Chronic Bronchitis & Emphysema

By: Willis Grade:11Highfield Secondary School

2016-2017

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of

obstructive lung disease characterized by long-term poor airflow.

The main symptoms include shortness of breath and cough with sputum production.

COPD typically worsens over time. Chronic bronchitis and emphysema are older terms used for

different types of COPD.

Chronic Bronchitis

What is Chronic Bronchitis? Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchial

tubes that results in excessive secretions of mucus into the tubes, leading to tissue swelling that can narrow or close off bronchial tubes.

People with Chronic Bronchitis will eventually develop Emphysema.

What is Chronic Bronchitis?Bronchitis can either be acute or chronic. Acute Bronchitis is caused by a viral or bacterial infection and

is usually a short term illness Chronic Bronchitis results from irritation of the lining of the

bronchi and bronchioles by dust, fumes, atmospheric pollution and most significantly, tars in tobacco smoke.

Chronic Bronchitis causes excessive amounts of sticky mucus to build up in the airways, restricting amount of airflow in and out of the lungs.

Results to breathing difficulties

SymptomsSymptoms of Bronchitis: Inflammation of the mucous membranes of airways Excessive production of mucus from the goblet cells Damage to the cilia of the epithelium Accumulation of this mucus in the lungs Heavy coughs Build up of scar tissue on the bronchi and bronchioles Infections, such as pneumonia, caused by bacteria

accumulation

Symptoms

SymptomsSymptoms of Chronic Bronchitis Heavy cough Sputum production - The sputum may be yellow, green, white, or occasionally blood-tinged Shortness of breath (dyspnea) gradually increases with disease’s severity Wheezing ( a coarse whistling sound produced when airways are partially

obstructed)Other symptoms: Fatigue, sore throat, and nasal congestion

When Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis occurs: Severe coughing with chest pain Cyanosis ( bluish/grayish skin coloration) Fever

What are the causes? The main cause is cigarette smoking Secondhand smoke Inhaled irritants, such as smog, industrial pollutants, and

solvents. Viral and bacterial infections Underlying disease processes, such as asthma and cystic

fibrosis

Diagnosing Chronic Bronchitis Chest X-ray Sputum ( mucus coughed up from the lungs, to be tested on

analyzing presence of bacteria Pulmonary Function Test ( checks for signs of asthma or

emphysema by measuring how well you’re able to breathe) CT scan, high resolution X-rays of the body from various angles

Treatment and PreventionMedical Treatment Bronchodilator (for example: albuterol) medicine that opens the

airways in your lungs by relaxing the smooth muscles that encircle the bronchi. Usually breathed in through an inhaler.

Theophylline, an oral medication that relaxes the muscles in your airways so they open up more, relieves breathing difficulties.

Steroids (example: prednisone) reduces the inflammatory reaction and thus decrease the bronchial swelling and secretions of mucus.

Pulmonary rehabilitation, improve breathing and overall well-being

Supplemental oxygen therapy Over-the-counter (OTC) cough suppressants such as

dextromethorphan

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment and PreventionLifestyle Remedies Breathing in warm, moist air to ease coughs and loosen the

mucus in the airways Quit smoking immediately Physical activity to strengthen the muscle and help breathing

Treatment and PreventionPreventions Not smoking and avoid second hand smoke Flu and pneumococcal vaccines to prevent repeated infections Avoiding air-borne chemicals and dust with appropriate masks

Emphysema

What is Emphysema Emphysema is a long-term progressive disease that gradually

damages the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, causing shortness of breath.

In emphysematous lungs the elastic fibers are damaged, when air enters the alveolus stretch but are unable to recoil, trapping old air, leaving no room for fresh one.

Some alveoli may burst, creating one larger air sac that reduces the surface area available for gas exchange.

Bronchioles become inflamed and scarred leaving a narrower lumen.

What is Emphysema

SymptomsIn Early Stages Slight breathlessnessIn Later Stages Chronic cough Blue skin coloration Difficulty in breathing (shortness of breath) Wheezing Pursed-lip breathing ( the person pursed their lips, leaving

only small opening, then block the air flow when the exhale, increasing the pressure in the collapsed airways, opening them, allowing the trapped air to empty

Develop “barrel chest”, distance from the chest to the back, normally less that the distance side to side, becomes more pronounce.

Symptoms

What are the causes? Cigarette smoking is the most dangerous behavior that causes

development of emphysema. - Smoke causes mucous secretion to increase, decrease ability to clear the secretions - Mucous that builds up traps bacteria and other irritants causing infection - immune system releases destructive enzyme, leads to loss of protein responsible for keeping the lungs elastic Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency cause inability to fight

destructive effects of trypsin when released in the lungs, lung tissue slowly destroyed, decreasing the ability of the lungs to perform appropriately

Air pollution acts similar to cigarette smoking, causing inflammation in the airways, leading to tissue destruction

What are the causes?

Diagnosing Emphysema• Chest X-ray• Lung Function Test - involve having you breathe into a tube connected to a computer or monitoring device that measure how much air your lungs can hold, how quickly your lungs can expel air during expiration, how much reserve capacity your lungs have for increased demand. Lab tests (blood test for genetic disease evaluation, white

blood cell count, and arterial blood gas)

Treatment and PreventionMedical Treatment Stop smoking Bronchodilating Medications - Albuterol, Ipratropium bromide (Atrovent) for relatively mild emphysema, Methylanthines ( theophylline) keeps air passageways open. Steroid medications (decrease inflammation in the body) Antibiotics Supplemental oxygen

Treatment and PreventionSurgery Lung Volume Reduction Surgery (LVRS). Removes small

wedges of damaged lung tissue, helps remaining lung tissue to work more efficiently and improves breathing

Lung Transplant

Treatment and PreventionLifestyle and Home Remedies Stop smoking Avoid other respiratory irritants Exercise regularly Protect yourself from cold air Prevent respiratory infections by getting flu and pneumonia

vaccinations

Prevention Not to smoke at all Getting vaccination to prevent respiratory infections

References• http://

www.healthline.com/health/copd/understanding-chronic-bronchitis

• http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_bronchitis/article.htm• http://

www.emedicinehealth.com/emphysema/article_em.htm• http://

www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/emphysema/basics/definition/con-20014218

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