, might

The reporting verb is in the present tense He’s stupid. She says he’s stupid.

Facts / general truth The earth is round. Galileo said that the earth is round.

The context hasn’t changed The Pound isn’t very strong. The minister admitted the Pound isn’t very strong.

A future event which hasn’t happened moment of reporting We have a test tomorrow. The teacher said we have a test tomorrow.

A past event that happened at a time specified in the sentence The school was founded in 1951. She told me that the school was founded in 1951.


More detailed information and assignments in Language Choice page 29.

Grammar unit 9 p. 93Infinitives (study language choice page 29)

• Simple infinitive with or without to

We have a Christmas tree. We wanted to have a Christmas tree.

• Passive infinitive

He needs to be helped with his English.

• Continuous infinitive (active is / was in progress)

He must be swimming really fast.

• Perfect infinitive (it happened before other events)

They must have seen the film.

• Passive perfect infinitive

The singer could have been injured at her concert.

Grammar unit 10 p. 96Regrets

Study and practice Language Choice page 30 – 31.

Grammar unit 10 p. 102Modality

Modal verbs are used to express:

• past obligation or necessity was / were obliged, was / were forced, had to, needed, was / were required

• permission or possibility in past was / were allowed, was / were permitted, could

• prohibition or lack of possibility in past could, was / were forbidden

• lack of obligation in past didn’t need, didn’t have to

• advice should, ought to

choices upper intermediate - wordpress.com€¦ · · 2017-01-03your student’s book. grammar...

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