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3/20/19
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Chapter20
Rep0les:DiapsidAmniotes
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Evolu0onaryPerspec0ve• Amniota– Monophyle0clineageincludingrep0les,birds,andmammals
– Amnio0ceggs• Extraembryonicmembranes:
– protectembryofromdesicca0on– cushionembryo– promotegastransfer– storewaste
– Otherterrestrialadapta0ons:• imperviousskin• Strongclaws• water-conservingkidneys• enlargedlungs
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Figure20.2Theamnio0cegg.Page372
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SurveyoftheRep0les
• OrderTestudines– Turtles– Characterizedby:• bonyshell• limbsar0culateinternallytoribs• kera0nizedbeakratherthanteeth
– Shell• Carapace(dorsal)andplastron(ventral)
– oviparous
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Figure20.5Skeletonofaturtle.
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SurveyoftheRep0les
• OrderCrocodylia– Alligators,crocodiles,gavials,caimans– Skullcharacteris0cs:• openingsinfrontoftheeyes• triangulareyeorbits• laterallycompressedteeth
– Secondarypalate–separatesthenasalandmouthpassageways
– Oviparouswithparentalcare
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SurveyoftheRep0les
• OrderSphenodon0da– Tuataras– Dis0nguishedbyskullfeatures:• akine0cjaw–lowerfirmlyaWachedtoupper
• tworowsofteethonupperjaw
• singlerowofteethinlowerjaw
– NewZealand– Oviparous
Figure20.7OrderSphenodon0a.
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SurveyoftheRep0les• OrderSquamata– Kine0cskull
• Moveablequadratebonesandotherskullmodifica0ons• Increasesskullflexibility
– SuborderSauria—lizards• Usuallytwopairsoflegs• Upperandlowerjawsuniteanteriorly• Oviparous,ovoviviparous,orviviparous• Includesleglessamphisbaenias
– SuborderSerpentes—snakes• Legless• Skulladap0onsforswallowinglargeprey• Mostoviparous,somegivebirthtoliveyoung
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Figure20.8OrderSquamata.
Figure20.9OrderSquamata.
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Evolu0onaryPressures
• Externalstructureandlocomo0on– Skin• Thick,dry,andkera0nized;norespiratoryfunc0ons
– Supportandmovement• Skeletonhighlyossified• Skullwithsecondarypalate• Addi0onalcervicalvertebrae(includingatlasandaxis)• TwoormoresacralvertebraeaWachthepelvicgirdletothevertebralcolumn
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Figure20.11Secondarypalate.
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• Nutri0onandthediges0vesystem– Mostarecarnivores• Turtlescanbecarnivores,herbivores,oromnivoresdependingonthespecies
– Tongues• Nonprotrusible
– Turtlesandcrocodilians• Protrusibile
– Lizardsandtuatara
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Figure20.12OrderSquamata.
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• Nutri0onandthediges0vesystem– Feedingadapta0onsofsnakes• Bonesoftheskullandupperjawaremoveable
– Upperjawalsomoveableonskull
• Posteriorpoin0ngteeth• Gloesopensforwardinmouth• Hingedmaxillaryboneinvipers• Venomglandsinsome
– Modifiedsalivaryglands
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Figure20.13Feedingadapta0onsofsnakes.
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Evolu0onaryPressures
• Circula0on,gasexchange,andtemperatureregula0on– Heart• Twoatriaandincompletelydividedventricle(exceptcrocodilians)
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Figure20.14Heartandmajorarteriesofalizard.
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• Gasexchange– Internalrespiratorysurfaces• Lungsspongelike
– Largesurfaceareaforgasexchange
– Nega0vepressureven0la0on• Posteriormovementofribsandbodywallexpandsbodycavity.– Modifiedinturtles
• Decreasedbodycavitypressuredrawsairintolungs
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• TemperatureRegula0on– Mostectotherms• Behavioralregula0on
– Warmingbyconduc0onfromwarmsurfaces– Coolingbyseekingshadeorburrows,assumingerectposture,andnocturnalhabits
• Physiologicalregula0on– Pan0ng
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• NervousandSensoryFunc0ons– Brainsimilartoothervertebrates– Sensoryfunc0ons• Vision
– Dominantsense– Eyesfocusbylensmovement(snakes)orchanginglensshape(otherrep0les)
– Upperandlowereyelidsandnic0ta0ngmembrane• Median(parietaleye)
– Outgrowthofroofofforebrain• Hearing
– Airborneandsubstratebornevibra0ons
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• Olfac0on– Jacobson’s(vomeronasal)organs
» Diapsids,especiallysquamates
• Temperaturesense– Pitorgans
» Pitvipers• Magne0csense
– Seaturtles
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• Excre0onandosmoregula0on– Metanephrickidneys– Uricacid– Waterconservingbehaviors• Nocturnalhabits• Avoidanceofhightemperaturesbyburrowing
– Waterstorage• Lympha0cspaces• Urinarybladder
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• Reproduc0onanddevelopment– Internalfer0liza0onandamnio0ceggmakesdevelopmentapartfromexternalwatersourcespossible
– Courtshipbehaviorscommon– EggsusuallydevelopunaWendedbyaparent• Americanalligatorandafewothersareexcep0ons
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Figure20.15Rep0leeggsandyoung.
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Figure20.16Parentalcareinrep0les.
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