CHRISTIANITY & ISLAM UNDER ATTACK

Kagan, Ch. 24

Defended the idea of private property but also advocated for fair wage and treatment of the working class

Matching

The Life of Jesus, StraussLyell, DarwinFriedrich NietzscheWellhausen, Renan,

ArnoldSyllabus of Errors, Pope

Pius IXRerum Novarum, Pope

Leo XIIIFalloux Law of 1850Kulturkampf

Speaks out against liberalism, nationalism, socialism.

Education provided by the local priest – revoked during 3rd Republic by Ferry

Depict creation of the universe and even ideas of morality as simple part of a system of natural progression

Questioned the validity of Jesus as historical figure

Bismarck’s attempt to diminish the power and influence of the Catholic Church in Germany

Believed that Christianity glorified weakness and encouraged people to simply follow instead of lead

Maintained that the Bible simply reflected the time and culture of ancient Judaism .

Defended the idea of private property but also advocated for fair wage and treatment of the working class

Conflict between Church and State

Great Britain Education Act of 1879 Education Act of 1902

France, 1878-1905 Religion class out –

Civil Training in PM Waldreck-

Rousseau vs. religious orders

Separation of church and state

Germany – Bismarck’s Kulturkampf Federal states decide

the rights of churches Catholic Center Party

= threat to unity In Prussia – clergy

removed from education system

“May Laws”, 1873 Prussia tries to take over the Church

1876 no Catholic bishops left in Prussia

Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1878)Syllabus of Errors, 1864

8. As human reason is placed on a level with religion itself, so theological must be treated in the same manner as philosophical sciences. -- Allocution "Singulari quadam," Dec. 9, 1854.

12. The decrees of the Apostolic See and of the Roman congregations impede the true progress of science. -- Ibid.

20. The ecclesiastical power ought not to exercise its authority without the permission and assent of the civil government. -- Allocution "Meminit unusquisque," Sept. 30, 1861.

24. The Church has not the power of using force, nor has she any temporal power, direct or indirect. -- Apostolic

Letter "Ad Apostolicae," Aug. 22, 1851. 39. The State, as being the origin and

source of all rights, is endowed with a certain right not circumscribed by any limits. -- Allocution "Maxima quidem," June 9, 1862. http://www.ewtn.com/library/councils/v1.htm#6 see Chap 4

#6-9

Pope Leo XIII (r. 1878-1903)Rerum Novarum, 1891

It must not be supposed that the Church so concentrates her energies on caring for souls as to overlook things which pertain to mortal and earthly life. (#42)

The oppressed workers, above all, ought to be liberated from the savagery of greedy men…(#59)

http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13rerum.htm

Pope Pius X (r. 1903-1914)

condemnation of Catholic Modernism movement to bring Catholicism

in closer step with the modern ideas of philosophy, social science and history of 19th century 1. critical view of scriptures 2. find essence of Christian faith

in life and action 3. critical examination of the

historic origins of the Gospel and the early Church

Modernism = attempt to understand Christianity through academic disciplines developed since the Enlightenment

http://www.sofn.org.uk/printme/doctrine/catholic_modernism.html

Late 19th Century Perceptions of Islam

given same “modernist” treatment as Christianity Renan and Weber: Islam unable to modernize

intellectually Seen as racially inferior; economically backwards;

misogynistic Christian missionaries focus on bringing education and

health to Arab world Calls for Reform

Salafi: science + Islam = modernization w/o reliance on the West

Mahdist – purification of Islam necessary to redeem the faith (Sudan & Iran)

Sanussiya – Libyan brotherhood intent of reforming Islam Wahhabi – purify Islam on the influences of non-Islamic

cultures (Saudi Arabia)