chris de neubourg professor of public policy analysis and management
TRANSCRIPT
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Chris de NeubourgProfessor of Public Policy Analysis and Management
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An introductory example
2005
Ministry Social Affairs reformed Social Assistance in The Netherlands
Social Assistance (Bijstand) = cash benefits for the poor guaranteeing a minimum income to all residents
Devolution (= decentralisation of [part of] the financing and the implementation)
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Governance
• Many definitions, many ways to describe/analyse its elements
• For this presentation focus on 2 elements
• TRANSPARENCY
• ACCOUNTABILITY
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TranparencyTranparencyClarity in policy decision making
Clarity in policy design
Clarity in policy process
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Transparency in Policy Design
• Policy Objectives
• Policy Instruments
• Policy Results– Expected results– Risks (an their impact on the expected results)– Analysis of the unintended consequences
• Financing– How much– Paid by whom– (unfunded) mandates
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan
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Transparency in Policy Process
• Decision makers and consultations
• Who are the actors – single actor – multiple actors (governance)
• Their roles and weights
• Consultations• Who is listened to formally and informally (voters,
beneficiaries, interest groups, private interests, NGO’s, parliament, commissions, …)
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AccountabilityAccountability Amenibility (giving and account)
In political terms
In technical terms
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Accountability in political context
Formal accountability – Regulations for (semi) public sector institutions– Regulations for private sector institutions– Oversight procedures– Accounting rules– Control rules (of processes, of adequacy of control
mechanisms – e.g. IT, internal – external)
•Informal accountability – Accountability to voters (all voters?) to beneficiaries (also
non-beneficiaries?), to sponsors (taxpayers? International sponsors?)
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Accountability in technical terms
• Monitoring– Is policy implemented according to formal processes ?– Is policy implemented according to the procedures ?– Are the direct results attained ?
• Evaluation– Are the objectives met ?– Is the financing secured over the longer term ?– Unintended and unforeseen consequences ?– Incentives and adverse (perverse) incentives ?– Impact evaluations
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(Public) Policy Analysis (Public) Policy Analysis
Policy Design
Monitoring and Evaluation
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• Too many aspect in the policy analysis process to be discussed today (MSc. in Public Policy)
• Focus: illustrating how getting the diagnostics accurate = contributing to better governance
• Getting the diagnostics as accurate as possible helps in many steps of POLICY DESIGN and in M&E
• But one preliminary remark
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All elements in Policy Design are important
• Policy Objectives
• Policy Instruments
• Policy Results– Expected results– Risks (an their impact on the expected results)– Analysis of the unintended consequences
• Financing– How much– Paid by whom– (unfunded) mandates
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan
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Getting the diagnostics accurate helps in all the elements of Policy Design
• Policy Objectives
• Policy Instruments
• Policy Results– Expected results– Risks (an their impact on the expected results)– Analysis of the unintended consequences
• Financing– How much– Paid by whom– (unfunded) mandates
• Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plan
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An example on children
• UNICEF and many (if not all) governments think that it is important to improve the situation of children
• In order to improve the situation of children we need to know the situation of children at the start of our policy design process
• Situation Analysis is made by UNICEF in all programme countries (SitAN)
• A tool to describe the situation of children in a country
• MODA (Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis)
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MODA Ultimate Objectives
• Identifying, locating and profiling poor and deprived individuals/children
• Understanding why individuals/children are- and remain poor and under what conditions poverty is reproduced over the generation
• Multidimensional poverty research = relatively new tool
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Poverty and deprivation
• Child is poor when he/she lives in a household with not enough financial means
• Child is deprived when he/she lacks things that are needed for its development (clean water, adequate sanitation, schooling, health services, …)
• They overlap but are not the same
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Overlap between monetary poverty and deprivation among children below the age of five in Dominican Republic (DHS, 2007)
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The single framework: MODAMultiple Overlapping Deprivation
AnalysisEncompassing:-Single indicator analysis-Single dimension analysis-Multidimensional deprivation counting-Multidimensional overlap analysis-Multidimensional poverty indices and their decomposition-Profiling in single deprivation and dimension analysis-Profiling in multidimensional overlap analysis
-Focussed on children in current application but applicable to adults-Possible thanks to abundant availability of data
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Figure 2 – Life-cycle stages and dimensions used for the CC-MODA analysis
Application: deprivations: dimensions and indicators
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EU-MODA: Dimensions of deprivation
Age 17-18: no data for BE, CZ, DK, FI, IS, NL, NO, SE, SI, UK due to high incidence of missing values
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• www.unicef-irc.org/MODA
• www.devinfolive.info/eumoda/index.php
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Single deprivation analysisFrance 0 – 4 years
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Deprivation distribution among children under the age of five in Ethiopia (DHS, 2011)
Multidimensional analysis: COUNTING
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Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Tunisia
Multidimensional analysis: OVERLAP 1
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Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Ethiopia
Multidimensional analysis: OVERLAP 2
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Deprivation distribution among children under the age of five living in urban areas, depending on the relative wealth of their households (Ethiopia, DHS,
2011)
Profiling 1
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Deprivation overlap of nutrition, health and water dimensions for children <5 in Ethiopia
Profiling 2
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Concluding
• New available data in many areas of (public) policy • New statistical and IT options and technologies
• It is possible make better diagnoses (Situation Analyses)
• Better diagnoses lead to more transparency and accountability and thus to better governance
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Better diagnoses lead to more transparency and accountability and thus to better governance
• Transparency in policy design (objectives, instruments, results and financing)
• Transparency in policy process: provides a better basis for multi-actors to discuss, to consult
• Accountability: provides a better identification of the items to be held accountable for; facilitates the definition of formal and informal processes
• Accountability: defines the terms in which M&E should be undertaken
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