chp 4 gender studies lecture 6 india gender policy - class ppt
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8/3/2019 Chp 4 Gender Studies Lecture 6 India Gender Policy - Class Ppt
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Symbiosis School of Economics Symbiosis School of Economics
304 # Economics of Social Science304 # Economics of Social Science
Chapter 4 (b) # Gender Studies: PolicyChapter 4 (b) # Gender Studies: PolicyImplications for IndiaImplications for India
Lecture # 6: 03 September 2010Lecture # 6: 03 September 2010
Shirin M TejaniShirin M Tejani
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I
ntroduction48 percent of the population in India is
female & their ³inclusive development´ is
often talked about in developmentdiscourses. In order to understand the
gender-inclusive policies of India & their
implications, we will first understand
their socio-economic condition through
some key statistics.
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De
mographicsAs per Census 2001:
Total Population of Women =49.6 crores
= 48.26 % of total population.
Of these, 36.09 crores live in
rural India
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S ex
RatioSex ratio is ratio of males to
females. It represents number of
males per females.
According to Census of India, there
are 933 females per 1,000 males;down from 946 in 1951.
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L
it e
racy
Female literacy is
53.7 percent (All-
India)
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W
ork Participation Rat e
s ( W
PR)
WPR is the number of individuals who
are working, willing to work, or are
actively looking for work.
As per Census 2001, WPR is:
Females = 25.7 %Males = 51.9 %
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M
or e
on F e
mal e
W
ork
1414..6868 % = Main Work % = Main Work
1010..9595 %= Marginal Workers%= Marginal Workers7474..33 % = non% = non--workersworkers
(Census(Census 20012001))
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According to NSSO 2004-05
Share of women in wage
employment in non-
agricultural sector:
2004-05 = 20.23 %1999-00 = 16.00 %
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Dispariti e s in A gricultural W ag e s(Rs per M an day)
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C entral government Employee s
According to the CensusAccording to the Census
2.92 lakh women work with the2.92 lakh women work with theCentral Government.Central Government.
This is only 7.53 % of total CentralThis is only 7.53 % of total CentralGovernment EmployeesGovernment Employees
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National Parliament
As on January 2007,As on January 2007,
women members werewomen members wereonly 9.07 percent of theonly 9.07 percent of the
National ParliamentNational Parliament
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W omen Participation in Panchayati Raj I nstitutions (2005)
District Panchayats = 41%Intermediate Panchayats =
43%Village Panchayats = 40%
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H ousehold
According to the CensusAccording to the Census
((20012001)) 1010..3535 % of households are% of households arefemalefemale--headedheaded
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M arriag e
Of recently married women:
44 % were married by age 18years
29.3 % were married by age 21
years
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T otal F ertility Rat e ( T FR) TheAverage number of children
that would be born to a woman
over her lifetime
1998-99 2005-06
2.85 2.68
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M at ernal M ortality
Maternal Mortality is death of aMaternal Mortality is death of a
woman during of shortly after awoman during of shortly after a
pregnancy.pregnancy.
InIn 20012001--0303 == 301301
The highest percent were in the ageThe highest percent were in the age
group of group of 2020--2424 ((2929 percent)percent)
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Among ever marri ed ag e group of
15-49 years
Women Men
Who have heard of AIDS 57.00% 80.00%
34.70% 68.10%
Who know that
consistent use of condoms
reduce the chances of
getting HIV/ AIDS
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M or e H ousehold Decisions...
52.5% of currently52.5% of currently
married womenmarried womenparticipate inparticipate in
household decisionshousehold decisions
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And H ousehold Probl ems...
In 2005-06, it was
reported that 37.2 % of women in the country
have experiences spousalviolence
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C rime s
Among the crimes
committed against women,the crimes of torture and
molestation together
constitute 60.53 percent
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Accid ental Death
In 2006, of allIn 2006, of all
accidental death cases,accidental death cases,23.35 % of victims were23.35 % of victims were
womenwomen
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Suicid e s
In 2006, 35.91 percent of total
suicides were committed by
women
The age group of highest
suicides among women was 15-
29 (45.88%)
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C onstitutional Provisions for W omenin I ndia
1) The right to equality (Article 14, 16) 2)To secure all citizens men and women equally the
right to means of livelihood [Article 39(a)]
3)Right to life (Article 21) 4)Right to equality and equal protection before the law
(Article 15) 5)Provides for discrimination in favour of women
[Article 15 (3)]6)To make provision for ensuring just and humane
conditions of work and maternity relief (Article 42) 7)To renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of
women [A
rticle 51(A
) (e)].
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Le gal Prot ection for W omen in I ndia ± Dowry, M arriag e and Divorce
Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961
Foreign Marriage Act, 1969
Special Marriage Act, 1954
Christian Marriage Act, 1872
Hindu Marriage Act, 1955
Indian Divorce Act, 1869
Converts¶ Marriage Dissolution Act,1866
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act,
2006
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Le gal Prot ection for W omen in I ndia ± Property
Indian Succession Act, 1925Indian Succession Act, 1925
Married Women¶s PropertyMarried Women¶s PropertyAct, 1874Act, 1874
Hindu Succession Act, 1956Hindu Succession Act, 1956
Muslim Personal LawMuslim Personal Law
(Shariat) Application Act,(Shariat) Application Act,
19371937
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 1
Creating an environment
through positive economic
and social policies for full
development of women toenable them to realize
their full potential
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 2
The de-jure and de-facto
enjoyment of all humanrights and fundamental
freedom by women on equal
basis with men in all spheres
± political, economic, social,
cultural and civil.
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 3
Equal access toEqual access to
participation and decisionparticipation and decision
making of women inmaking of women in
social, political andsocial, political andeconomic life of the nationeconomic life of the nation
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 4
Equal access to women to healthEqual access to women to health
care, quality education at allcare, quality education at alllevels, career and vocationallevels, career and vocational
guidance, employment, equalguidance, employment, equal
remuneration, occupationalremuneration, occupationalhealth and safety, social securityhealth and safety, social security
and public office etc.and public office etc.
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 5
Strengthening legalStrengthening legal
systems aimed atsystems aimed at
elimination of all formselimination of all forms
of discriminationof discriminationagainst women.against women.
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 6
Changing societal
attitudes and communitypractices by active
participation andinvolvement of both men
and women.
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 7
Mainstreaming aMainstreaming a
gender perspective ingender perspective in
the developmentthe development
process.process.
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 8
Elimination of Elimination of
discrimination and alldiscrimination and all
forms of violenceforms of violence
against women and theagainst women and thegirl childgirl child
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National Policy for Empowerment of W omen, 2001 - 9
Building and
strengtheningpartnerships with civil
society, particularlywomen¶s organizations
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I nt ernational T r eati e s
India has also ratified a number of
international treaties for the
development of women, the mostimportant of which is the United
Nation's Convention on the
Elimination of DiscriminationAgainst Women (CEDAW)
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C E D AW Recommends
Reform for personal laws,
communal violence, childmarriage, child labour and
female infanticide
Ensure rural women benefit
from the NREGA
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National Rural Employment Guarant ee Act (NREG A )
Rural, wage work, 100
days at minimum wage;one third to be women
Range of participation 6% to over 80 %
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Shortcomings of NREG A
No creches in most places, despite
the stated intentions of the Act.In the absence of well functioning
crèches or other institutional
solution, families seek privatesolutions, which at times means that
older girls stay home.
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Re f er ence s
Ministry of Women and Child 2007,
A H andbook of Statistical I ndicatorson I ndian W omen 2007 , available
at http://wcd.nic.in/stat.pdf ,
accessed on 02S
eptember 2010