chromatographic society of india · 2011. 1. 21. · fragrances-chemistry and industry” the...

CHROMATOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF INDIA

“ESSENTIAL OILS, FLAVOURS AND FRAGRANCES-CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRY”

The Symposium on

A COMMEMORATIVE SOUVENIR

RELEASED DURING

ConvenerDr. G. Ramakrishnan

Indian Institute of Technology-BombayPowai, Mumbai 400 076

Saturday, November 20, 2010

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Welcoming the Chief-Guest Prof. Devang Khakhar - Director, IIT- Bombay

and other dignitaries..... Dr. Soumyo Mukherji, Head, SAIF, IIT-Bombay

& Dr. G. Ramakrishnan, President, CSI and Symposium Convener

Inaugural Address for the Symposium & Awards Ceremony.....Prof. Devang Khakhar

Tributes to Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya.....Prof. H.H. Mathur - IIT-Bombay ( Retd)

Life Time Contribution Award conferred on Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya

Acceptance Speech by Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya

Tributes to Dr. Sukh Dev..... Dr J.S. Yadav - Director, IICT, Hyderabad

Life Time Contribution Award Conferred on Dr. Sukh Dev

Acceptance Speech by Dr. Sukh Dev

Inaugural Programme Inaugural Programme

Vote of thanks

Convener:Co-Conveners:

Committee Members:

G. Ramakrishnan (CSI)

Ramakant Harlalka, Nishant Aromatics S. Vijayalakshmi, IIT-Bombay

Soumyo Mukherji IIT-BombayA. K. Singh IIT-BombayNand Kishore IIT-BombayAvinash Kotiya IIT- BombayRothin Ganguly Vamshi ChemicalsDevraj Aiyar SGE Analytical ScienceDamodar V. Prabhu Wilson CollegeBishwajit Deb Godfrey-PhilipsPrakash Narayan S.H.KelkarAjit Datar ShimadzuSunil Waghmare United Phosphorous Zarine Bathena Bhavan’s College

Local Organizing CommitteeLocal Organizing Committee

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CSI is very pleased to conduct this symposium on “Essential Oils, Flavours and Fragrances-Chemistry and Industry” at IIT-Bombay, which has been one of the Pioneering Institutes in India that has contributed a lot to this area of research .Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry cut across almost all of the chemical industries and it has become very obvious that the industries cannot do much without the chromatography instruments and chromatographers. One such industry that has been very dependent particularly for Gas Chromatography and mass spectrometry has been Essential Oils, Flavours and Fragrances. This has led to lots of development in chromatographic techniques. It is noteworthy that scores of students have obtained their Post-graduate and Doctoral degrees in the areas of research related to this industry. With the demand for Fragrances and Flavours ever growing , it is obvious that the scientific advances in this area will increase along with the increase in commerce of this industry.

In this context, CSI felt that it is important to create a bridge between the Chemistry and Industry , thus the idea of having a symposium on “ Essential Oils, Flavours and Fragrances-Chemistry and Industry” was conceived. That was the time, when we thought about remembering and honoring two of our great stalwarts of Essential Oil chemistry , Dr.S.C. Bhattacharyya and Dr. Sukh Dev, who have spent more than a life time doing research and teaching the chemistry of Terpenes, the important constituents in Essential Oils. CSI is very proud to confer on these two icons of Organic Chemistry Research in India , “ Life Time Contribution Award” . CSI considers their achievements as a “Contribution” to our Education, Industry and Country. When this idea was discussed with some of the students of Dr. Bhattacharyya and Dr. Sukh Dev, we got much support and backing to go ahead with this program.

When this whole idea was presented to Dr. Soumyo Mukherji, Head of the Sophisticated Analytical Instruments Facility ( SAIF) at IIT-Bombay, he thought that it is a worthwhile programme and promised to give full support and got the necessary approvals from Prof. Devang Khakhar, Director, IIT-Bombay. From then on things moved quite fast and we started roping in the right people and resources for making this programme a success.. The search for the topics and speakers began and we are very pleased that we could formulate very quickly a good programme for the symposium. The speakers have been very enthusiastic and responsive in giving the co-operation that is needed to make this symposium a success.

Then it became important to get good sponsors for the event and in our first attempt itself companies such as Thermo Scientific, Perkin Elmer, Shimadzu and Symrise came forward.A few companies also came forward readily to exhibit their Product Literature and Applications Notes. As we came out with the idea of bringing out a Souvenir on this occasion to have a few technical articles on the subject, Tributes to Dr. Bhattacharyya and Dr. Sukh Dev, quite a few companies came forward to place their valuable advertisements in the souvenir, thus demonstrating big support for this programme. We are happy that many people from the industry, academia and Research Students have welcomed the idea of this symposium and attending the same today.

CSI wants to thank all its Sponsors and Supporters for making this Dream Come True.

About the Symposium

Convener

Dr. G. Ramakrishnan

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IIT B

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yOf fice : 2572 3488, 2576 7001

Res. : 2572 3738, 2576 8000

EPABX : 2572 2545, Extn.: 7001 (O), 8000 (R)

Fax : 91-22-2572 3546 (Direct), 2572 3480

E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

Indian Institute of Technology BombayPowai, Mumbai - 400 076, India

Devang V. Khakhar, Director

I am happy to know that Chromatographic Society of India, in ssociation with IIT-Bombay, is organizing a Symposium on “and Fragrances – Chemistry and Industry” on 20th November, 2010 at IIT-Bombay. I am sure, such a symposium will enable experts from different organizations/industry to exchange their ideas and get benefit from it.

I am also happy to note that two icons of the Terpene Chemistry, Education and Industry such as Dr.S.C.Bhattacharyya and Dr. Sukh Dev are being honored with “Lifetime Contribution Award” during this occasion.

I congratulate the Organizers for arranging this Symposium and my best wishes for making this event a grand success.

[DevangKhakhar]November 11, 2010

Essential Oils, Flavours

MESSAGE

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IIT B

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ba

yOf fice : 2576 7690

EPABX : 2572 2545, Extn.: 7690

Fax : 91-22-2572 3314

E-mail : [email protected]

[email protected]

Website : www.iitb.ac.in

Indian Institute of Technology BombayPowai, Mumbai - 400 076, India

I am glad to note that Chromatographic Society of India (CSI) has chosen Sophisticated Analytical Instrumentation Facility (SAIF), CRNTS, IIT Bombay to be a part of the one day symposium on “Essential oils, Fragrances and Flavours – Chemistry and Industry, which will be held at P.C.Saxena auditorium, IIT Bombay on 20th November 2010. I believe CSI is a strong platform for discussions on the recent advancements in this field, and SAIF plays a crucial role to provide sophisticated analytical instrument support to the researchers from universities, national laboratories and also industries all over India. SAIF at IIT Bombay was set up with the help of Department of Science and Technology (DST), about 34 years back. Ever since, SAIF is has provided high quality analytical services to researchers nationwide. Apart from this SAIF also conducts work shops, short term courses and also provides training to researchers on sophisticated instruments.

I am sure the technical and scientific program of the symposium would certainly give the delegates an opportunity for fruitful discussions and stimulating interactions.

Soumyo MukherjiNovember 11, 2010

MESSAGE

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Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya was born in a village called, Sylhet in East Bengal of undivided India. He obtained his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Dacca university and his second Ph.D. degree from Cambridge University. After working for a couple of years in a Pharmaceutical company in UK, Dr. Bhattacharyya returned to India to join Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. Later on, Dr. Bhattacharyya moved to National Chemical Laboratory (NCL), Pune, where he spent 15 years establishing one of the best world class research facilities in Essential Oils and Perfumery Chemicals. Though he held a senior position as the Assistant Director of NCL, his love for teaching and research brought him to IIT-Bombay as a Senior Professor in the Chemistry Department. He developed the Chemistry Department to be yet another world class facility and guided many students for their Masters and Doctoral degrees. During his stint at IIT-Bombay for 11 years, he held the positions such as “Head of the Department of Chemistry” and “Deputy Director”.He was later invited to take up the position of Director in the prestigious Bose Institute in Kolkata, where he served for 7 years. During this period, he was also the honorary visiting Professor at IIT-Bombay.

During his Research and Teaching career that spanned more than 40 years, Dr. Bhattacharyya has published more than 250 research papers in reputed journals including Nature, Tetrahedron, Journal of American Chemical Society ( JACS), etc. He has also obtained several National and International Patents. He has guided more than 90 Ph.D. students during this period and many of them have occupied important jobs both in India and abroad and some of them are still in active service in important academic and industry jobs.

Dr. Bhattacharyya has received several Awards and Distinctions and these include the coveted Shanti SwaroopBhatnagar Award, Fellow of theNational Science Academy and Indian Academy of Science, K G Naik Gold Medal, PC Ray Memorial Lectureship and Medal of Indian Chemical Society, BC Ray ICMR Award, TR Seshadri Medal of INSA, FICCI Award and the Platinum Jubilee Medal from IISc Bangalore as the Best Scientist produced by the Organic Chemistry Department.

Tribute to Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya.Tribute to Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya.

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WishesDr. S.C. Bhattacharyya

A Healthy & Prosperous long life

Dr. S. C. Bhattacharyya

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Photographs Taken During 50th Year Celebration of IIT-Bombay in 2008

the

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With best wishes and Compliments

TO

Dr. S.C. BhattacharyyaDr. S.C. Bhattacharyya

From

Students, Colleagues and Admirers

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Dr. Sukh Dev was born in Chakwal , presently in Pakistan, and obtained his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Punjab University, Lahore. He earned his Ph.D. and D.Sc. degrees from Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He served as a Research Associate and later as a Lecturer in IISc. Bangalore. He has also worked as a Research Associate at the University of Illinois , Urbana, USA. He joined National Chemical Laboratory ( NCL), Pune in 1960 as the Head of the Organic Chemistry Division. While he was in NCL, he was also a Visiting Professor at several US universities including, Stevens Institute of Technology, University of Georgia, University of Oklahoma, etc. In 1974, he moved to the newly created Malti-Chem Research Centre at Nandaseri, Vadodara. In 1988 he was awarded the coveted INSA ( S.N. Bose) Research Professorship at IIT-Delhi. Since 1993 he has been a Visiting Professor at the Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi.

During his Research and Teaching career spanning more than 40 years , Dr. Sukh Dev has carried out in depth investigations on Natural Products and Applied research which has contributed very significantly to our industries. He has used novel approaches to synthetic work as well as analytical separations. He has developed a few metal based catalysts ; he was one of the first to use Thin Layer Chromatography in India especially the use of Silver Nitrate along with Silica Gel for the first time in the world to achieve the separations of certain olefins. His research activities have resulted in more than 450 publications in leading national and International journals and more than 50 Patents. He has also authored/co-authored at least 10 books and has served in the Editorial Boards of Tetrahedron and Tetrahedron Letters. 92 students have obtained Ph.D. degrees under the guidance of Dr. Sukh Dev. Many of them have held senior positions in both academic and Industrial fields and retired, while some are still active in senior position both in academic and industry positions in India and abroad.

Dr. Sukh Dev has received several Awards and recognitions and the recent and most significant being the Coveted Padma Bhushan award he received in 2008 from our Honorable President of India Mrs. Pratibha Patil. The other awards include Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award, Acharya P.C. Ray Award of Indian Chemical Society, Ernest Guenther Award of American Chemical Society, FICCI Award for Technology and its interaction with Industry, Prof. T.R. Seshadri 70th Birthday Commemoration medal of Indian National Science Academy, Life Time Achievement Award in Chemistry from Chemical Research Society of India

Tribute to Dr. Sukh Dev.Tribute to Dr. Sukh Dev.

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WishesDr. Sukh Dev

A Healthy & Prosperous long life

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Down the Memory Lane

Down the Memory Lane

Receiving Padmabhushan in 2008

Student at IISc, Bangalore

80th Birthday with Prof. S. Swaminathan with Friends in Personal Library

with Nobel Laureate Dr. E. J. Corey

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TO

Dr. Sukh DevDr. Sukh Dev

From

Students, Colleagues and Admirers

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The anecdotes which are narrated below took place five decades back.

It was in December 1959 when the fifth and final cricket test was played between India and Australia. On December 20, Jasu Patel took 9 wickets for 69 and put India in a strong position. The fourth day ended with a promise of an exciting finish to the match. I decided to take an off the next day to listen to the running commentary. Dr.Godse from the Biochemistry Division told me that he will bring a transistor radio for listening to the running commentary so that I need not take a day off. Next morning the radio was kept secretly in the dark room, which was used for UV light for viewing thin layer chromatography plates.

All the members of our laboratory were at their working table at 9.00 am sharp. Professor Bhattacharyya came for his routine round of the lab and went to his office room. An hour later the laboratory was deserted. I took a precaution to ensure that no one saw me enter the dark room which was practically full. There was a lot of excitement as India was inching towards victory. After a couple of minutes there was a pain in my right shoulder. I realized that someone had parked his hand on my shoulder. I freed myself and looked sideways. Even in the darkness, I could see Professor standing next to me. He left the room and I followed him and entered his room preparing myself for a firing. Contrary to the expectation he greeted me with a smile and said “Let me know the score every half hour”. It was a pleasant assignment for me; which I carried out well.. Our bowlers exploited the turning pitch and India had won the cricket match in India! That afternoon Professor SCB said “let us celebrate our victory. Such occasions are very seldom”. We had a gala party in the division. All of us saw a new facet of his personality.On another occasion, one fine morning in the first quarter of 1960, Professor announced: 'I am planning a large scale chromatography of Costus Root Oil and need 6 volunteers who are willing to work in shifts. The work will last for few days and in 3 shifts. Since a very large volume of solvents are to be used, utmost safety precautions are to be taken'. Though not a member of the Costus team, I volunteered. All arrangements for food and accommodation were made by Professor at his residence. For those lucky working in the second shift, the home cooked dinner was brought by Professor and Mrs. Bhattacharyya. The chromatography column was specially fabricated. The charge of the Costus Root Oil was 5 Kg. and alumina as adsorbent was 100 Kg.. Each fraction of the eluent was 2.5 liters. The solvent was removed at 38-42 degree Celsius. It took almost one week to complete the separation. Several constituents of the oil were obtained in large quantities and in pure form. Several hundred Gms. of the thermo labile sesquiterpene Costunolide, was isolated. Perhaps no one had isolated this substance in such large quantities before. It was a great experience for me and the other team members. It was a live demonstration of successful team work.

The years 1958-1964 were the golden years of my life. I consider myself very lucky to be a student of Professor Bhattacharyya who not only changed my life but also the lives of several others.

Today, I am happy that Chromatographic Society of India is felicitating two stalwarts of organic chemistry. Though, I was never a direct student of Professor Sukh Dev, I learnt a lot through his publications and consider him to be my Guru as well. I wish them good health and happiness in the coming years.

Memories from the IIT-B Laboratory (Dr. S.K. Paknikar, Former Student of Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya

and Ex-Vice Chancellor of Goa University)

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My Malti-Chem days may be my past but the glory and achieved wisdom of my nostalgia is still very well alive ticking and pulsating inside me catalyzing my every day personal life and corporate commitments. It is truly beyond words to express the refinements of life's values and self realized attributes of wisdom in chemistry that changed my early life purely with my association with Professor Sukh Dev, “The Scientist with Sixth Sense”. You'll realize what I meant above in the next few minutes when I speak out how his mentorship, teachings and training engineered my life today.

A true mentor is the lead champion for every youth. Every success story will have a mentor behind it to a certain magnitude. One of the most valuable assets one's career can have is a good mentorship. One of the key as well as unique mentorship values I received during my days with Dr. Sukh Dev was the freedom of thinking. He believed in not to tell people how to do things step-by-step instead in telling them what to do and they will surprise you with their ingenuity. Though Professor Sukh Dev has always been a man with few words, I always cherish his superlative teaching caliber. To me, a mediocre teacher tells, a good teacher explains, a superior teacher demonstrates and a great teacher inspires. He undoubtedly remained behind us with the latter.

Dr. Sukh Dev's students know well that the first meeting with him to gain his willingness to take you as one of his student is the one of the most anxious moments. The uncertainty or ambiguity of his acceptance or rejection trembles through your nerves. When one walks into his office he raises his eye-lid through the thick eye-glass and looks at you. That look itself is enough to drain the last drop of the remaining confidence. It was during one of the summer days in 1984, that I walked into his room and I still remember his first question. “Why do you want to do Ph.D. with me?” While asking me the question he returned his attention to the book he was reading. I knew whatever the next word that comes out of me, will be determining my destiny! So I controlled that spilling word and maintained silence. It was pitch silence for few seconds. He raised his face and looked at me. My unconscious mind spoke involuntarily. “It will be my dream come true”. I still remember his reciprocating words. He lightly smiled and told me, “First say to yourself what you would be; and then do what you have to do”. That was the beginning or a new era of my “Malti-Chem Days” as his student.

Years passed and my Malti-Chem days were about to end. Dr. Sukh Dev's students also know the effect of the cool breeze that blaze them when they finish their thesis and 'Dr. Saab” invites the outgoing student for “Tea-chat” at his official residence. That is the time we get a chance to chat with him coming out of the nut-shell, over and beyond as a well trained warriors to explore and resolute unknowns and unmet tangents of chemistry world. That is the time he paints you with his expectations and how to demonstrate the world with the “Malti-Chem Difference”. I still cherish my ever memorable moments of that day. We sat around the small tea-table in well trimmed lawn and started our chat. We touched several topics. Our chat began at personal level and quickly took-off to the advances in world chemistry. Almost thirty minutes into our chat, I remember the chat turning into Ayurvedic medicines and its origin from natural products and

Carbon to Silicon-Memories of Dr. Harry Kochat ( Former Student of Dr. Sukh Dev)

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traditional the same time, I never realized my next question to him from my curiosity would become the true gateway to my career years later! It was my “time travel” from Carbon to Silicon. I asked him a naive question (at least that was my thought!). I asked, “If we believe immensely on nature and human origin from nature having our body constitutes or built predominantly from basic elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen why the most common earth material silicon is absent in human body as well as in marketed therapeutic drugs taken up by human body? We treat human disorders using naturally occurring medicinal components and metals/ heavy metal impregnated or coordinated medicinal materials either as extracts or synthesized; why Silicon is uncommon in place of carbon skeleton in most of them? He looked at me. I still remember that look! I could read thousand meanings in that look. That look was from his sixth sense! The look followed with that light smile and he replied, “The world is good-natured with opportunities to those people who are meant to explore and discover”. Those words got imprinted in my heart. His words echoed back to me again and again. In order to discover new lands, one must be willing to lose sight of the shore in patience and wait for the opportunity to explore the new land in the next horizon. I excused myself that day with a silent promise. I will come back to my mentor with the right answer one day if the Almighty destined me for that.

Years passed. I have tasted time worth spent postdoctoral fellowships and pharmaceutical hands-on trainings and experiences in the United States but the urge to invent never diminished. When the right door and opportunity opened in front of me I decided to battle out to make my long awaited promise to come true. With the help of a highly challenged team of chemistry, computational and biology team, proudly I can say today, that I am fortunate to be a part of the invention of the very first clinically being proven novel “silicon containing anticancer agents”. “Cositecan” or corporately coded BNP1350 is presently undergoing concurrent Phase I/II/III Trials that has been designed as a globally recruited, randomized, multi-center, open label Phase III trial to prospectively evaluate the safety and efficacy in platinum-refractory or resistant advanced epithelial ovarian and separately in breast, non-small cell lung cancer patients and in pediatric brain. No major side-effects including alopecia (loss of hair) are reported so far. Patients are tolerating significantly prolonged (>7) cycles of treatments with progression free survival though statistical endpoint outcome is yet to be evaluated.

Years later, when I visited India recently, I met Dr. Sukh Dev and shared my key achievements since I left in 1988. Those few moments, I could read the answer very clearly from his look and that smile. I admit that I felt so humble in front of him when I looked at his eyes and that smile but feel so blessed to be the recipient of the courage, the wisdom and the vision he shed upon me to raise me to another horizon. I can only say from the depth of my heart, 'Dr. Sukh Dev, Thank you. Thank you very much”.

human treatment regimes. That was the time I realized how talkative he can be! At

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I was a Ph.D. student of Dr Sukh Dev during 1968-1972 at the Organic Chemistry (Natural Products) Division at the National Chemical Laboratory. Since this felicitation is organized by the Chromatographic society of India, I thought of sharing “How particular our teacher was” on the chromatographic techniques.

To start with the basic technique of “Thin Layer Chromatography” (TLC)- we all students would see and self audit our TLC plates before showing to Dr Sukh Dev. There will be a “quick scanning “ by our teacher in terms of the following

(1) Unlike the present day students /Researchers who have readymade TLCplates, we had to first get the right TLC grade silica gel-meaning there by topass the material through the right sieve mesh, mix with Merck grade Plasterof Paris and put the Winchester bottle on the roller mixer.

(2) The relevant paste is made and applied on the glass plates with groundededge (safety) with a uniform coating. Sir would view the plate from sides tosee the uniformity of the thickness.

(3) The plates are activated after drying for 3 hrs at 120⁰C and cooled in adesiccator). Each student is expected to maintain a stock of such TLC plates.

(4) The application of the sample is in line from 1 cm from the bottom of theplate and with the marking done exactly 10 cm from the spotted point toensure no further movement takes place.

(5) Spotting on the TLC plate is done with an angled capillary tube (cut with aquartz stone or sand paper). The spotting of the solution is to be not morethan 2 mm diameter circle. No holes are made on the TLC plate whilespotting. Sir will see the plate against light to see any such holes.

(6) The plate is developed in a chamber with standard dyes applied on bothsides. This ensures to see whether the development of the plate is uniform.He used to refer the term R dye instead of Rf .

(7) In today's context when people use only UV chamber to check the number ofspots- differ spray reagents were used like 1% vanillin in 50% phosphoricacid, Sulphuric acid (Detects most of the organic compounds), 2:4 DNP (todetect keto compounds) .

On the column chromatography front the instructions were:(1) Wash Alumina / silica gel to the neutral conditions after ensuring the right

particle size.(2) Dry and activate at the required temperature to make Grade I.(3) Add required quantity of water to make Grade II A.(4) Check the quality of II A grade by using mixtures of standard dye.(5) Such quality checked Silica gel used for the chromatography of “Natural

product Extracts”.

These basics and other techniques which Dr Sukh Dev has taught us have brought me in a long way in my career for which I am ever indebted.

My student life with Dr Sukh Dev-Memories of Dr. M.C. Sriraman

(Former Student of Dr. Sukh Dev)

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Chromatographic Society of India was founded in the year 2000 at Chennai by a few people interested to propagate the education of Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. It is nice to see that CSI is has grown to be 10 years old . During the last 10 years, the focus was more on arranging Capillary Gas Chromatography courses approved by American Chemical Society and so also the HPLC courses. These courses were held by very experienced people such as Dr. Stuart Cram and Dr. Lee Polite from the United States of America. The trainings over the years were held at Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Bangalore and Hyderabad. There have been visits of experts in HPLC such as Dr. John Dolan and in mass spectrometry such as Dr. Graham Cooks. More than 1000 participants have taken advantage of the trainings so far and it is desired that such training on GC, HPLC, Mass spectrometry, etc. continue in the coming years as the demand for training by interested candidates is growing.

In the next 10 years, CSI will have a few objectives that will help its members and other people who are interested to get some information regarding the Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry subject related matters. One of the objectives will be to create a knowledge based website that should contain the basic lessons of various chromatographic techniques, the applications of various techniques to different industrial applications, a facility where people would be able to post some questions and those having the right answers can post it. The website should be also able to give the recent updates on the major techniques, new products that are introduced by various manufacturers, the sources where the different products can be obtained, etc. The manufacturers should be able to place their information of the products that they are making and the ways to contact them, the special promotions that they are running, the marketing programs such as seminars they are holding and the exhibitions that they are participating. The website also should aim at giving some of the preliminary information of various symposia and Trade shows in Chromatography and mass spectrometry happening around the world during the calendar year, so that those interested can log into the CSI website and plan their trips accordingly. The website should also serve as a media, where the members should be able to post their bio data for seeking a job opportunity and similarly where the employers can post their vacancies seeking applicants from the CSI members.

CSI is also planning to have an honorary faculty of selected people from different areas of expertise and from different regions and they should be able to take turns in going to different colleges, universities and research centers to give lectures on different topics to students and chemists. This will surely increase the awareness of those interested in various techniques. CSI also would like to collaborate with different public and private laboratories, where it can conduct some hands on training. The prime idea will be that the people who are interested in

About Chromatographic Society of India (CSI)

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courses in Chromatography and Mass spectrometry both theoretical and practical should be able to get these with the help of CSI.

The present Life membership of CSI is only around 100 and CSI wants to increase this to at least 2000 in the next 12 months if possible. With a meager Rs. 2000 for Life Membership , CSI hopes that many would like to join CSI and support in its activities. TheAnnual Membersship is open to only students, who pay Rs. 250 per year and we are hopeful that they will convert this to Life Membership by paying Rs. 2000 at a later stage. CSI also plans to rope in many Indians who have settled abroad as Life Members for only US$ 50 or Rs. 2000, whichever is convenient for them. CSI will be a linkage for their connectivity with the India Chromatography world . We would be able to offer them any specific information that they may need and will also connect them with people in the industry for communication and also help them to visit the different industries and research centers during their visits to India. CSI would also like to play host to some of the visiting experts to arrange their lectures wherever possible during their visit and invite the leading scientists of the world to India to give seminars in various locations.

CSI is also interested in conducting symposia in different domains and possibly in different cities and bring in the best people from India and abroad. CSI is interested to bring in Electronic E-Newsletter periodically and this has been christened as , ChromSoc ( India) Bulletin. This is targeted to be once every quarter and this newsletter should contain the technological advances, the updates on the chromatography industry, the forthcoming Events, the new products and applications , etc. CSI is also collaborating with ChromSoc, which is the Chromatography Society of UK and would like to bring the Pharmaceutical Bioanalysis (PBA 2012) to India in a big way. 3 years back PBA was held in Agra and CSI played as a partial host, but in the 2012 symposium, CSI wants to play a key role as the host. CSI also wants to conduct one day symposia in the field of Drug Discovery, Food and Beverages, Petroleum Petrochemicals, etc.

The ideas can be endless and there is plenty that can be done in the chromatography fields as it is like an axle that goes across almost all chemical industries and there are lakhs of practicing chemists , who are involved with chromatography in one way or other on a daily basis. We are hopeful that CSI will be able to make an impact with the student community , chromatography professionals and the industry it serves. CSI would like to encourage all those interested in Chromatography and Chromatography business to become Life Members of CSI.

Dr. G. Ramakrishnan President

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219 Mastermind I, Royal Palms Aarey Milk Colony, Goregaon (East) Mumbai - 400 065.

Telefax : +91 22 2879 7522 [email protected] www.chromsocindia.org• •

Membership Application Form – Individual

(Registration Number: 671/2000 Chennai)

To,

The Secretary, Chromatographic Society of India (CSI)

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Technical PresentationsChairperson: Dr. Sujata Bhat

Chairperson: Dr. Rothin Ganguly

Chairperson: Dr. Ajit Datar

Technical Session I 11:00 AM - 01:00 PM

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Mr. Ramakant HarlalkaRamakant Harlalka graduated from University Department of Chemical Technology (UDCT, presently the Deemed University called Institute of Chemical Technology) in Chemical Engineering. He focused himself in the field of essential oils and aroma chemicals and established several manufacturing units such as Nishant Aromatics. He is a keen promoter of science and technology of the Perfumery industry and is actively associated with CIMAP, FFDC, CDHPC, PFFAI, etc. He has presented several papers in symposia both in India and abroad.

Dr. Jitendra KelkarDr. Jitendra Kelkar, received his M. Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from University of Mumbai. He has had excellent working experience in all types of Chromatographic and Spectroscopic instruments and their application for more than 8 years in Gharda Chemicals and later with the Essential Oil company Messrs A.M. Todd as their QA Manager. In 2008, Dr. Kelkar joined the newly opened and well equipped Customer Support Center of Shimadzu as Deputy General Manager

Dr. Vincent PaulDr. Vincent Paul received his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from IISc, Bangalore and pursued Postdoctoral Research at Columbia University with Professor Gilbert Stork and later in Johns Hopkins University with Professor E.H. White. On his return to India he joined Hindustan Lever Limited, as a Research Scientist, where he remained for sixteen years and became the Head of the Organic Chemistry Division. After leaving HUL, he set up a consultancy firm, Dr. Paul & Associates, and founded Anthea Aromatics, which today is a leading manufacturer and exporter of specialty chemicals used in fragrances and flavours.

Vivek R. DholeDr. Vivek R. Dhole obtained his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from LIT, Nagpur. For more than 20 years he worked at the Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL) in Maharashtra. He took Voluntary retirement in 2001 while he was the Deputy Director and Head of the Chemistry and Instrumentation Division. He joined Chemito Technologies in Nashik in 2001 which was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific in 2008. He is presently working as Deputy General Manager in the areas of Applications and Technical Support. He has more than 85 papers and technical articles in National and International journals and has wide experience in the areas of chromatography and spectroscopy instruments.

Dr. G. S. RanadeDr. G.S. Ranade obtained his MS degree in Organic Chemistry from Pune University and he obtained his RMP (Registered Medical Practitioner) degree in Medical Herbalism He has more than 40 years of experience in the field of Fragrance and Flavours at senior positions. His experiences has been at senior positions in Unilever, Proctor & Gamble, BBK and IFF. His company. G.S.Ranade Associates. provides consultancy services to the Perfumery and Flavour industries.

2

SPEAKERS



Mr. Reno CerraMr. Reno Cerra is working as Business Development Manager with SGE Analytical Science Pty Ltd, Australia. He is an expert on the Gas Chromatography applications in different industries. He has visited India several times to give educational seminars to customers in various cities.

Dr. Sudhir D. MestriDr. Sudhir D. Mestri is a Doctorate in Food Technology from University Institute of Chemical Technology ( ICT) (Formerly UDCT). He is actively associated with Flavour and Fragrance Industry for the last 15 years. He has worked with various FMCG company's like Hindustan Lever Limited, Balsara Home Products Limited, Dabur India Limited and is currently working with Symrise Private Limited as Flavourist .

Dr. Sujatha JayaramanDr. Sujatha Jayaraman obtained her Ph.D. in Chemistry from IIT- Chennai, after which she did her Postdoctoral Research at the University of California, San Francisco , where she worked on the development of novel analytical techniques for Drug Discovery. She returned to India to join Hindustan Unilever R&D, where She is the Lead for the Measurement and Analytical Sciences.

V. ShankarnarayanV. Shankarnarayan has over 25 years of experience in the perfumery industry and has worked in companies such as Bengal Chemicals, Reckitt & Coleman, Colgate-Palmolive, H&R Aromatics and Bush, Boake and Allen. Presently, he is working as a Senior Perfumer with IFF Limited India. His passion for Perfumery has led to the creation of several successful fragrances for various applications.

Dr. Padmaja S. Prabhu.Dr. Padmaja S. Prabu obtained her Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from University of Mumbai. She has extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry having worked in reputed organizations such as , Cipla, Sekhsaria Chemicals, Novartis, etc for more than six years. Presently she is working with Perkin Elmer, India as a Chromatography Applications Scientist, as a part of the Global Applications Team, for the past three years.

3

SPEAKERS



The growth of the Fragrances and Flavours industry in the last century was spearheaded by the big strides made by the consumer products industry. While the momentum of this growth in the U.S and Europe has reduced somewhat it is more than made up by the rapid growth registered in countries in Eastern Europe, South America, Middle East and Asia Pacific, especially India and China. Consumption of F&F products in 2009 was estimated to be around USD 20 billion worldwide. The recent financial crisis did not have a significant adverse effect on the F&F industry. However, increasing environmental concerns could adversely affect the future growth of this industry and this calls for effective measures to face this. A large number of common chemicals used routinely have found their place in the allergen list. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the job of a perfumer/flavourist today is a difficult one.

In the light of the facts outlined above, an effort will be made to analyse the Indian scene. The aroma chemicals industry in India has made impressive progress in recent years. Global capacities have been built in chemicals such as PTBCHA/OTBCHA, Dihydromyrcenol, Anisic Aldehyde, Iso E Super equivalents etc.Per Capita flavor/Fragrance consumption is pretty low at around Rs .25 and it would mean immense potential for this industry in India.

Important synthetic molecules which have made a lasting impact in the Industry will be covered. Trends for the future such as new chemistries, environmental concerns, increased regulation, cheaper and more effective solutions, application of green chemistry will be touched upon.

Fragrance Industry in India-An Insight into the Future.

Dr. Vincent Paul

Chairman, Anthea Aromatics

MIDC, Navi Mumbai-400 701



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India is basically an agricultural country and agro technology plays major role in India's economy. Due to the emphasis on urbanization and industrialization during the last couple of decades agro technology has taken a back seat.Of about US$ 15 billion (Rs. 70,000 crores) global turnover in Aroma trades India's share is about 10% (Rs. 7000 crores) consisting of aromatics chemicals, medicinal and aromatic extracts. Essential oils contribute Rs. 1500 crores towards this trade though the potential is very high.

Global production of Essential oils is of the order of 100.000 metric tones of which Indian Production is over 20,000 metric tons, Mint oils being the single largest contributor and other oils are minor.

With India's biodiversity and variety of climatic zones ,theoretically we could produce all the possible oils traded in the world. The scenario is to the contrary. The oils such as Lemon grass, Eucalyptus, Citronella, Vetivert and Sandal which were produced in large quantities few decades back are now scarce and expensive .

There are number of reasons for this situation. We have over 1500 R&D labs and over 15000 highly qualified Scientific community, over 1200 Brilliant and capable F&F industrialists and powerful Government agencies providing facilities . In spite of this Essential oil Industry's progress is almost stagnant.

I feel that the lack of co-ordination between R&D labs, Industryand government agencies is one of the main reason among others.

Challenges Facing Essential Oil Industry in India

Dr G S Ranade

Consulting Perfumer & Flavourist

G.S. Ranade & Associates, Mumbai



India is blessed with many positive factors, which enable it to stand at unique position in agriculture-based products. After achieving self-dependence on food front, now India is in a position, whereby it has become net exporter of agriculture based products. When it comes to Essential Oils, India has the potential to cultivate on a large scale the following essential oil yielding crops: Menthol mint, Carvone mint, Citronella, Lemongrass, Patchouli, Vetiver, Rose, Eucalyptus, Basiland Palamarosa, which contain innumerable chemical constituents, that have fragrance and flavour characteristics. The global turnover of Essential Oil Industry business is estimated to be around US$14 billion. In this, India's share is just about 10% even though potential is much more. There are 400,000 Aromatic and Medicinal plant species known in the literature. Of these about 2000 species come from nearly 60 botanical families of essential oils. Total production of essential oils in the world is over 100,000 tones in which India's share is estimated to be about 15%. This has not changed for quite sometime due to a variety of reasons.

The flavour industry emerged during mid-nineteen century to cater to the processed food-manufacturing units that grew during that time. The Flavour market is valued at about Rs. 1600/-million which is growing at a rate of 10% per annum. The flavour market in India still consists of predominantly the first generation or simple flavour, low priced and comprised of mostly natural ingredients. Import seems to constitute 40-50% of the total value. Indian consumers are expected to continue to seek value for money and the flavour market still needs to create high-value new generation products at affordable cost. This is a challenge to the creativity and innovation of the flavour segment.

The National laboratories have been able to develop strains of Cymbopoganand Ocimum species that are engineered to give high yield per acre with a higher degree of the desired component. This development shall enable India to make major breakthrough in many terpene chemicals. Over the last few decades terpene chemicals were being replaced by synthetic equivalent made with petrochemicals & turpentine as starting materials for aroma chemical synthesis. It is likely that the synthetics are bound to become scarce in this New Millennium. Therefore, the need of the hour is to ensure that we have extensive plantation on millions of acres of the above two species as intercrop with horticulture or on waste land which shall, not only improve the environment, but also increase the Green Economy by means of rural employment and generation of rural entrepreneurs.

The Nobel prize in 2004 to Mr. Richard Axel for his contribution towards Aroma Science for medicine proves, that future medicines will be based on Terpenes for which essential Oils are best source. This will open up avenues for the synthesis of Biodegradable and active Chiral compounds that are identical to the natural ingredients. The likely difficulties encountered here will allow the world to shift from Synthetic to natural through green Chemistry with green path. This development puts India in whole world in unique position as production base for natural essential oils are having a very strong base for long term sustain ability. Based on need of essential oils and their isolates (natural or

Growth Prospects of Essential Oil, Fragrance & Flavour Industry

Mr. Ramakant HarlalkaM.D. Sankhubaba International, Mumbai



thereby sighting urgent need for strategy planning of steady sustainable supply of natural essential oil & their natural isolates. In projected figures, prices may seem to be very low compared to the prevailing price for same oils in market. Here we have to take into consideration competition from synthetic materials, which are derived from turpentine, and petroleum feed stock like Isoprene. These materials are processed on very large scale so economy of scale favors final prices of this synthetic derived molecule at present compared to equivalent natural isolates. However we should take into consideration following factors for future, which can favor production of these isolates, derived from natural essential oils :

1. Prices of petroleum products are going up, so in future the prices of synthetics areexpected to rise further.

2. Prices of turpentine is going up gradually because of high cost of labor in producingcountries like China, Brazil & Indonesia

3. Recovery of turpentine oil from crude sulfate turpentine liquor also require a lot ofenergy which is derived from petroleum as fuel; the prices for these are rising in lastfew months

4. Conversion of petroleum feed stock and turpentine to above mentioned derivativesrequire use of lot of hazardous reactions, which lead to generation of many pollutantsas well as explosion hazards. Now with more emphasis world over on neat and cleantechnology this facility of production may find it difficult to produce derivatives likeGeraniol, Citronellol, Citral, Linalool at very low cost as they may have to spend lot ofmoney on pollution control and safety of operation.

5 .Essential oil processing in form of value added product to its isolates is done throughmulti-component fractional distillation. In last two decades more than adequatecapacity for it has been installed in producing as well as consuming areas within India.This capacity is many times more than total current production of essential oils makingthis capacity as spare. If production of essential oil is increased then this high capacityplants can be effectively and judiciously utilized without new investment. This canmake availability of value added isolate at very economic price enabling same tocompete with synthetic equivalents.

6. Utilization of byproduct from processing has made many essential oil economicallyviable. For example Sclareol from Clary sage spent biomass by solvent extraction, Cis-3hexenol from mint terpenes by steam distillation. Thus more utilization of byproductcan be looked into, so that final essential oils become economical. To illustrate uniqueposition of Indian consumer industry we can take here example of Patchouli oil which isbecoming very important oil for cultivation. Byproduct of Patchouli oil cultivation andextraction in form of twigs and spent leaf can fetch more than 60% of raw material costby Agarbatti Industry, thus making production of Patchouli economically viable. So infuture, India can even compete strongly with cultivating countries like Indonesia andChina, which are controlling maximum market share so far.

synthetic) on global scale, a planned projection is done;



7. Post harvest processing of essential oil bearing biomass involves steam distillation, where fuel cost is very important. Most of the units operating in mint belt are workingon spent biomass as fuel thus making cost of distillation per kg very economical. It canbe brought down even further if same equipment is used throughout year instead of 2-3 month at present. The labor cost of distillation can be reduced further if equipmentis utilized throughout year for other crop distillations (crop rotation) then the eventualaverage cost per kg will come down further making essential oil more economicallyviable. This will in turn also develop much needed employment. The plants chosen arecarefully and very strategically categorized under the segment of the HIGH PRIORITYRATINGS as they bear the important start up molecules for large scale production ofmany aromatic chemicals derived from the Natural Origin which is highly a sustainableroute of production in comparison with the purely synthetic route owing to the use ofchemicals right from the start up molecules. These natural derivatives also help inbuilding up overall eco-friendly industrial model whereby there is complete utilizationof the plant leading to a better energy efficient/ fuel efficient system where the naturalwaste can act as a part substitute for modern conventional fuel systems such as coal,diesel.

These crucial listed plants are the plants chosen for a dynamic discussion in order to excel and achieve the status of world leaders in production of essential oils with unmatched quality. These plants can be categorized according to their planting duration and with this systematic classification planting cycle and the intercropping of plants can be easily monitored.

1. Short-Term Crop : a) Duration: 3 to 4 Monthsb) Species: Ocimum

Ocimum species are well known for being a rich source of many naturally occurring essential oils, aroma chemicals that have a great value in perfumery and flavoring industry. In Indian sub – continent around 9 species of Ocimum are available having varied sets of predominant marker compounds thus making each species a unique one to develop.

2. Medium-Term Crop: a) Duration: 4 to 5 yearsb) Species: Cymbopogon

Cymbopogonis one of the most important essential oil yielding genera of the Poaceae. The genus comprises ~140 species that are widely distributed in semi-temperate to tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. Approximately 45 species have been reported to occur in India. The Cymbopogonspecies that produce volatile oils are called aromatic grasses. Different types of essential oils, such as palmarosa oil, lemongrass oil, citronella oil and ginger grass or rusa oil, are very popular in perfumery and have an ever increasing demand for the same as their oils house a galaxy of essential natural chemicals.

1. Lemongrass: Lemongrass is one of most important aromatic grass which can become a crop of future India based on experience among many aromatic crop. Reason for same is its application for derivatives like Vitamins which require basic molecule like Citral which is major component of this oil.



Lemongrass is well adapted to Indian conditions and supplements dairy industry. The ever increasing prices in the petrochemical industry have made it highly impossible to process citral from the synthetic route where the demand for citral is very high in the pharmaceutical industry which acts as an important precursor for the production of many vital molecules.

2. Palmarosa: Palmarosa or Rosha grass of family Poaceae and species cymbopogon, Is an important essential oil yielding aromatic grass. Earlier it used to be collected from the forests of central India by forest product traders but to establish a balance between continuously diminishing natural resource and ever increasing demands the cultivation has been resorted. Naturally occurring Palmarosa is of 2 types i.eMotia and sofia, of which variety Motia of commercial importance. Plamarosa is an important source for the production of geraniol which is an important compound not only for the perfumers but also for the flavourists to impart the rose flavour to their formulations. As noted earlier with the rise in turpentine prices it is of utmost importance to search for a high yielding variety with high geraniol content

3. Long Term Crop:a) Duration: Minimum 25 Yearsb) Species: Eucalyptus

1. Eucalyptus citrodora: Citrodora plant has tasted commercial success in only a few pockets that too in clusters of southern states of India predominantly Kerala, Tamil Naidu & Karnataka. The cultivation of citrodora is practically nil in the northern and central region which boasts of extremely fertile land owing to the suitable conditions for growth of majority of the aromatic plants. Eucalyptus citrodora is an extremely important plant as its oil on fractionating yields an important perfumery compound – Hydroxy citronella, Citronellol and citral to some extent. The large scale cultivation of eucalyptus is a feasible solution on controlling the competitive market with competitive price offering.

2.Eucalyptus hybrid is a multi – purpose tree yielding good pulp – wood, fuelwood and charcoal as result of which large scale plantations were raised in different state of India to meet the demand of pulpwood &fuelwood but not much attention has been paid to this species in respect to its oil. The distillation of oil is also highly economical as 95% of oil recovery occurs within 2.5 hrs. of distillation, thus making entire process energy saving and a greener way to process the oils.

Conclusion:The flavour & fragrance segments have experienced a great deal of restructuring during the past decade as a result of acquisitions, mergers, diversifications and joint-ventures. To compete with major exporters of the above essential oils-China, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Australia and India must reduce the cost of the cultivation and .processing and ensure high quality of the produce. It is also desired that the import of certain essential oil must be .substituted by self-sufficiency and buildup of export capacity in each such case. Indian industry also needs to perfect the use of appropriate technologies for fractionation of minor/trace components of high value from the bulk produced essential oils of low or medium sale value and transformation of low value components into high value aroma products. Thus by the above listed means India can play a pivotal role and be a torch bearer in producing the natural essential aromatic isolates having a greener sustainable base of production. The chemistry of essential oils fundamentally revolves around the basic building block of essential oils – the Terpenes, thus in order to achieve the significant success in green production of aroma chemicals, these wonder molecules must be studied in depth.



IntroductionEssential oils are fragrant essences of plants, usually volatile oils obtained from odoriferous, single species of plant. Most essential oils are primarily composed of terpenes and their oxygenated derivatives and are obtained by steam distillation or solvent extraction of different parts of the aromatic plants including the buds, flowers, leaves, seeds, roots, stems, bark, wood, and rhizomes etc. Chemical constituents of volatile oils can be divided into two broad classes: 1) terpene derivatives formed via acetate mevalonic acid pathway and 2) aromatic compounds formed via shikimic acid phenyl propanoid route (1).Essential oils are used in perfumery, aromatherapy, cosmetics, medicine, incense, household cleaning products, for flavoring food and drinks etc. Variations in climatic conditions, type of soil in which the plant was grown etc. will produce natural variations in the relative distribution of components in essential oils. For example, the same oil extracted from plants grown at different locations can manifest quantitative change in the oil composition (1,2). However, certain basic profile pertaining to relative composition or presence of certain key components can help the analyzer to determine the purity of the particular essential oil. Because of high price, many of these premium essential oils are adulterated or diluted or substituted with poorer quality natural oil or synthetic oils, alcohol, cedar oil, cheap turpenes and low density petroleum fractions. Determining such adulteration is of importance to the users and manufacturers of essential oils. For such reasons, the characterization of the oils achieved through chemical analysis with the help of analytical instruments such as GC or GC-MS is necessary for production as well as quality control laboratories

Characteristic constituents of some common essential oils:Essential oils are very complex; hundreds of components can be present and most of the components which confer aroma or flavor may be present only at ppm levels(1,2).Characteristic constituents of some common essential oils selected for analysis in the present work are given below:1) Cinnamone oil : Cinnamone oil is a volatile oil derived from the leaves and twig of Cinnamonum cassia Nees. The main constituent of the oil is cinnamic aldehyde. The other constituents are, citral, pinene, limonene, terpenes benzyl alcohol and eugenol etc. Cinnamone oil is used is used as a flavoring agent and also used as antiseptic and carminative (1).2) Citronella oil : Citronella oil is a volatile oil derived from the herb of Cybopogon winterianus Jowitt. The main constituent of the oil is Citronellal. The other constituents are, geraniol, citronellol, citronellol acetate, limonene, terpineol etc. The oil is used in perfumery and soap industry. It is also used as a mosquito repellant (1).3) Lemon grass oil : Lemon grass oil is a volatile oil derived from the herb of Cybopogon citratus DC. The main constituent of the oil is Citral. The other constituents are, pinene, limonene, terpenes benzyl alcohol, menthadiene and camphene etc. The oil is used in perfumery and soap industry.4) Peppermint oil : Peppermint oil is obtained from the fresh overground parts of the flowering plant of Mentha piperita Linne. The main constituents of the oil are menthol and menthone. The other constituents are, menthyl acetate, pinene, limonene, terpenes etc. The peppermint oil is used as flavoring agent, carminative, stimulant, counterirritant, and gastric stimulant. It is extensively used as a flavoring agent in pharmaceutical and other consumer products such as tooth paste, mouth washes, chewing gums, gargles, cough drops, candy, confectionary and perfume

Characterization and identification of Essential oil components by GC and GC-MS

Dr. Vivek R. Dhole.Dy. General Manager-Applications,

Thermo Fisher Scientific, Nashik



5) Eucalyptus oil : Eucalyptus oil is a volatile oil derived from thefresh leaves of : Eucalyptus globulus Labillardiere. The main constituent of the oil is Cineol (Eucalyptol). The other constituents are, cinnamaldehyde, pinene, limonene, terpinen, cymene etc. It is extensively used as a flavoring agent and in pharmaceutical preparations. It is used as antiseptic, diaphoretic and expectorant.6) Turpentine oil : Turpentine oil is obtained from the Pinus polustris Miller. The main constituent of the oil is Terpinene. The other constituents are, limonene, carene (or methodiene) and camphor etc. It is used as antiseptic, insecticide and solvent for shoe polish, furniture polish, paints and waxes.7) Methyl salicylate : Methyl salicylate is obtained from the Gaultheria pracumbens Linne. It is used in pharmaceutical preparations as a local irritant, antiseptic and anti rheumatic agent.8) Menthol : Menthol is obtained from the mint oils. Menthol is used as the anti pyretic, counter irritant, antiseptic and a stimulant. It is used in skin ointments.9) Camphor : Camphor is obtained from the Cinnamomum camphora Linne. Camphor consists of a saturated ketone. It is used as antipyretic and anti infective preparations for the skin. It is also used in plastics.10) Thymol : Thymol is a phenolic substance obtained from the thyme oil- Thymus vulgaris Linne. It is used as an antifungal and anti bacterial agent. It is typically employed in lotions creams and ointments.

Role of the Analytical Instruments :Capillary GC and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are the powerful analytical tools which are most popularly used as separation techniques in this field of essential oils and fragrances. Capillary GC as a starting point and further confirmation by Capillary Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) proves to be an efficient and precise method for qualitative as well as quantitative estimation for almost all combinations of components in suchcomplex mixtures of essential oils down to minute traces. Most commonly used capillary column for the analysis of essential oils is Polyethylene Glycol (PEG). Most of the components of essential oils are identified using capillary GC with Mass Detector. The data can be compared to an established profile or fingerprint for that particular essential oil to finally determine the purity of that oil. Certain key components which are valuable to the particular essential oil are often quantified using suitable standards to determine the quality or grade and the value of the Essential Oil.

Complex Essential oils such as Peppermint oil, Turpentine oil, Eucalyptus oil, Cinnamon oil, Citronella oil, Lemon grass oil, Thymol, Camphor, Menthol, and methyl salicylate. etc. are well analysed using GC-MS. Conventional analytical methods based on GC and GC/MS operate with 30-60m long columns. High chromatographic efficiencies are required to achieve baseline separation and quantitative determination of the important groups of components. Such methods generally require 30-60 minutes to perform an overall analytical cycle.

This article reports the applications of Capillary GC and GC-MS methods by using Thermo Scientific CERES 800 Plus Capillary GC and CERES 800 Plus -DSQ-II GC-MS which can operate with long capillary columns. The results demonstrate high performance in repeatability and accuracy as usually requested in this field. The real-world examples shown and the comparison with respective conventional analyses prove that reliability and unambiguous characterization in this type of complex samples can be achieved by GC-MS method. All of the important components of the essential oils analyzed were identified through GC/MS technique. The injections were performed using a manual injection technique. “Fingerprinting” of plant or food extracts can be valuable in quality control of products as well as in identification of adulterated commercial products. GC /FID can be a good starting point in this typical application field; however, sometimes unambiguous qualitative identification of some key components becomes extremely important. GC /MS with



electron impact ionization (EI) offers a powerful tool for separation and identification, with EI /MS library facility, which is much more efficient technique than GC-FID for such critical requirements. Analytical challenge is high in case of essential oils particularly for the identification of various isomers hence EI/MS library searches need to be complemented by retention time information in TIC chromatograms. Additional characterization can be also achieved by using a chiral column using the same GC-EI / MS technique (3) if analyzer wants to determine certain optical isomers of essential oil components.

ExperimentalGC ConfigurationFor this application, the CERES 800 Plus-DSQ-II GC-MS is configured with a SSL injector, The assembly allows the instrument to achieve heating rates up to 50 °C/min, and fast cooling times occur rapidly, as well, taking about five minutes to return to 50 °C from 450 °C at 22 0 C compared to about 4 minutes in conventional mode. The Chromcard software was used to acquire consecutive runs in EI modes for different essential oils. Retention times in TIC were also used for the characterization. To avoid overloading the GC column and the MS detector, the essential oils were diluted 50:1 in ethanol and then split 80:1 in the injector.

GC and MS ConditionsColumn: Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG), 60m x 0.32 mm ID x 1.0μm film,GC: Inject 0.2 μL, Split 80:1,He flow 0.5 mL / min, Column 45°C, 8 min hold, ramp to 230°C @ 8°C/min- hold 10 min.

oMS: 220 CInterface temperature: 200 0CScan Range EI: 30 - 300

Results and DiscussionGC chromatograms were achieved on capillary GC and TIC chromatograms and EI spectra were acquired on GC-MS for various essential oils such as Peppermint oil, Turpentine oil, Eucalyptus oil, Cinnamon oil, Citronella oil, Lemon grass oil, Thymol, Camphor, Menthol, and methyl salicylate in the present work.Figures 1 to 4 illustrate the GC and TIC Chromatograms and EI/MS spectras for representative essential oils, viz., Eucalyptus oil and citronella oil.

ConclusionsThe typical GC chromatograms acquired as preliminary analysis with GC and the combined use of TIC with EI/MS (with Library search facility) acquired with the help of Thermo Scientific CERES 800 Plus-DSQ-II GC-MS, provides enhanced capability in the identification and characterization of essential oil components.

References1) V.E.Tyler, L.R.Brady &J.E.Robbers, “Pharmacognosy”, Lea & Febiger (Publ.) Philadelphia, USA, (1976).2) “Characterization of Essential Oils by Gas chromatography in One Minute”,

Riccardo Facchetti, Andrea Cadoppi, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Milan, Italy, Appplication note No. 10024.



3) “Enantiomeric Composition of Essential Oils by Chiral GC/MS” Jessie C.Butler, Eric Phillips, and Meredith Conoley, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Austin, TX, USA,Appplication note No.10019.

Fig. 1 GC Chromatogram of Citronella Oil Fig. 2 GC Chromatogram of Eucalyptus Oil

Figure 3 - GC – MS: TIC Profile CITRONELLA OIL and EI Spectrum of R- Citronellal

Figure 4- GC – MS: TIC Profile EUCALPYTUS OIL and EI Spectrum of Eucalyptol



Essential oils are the aroma oils extracted from the plants. As these oils are natural extracts, they contain hundreds of components and each component plays vital role, even if present in very low concentration, in creation of overall bouquet of aroma that is characteristic of that plant. These oils are traditionally having applications in many areas like flavor in foods, perfume in religious ceremonies, fragrance in cosmetics, medicinal oil etc. In ancient days the quality of these oils were tested by experience and natural gift of smelling differentiation. Now a days, as technology has provided number of testing tools to characterize these oils, the modern world has started taking help of these tools for quality control purpose. Going ahead with increasing health consciousness and awareness, these industries started becoming more regularized and separate regulatory bodies were formed to control use of some chemicals and oils in Flavors, Fragrance and Blends. Among these bodies some are GRAS, IFRA, FDA etc. Among all the aroma compounds, natural essential oils are very difficult to have quality control checks as it involves a very complex matrix. Also number of parameters affect/change the quality of oil, such as geographic region, soil, climatic conditions, crop care, harvesting time, etc. In such cases selection of “STANDARD OIL” becomes challenging task. For this we need to carefully study the changes taking place in oil with these variables. Now lot of study has been done in these areas and still more to be done.

Due to presence of hundreds of components, composition of these oils is measured by Gas Chromatography using capillary column. In such case the selection of column becomes challenging task as single Polar or Non-polar column can not separate all components effectively. So many times chemists prefer to run the oil samples both on Polar as well as non polar columns. As in essential oils weight percentage measurement is not possible, most of chemists go along with area percentage measurement. The difference in response factor on different columns correlation becomes difficult. For such analysis Multidimensional Gas Chromatography provides a very good tool, which can give almost all components separated in one single GC run and even provides flexibility in use of different detectors at same time.

Multidimensional Gas Chromatography is technique where two Gas Chromatographs are in series with multi Dean Switching unit in between. This Dean Switch helps in taking the specified portion (Retention Time Window) from 1st chromatogram and send it to second Gas Chromatograph for further separation. Generally this technique is very useful when there is very complex matrix and single column can not separate all the peaks. Also when these co-eluting peaks are isomers or pesticides or allergen then the separation becomes very much important.

The oils of same quality generally have specific range of isomer ratios of specific components. E.g. In authentic Bergamot oil (Citrus bergamia) the (4R)-(-)-linalol is 100% predominant over (4S)-(+)-linalol while in authentic Fennel oil (Foeniculum vulgaris) the (4R)-(+)-a-phellandrene is 100% predominant over (4S)-(-)-a-phellandrene. In authentic Peppermint Oil(Mentha Piperita) the (+) A-Pinene and (-) A-Pinene are present in 1:1 ratio while in Arvensis they are in 2:1 ratio. Also these ratios can vary if origin of the oil is different. These isomers can be separated by using MDGC wherein second GC will have chiral column for isomer separation.

Use of Multidimensional Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Essential Oil

Dr. Jitendra KelkarDeputy General Manager, Shimadzu Analytical India Pvt. Ltd

Marol, Andheri, Mumbai 400059.



Also allergen or pesticide testing has become very much important for complying to international standards set by regulatory guidelines. These allergens many times co-elute with peak of interest and it becomes difficult to separate and even identify by using single GC. Here we can use MDGCMS wherein first GC will have Mid Polar column with FID as detector and second GC will have Polar column and MS as detector. So we can confirm as well as quantitate the concentration of allergen or pesticide. Multidimensional Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry is proven as excellent tool for testing authenticity of essential oils and separation of co-eluting components. MDGCMS is also very helpful tool for separation and identification of residual pesticides and allergen in complex matrix like essential oil.

Fig.1 Standby Mode

1st Detecor

Fig.2 Heart Cut Mode



IntroductionAn essential oil is a concentrated, hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils or aetherolea, or simply as the "oil of" the plant from which they were extracted, such as oil of clove. An oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent or essence, of the plant. They are used in perfumes, cosmetics, soap, for flavoring food and drinks, for scenting incense and other household cleaning products. Essential oils are generally extracted by distillation. Other processes include expression, or solvent extraction

The ability to use these oils for holistic medicine focus on utilizing unadulterated oils that are of the highest possible quality. The main purpose of testing essential oils is that it will assure consumers that the oil is truly capable of delivering cure to certain ailments, which the oil is known to address. On the other end, consumers will be able to gain confidence that such oil is safe for use on humans without causing harm or other complications. After all, use of essential oils in aroma therapy are considered safe and effective due to the use of natural substances that lack harmful synthetic chemicals.

Purity vs QualityTwo of the most basic concepts dealt whilst testing essential oils are purity and quality. Both these are related, so it gives an impression that they are same; however, they are not. Each one plays an important role in determining whether a specific essential oil is safe to use in aroma therapy or not.

The aroma therapists and chemists utilize various information to determine the quality of the essential oil. The factors that affect the quality of the oil are : quality of the botanical material collected, the variety of the material and the part the oil is extracted from, the conditions of the habitat of the plant, the farming practices followed for cultivation, the harvesting procedure, and the choice of extraction method.

As for the purity of the essential oil, aroma therapists are interested in finding out whether it contains adulterated substances that could turn the natural oil into a toxic substance. Several factors that can dilute the purity are, blending high grade oils with low grade ones, adding synthetic materials to enhance aroma, and blending it with synthetic oils.

Some common tests that can be performed to ensure the oil quality before it is released into the market for human use are, • Sensory Evaluation: Prior to conducting complicated and expansive tests on essential oils, this is one

of the most basic tests to perform. Visual examination can often discriminate superior oils from theinferior ones. Hence, always observe for on color, consistency, and appearance of the oil prior torelease in the market.

• Odor Evaluation: Each essential oils has a distinguished aroma, which are mainly responsible for thehealing benefits. A trained nose can easily identify whether the oil is pure or is syntheticallyproduced. Therefore, it would be beneficial to perform an odor test to evaluate whether the oil isadulterated or not.

The Role of Chromatography in Determining the Quality of –Essential Oils, Flavors and Fragrances

Dr. Padmaja Prabhu,PerkinElmer Life and Analytical Sciences,

Andheri (E), Mumbai 400 059



•chemical constituents found in the essential oil by analytical instrumentation like GC/MS or GC/FID.The quantitative aspect, on the other hand, determines the amount of individual constituents foundin the essential oil.

• Finally a patch test : Applying the oil on a sensitive part such as back of the ear, on the wrist, behindthe knee, or under the arm.

Importance of analysis Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is used extensively by the essential oil industry. Essential oils are complex natural products consisting of many components that span a wide concentration range. This complexity makes the analysis of essential oils challenging.To name a few, determining the flavor/fragrance components for chemical synthesis, what components make up this fragrance so that it can be synthesized for production, investigating amount of flavor/fragrance transferred to a product, investigating problems - “bad odors or bad flavors” in a product, investigating competitive products for flavors and fragrances used in them, determining the pesticide or herbicides residues etc.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis: The qualitative aspect of the test, aims to identify the

Gas ChromatographyGas chromatography is a popular method for testing the essential oils for safety, this technique is also known as Gas Liquid Chromatography. It is performed by identifying the chemical constituents found in the essential oil and measuring the amount of each of the components found in the oil.A representative sample is often taken from the bulk of essential oil sample, and then injected into the gas chromatograph. The volatile components are vaporized and separated on a column, which is the heart of the chromatograph.

Flame ionization detectorThe use of GC-FID is a very traditional in analyses of essential oils. It uses a hydrogen flame to ionize compounds for analysis. The components of the mixture that are separated on the column, are mixed with hydrogen gas and routed to the detector. The hydrogen mix supports a flame at the tip of a jet which ionizes the analyte molecules and are identified at the analog output. All the components containing carbon and hydrogen may be detected with this detector.

Mass SpectrometryThe components separated on the GC are identified and if necessary quantified using a mass spectrometer. The mass spectrometer ionizes those constituents of the oil and produces a fragmentation pattern based on mass-to-charge ratio of the components and their fragments. The components are identified based on the molecular weights.

Gas Chromatograph (Clarus600) with MS (Clarus 600 C) and autosampler



Sample introduction techniquesIntroducing the sample in the system could be done in a number of ways like, direct injection after dissolving or diluting with an appropriate solvent, injecting head space of a solution to determine volatiles in sample and thermal desorption for enrichment of components for trace analysis. The head space components can be further enriched by using head space traps, thus leading to better detection limits.

TurboMatrix Thermal Desorber TD

GC capillary inlet :Direct liquid injection

TurboMatrix headspace trap

Some examples of determination by GC-MS are,

Figure 1 Analyses of essential oils, using a 10m x 0.10mm x 0.10µm dfElite-5 column.

Bergamot oil

1. •-pinene2. sabinene3. ß-pinene4. ß-myrcene5. p-cymene 6. D-limonene 7. •-terpinene8. linalool9. linalyl acetate

Patchouli Oil

1. ß-patchoulene2. ß-elemene3. caryophyllene4. -guaiene5. seychellene6. •patchoulene7. guaiene8. •guaiene9. selinene10. patchouli alcohol

•



Compounds in Bar of Soap by Thermal Desorption

Compounds in Bar of Soap by Thermal Desorption

Compounds in Body Cream by Thermal Desorption

6.5 0 8.50 10.50 12. 50 14.50 16. 50 18.50 2 0.50 22.5 0 2 4.50 26.50 2 8.50 30.5 0 32 .50 34.50 T ime 0

10 0

%

Beer Fla vors H S _GC _MS Sc an E I+ T IC

2.95 e10 16.59; 70

6.0 4 46 12.02

43 11. 43 6 1

10.1 5 4 3

22.31 70 16.7 6

55

18 .17 43 19.26

43

30.3 3 88

2 6.01 88 22 .42

43 31.5 4

10 4 33.7 7 88

Pro py l acetate E th yl pro pan oate

Dim eth yl Sul fid e

D iacetyl

E th yl A cetate Isobut anol

Is op en tan al

Iso am yl alco ho l

2-M ethyl -1-b utano l

Iso bu ty l acetate Ethy l bu tyrate

Is oam y l acetate

2 -M eth ylbu ty l acetate

Ethy l h exan oate

L in aly lan th rani late

Ethy l o ctan oate

á-Phen eth yl acetate

M eth yl geran ate

Ethy l cap rin ate

S amp le S ize: 5 mL S amp le T e mp: 70 oC S amp le L oad: 1 cycle T rap L oad T emp :40oC D ry P ur ge: 6 min T rap H igh T emp : 300 oC N eed le Te mp: 160 oC T L ine T em p: 180 oC C olu mn Flow: 6 mL /min M ass Ran ge: 30 to 350 amu

Beer Flavors (Headspace Trap – GC/MS)



Flavors in Green Tea – HS-GC/MS

DiscussionBergapten is photo active ingredient in bergamot oil which promotes melanogenes is, so the oil produced should be free of bergapten. This method could be used for determining the variation in the volatile constituents of the oil.

The main volatile constituents of P. cablin and P. frutescens could be separated and identified. This method could be used to distinguish the origin of the patchouli oil among these two species. The fingerprint study of various soaps, body oils and perfumes could be done and the variability'sin their volatile constituents can be studied.

There is a beer for every occasion, lagers, ales, fruit beer, wheat beer etc. Professional tasters can identify 100 different flavors in beer. The resins and oils within hops are the chief flavouring agents for beer, giving the distinctive bitter taste. Different yeast strains produce different subtle flavours so brewers are very protective of their personal strains. The various chemical components responsible for off flavours in beer can be determined to retain the quality of the broth.

These techniques provide qualitative and quantitative information with high sensitivities, the peak purity algorithm enables analyst to easily recognize co-eluters. The volatile and the non volatile components of tea can be determined by these techniques.

The European Union (EU) regulates 26 flavor and fragrance allergens. Twenty-four of these allergens can be analysed by GC/MS. The suspected allergens in cosmetic products can be analysed by head space- gas chromatography- mass spectrometry.

The use of sample-introduction techniques such as HS and TD enable the analysis of raw materials in products that cannot be performed by extraction. This also prevents loss and solvent interferences associated with solvent extraction. These techniques require less maintenance as it prevents the matrix from entering in to the GC column. The components of interest could be easily concentrated to enhance detection. The detection limits could be further enhanced by using HS-Trap.Although GC-FID techniques provide a good starting point for the analysis, now a days GC-MS is extensively used for qualitative identification of the components. Essential oils are complex mixtures containing, monoterpenes, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes, sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes and diterpenenoids. GC/MS offers a wide spectral library for comparison making identification convenient. Identification can be further improved by comparing spectra's from flavor and fragrances library.



30



The perfumery Industry, since the beginning of 19th century was dominated by the by the exclusive use of naturals. Then the first batch of synthetic versions of flavours, such as Vanillin, Coumarin, Heliotropin, Nitromusks and other products, isolated from essential oils appeared on the scene.In the second phase the advancement in chemistry made available many synthetic aromatic chemicals for the perfumery use.

The third phase the fragrance houses started offering bulk chemicals synthesized from readily available natural products such alpha-pinene, beta-pinene as well as chemical intermediates obtained during the synthesis of Vitamin A. Fragrance materials from basic chemicals such as isoprene, isobutene were made available. This resulted in the availability of whole range of rose alcohol in abundant quantity.

Slowly the usage of Naturals started declining due to problems encountered in consistent supply, quality and price. This resulted in large scale use of synthetics.

As the amount of Naturals available is unlikely to increase, the synthetics will dominate the industry. Companies will continue to use naturals as models; however, the synthetic imitations and reconstitutions will rarely have the elegance and depth of the Naturals.

There is no doubt, that the future of perfumery will be assured by synthetics. Over and above this, the industry will have to keep in mind to satisfy the mass market.

Last but not the least the safety legislation and regulations will play major role in the progress of the industry.

Future of PerfumeryIndustry in India

V. Shankarnarayan

Senior Perfumer, IFF, Mumbai



What defines aroma?What defines food aroma? This question kept flavorists and food technologists occupied during the past few decades. It is known that aromatic foods release mixture of several different volatile chemicals and some of them contribute to aroma. Gas chromatography (GC) enabled the physical separation of these mixtures and subsequent quantification. By linking GC with mass spectrometer (GCMS), the molecules can be identified and this provides us a baffling long list of compounds. Of this list, which ones contribute to aroma? This is often done by sniffing the GC effluents and this technique is commonly referred to us GC-Olfactometry (GCO). A comprehensive aroma analysis includes all the above steps. In this article, we give a glimpse of most important GC applications in tea aroma analysis.

Tea Aroma – How important?Tea is one of the most widely consumed non-alcoholic beverages in the world, next to water. Tea is grown in more than 32 countries among which India is the largest producer. Fresh tea leaf of Camellia Sinensis plant is fired to produce green tea, semi-fermented to produce oolong tea and fully fermented to produce black tea. Aroma is one of the primary cue for consumer on tea quality and hence a very critical sensory attribute of tea. Fresh leaf is virtually odourless and the aroma components of tea leaf are largely produced as a result of biochemical or chemical reactions induced via injury to the leaf structure. The aroma of green tea is produced by pan firing or steaming the leaves immediately after plucking. The 'green' or 'fresh' aroma of green leaves arise from aliphatic c-6 aldehydes and alcohols formed from oxidative lipid degradation. In black tea, the characteristic aroma develops during the fermentation stage and black tea has higher concentration of aroma. Several classes of molecules are responsible for the aroma in black tea and until date more than 650 compounds are reported. It is interesting to observe that none of the individual volatile compounds identified in black tea aroma are distinctly 'tea-like'. It is probable that tea aroma is determined by a particular balance of several components. Consumers judge aroma of the leaf, that is released during preparation and drinking experience to form opinion on their likes and dislikes. The aroma content of the tea leaf plays a major role in deciding its cost. Hence analysis and characterization of aroma is critical for tea industry, not only for quality assessment but more importantly to generate scientific insights on their bio-generation and to tailor processes to control the composition and content. The advancements in GC, GCMS and GC olfactometry analytical techniques had been a break through for tea aroma research to identify the sensorially relevant molecules in tea. Aroma analysis in tea, involves total extraction or pre-concentration, chromatography separation, identification, determining the odour active value and quantification. In subsequent sections we shall discuss sample preparation techniques, qualitative and quantitative analysis, GC/GCMS/GCO applications for tea aroma characterization.

Sampling techniques for aroma analysisTea has 0.01% by weight or less of total aroma content. Hence sample pre-concentration techniques are needed for detection and quantification. Total extraction of aroma essence from

GC/GCO: Unlocking the Secrets of Tea AromaSujatha Jayaraman

Hindustan Unilever Limited - Bangalore



tea is traditionally done with steam distillation. The challenge is to extract all class of volatile molecules, minimize loss, no or low interference from non-volatiles in the matrix. Various distillation processes are developed to maximize efficiency in extraction. Simultaneous steam distillation and solvent extraction is carried out with micro Liken Nickerson distillation apparatus wherein one can achieve maximum extractability for low boilers. Solvent assisted flavour extraction (SAFE) distillation technique is used to obtain optimum extraction for high and low boiling compounds. In this technique, extraction is done under high vacuum and cold finger is used to condense the volatile components. Supercritical fluid extractions are also popular techniques but their use at analytical scale is limited. Several solid phase adsorption techniques are utilized for pre-concentration and they are used in a purge and trap fashion. Tenax is used commonly as a column material and the adsorbed components are desorbed using suitable organic solvents for direct GC injection. Alternatively thermal desorption technique with tenax columns can be used and are more preferred as all molecules can be effectively recovered. The other popular pre-concentration techniques are head space sampling in static or dynamic mode, solid phase micro extraction (SPME), thermal desorption, purge and trap accessories and cryo focusing techniques. These are extensively used due to higher efficacy, rapid, less interference from non-volatiles and minimum interventions give confidence on preserving the authenticity of the sample. The pre-concentration techniques are crucial for green tea due to low aroma concentrations.

Gas chromatography for quantitative analysisQuantitative analysis is carried out in tea leaf and infusions. Quantitative analysis is carried out when specific sensorially important molecules are to be monitored across tea samples of different origin, infusion protocols or process parameters. For example, few of the reported aroma molecules are hexanal, (R) (S) linalool, geraniol, phenyl acetaldehyde and -damascenone and to monitor these molecules as a function of seasonal variations, tea leaf vs infusion, quantification is performed. Quantification methodology will depend on the sample preparation technique. If solvent extraction technique is used, external calibration with standards is carried out to achieve quantification. HSGC or SPME are commonly used for quantification and to account for matrix effect, standard addition methodology is used for calibration. Head space analysis is suitable for black tea, black tea liquor but not sensitive for green tea due to low aroma content.

HSGC can be performed in static or dynamic mode. For quantification of specific molecules normally static mode is used. For static HSGC on black tea leaf, 1-3 gm of black tea leaf is taken in a HSGC vial typically of 22 ml volume and hydrated with 1-3 ml of water depending on the tea grade. If it is tea liquor, then 5-10 ml of infusion is taken. The vial is sealed and equilibrated at 60 to 95o C for 15 to 30 min. Then the head space is sampled and chromatography experiment is performed. The amount of sample, temperature and time for equilibrium are optimized to get good sensitivity and to minimize degradation.

The column typically used for rapid aroma analysis is a mid polar column (CPWAX) to obtain an optimum separation of molecules of differing polarities. FID is a commonly used detector for quantification. The quantification limit with HSGC in tea infusions for typical aroma compounds is 0.5-1 ppm. The advantages of this methodology are analysis of 100% of trap content, no waste and no solvent peak. The limitations are the possibility that equilibrium is disturbed during sampling and hence could cause error in quantification. For aroma quantification from tea leaf, the most preferred method is total extraction and then direct



For tea infusion, sensitivity and accuracy of quantification is improved through use of dynamic head space and SPME. With SPME quantification is done by standard addition technique and the quantification limit for aroma molecules are 0.5 – 3 ug/Kg. In SPME methodology, several fibers can be used but the most suitable one for tea aroma analysis is PDMS/DVB/Carboxen. SPME is an excellent tool to detect aroma from both black, green teas and brews. The key challenge in the use of SPME, is to carry out a detailed experimentation to evaluate the binding affinity, the adsorption capacity of the fiber and to optimize the temperature and time for pre-concentration for molecules of interest. Successful quantification methods are developed and used routinely to analyse 15-35 compounds at the same time. The adsorption and desorption parameters are to be optimized such that more than 99% of adsorbed molecules are desorbed in a single cycle. It is highly recommended to conduct a blank run with same fiber after every sample injection to avoid carry over. The advantages of this technique are ease of use, higher sensitivity, can be automated and can be used for different formats. The limitations are that there are possibilities that 100% is not desorbed, large variation in relative binding affinity of molecules to fiber, differing sensitivity range for molecules.

Gas Chromatography for qualitative finger printing The aim of finger printing is to detect as many molecules as possible with fast analysis, excellent resolution and sensitivity. Finger printing of aroma profiles are required when the quality and nature of aroma is to be monitored as a function of source, process, season and competition. Finger printing is carried out either with one universal GC column, multiple runs with different columns and detectors or using multi dimensional chromatography. When the need is to evaluate differences in low boiling and high boiling components, multiple GC runs have to be done. Cryofocus GC is the sampling choice to analyze molecules with low boiling points. Tea has sulphides, short chain fatty acids as few of many low boiling components and cryofocusing gives good sensitivity of detection. When the process conditions are changed to generate novel aromas through chemical or bio-chemical route, GCXGC is the choice to obtain better resolution and to detect new molecules including chiral compounds. For GCXGC the columns choices are based on high polarity vs low polarity or boiling point vs polarity. Fingerprinting with fast GC combined with statistical tools like principal component analysis are becoming routine analytical tools for tea research to monitor tea aroma quality. Apart from this, multiple detectors are also used for finger printing to enhance sensitivity of detection of compounds like pyrazine with NPD, sulphides with SPD and chloroderivatives with ECD.

Mass Spectroscopy for aroma analysisGCMS is an indispensible tool for aroma analysis of tea. HSGC or SPME sampling techniques are used for conducting GCMS experiments. Electron impact (EI) or Chemical Ionization (CI, isobutane) modes are the ionization modes routinely used. There are greater than 650 aroma molecules reported in tea and custom libraries built to facilitate rapid molecular identification. In multidimensional GC, TOF is used for rapid detection and quantification and is becoming a familiar tool in tea aroma research laboratories. To understand the release kinetics and transformation of aroma molecules in the mouth for in-vitro or in-vivo experiments, proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTRMS) is extensively used.



Sensory analysis with GC-O The most important component of aroma analysis of tea identifying the sensorially important molecules and GCO is an indispensible tool in this context. In GCO the GC effluents are sniffed by an expert panelist and odour description is given for each peak and odour activity value is determined. GCO is a simple modification wherein using a T joint, 50% of the effluents are directed towards a sniffing port consisting of a heated humidification chamber and the effluent comes out of a teflon cone for sniffing. The use of a venturi retains the resolution of the capillary columns. Normally sniffing booths are designed to do sniffing and these are equipped with voice recorders, additional monitors and microphone to synchronize with GC peaks. It is customary to ensure more than 6 different expert panelists provide sensory evaluation to avoid bias and to get accuracy. The traditional GC-O methodologies are Charm values (time intensity values) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) to obtain odour activity value of individual aroma molecules. Computerized olfactometric signals are obtained by using detection frequency method to obtain an aromogram thereby enabling quantification with GC-O. In tea, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone, (E)--damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3(2H)-furanone, methyl salicylate, geraniol and linalool are some of the identified compounds with the highest flavor dilution (FD) factors. This list can differ, depending on the source of tea.

Future ChallengesThe developments in sophisticated and ultrafast analytical techniques have advanced the scientific and mechanistic understanding of tea aroma and have enabled unraveling the key odour active molecules which gives tea its characteristic smell. The next generation research is focused towards in-vivo studies on aroma release in mouth, interaction with olfactory receptors and also getting a thorough understanding on mechanistic routes for bio-generation of aroma.

Key References1. Engelhardt H. U., Comprehensive Natural Products II, 2010, Chapter 3.23,

Pages 999-1032

2. Stephan, A; Bucking, M; Steinhart, H. Food Research International, 2009, 33, 199-209

3. Pollien, P. et al, J Agri Food Chem, 1997, 45, 2630-2637

4. Yamanishi, T; Kobayashi, A. In Flavor Chemistry: 30 Years of Progress; R. Teranishi, Ed.;Kluwer: New York, 1999; pp 135–145.

5. Guth, H; Grosch, W., Flavour Fragrance J. 1993, 8, 173–178.



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Essential oil is the volatile oil containing odoriferous elements of the plant produced by steam/hydro distillation of aromatic vegetable plant matter. Essential oils are valuable natural products used as raw materials in many fields like perfumes, flavours, cosmetics, aroma therapy, spices and nutrition. India with its rich bio and agro diversity is a fertile ground for the production of essential oils and their value added derivatives of these plants through organized cultivation and processing.

Essential oils are complex mixtures comprised of, in some cases, more than 250 single components and each of these constituents contribute to the beneficial or adverse effects of these essential oils therefore the intimate knowledge of essential oil composition is required for better applications. Essential oil composition depends on seasonal variation, time of harvesting and production techniques hence a detailed knowledge of the constituents of essential oils will lead to a proper use in perfume and flavour industry and such a detailed knowledge can only be obtained by carefully performed Capillary Gas Chromatography.

Gas Chromatography has been a key tool in analytical science to characterize the purity of important essential oils. The detection of mentha arvensis oil in mentha piperita oil can be easily carried out by resolving on capillary GC columns and checked for the level of neoisoisopulegol. Capillary gas chromatography on optically active modified cyclodextrin phases is a highly sensitive method for enantiomeric analysis of chiral volatile components in essential oils. The enantiomeric ratio of essential oil components is a reliable parameter to assess the quality because it may be indicative of adulteration, contamination, aging, shelf life, technological process and botanical source of the specific chiral compound.

Many oils have unique and unusual marker compounds which can be used as standards of authentication by running GC analysis. The GC techniques can be used to detect the presence of synthetic additive in essential oils from the impurities present in the synthetics. Gas Chromatography compliments the olfaction and helps in achieving high quality oils.

Detection & Identification of Adulterants in Essential Oils

Dr. Sudhir Dattatraya MestriSymrise Private Limited

Mumbai - 400 059.



Ione of the most sensitive and intelligent detectors available to chromatographers is the human nose. For example, the human nose can detect Sulfur Dioxide, a deadly poisonous gas, two orders of magnitude lower than any detector commercially available.

Simultaneous Identification of odor by the human nose & GC/GC – MS using the Olfactory Detector Outlet – ODO II

Reno CerraBusiness Development Manager

SGE Australia

Figure 1 : The new olfactory system incorporates a flexible heated transfer line for easy positioning of the nose cone away from the hot zones of the GC. This makes “sniffing” ergonomic and comfortable while ensuring each sample component is transferred to the cone without loss due to condensation or activity. The system also incorporates the control module, as shown.

The Olfactory Detector Outlet (see Figure 1) is designed to take the outlet stream from a gas chromatograph and transfer it to a nose cone in which it is mixed with humidified air. This allows the human nose to identify individual components as they elute from the capillary column. It can be linked to a Mass Selective Detector to create a powerful tool that can be used to identify almost any compound that has a fragrance. Both detectors can be used simultaneously and the compounds can be smelled at the exact time they enter the MS, making it easy to identify individual compounds in complex mixtures like essential oils.

Figure 2. Tasmanian Lavender oil analyzed on a BPX5 30m X 0.25mm um film column ODO II Part No. 093510 Column Part No : 054101



As can be seen in Figure 2, the major peaks of the chromatogram of the Tasmanian lavender were identified by their smell using the ODO II and simultaneously by GC-MS (see below) as they eluted from the column.

The glass cone is purged with air that has been humidified by passing it through a reservoir containing water. Breathing in humidified air prevents the nasal mucous membranes from drying out over long periods and helps maintain olfactory sensitivity. The Olfactory Detector control unit contains as advanced humidifier with Fill, Purge and Drain functions and factory – set air flow controller.

Previously it was quite difficult to split the outlet of the column between two detectors when one of detectors was a MS. A common limitation of using an olfactory and MS detector simultaneously is maintaining similar elution times in both detectors. This can make matching the peaks that smell to the corresponding mass spectra quite difficult. The ODO II solves this problem by introducing make-up gas at the exact point that the column flow is split between the two detectors. This occurs inside the oven and ensures that the flow to the Olfactory Detector travels at the same speed as the flow to the MS. This balances the time the compounds take to reach each detector.

Another new development is the addition of a flexible, independently heated transfer tube. The nose cone can now be repositioned while the instrument is running to allow multiple users to adjust the outlet to a comfortable position. There are no wires or capillary tubing that have to be moved when doing so, everything is contained within the flexible tube so nothing can be damaged or broken.

The ODO II is suitable for detecting odors in perfumes; flavors and fragrances; and off- odors in, for example, plastics and packaging. Add another dimension to your chromatography!

The ODO II can be fitted to all commercially available GCs.

Main Compounds of Tasmanian Lavender Oil



Vamshi Chemicals LimitedOffice D- 14/3, T.T.C. Industrial Area, Turbhe,

Navi Mumbai - 400 706, India.Tel : +91-22-27682310/12

Fax: +91-2 -2782311/ 27630806




It was in 1971, when I joined for my Ph.D. in the Bio-Organic Division, BARC, that I first saw Chromatography in action. To start with, it was the Thin Layer Chromatography ( TLC) that Dr. Asoke Banerji introduced me to, as a part of the Natural Products Research Program. The Column Chromatography to separate the constituents from the plant extracts using the solvent mixtures as 'Mobile Phase' with increasing order of polarity and testing the efficiency of separation using the TLC on Micro Glass plates coated with silica gel was a major occupation of the day. When necessary, the mixtures obtained through the Column Chromatography were subjected to a detailed TLC using 20 Cm x 5 Cm plate. Once our repeated attempts to isolate and purify the individual components using different diameter columns and varying polarities of mobile phases, we turned around to take the help of Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography. We found that the Preparative TLC was an excellent method to isolate pure components in the mixture, though at times even the Preparative TLC had to be repeated till the pure substance was obtained. In the early seventies, it is not imaginable to buy the pre-coated TLC plates, so it was imperative that we made the Micro plate, thin layer plates and the thick preparative plates.

Then it was the paper Chromatography, especially suited for glycosides, sugars and amino acids. It was always nice to have colleagues around who were using paper chromatography to study the amino acids as a part of the 'Origin of Life' research project. However, my study was limited to the analysis and identification of the sugars obtained from the hydrolysis of Flavonoid Glycosides. Spotting on the long sheet of paper, placing them in the large glass jars , waiting for several hours for completing the 'Run', allowing the paper to dry in the fume hood, spraying a part of the paper with the right concentration of acid, heating the paper with a hair dryer, etc. were most exciting. Every time some spots appeared on the paper that brought joy and satisfaction to me.

Then there was the miracle called, “Gas Chromatograph”, which was thought to have an answer to unearth the complexity of any organic compound Mixture by separating them into their individual components and analyzing them. During that time Dr. R.M. Iyer and Mr. Annaji Rao from the Chemistry Division of BARC had made an indigenous Gas Chromatograph and it was nice to take a trip along with Dr. Banerji, who was using the GC to analyse the synthetic mixture containing Diallyl Disulphide and Triallyl Disulphide, the active mosquito larvicide, isolated from garlic. It was indeed nice to see the two compounds separating on the GC and giving the two peaks at the expected Retention Times ( RT). At that time the column used was a 3 Meter Packed Column and with the advent of Capillary Column invention by Dr. Raymond D. Dandeneau ( of Hewlett-Packard, whom I knew personally well when I worked for HP in the 1990s) , where column lengths of 25 to 30 meters were used in general, High Resolution Gas Chromatography was born. The use of Capillary Gas Chromatography spread like wild fire through various industries especially in the areas of Essential Oils and Petroleum Products. The complicated mixtures of terpenes in the Essential Oils and the multitudes of Hydrocarbons in the Petroleum were separated, identified and quantified. The potential of GC both as a Qualitative and Quantitative Technique was well established and the price for the raw materials could be determined based on the amount of active constituent present in a predetermined quantity.

My Association with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry.

Dr. G. Ramakrishnan

President, Chromatographic Society of India



Gas Chromatography as a technique now found a definitive place in the Basic Research, Development and Production Environments of various chemical industries. Rubber Chemicals, Paints, Polymers, Agrochemicals, Pharmaceuticals, etc. became very dependent on GC. GC also found its place in the Chemical Toxicology Labs in the Hospitals, Crime Laboratories, etc. Its ability to find out the chemical constituent in homicide and suicide cases could save the victims if the poisons were detected and identified in time. GC also found an important place in the Environmental Science in the study of Pollutants in Air, Water, Soil, etc. One of the major applications has been in the area of Pesticide Residue analyses of Food , especially the class of halogen Pesticides and Phosphorous pesticides. The nearly universal GC detector such as Flame Ionization Detector ( FID ) and the other selective Detectors such as Electron Capture Detector ( ECD) , Nitrogen Phosphorous Detector ( NPD), etc. have been very useful in using GC at lower detection limits.

While the conventional detectors could lead to some Qualitative analysis, investigators became more interested to have mass spectrometer as a detector for GC so that they could have unambiguous identification of the substances. Though the interfacing of the packed column GC with magnetic sector mass spectrometer became possible in the late sixties , it was only the coupling of Quadrupople mass spectrometers with capillary column direct interface in the seventies and early eighties that started making the GCMS as a routine instrument. The Finnigan 1000 series GCMS were some of the most popular GCMS in the early eighties till Hewlett-Packard introduced the first bench top GCMS viz HP 5970. By that time the PCs and software were also available with these instruments and the commercial spectral library available made the library search possible and thus the routine use of GCMS became practical. It was the Environmental applications on the analysis of Drinking Water, Waste Water and Soil in line with US-EPA regulations that made the GCMS quite popular. That was the time when I returned from US to India and after working for a private research organization for a couple of years, decided to take up a job for technical promotion of Finnigan Mass Spectrometers. Perhaps the first Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer bought in India was by IPCL, Baroda in 1979-1980 and this was a Hewlett-Packard 5985 GCMS system. The second perhaps was the Finnigan 1020B system bought by NCL, Pune. From then on the sale of Quadrupole GCMS started increasing in India and a shift started happening from the Magnetic Sector instruments to Quadrupole instruments. The paradigm shift happened with the introduction of Hewlett-Packard 5970 Bench top system and perhaps the first one was bought by the (late) Dr. Govind Kelkar of S.H. Kelkar Company of Mumbai. During this time Finnigan introduced the new technology, Quadrupole Ion Trap, which made the instruments smaller, more sensitive in the Scan Mode and relatively cheaper and introduced the capability of performing a MS/MS technique, which helped more in the unambiguous compound identification and people started preferring the Ion Traps over single Quadrupole instruments especially for research work, where the MS/MS was very useful. My association with the Arab Security Studies and Training Center in Riyadh in the mid-Eighties andan opportunity to work with Finnigan 4600 GCMS with Positive Ion/Negative Ion capability gave me more awareness of the use of GCMS in the area of Forensic Sciences, which involved the application of GCMS for Arson involving the inflammable liquids, the explosives, Narcotics analysis, etc. Similar was the application of GCMS in Horse Racing, Sports Doping, etc. The stripping of Ben Johnson's Gold Medal in 1988 in the Seoul Olympics due to the use of anabolic steroid Stanazalol and the detection of the drug in his urine and body fluids in an unambiguous way, shot the fame of GCMS as a



technique of choice. It is in Delhi is well equipped with several GCMS instruments of the type, Single Quadrupole, Triple Quadrupole, Ion Trap, etc. The Laboratory headed by Dr. Sheila Jain and Dr. Alka Beotra have created an outstanding laboratory that we should be very proud of. The use of GCMS to detect and quantitate the Drugs caught in Drug Trafficking played as a key decision maker to what extent the trafficker should be punished. Countries like Singapore have a very strict rule that the active constituent of the drug in possession of the trafficker exceeds 15gms or above, the trafficker will be sentenced to death. In the case of detecting the level of alcohol in blood using GCMS with Head Space accessory also gained popularity in the Forensic Science Laboratories.

In the Nineties, I moved to Singapore to work for Hewlett-Packard and this is the time, when the GCMS started multiplying in the Asia-Pacific Region, especially China. During the Nineties some of the countries of Europe, especially Germany started implementing stricter measures for their imported goods. One such measure was the limit on the Amino compounds present in the textiles, leather goods, etc. exported out of India. The Textile and Foot wear industry in India started looking for the presence of 22 banned amines in the textiles, leather, etc. before exporting. This necessitated buying of several GCMS in India and the trend continued for several years later. Similar was the regulation from EU on the levels of Pesticide Residues present in food. The method that was accepted was GCMS method and this necessitated buying of several more GCMS for this purpose.The Nineties also saw a tremendous growth in our Pharma industry also and as India became a major exporter of Generics and Fine Chemicals, it was always necessary to establish the purity of the compound being exported. Since the quantitation of the solvent residue in the Drug is very important and one of the preferred methods is the use of Head Space accessory fitted to a GCMS instrument, more and more Pharma companies started investing money in having such a facility in the lab. GCMS also became very handy in the lab to determine the quality of the raw materials as GCMS is the best solution to detect and identify the impurities in minute quantities.

It was a good time for me to move to India in the year 2000, and by this time many of the industries had recognized the importance of GCMS for various applications and were willing to invest in the same. Interestingly the many of the Foreign Manufacturers of GC and GCMS started investing more either directly or through their Distribution channels. The quality consciousness of the Indian industry coupled with the readiness of the instrument companies to set up training centres helped in the growth of this business in India. This also helped for Indian companies manufacturing the GCs to invest more in improving the design of their instruments, reliability and software compatibility to meet up with the requirement of the industries. Indigenous manufacturers such as Chemito, CIC, Netel, Nucon, etc. have made significant contributions in the design and manufacturing of indigenous GCs. The international players such as Agilent, Perkin Elmer, Varian, Shimadzu, ,etc. have been very active in India for long time. Newer entrants such as Young Lin from Korea and possibly some companies from China are also interested in penetrating into the Indian Market space. There have been some recent changes that are happening in this industry due to acquisitions such as Agilent acquiring Varian due to which some of the GC and GCMS products had to be sold to Bruker due to the US Anti-Trust regulation. A couple of years ago, Thermo Fisher acquired the analytical business of Chemito including their manufacturing facility in Nashik, thus making Thermo Fisher as the first MNC to start manufacturing in India GC and GCMS and providing these instruments to Indian customers in Rupees and capabilities to export these instruments to the neighboring countries and beyond.

commendable that our own Sports Doping Laboratory in the Nehru stadium



The GCMS scenario is quite different as MS instruments are based on different technologies such as Single Quadrupole, Triple Quadrupole, Ion Trap, Magnetic Sector and the most recent ones based on Time of Flight ( TOF). While the major market is still for Single Quadrupole and Ion Trap instruments, the market is picking up for Triple Quadrupole GCMS mainly because of the requirements of analyses for Pesticide Residues in Food and other additives to meet up with the export regulations. The limited requirements for the High Resolution Magnetic Sector will continue depending up on the special requirements of applications. It will be interesting to watch the growth of GC-TOF instruments for various applications. Especially because of the fast scanning capability of the TOF analyzer compared to the other analyzers, it can become the technique of choice for complicated mixtures such as Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Essential Oils, Pesticide Residues, etc. Agilent, Perkin Elmer, Shimadzu and Thermo have been traditional players in Quadrupole mass spectrometers, whereas Thermo and Varian have been the key players in the Ion Trap market. Now that Agilent has acquired Varian, they are a new entrant into the Ion Trap market. Due to the Divestment from Varian of its GC and Triple Quad GCMS, Bruker will become another viable alternative supplier of these instruments in the Indian market space. Similarly after the acquisition of Chemito by Thermo, they have been able to interface the locally manufactured GC with the imported Mass spectrometer and this is quite an achievement. It would be everyone's dream that the affordable GCMS instruments are fully manufactured in India. In the meantime, Thermo, Waters, Jeol, etc. have been quite active in the High Resolution Mass Spectrometers coupled with GC and their presence should continue in this possibly no growth market. Companies such as Leco, Waters and Jeol have been active in the GC TOF market, but the new entrant Dani with their Master TOF will increase the choice and competitiveness in this possibly expanding market.

I am sure that my passion for this subject will continue forever as the excitements of newer instrumentation techniques, software capabilities and applications into more challenging problems will continue.




AcknowledgmentsChromatographic Society of India would like to thank the following for making the symposium on “Essential Oils, Flavours and Fragrances-Chemistry and Industry” a great success.

1. Professor Devang Khakhar for being the Chief Guest and for inaugurating the Symposium.

2. Dr. S.C. Bhattacharyya and Dr. Sukh Dev for giving us an opportunity toHonor them with “Lifetime Contribution Awards”.

3. Dr. H.H. Mathur and Dr. J.S. Yadav for paying Tributes to Dr. S.C.Bhattacharyya and Dr. Sukh Dev respectively.

4. All the speakers at the symposium and Chairpersons of the Technical Sessions.

5. All the Delegates and Dignitaries, who attended the Inaugural Functionand the Technical Sessions.

6. The Sponsors of the Symposium, Exhibitors, Advertisers and Donors (Details printed elsewhere)

7. SAIF, IIT-Bombay for supporting the Symposium in all possible ways.

8. All, who have helped in the arrangements of the symposium in one wayor other.

Organizing Committee



Platinum Sponsors:

ShimadzuThermo Scientific

Gold Sponsor:

Perkin Elmer

Silver Sponsor:

Symrise

is Grateful to the Following Sponsors



SymriseShimadzuChromline

Perkin ElmerPCI Analytics

Thermo ScientificTritech Instruments

SGE Analytical SciencePeak Scientific Instruments

Chromatography Instruments Company

is Grateful to the Following Exhibitors



IFF

Symrise

Shimadzu

Perkin Elmer

Kelkar Group

PCI Analytics

Merck Limited

Peak Scientific

Fisher Scientific

is Grateful to the Following Advertisers



is Grateful to the Following Advertisers

Glenmark

Lanxess

Thermo Scientific

Anthea-Aromatics

Vamshi Chemicals

Kalpena Industries

Young-Lin Instruments

Sankubaba International

Hindustan Unilever Limited



Thank you for your presence & Support

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CHROMATOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF INDIA219 Mastermind I, Royal Palms Aarey Milk Colony, Goregaon (East) Mumbai 400 065

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chromatographic society of india · 2011. 1. 21. · fragrances-chemistry and industry” the...

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