chordates (chordata) our phylum. chordates have a backbone 1. dorsal hallow nerve cord 2....
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Chordates (Chordata)
Our phylum
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Chordates have a backbone1. Dorsal hallow nerve cord2. _________________: strong rod that separates digestive and nerve cord3. Pharyngeal slits: ______________________________________________4. Post anal tail (behind the anus)• Invertebrate chordates: (no backbone but do have major hallmarks of
chordates!)– _______________ (only have these structures in their larval stages)– ___________________: (another invertebrate chordate, have
segmented muscle structure)
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Fish to JAWS (literally)
• Fish started without jaws– Agnathans/Lampreys are a group
of vertebrates that ________ ___________________________. Mud suckers and suspension feeders
• The Jaw allowed for a variety of prey– Chondrichthyes:
_______________ _____________ (sharks, rays and skates)• Use a ____________________
to detect changes in water pressure and nearby swimming creatures (predators or prey)
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More on fish evolution
• Another kind of fish with a jaw is the ______________ (boney fish)– Have an operculum which
allows for gas exchange even when they aren’t moving
– Contain a ________________ which keeps them buoyant (lung like structures that fill with air but don’t exchange gases)
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Amphibians lead a double life• Dependent on water for their eggs
to develop• Larva swim in water • _____________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
• After metamorphosis the adolescent crawls onto land
• Largest population during the Carboniferous period before reptiles or mammals
** Currently undergoing a rapid decline due to acid rain (high amount so carbon dioxide in the air)
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Reptiles• Amniotic egg: like the seed,
__________________________________________________________________
• Scales that protect their bodies from water loss
• _____________________: don’t use metabolism to regulate body temp. (cold blooded)
• Some dinosaurs may have been endothermic (using metabolism for body temp.)
• Include– Lizards– Snakes (lost legs secondarily)– Turtles– Crocodiles– Alligators
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How a reptile became a bird
• Derived from a group of small 2 legged dinosaurs
• _________________________________________________________________(Archaeopteryx)
• Archaeopteryx is not an ancestor but it give us info about what they would be like– Scales on feet, vertebral tail, scales
on claws, feathers on arms, webbed fingers
– Many birds died with the dinosaurs, those that survived went on to be modern birds
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More on Birds• Every aspect of birds has been
evolved for flight… they “trimmed the fat”– Hallow feathers– ___________________– No teeth– ___________________
• Different styles of wings are excellent at different things, some are for soaring, some for quick maneuverability, Some to be able to stay still. – Some rare birds of course don’t fly
(like the ostrich!)• Endothermic!!!• 4 chambered heart
(___________________________)
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Mammals come from reptiles too!
• Mammals diverged from reptiles long before even dinosaurs evolved!
• Independent 4 chambered heart• Lived a meager existence until the fall
of the dinosaurs opened up the availability for them to survive.
• ________________________________________________________________________________
• ______________________… have a placenta which bridges the gap between mother and child
• Marsupials are a kind of mammal that has a very short gestation then carries the young nursing them after they are born until they are able to live on their own.
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Phylogeny of animals summary