chromosomes dna replication 2014. dna where is dna found in the cell? in prokaryotic cells, dna is...
DESCRIPTION
WHERE IS DNA FOUND IN THE CELL? IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS, DNA IS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM. MOST PROKARYOTES HAVE A SINGLE, CIRCULAR DNA MOLECULE THAT CONTAINS THE CELL’S GENETIC INFORMATION. THIS SINGLE DNA MOLECULE IS THE CELL’S CHROMOSOMETRANSCRIPT
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CHROMOSOMES & DNA REPLICATION
2014
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DNA
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WHERE IS DNA FOUND IN THE CELL?
IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS, DNA IS LOCATED IN THE CYTOPLASM.
MOST PROKARYOTES HAVE A SINGLE, CIRCULAR DNA MOLECULE THAT CONTAINS THE CELL’S GENETIC INFORMATION.
THIS SINGLE DNA MOLECULE IS THE CELL’S CHROMOSOME
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Bacterial Chromosome
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WHERE IS DNA FOUND IN THE CELL?
IN EURKARYOTIC CELLS, DNA IS FOUND IN THE NUCLEUS IN THE FORM OF CHROMOSOMES.
EUKARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN BOTH DNA AND PROTEIN TIGHTLY PACKED TOGETHER TO FORM CHROMATIN.
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CHROMATIN
CONSISTS OF HISTONES WHICH IS DNA TIGHTLY COILED AROUND PROTEINS.
TOGETHER, THE DNA AND HISTONE MOLECULES FORM A BEADLIKE STRUCTURE CALLED A NUCLEOSOME.
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FUNCTIONS OF NUCLEOSOMES
1. HELP SEPARATE CHROMOSOMES DURING MITOSIS.
2. HELP FOLD ENORMOUS LENGTHS OF DNA INTO THE CELL NUCLEUS
3. HELP REGULATE HOW GENES ARE “READ” TO MAKE PROTEINS
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DNA – THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL
DNA IS A DOUBLE HELIX – TWO STRANDS WOUND AROUND EACH OTHER.
THE TWO STRANDS (BACKBONE) ARE MADE OF PHOSPHATE AND DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR.
THE TWO STRANDS ARE CONNECTED BY THE NITROGEN BASES.
THE BASES ARE CONNECTED BY HYDROGEN BONDS.
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HYDROGEN BONDS
ARE THE CHEMICAL BONDS THAT HOLD THE NITROGEN BASES TOGETHER;
ARE NOT AS STRONG AS COVALENT OR IONIC BONDS;
ARE EASILY BROKEN AND REFORMED BETWEEN THE NITROGEN BASES
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DNA STRUCTURE
REPEATING UNITS CALLED NUCLEOTIDES
DNA NUCLEOTIDE COMPONENTS: 5-CARBON SUGAR – DEOXYRIBOSE PHOSPHATE GROUP NITROGENOUS BASE (BASE THAT
CONTAINS NITROGEN)
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DNA NUCLEOTIDE
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DNA’S NITROGEN BASES
THERE ARE 4 NITROGEN BASES IN DNA:1. ADENINE2. THYMINE3. CYTOSINE4. GUANINE
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Nitrogen Bases
ADENINE & GUANINE ARE CLASSIFIED AS PURINES – 2 RINGS IN THEIR STRUCTURE
CYTOSINE AND THYMINE ARE CLASSIFIED AS PYRIMIDINES- WHICH HAVE ONE RING IN THEIR STRUCTURE
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CHARGAFF’S RULES
THE PERCENTAGE OF ADENINE AND THYMINE ARE ALMOST EQUAL IN ANY DNA SAMPLE
THE PERCENTAGE OF CYTOSINE AND GUANINE ARE ALMOST EQUAL IN ANY DNA SAMPLE
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NITROGEN BASES
BASE PAIRING RULE: THESE 4 BASES ALWAYS PAIR THE
SAME WAY IN DNA. ADENINE PAIRS WITH THYMINE GUANINE PAIRS WITH CYTOSINE
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WHAT IS THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE?
A - _____ T - _____ C - _____ T - _____ A - _____ G - _____
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WHAT IS THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE?
C ______ G ______ A ______ T ______ C ______ C ______
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DNA
THE NUCLEOTIDES CAN BE JOINED TOGETHER IN ANY ORDER MEANING THAT ANY BASE SEQUENCE IS POSSIBLE
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HOW DNA REPLICATION OCCURS
CARRIED OUT BY A GROUP OF ENZYMES ENZYME – A PROTEIN THAT ACTS AS A
BIOLOGICAL CATALYST; CATALYST – SUBSTANCE THAT SPEEDS UP THE
RATE OF A CHEMICAL REACTION CATALYSTS WORK BY LOWERING A
REACTION’S ACTIVATION ENERGY
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DNA REPLICATION
HELICASE UNWINDS THE DNA STRAND EACH STRAND OF DNA SERVES AS A
TEMPLATE FOR THE NEW STRAND THAT IS BEING MADE
DNA POLYMERASE I READS EACH DNA BASE, ADDING COMPLEMENTARY BASES TO THE NEW STRAND
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DNA REPLICATION
DNA POLYMERASE III MAKES THE NEW STRANDS LONGER AS DNA POLYMERASE I ADDS NEW BASES
REPLICATION CONTINUES UNTIL A STOP CODE IS REACHED
LIGASE THEN JOINS THE DNA STRANDS BACK TOGETHER AND INTO A DOUBLE HELIX
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DNA REPLICATION
WHEN REPLICATION IS COMPLETE, THE NEW DNA MOLECULE IS MADE OF ONE ORIGINAL DNA STRAND AND ONE NEW DNA STRAND.