choosing the appropriate metric from small to … 2 - diego rosso.pdfaeration energy use & power...
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CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE
METRIC FROM SMALL TO LARGE
FACILITIES
Diego Rosso University of California, Irvine Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science
Water-Energy Nexus Research Center
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CHARGE QUESTIONS
a) What will we be able to achieve with a common
set of metrics?
b) What is an appropriate set of common metrics
that should be measured across a national test
bed network and reported for all technologies
that impact the performance of a wastewater
resource recovery and treatment
technologies?
c) What standard procedures exist to measure
these metrics?
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FOR YOUR INSTIGATION
• What might be appropriate for different size
plants
• or it just does not matter
• Priority = f (size)
• Should the priority list be dictated by the
availability of techniques?
• How about surrogate metrics?
• What should be done in-house vs. by an
external “expert”
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ENERGY & WRRF
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FACULTATIVE LAGOON (pop. 1090)
• Population 1090
• 310 urban connections
• 50,000 gal/d
• 2x7.5HP on-grid mixers
• 1 solar-powered mixer
• POWER BILL DOMINATED BY
AERATION ENERGY USE &
POWER DEMAND
Bebee et al (2015) Proc. WEF Water & Energy Conference, DC
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ENERGY FOOTPRINT: 20MGD
Aeration cost = 45-75% of plant energy (w/o influent/effluent pumping)
Rosso and Stenstrom (2005) Wat. Res. 39: 3773-3780
Figure 1. Estimated power usage for a typical 20MGD activated
sludge facility performing wastewater treatment with nitrogen
removal in the United States (MOP32, 2009).
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ENERGY FOOTPRINT: 200MGD
Effluent
27%
Biosolids Loading
1%
Sludge Dewatering
3%
Solid Digesters
7%
DAF Thickening
4%
Trickling Filter
6%Secondary Clarifier
3%
Secondary - ASP
22%
Odor control
5%
Primary Clarifier
7%
Digester Gas Compressor
3%
Influent pumping
10%Influent Screens
1%
Headworks
1%
Without influent/effluent pumping
Aeration = 45%
• COMMON SET OF METRICS
• PLANT SIZE vs. PRIORITY
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BIG CHALLENGES
• IS ENERGY INTENSITY A GOOD INDICATOR?
• WHAT ABOUT POWER DENSITY?
• SHOULD THE OVERALL ENERGY COST BE THE METRIC?
• SURROGATE METRICS?
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INFORMATION IS POWER
Rosso et al (2012) Wat. Practice Technol.
eFPTOT
= eFPi
i=1
n
å = nj×p
j×h
j× t
jj=1
m
åi=1
n
å
#units power efficiency time in operation
STANDARD vs. ADVANCED
PROCEDURES/TECHNIQUES/PRACTICES
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Carbon Output Rate (kgCO2 / kWh)
Power distribution portfolio over the diurnal cycle for Southern California (SCE, 2010)
~ 0.063 kgCO2/kWh
~ 0.015 kgCO2/kWh
~ 0.664 kgCO2/kWh ~ 0.993 kgCO2/kWh
Q: WHAT ABOUT CARBON FOOTPRINT AS AN INDICATOR?
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Energy Intensity in Water Reuse
12AM
8AM
2PM
2.5x
Sobhani and Rosso (2011) WEFTEC Proc.
NORMALIZED METRICS DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT ACTUAL IMPACT
INCREASING WATER QUALITY
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PROCESS ANALYSIS AND AUDITS
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CAPEX QUESTION: DO WE EVALUATE OUR
WRRF BEFORE EXPANSION?
Unit
Process
Capacity
New requirement
Actual
Capacity
Nominal Capacity
Pre-
treat
Prim
Settl
Reactor
volume
Aeration
capac
Sec.
Clar.
Etc.
Waste of $ (CapEx &
OpEx) + unnecesary
C, H2O & energy
footprints
Nolasco et al (2014) Proc. IWA ecoSTP Conference, Verona, Italy
TECHNIQUE AVAILABILITY CAN BE A
DETERMINING FACTOR FOR PRIORITIZATION
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The cost of inefficient primaries
0.410.43
0.22
0.10
WithPrimarySettling
WithoutPrimarySettling
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
NormalizedEnergyComponents
(kWh/kgbCOD,removed)
energy
demand
energy
demand
energy
recovery(eR)
eR
energydeficit0.19
energydeficit0.33
PLANT 1
1.551.62
0.360.30
WithPrimarySettling
WithoutPrimarySettling
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
energy
demand
energy
demand
eR
eR
energydeficit1.19
energydeficit1.31
PLANT 2
The cost being inefficient is directly reflected in an energy deficit.
Treatment plants pose as potential energy and water factories,
i.e. Taking “Waste” out of “WasteWater” [Grant et al (2012) Science]
Gori et al (2013) Wat. Sci. Technol.
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AERATION EFFICIENCY TESTING
CPU
OTR = (kLa∙V) [Csat-(DOexc+DOneeded)] = kgO2/d = $$$/d
Off-gas
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AERATION ANALYSIS: Process selection of IFAS vs. ASP
(Howard, 2012; Rosso et al, 2012)
IFAS ASP
Capital Cost $ 94.8 M $ 56.9 M
O&M Cost $ 82.6 M $ 70.1 M
Total NPV $177.4 M $127 M
USING ADVANCED TECHNIQUES DOES NOT
NECESSARILY MEAN OUTSOURCING
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POWER
DENSITY (W/m3)
ENERGY INTENSITY (Wh/m3)
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Activated Sludge Process:
Diurnal Dynamics
VA
RIA
TIO
N R
EL
AT
IVE
TO
AV
ER
AG
E
IMPORTANCE OF PROCESS DYNAMICS: POWER vs. ENERGY
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PITCH:
• Common set of metrics?
• Standard
procedures/techniques?
• Priority = f (size)
• Priority = f (technique
availability)
• Surrogate metrics?
• In-house vs. outsourcing
DIEGO ROSSO
[email protected] epl.eng.uci.edu
wex.uci.edu