choosing the qualities of student leaders: a matching of student voting preference and election...

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com | Volume 2, No. 4, August 2014

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P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

Choosing the Qualities of Student Leaders: A Matching of Student

Voting Preference and Election Results as a

Basis for Policy Formulation

NOEL M. CAPULONG

Office of Student Affairs, City College of Calamba, Calamba City, Laguna, PHILIPPINES

[email protected]

Date Received: July 15, 2014; Date Published: August 15, 2014

Abstract The qualities of student-leaders in the 21st century cannot be underrated. The ability to influence individuals in the context of boundless territories and worldwide integration is of paramount

importance to education. Research has revealed that the crux of student leadership in this century is on

achieving the right pace and qualities in the changing landscape of borderless society. Choosing the

qualities of leaders helps the administrators and students come up with a collaborative policy formulation in

the attainment of institutional mission and goals. The research utilized the mixed methods using the

qualitative key informant interview, focus group discussions, and researchers experience to choose the qualities of student leaders among the students of City College of Calamba. The perceptions of student

council leaders from the different schools of Calamba were also surveyed. The student voting preference was

matched with the results of Student Council election. The results obtained were recorded and compared to

the results of the interview from the experts in the field of educational leadership.

Keywords student-leaders, perception, leadership, policy

I. INTRODUCTION

Leadership for the 21st century is an inseparable

component of the holistic development of students. The

idea of serving the constituents cannot be rated as a less

important parameter in determining the academic

excellence of students. Acting as a student-leader in an

academic institution involved the entire praxis of being

a student. The practices and activities being done by

student-leaders are actually manifestations of the

students selected field of academic discipline. The abundance of leadership theories (Rice, 2011)

in many books and other publications does not manifest

a concise description of leadership qualities, more so, of

the native Filipino qualities of student-leaders. The

perceptions of the qualities of student-leaders based on

the voters criterion and candidates in a student-election

remain particularly elusive due to mismatch of

orientation and philosophies in life.

For this century, the need for collaboration and

collective relationship among the student-leaders,

students, and administrators must be enhanced in order

to facilitate change and create a global understanding

for better learning and proactive education. Leadership

activities manifested by student-leaders must be

centered on communal participation of the group rather

than on the individual work of a single leader (Mullen,

2010).

At any rate, even with the collective leadership of

the students, there is a need to enhance or even develop

the potentials of the individual leaders so that they can

give more to the organization which is really important

especially when the student-leader is leading hundreds

or thousands of students in an academic institution.

Even in educational leadership, the individual

dispositions which are the foundations of leadership

skills, characteristics, and abilities are given attention.

The assessment and development of core beliefs,

attitudes, and values are said to have an important role

in leadership effectiveness (Allen et al., 2014).

In the context of qualities possessed by student-

leaders, the administrators of every educational

institution especially those offices handling student

affairs services must always be mindful on how to

develop the potentials of their student-leaders. Being at

the forefront of student engagement, the programs and

policies of student affairs must be aligned not only in

the realm of the regular programs of the institution but

also with the present and unending evolution of needs,

strengths, and weaknesses of student-leaders. More than

ever before, the offices of student affairs must respond

Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research | Vol. 2, No. 4| August 2014 Capulong, N. M., Choosing the Qualities of Student Leaders: A Matching of Student Voting Preference

160 P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com

to those pressing needs and issues to assist other

stakeholders like teachers in the formulation of policies

and activities in targeting the best environment for

students (Pomerantz, 2006).

II. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This research presents the qualities of student-

leaders as matched to the perceptions of voters, student-

leaders, and experts in the field of educational

leadership. The results of the study shall then be utilized

in determining the policies in terms of programs and

activities of the Office of Student Affairs of the City

College of Calamba in developing the qualities of its

student-leaders.

III. THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES

The idea of leadership qualities can be traced back

from the different theories of leadership. Some of those

theories are anchored on the personality of individual

leaders while some considered leadership as a thematic

approach in dealing with subordinates. Other theories

suggest that leadership traits may differ based from the

situation that arose in the environment while others

would contend that reward and punishment obliged a

person to lead expectedly. These theories would

sometimes harmonize with other theories while some

considered these as sources of debates among scholar

individuals. The study will focus on some of the

following most influential theories of leadership:

Contingency Theory. This theory emphasizes that

one can improve the organization by replacing the

leader to fit a particular event or scenario or changing

the scenario or event in order to fit the leader (Fiedler,

1967 as cited in Christie & Bob, 2001). The

organization like the Student Council may be developed

depending on the leader or the environment. Changing

one of them to fit the other may bring success to the

Student Council.

Exchange Theory. This theory states that social

behaviour is based on the rewards and costs that affect

relationships (Blau, 1964; Ritzer, 1988 as cited in

Wettersten, 1994). The quality of relationship of two

persons including between a leader and a subordinate

can be determined by what they give and what they

take.

Trait Theory. This theory focuses on the individual

traits of the leader and not on the followers and the

situation. As a more straightforward theory, this

approach posits that certain set of traits must be

possessed by the leader which are considered to be of

crucial importance to effective leadership (Germain,

2008).

The qualities that must be possessed by the student-

leaders are important in the regular performance of their

basic duties and responsibilities. Absence of important

qualities may lead to the deterioration of the

organization.

IV. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Research Design

The design of the study utilized the mixed method

of descriptive research using the quantitative and

qualitative approaches.

Participants

Participants were grouped into 3 sets of

respondents. The first group of respondents were the

student-voters during the last Student Council election

for SY 2014-2015 comprising about 311 students from

different courses of the college namely the Bachelor in

Secondary Education, Bachelor in Elementary

Education, Bachelor of Science in Information

Technology, Bachelor of Science in Computer Science,

and Bachelor of Science in Accountancy.

The second set of respondents was the 10 Student

Council Officers of the college for the positions of

President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Auditor,

and 5 PROs.

The third set of respondents was Student Council

officers of selected schools from Calamba City and

some officers of the Student Council from the

University of the Philippines Los Baos, Laguna.

Instrument

The data gathering instrument was a self-made

questionnaire to gather information on the perceptions

of the three sets of respondents on the qualities of

student-leaders collected from the election results and

survey. The self-made questionnaire was based from the

interpretation of the Student Manual of the college,

references from the DIY Committee Guide, Survey on

Youth Perceptions of Elections and Good Governance

undertaken by the Communication Foundation for Asia,

and article from Emeagwali (2011).

For the qualitative interpretation, the researcher

utilized the interview protocol in soliciting information

from the respondents as well as from the experts in the

field.

To ensure its validity, the researcher validated the

questionnaire from the expert in the field of education



and through the assistance of a statistician. Interviews

were also done by the researcher to determine the need

for further improvement and modification of the

instrument.

Procedures

The researcher distributed the questionnaires among

the respondents and conducted interviews with some

persons involved in handling student organizations and

activities. Through the permission of the Division Head,

the researcher was able to conduct interviews and focus

group discussions. The researcher assured the

confidentiality of the data gathered in the study.

Data Analysis

The gathered data were tallied, tabulated, encoded, and

analyzed using the following statistical tools:

1. Average Composite Rank was used to in order to determine the average ranks of qualities perceived

by the respondents per position in the Student

Council. The combined composite ranks were then

used in order to the find the average rank of the

three sets of respondents.

2. One-Way ANOVA was used in order to compare the means of the three sets of respondents using the

F-distribution

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The following tables reflected the perceptions of the

three sets of respondents based from the ranking of

qualities. The different positions that were given the set

of qualities were tabulated and analyzed for better

appreciation. Below are the summary results of the

questionnaire:

Table1. Description of Student Leaders Quality for President Position in SSC

Descriptions Group A Group B Group C Combined

The President should ACR* Final Rank ACR* Rank ACR* Rank ACR* Rank a. exercise good communication

skills 3.54 5 4.00 4 2.75 2 3.43 3

b. have a vision for the students 3.14 4 3.00 3 4.25 4 3.46 4 c. be dedicated in his duties and

responsibilities 2.54 1 1.00 1 1.50 1 1.68 1

d. be fair in making decisions 2.65 2 2.00 2 4.25 4 2.97 2 e. possess openness that would

enable him/her to listen to

new ideas

3.12 3 5.00 5 4.25 4 4.12 5

* Average Composite Rank, SSC-Supreme Student Council

Table 1 suggests that for the position of President,

all the three sets of respondents agreed that the most

important quality for the President is that he/she must

be dedicated in his duties and responsibilities. The least

important qualities as implied is openness.

In one of the document articles of Hyde as

published by Gary North (2006), in explaining the

mechanics of the proliferation of Communism in the

previous decades, he explained that commitment in an

organization can be expounded more when the

organization demands a bigger commitment. When organizations make minimal demands on their

members, they would get minimal commitment. When

they make big demands, they get big commitment. Based from this article, it can be well interpreted that

the perceptions of the three sets of respondents posit

that dedication which is tantamount commitment is the

most important thing in the organization to work. This

quality should be exemplified by the President of the

organization since he/she is considered to be the head

and the direction-setter of the organization.

This is also supported by the coded responses of

some of the respondents as illustrated in Table 2.

Table 2. Coded Responses of the Respondents on the Qualities of President for Student Council Position CODES/CATEGORIES TRANSCRIPTION

Commitment and Dedication They must be committed and dedicated

Dedication in the Organization Must be dedicated in the organization

Active part of student movement Must be active part of student movement with dedication and

commitment

Commitment and dedication for student rights Must be committed and dedicated in serving the student rights

Dedication in duties Kailangan ay may dedikasyon sa Gawain

Person of Integrity Must be a person of integrity



Based on responses from the respondents, most of

the item/categories pertaining to Presidential

qualifications are deemed to be related to dedication

and commitment. The chat to respondents also supports

dedication and commitment as the main basis of voting

their candidate for the Student Council Election. It was

revealed that the college deserves a Student Council

President who has a sense of direction bound by

commitment and dedication. Due to numerous academic

and non-academic activities of the college, coupled by

academic requirements and scholastic pressures, it is

quite difficult to find a student who will be devoted to

become a President both managing his/her individual

academic performance and effectuating leadership for

the welfare of the students.

Karns and McGee (2011) in their journal abstract

article, Everyday Heroes, mentioned that heroes are everywhere in education. Those who are in charge of creating learning organizations through their efforts,

commitment, and dedication are really worth telling.

The Academy for Educational Development (2011) also

illustrated some stories of dedication of some young

people in constructing positive learning environment for

student engagement.

Indeed, dedication and commitment proved to be a

baseline quality that must be characterized by the

President of the Council.

Table 3. Description of Student Leaders Quality for Vice President Position in SSC


The Vice President should ACR Final

Rank

ACR Rank ACR Rank ACR Rank

a. exercise good communication skills

3.63 5 4.00 4 3.75 5 3.79 5

b. have good understanding about

the nature of different

organizations in the

campus

2.84 2 5.00 5 3.00 3 3.61 4

c. be dedicated in his duties and

responsibilities

2.30 1 1.00 1 2.25 1 1.85 1

d. be flexible 3.35 4 3.00 3 2.75 2 3.03 3 e. possess openness that

would enable him/her

to listen to new ideas

2.88 3 2.00 2 3.25 4 2.71 2

The table showed congruity between the quality

choices of respondents being dedicated to the duties and

responsibilities as the most important quality.

Respondents agreed that the responsibilities of the Vice

President should also be of the same quality as the

President since the former position acted as a

replacement of the President in case of replacement

through resignation, death, disqualification, and/or

impeachment. This can also be gleaned from the

responses in table 4.

Table 4. Coded Responses of the Respondents on the Qualities of Vice President for Student Council Position

CODES/CATEGORIES TRANSCRIPTION

Commitment and Dedication They must be committed and dedicated

Spare tire of the President He/She must be a good spare tire for the President

Possess same qualifications Must possess same qualifications as the President

Qualities of the President Must maintain all the qualities of the President

Sharing of the same characteristics Since he/she is the Vice President, they must share same

characteristics

Assist the President Should do the best to assist the President

Based from the coded responses, the qualifications

of the Vice President must be in harmony with the

qualifications of the President. Most of the respondents

agreed that since the Vice President shares the same



features as of the President, they must be able to share

the same qualities. In this case, the respondents also

posit that dedication to duties is considered to be the

most important quality.

Experience (as Director of OSA and Student

Council adviser for around eight years) has shown that

the duty of the Vice President is of paramount

importance to the Student Council. Being equally

committed and dedicated to his/her duty is an important

task especially when the President cannot effectively

perform his duty or has lost the commitment and

dedication to the job. The Vice President as the alter

ego of the President should complement the President in

times of weakness like when the President has

experienced emotional and social downturn.

The Student Manual (2006) of the college stated

that the Vice President should perform other duties and

responsibilities as directed or advised by the President.

In the normal course of Student Councils operation, it is the Vice President who is acting as the Chairman of

the Council of Student Leaders (CSL), the

confederation of all heads/presidents of all recognized

student organizations of the college. As Vice President,

he/she also acts as the President or Head of the CSL

performing delegative and supervisory functions. As

such, commitment and dedication is also a primary

concern quality for the position of the Vice President.

Table 5. Description of Student Leaders Quality for Secretary Position in SSC


The Secretary must be ACR Final

Rank

ACR Rank ACR Rank ACR Rank

a. Organized 2.54 1 3.00 3 1.75 1 2.43 2 b. good in written skills 3.79 5 1.00 1 4.75 5 3.18 3 c. responsible in

keeping the minutes

of meetings

2.75 2 2.00 2 2.25 2 2.33 1

d. objective in making correspondence and

minutes of meetings

3.03 4 5.00 5 2.50 3 3.51 4

e. punctual in doing his/her assigned

tasks

2.90 3 4.00 4 3.75 4 3.55 5

Table 5 suggests that for the position of Secretary,

all the respondents agreed that the most important

quality is to be responsible in keeping the minutes of

the meeting. Referring to the Student Manual (2006) of

the college, it was laid down that the main duty and

responsibility of the Secretary is to keep the record of

the meetings of the Council. It is in this concept that the

perception of the Student Council officer, voters, other

officers from other schools view this quality as the

foremost quality that a Secretary must be able to

possess.

Table 6. Coded Responses of the Respondents on the Qualities of Secretary for Student Council Position


Record Management The Secretary must be good in record management

especially minutes of meetings

Responsible for minutes of meetings He/She must be responsible for minutes of meetings

Recording the minutes of meeting Must be good in recording the minutes of meeting

Ability to record minutes of meeting The best quality should be related to his/her ability

to record the minutes of meetings well

Preparing minutes of meeting Be good in preparing minutes of meeting

Present the minutes of meeting Present the minutes of meeting well

Most of the coded responses of the respondents are

aligned with the quality pertaining to record

management, recording of the minutes of meetings,

preparing, and presenting the minutes of meeting. All of



those responses are in consonance with the perceived

most important quality which is to keep the record of

the meetings of the Council.

Chat and experience confirm that most often than

not, the Secretary plays a vital role in the

documentation of the minutes of the meeting as

compared to other special roles given to him/her by the

President or by the Council itself. The record of all the

meetings of the Council is kept with the Secretary. The

success of the Journal of Accomplishment published by

the Student Council and the Office of Student Affairs

every year depends on the quality of the Secretary to

record the minutes of the meeting as accurately as

possible. Some voters perceived that the Secretary

whom they will vote is the one who can really conserve

or keep the records of the meetings of the Council for

they will be able to publicly the things being done by

the Student Council during their meetings.

Table 7. Description of Student Leaders Quality for Treasurer Position in SSC


The Treasurer must be ACR Final Rank ACR Rank ACR Rank ACR Rank

a. be capable of handling figures and

cash

3.08 3 4.00 4 2.50 2 3.19 4

b. have a methodological way

of thinking

3.35 4 2.00 2 3.75 4 3.03 3

c. have experience in financial control and

budgeting

2.87 2 3.00 3 3.00 3 2.96 2

d. be trustworthy and honest

2.01 1 5.00 5 1.75 1 2.92 1

e. be willing to explain figures if asked

3.68 5 1.00 1 4.00 5 2.89 5

Table 7 suggests that the most important quality for

the position of Treasurer according to the respondents,

is the quality of being trustworthy and honest. It is of

this perception that a person of integrity with high

moral values is considered as the best quality being

perceived for this position.

Competencies regarding numbers are only next

qualities being considered by the respondents.

Regardless of the course being taken up by the student,

whether the course is related to numbers, (ie. BS

Accountancy or BSE major in Math), what was

perceived is the ability of the candidate/officer to

become trustworthy and honest. Students are looking

for someone whom they can entrust their money. For

instance in the City College, the Student Fund collected

from each student by the Student Council every

semester amounting to P50.00 is entrusted to the

Treasurer of the Council. With this, students perceived

that regardless of the capability (but without necessarily

disregarding it) of the Treasurer, what was the most

important factor is that the Treasurer will become

honest and trustworthy in the faithful disposition of the

fund.

This perception is supported by the coded responses

of the respondents as shown by table 8.

Table 8. Some of the Coded Responses of the Respondents on the Qualities of Treasurer for Student Council

Position


Transparent in handling funds He/She must be transparent in handling the funds

Honest in making financial statements The Treasurer must be honest in making financial statements

Sense of honesty The position of Treasurer must be with sense of honesty

Integrity and honesty The best quality has something to do with integrity and

honesty

Truthful in handling funds Be truthful in handling the funds

Honest and truthful Must be honest and truthful



Table 8 shows the responses of some respondents

pertaining to the qualities of the Treasurer position.

They mentioned that for this position, the council

officer must be transparent in handling funds, honest in

making financial statements, with sense of honesty and

integrity, and truthful. All of these points to the most

important quality which is trustworthy and honest.

Glaser and Bingham (2009) pointed out that one

behaviour being valued by students that increased their

sense of connectedness with one another is honesty. As

Treasurer, he/she is a student-leader bound by moral

obligations to faithfully perform his duty and

responsibility in making sure that all his/her financial

activities are deemed to be honest and trustworthy.

Table 9. Description of Student Leaders Quality for Auditor Position in SSC


The Auditor must ACR Final Rank ACR Rank ACR Final Rank ACR Rank

have a methodological

way of thinking 3.40 5 3.00 3 4.25 5 3.55 4

have experience in

financial control and

budgeting

2.92 3 2.00 2 2.50 2 2.47 2

have background in

Accounting 3.02 4 5.00 5 3.00 3 3.67 5

be able to identify and

analyze financial risks 2.80 1 4.00 4 3.50 4 3.43 3

be impartial in dealing

with funds and with the

Treasurer

2.88 2 1.00 1 1.75 1 1.88 1

* Average Composite Rank

Table 9 shows that the most important quality for the position of Auditor based from the respondents is the

quality of being impartial in dealing with funds and with the Treasurer. In an article written by Anderson (2012), he

mentioned that being an Auditor is beyond learning the debits and credits. It also involves solid ethical foundation

alongside with sound technical ability. An Auditor must be able to avoid any temptation to let errors or fraud things

to pass.

Being impartial with funds and with the Treasurer has something to do with how an Auditor must be able to

give an honest auditing activity of the funds handled by the Treasurer. Errors, if committed by the Treasurer, must

be revealed in order to make the financial statement more sound and transparent. This ability requires excellent

interpersonal relationship with the Treasurer and other officers of the Council.

Table 10. Coded Responses of the Respondents on the Qualities of Auditor for Student Council Position


Honest The Auditor must be honest just like the Treasurer.

Impartial in dealing with Treasurer The Auditor must be impartial in dealing with the Treasurer

Handle funds openly He/She should handle the funds openly and with

transparency

Openness and Transparency The Auditor must audit the funds with openness and

transparency

Free from internal influence Must be free from internal influence

With sense of fairness Should be a good Auditor with sense of fairness

Based from the coded responses, the Auditor must be honest, impartial in dealing with Treasurer, must handle

funds openly, be free from internal influence, and with sense of fairness. All of these responses point to the quality

of the Auditor to be impartial in dealing with funds and with the Treasurer.



Table 11. Description of Student Leaders Quality for PRO* Position in SSC


The PRO must be ACR Final Rank ACR Rank ACR Rank ACR Rank

a. have good interpersonal

relationship with

others.

2.37 1 2.00 1 2.25 1.5 2.21 1

b. be hardworking 2.74 3 2.67 2.5 3.00 3 2.80 3 c. have good

communication skills

for information

dissemination

2.46 2 2.67 2.5 2.25 1.5 2.46 2

d. possess pleasing personality

3.57 4 3.00 4 3.25 4 3.27 4

e. have experience in public speaking

3.86 5 4.67 5 4.25 5 4.26 5

* PRO- Public Relations Officer

Table 11 revealed that the most important

quality for the position of PRO based from the

perceptions of respondents is good interpersonal

relationship with others. The Student Manual (2006) of

the college places the importance of PRO as the

information disseminator of all the information

pertaining to all the projects, programs, and activities of

the Student Council. It is in this context that the PRO

must be able to handle feelings and emotions properly

in order to have meaningful relationship with their

constituents. This is supported by the Exchange

Theory which states that a long lasting relationship can

be quite reciprocated by what we give and what we

take. Based from the personal experience of the

researcher, the inability of a PRO to have good

interpersonal relationship with other students has a

rippling effect to the entire Student Council for it failed

to substantiate and properly inform its constituents

about the current programs and activities of the group.

The disconnection between the Student Council and the

students become so glaring due to this failure.

Table 12. Coded Responses of the Respondents on the Qualities of PRO for Student Council Position


Connect with his subordinates The PRO must be able to connect with his subordinates.

Friendly The PRO should be friendly.

Jolly and humorous to the students The PRO must possess the qualities of being jolly and

humorous to the students.

Share good relationships The PRO must be able to share good relationships with his

members.

Good relationship skills The PRO must possess good relationship skills.

Respectful to his clients The PRO must be respectful to his clients.

The coded responses indicate that the PRO must be

able to connect with his subordinates, should be

friendly, must possess the qualities of being jolly and

humorous to the students, must be able to share good

relationships with his members, and must be respectful

to his clients. The mentioned responses support the

quantitative findings that the most important quality for

the position of PRO is that he/she must have good

interpersonal relationship with others. Interviewed

respondents mentioned that while experience in public

speaking is also a quality that must be possessed by the

PRO, it is a must that he/she must be able to connect

with the students in such a way that he/she would use

words and speeches that would not be alien or

intimidating with the students. A good rapport with

students is the most important quality that a PRO must

possess.



Table 13. Differences of Perceptions Among the Respondents on the Different Qualities of Student-Leaders for the

Different Positions of the Student Council*

Critical Value F-ratio Decision Interpretation

All positions for

the Student

Council

3.89 1 Failed to Reject Not Significant

*based from the actual summary of sources of variations between groups and within groups at P>0.05

It can be seen from table 13 that there are no

significant differences of perceptions among the

respondents in terms of their assessment of qualities for

all the positions of the Student Council.

VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Choosing the qualities of student-leaders is of

paramount importance in formulating policies for

student affairs. The different positions of the Council

starting from the President up to the PROs were

subjected to respondents perceptions on the best qualities that they should possess. For the positions of

President and Vice President, the most important

quality is dedication and commitment. The Secretary,

on the other hand, must be responsible in keeping the

minutes of the meeting of the Student Council. The

Treasurers most important quality is being trustworthy and honest. In the same vein, the Auditor of the Council

must be impartial and dealing with the funds and with

the Treasurer, and lastly, the PRO must able to have

good interpersonal relationship with others.

There were no significant differences of

perceptions among the respondents based on statistical

analysis. This means that the student-voters perceptions have no difference with the perceptions of

the incumbent Student Council officers which are

considered to be the results of the recently concluded

Student Council election.

From the mentioned qualities of student-

leaders, the Office of Student Affairs should be able to

come up with policies that would suit up to the resultant

qualities. From the different theoretical perspectives,

the administrators should be able to come up with a

training program that would enhance and develop the

different qualities of student-leaders. Regular meetings

and exposures should be done to help the officers in

reflecting their strengths and weaknesses for a better

Student Council. Participation in different seminars and

conferences shall be of great significance in enhancing

the needs of the student-leaders for better student

engagement and leadership.

The administrators of the college should be able

to support student developmental programs in order to

attain its vision, mission, and goals of quality and

holistic education for students.

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