Crystal Activity Pack

Esmée van der Steen, Clara Heimlich

Chapter 1 – 3:

1. Design your own Slideshare for Chapter 1 – 3: Clara / Esmée

Chapter 1:In the first chapter, Crystal defines the question “why a global language?”. To answer that question, he explains what a global language is, what makes a global language, why do we need a global language, what the dangers of a global language are, and what could stop a global language. Further Crystal defines the terms linguistic power, linguistic complacency, and linguistic death.

Chapter 2: In the second chapter, Crystal answers the question “why English?”. To answer that question he gets into the geographical-historical context. He explains how the movement of English “travelled” around the world. He looks at the origins of global English, and the countries English “travelled” too. The history of global English is told about America, Canada, the Caribbean, Australia and New Zealand, South Africa, South Asia, former colonial Africa, South-east Asia and the South Pacific. Further Crystal talks about a world view of the status of English nowadays and gives us two tables. In table 1 is given the speakers of English in territories where the language has had special relevance. In table 2 is given the annual growth rate in population in selected countries, 1996 – 2001.

Chapter 3:In the third chapter, Chrystal answers the question “why English?”. To answer that question he gets into the socio-cultural context. The cultural foundation. In the first part of this chapter he is still talking about the geographical-historical context, but he is also giving a few examples about the socio-cultural context. Then he is telling us something about the political developments, since that is a really important part (communication) for the question “why English?”. He also looks at the access to knowledge, so a bit about the geographical-historical context as well mixed with the socio-cultural context. And to end this chapter he is talking about how English was taking for granted in the beginning, and how people didn’t know which English they should use (American, British) and when they had to use it.

2. Summarise his seemingly contradictory points about World English on in the preface on pg xiii: Esmée

1. Believe in fundamental value of multilingualism. Different perspectives and insights. More profound understanding of the nature of the human mind and spirit. Ideal world everyone at least bi-lingual. As much as possible our linguistic heritage has to be preserved.

2. Believe in fundamental value of common language. Unprecedented possibilities for mutual understanding. International cooperation. Fluent command of world language. Legacy of an unfavoured linguistic heritage should not lead inevitably to disadvantage.

3. P.12 Design a brief factfile for: the UN, UNESCO, UNICEF and the World Health Organisation: Clara

UN What is UN?The United Nations (UN) is an International Organisation started to controlinternational peace and to support human rights. It was founded in 1945after the Second World War. The UN started with 51 countries and nowthe number is up to 193 countries. That points out that the UN reachesvirtually every corner oft he World. Best known ist he UN forpeacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention and humanitarianassistance. What is the aim?

1. Keep peace throughout the world 2. Develop friendly relations3. Assist nations in encouraging human rights, helping the poor, and

improving hunger, desease and literacy4. Operate as a center (a community) to achieve these goals

UN work:- Provides food to 90 million people over 75 countries- Help 34 million refugees- Work with 140 nations to arrest the climate change- Vaccinates 58 percent oft he world’s children- 120.000 peace keepers work daily to keep peace in four continents- Assist about 50 countries per year in elections- Protect human rights through 80 different treaties and declarations- Fight poverty by helping 370 millian poor individuals achieve

better living circumstances- Mobilizes 12.5 million dollar in humanitarian aid- Assist about 30 million women a year by their maternal health

effortshttp://borgenproject.org/20-facts-united-nations/

UNESCO What is UNESCO?

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is an agency oft he United Nations based in Paris. Founded in 1945 signed by 37 countries. The UNESCO grow to 195 member states.

What is the aim?Contribute peace and security by promoting the exchange of international collaborations through education, science, information, ideas and culture in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law and human rights

UNESCO work:- Agency for education - Agency for human rights education- Agency for press freedom - Agency for scientific cooperation- Is a valued partner of US federal agencies

http://unesco.us/home/unesco-facts/http://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/united-nations/unescohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO

UNICEF What is UNICEF?

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) is an international aid organization established by the UN, founded 1946 in New York, USA. UNICEF concentrates on supplying food, clothes and medicine to children.

What is the aim? Focus on the needs and rights of the child, UNICEF devotes as much as 80 percent of its funds to programs that can be classified under the broad umbrella of public health.

UNICEF work: - Procures Vaccines for 40 percent oft he world’s children (nearby 3

billion doses annually)- Largest buyer of mosquito nets (25 million nets in 2006)- Over 12 million children went back to school in 2006 with the

support of UNICEF educational supplies- Deliver supplies against HIV/AIDS to 49 countries - Procured over 10 million of new treatments (ACT) to fight malaria- Supplied over 892 million auto disable syringes, along with safety

boxes fort he disposal of syrings- Nearby half of UNICEF’s global procurement is done in developing

countries- 97 countries used UNICEFS’s procurement services (PS) to obtain

wider access to supplies for children and their families - UNICEF is able to provide supplies to cover needs of 320.000

people in emergencieshttps://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1965/unicef-facts.htmlhttp://www.unicef.org/10facts/10.htmhttp://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/political-science-and-government/united-nations/unicef

WHO What is WHO?

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency oft he United Nations that is concerned with international public health. It was founded 1948 signed by 61 countries. By now WHO represents 150 nationalities working in 147 countries.

What is the aim? Provide global leadership in public health

WHO work: WHO works on different health topics (AIDS, BSE, Child abuse, Disabilities, etc. ) and tries to reduce these deseaseshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://www.who.int/topics/en/

4. Collate a glossary grid for the following terms Crystal uses: global language; linguistic power; linguistic complacency; socio-cultural: Clara

Global Language A language becomes a global language because of the power of the people who speak it. It has nothing to do with the structure of the language. It is nothing about (english) grammar or vocabulary or pronunciation or spelling that makes english an appealing language on a global level. It has all to do with power. But power means different things at different times. English first became international because of political power, military power (power of the british empire). But it is not just political what takes a language around the world. A century later there was the power of science, of technology, the industrial evolution. English as the language of science. In the 90th century the economic power. The spoken language was english because the USA and Britain had the money markets of the world.And than in the 20th century there is cultural power, with english being the language of device majority of the inventions that make modern society what it is. English turned up at the right place on the right time during these last centuries that has produced the enormous global status that english has.

Linguistic Power The Linguistic Power characterizes that peaople having a disadvantage if they do not speak English as their mother tongue. One example to proof that would be a foreign manager in a big international company. The manager (german) needs a lot more time to understand E-Mails or Documents than his L1 speaker colleague. Because of that he has less time to finish his actual work. The manager has a disadvantage compared to his colleagues. One approach for solving that problem would be „the earlier the better“. If children learn as soon as possible a foreign language (in kindergarden) they

will become a perfect bilingualism child and will not have a problem at all to speak and understand their second language further in their life/carreer.

Linguistic Complacency Linguistic Complacency means that English-native speaker get really comfortable with their mother tongue. Neither they are not willing to learn a second language nore they do not have to learn a second language. It does not matter where they are going to work, they understand at least a little bit because almost every work area uses english at one point. Crystal suggests that English-native speaker have to be more open minded to other languages in the world. English is the world language but not the only language in the world. Business companies or other working areas have to put effort in other languages so the company staff gets the opportunity to learn other languages in their working field.

Socio-Cultural Socio-Cultural explains that English is the global language because people from all over the world have become depended on english for their social and economic well-being. English spread deeply into different areas such as education, political life, international communication, traveling, business and media.

5. Design a detailed poster showing the influences of the spread of the English language over time: Esmée

1. Expeditions 2. The expansion of British colonial power3. The emergence of the United States as the leading economic power 4. Political developments5. Access to knowledge6. International relations7. The media8. International travel9. International safety10. Education11. Communication

6. P.61 Research and paraphrase Krachru’s The Three Circles of English theorem and cite another author: Clara

The Three Circles of English by Kachru (1985) show that English is used in three different categories in the world. The theorem points out that English spread widely because all over the world English is used in international communication, companies, media, traveling and cultural aspects.

1. The Inner Circle: The Inner Circle refers to the traditional bases of English (UK, USA, Australia, New Zeeland, etc.). There are round about 380 million speakers in The Inner Circle.

2. The Outer Circle: The Outer Circle involves the non-native speakers and the country where English became an international language status (India, Nigeria, Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya, etc.). The Outer Circle includes 150 to 300 million speakers.

3. The Expanding Circle: The Expanding Circle refers to the nations that are aware that English plays a big role as an international language but have not given it an administrative role (China, Russia, Japan, most of Europe, Korea, Egypt, Indonesia, etc.). There are up to one billion speakers in The Expanding Circle.

Kachru’s theorem is not the perfect way to show exactly how English is used in the world. There could be an English-native speaker living in China, so he “moved” from The Inner Circle to The Expanding Circle but he still is fluent in English. The Three Circles cannot show every connection between the different speaking levels. Another Author who used Kachru’s theorem is Sandra Lee McKay. She talks about it in her book “English as an International Language” to explain how English as an international language is learned and used all over the world.

7. Define ‘culture’ in 50 words; 100 words; 250 words…: Esmée

Culture is all the habits and (behavioural)rules that belongs to a folk or tribe. Culture encompasses the habits and customs that a folk has in the country where they live in, or takes with them from the country they come from. With habits and customs you can think about norms and values, the food, eating habits, clothes, religion, music and dance. But it can also be about henna for example (Arabic, African and Indian cultures mostly). The meaning of a colour can also vary from country to country (black for example is in Dutch the colour of mourning but in China and Japan is this white). Also the body language can be different, non-verbal communication for example. It also encompasses the way of living, such as traditions, how buildings are built and where the folk lives from. Culture is a wide concept of all these characteristics.

Chapter 4 – 5:

1. Finish your Slideshare for Chapter 4 & 5: Clara / Esmée

Chapter 4: In the fourth chapter, Chrystal answers the question “why English?”. To answer that question he gets into the socio-cultural context. About the cultural legacy. He first continues about telling us what an influence the politics had. International relations is a logical next step. He tells us how English became important with the international relations, and that French was also an “official” language as well as English. Then he is telling us how any consideration of politics leads to a consideration of the role of the media. The English language has been an important medium for the press, but also for advertising, broadcasting, the cinema and (popular) music. He also explains us how travelling (internationally) had a huge influence of the English language because people have to communicate together. International safety plays also a big role, it is often forgotten. It was the international language of the sea and so it got bigger. Earlier in this chapter Crystal pointed out that English is the medium of a great deal of the world’s knowledge, especially in such areas as science and technology. And access to knowledge is the business of education. Any of these subjects needs communication, otherwise you can’t get any further. English was there at the right place at the right time.

Chapter 5: In the fifth chapter Crystal talks about the future of global English. He points out that it will not be an “easy way” for the English language to be the global language in the future. A lot of different objects play a big role during the transformation of English. Culture is one of the biggest, but also grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation and the environment (media) plays an important aspect. Future English will change immediately to a lot of different Englishes from different countries. If the English language has no bounds for the future than it will be the global language in future.

2. P120. ‘The right place at the right time’. Write a one page article on why Crystal says this: Esmée

Crystal concludes that English has become the English how we use it now because it was at “the right place at the right time”. He says this with a bit of humour, you don’t have to take the phrase to seriously. But what he says is in fact true, maybe you can put it another way but this is the basics. He sums up why English was at the right place at the right time. It started in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries when English was the language used by the leading colonial nation, Britain. Then in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries it was also the English language that was used by the leader of the industrial revolution, which again was Britain. In the late nineteenth and the early twentieth century it was again the language of English that was spoken by the leading economic power, the USA. Because of this, when new technologies came on the market, the language that was spoken was English. This affected all aspects of society such as the press, advertising, broadcasting, motion pictures, sound recording, transport and communications. At the same time when this was happening, the world was busy with collecting new international networks and alliances. They needed a lingua franca. By the 1960’s the pre-eminence of the language was established, but you could not really say that is was a global language (or lingua franca). But then two things happened at the same time. The first is the movement towards political independence with English as a language with “special status”. The role of English had become so important that no other language could compete. The second is the electronic revolution. And as the same as the other events (leading colonial nation, industrial revolution, economic power) English was in the right place (USA, English spoken) at the right time (1970’s, lingua franca needed).The first computers were designed in the USA, and the mother language of the programmers (English) had a great impact on how the computers were installed. Crystal ends with “The biggest potential setback to English as a global language, it has been said with more than a little irony, would have taken place a generation ago – if Bill Gated had grown up speaking Chinese”.

3. Watch the Video: https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqqlSb9uGUQ

4. Using Crystal’s youtube talk above AND chapter 5, design a prezi outlining the possible future of English/es: Clara

David Crystal talks in his YouTube video “Full Circle: David Crystal on the Future of Englishes” and in chapter five of his book “English as an global language” about the future of English. Crystal points out that it is called Englishes and not just English. He calls it Englishes because he thinks that there is not just one English language that is used by all the two billion English speakers, no, there are tons of different Englishes and in the future there will be even more. This is because every culture has his “own” English language and with that every culture that uses English has different words for different meanings. For example: Britain uses “café” for a place where you can grab a coffee or breakfast, USA uses for the same meaning the word “diner”. Africa uses “robot” for traffic light, USA / UK / Australia / New Zealand use traffic light. Imagine you would travel to Africa and hear the word “robot” you would not imagine (if you do not know it yet) what exactly the meaning of it is. There are a lot more examples but it basically always works like that. The culture variety is the most important point by talking about the future of Englishes. Every culture which uses English will recover their own type of English. So it is possible that an English native speaker will go to a different country and will not understand the English which is spoken in that particular city. Sometimes it has nothing to do with the word the society use, most of the time it has to with the cultural background that is missing if you go abroad. There a lot of slogans that you will not understand without the cultural background (Heineken slogan, “yeah right” campaign, etc.) That is not the only difference, it goes even further. Almost every country which uses English as an official language has its own dictionary with round about 12.000 words in it. Words that have cultural background, words that are assumed from the mother tongue of the country. All that shows that the most important part of future Englishes is culture. But that is not the only one. The political situation and the vocabulary they use is also very important. Other than that we have to keep an eye how grammar and the pronunciation (local accent / syllable timed) changes. It does not matter where in the world you will go, you will see everywhere the immediate adaption of Englishes. But even that is not a guarantee that English will spread more widely or will be the global language for the future. English “got lucky” because the language was at the right time at the right place but for the future we do not know what happens. Maybe a different language is at the right time at the right place and will replace English as the worlds language.

5. Go onto youtube and find another talk by David Crystal about some aspect of English. Write down 5 learning points for your PDP: Clara

I watched the video “David Crystal – The biggest challenges for teachers” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItODnX5geCM)

Following five aspects I pointed out:

1. Keep pace with the language change: It is changing so fast for two reasons, firstly because of the internet (facebook, twitter, etc.) and secondly because of the globalization of English (a lot of different pronunciations).

2. Be aware of different accents:As a teacher you cannot just teach your students that there is only the English pronunciation you use in your English language. All over the world there are more variety accents of English than we could even expect. It is perfectly fine to teach and test the students in one pronunciation but as a teacher you have to make sure that they know that there are a lot more pronunciation in the world.

3. Improve their listening and reading comprehension from the very beginning: Students should be able to choose what kind of pronunciation they would like to speak. It is their own decision and if they use the right grammar and vocabulary they are perfectly fine if they do not pronounce the word the same as you as a teacher do.

4. Work with the different accents in class: Point out and talk with the students what they notice by listening to different accents. Let them be creative and be open minded for ideas of students. Make them ready to encounter everything if they go abroad.

5. Find time to do research: Take a look in the media or the newspaper and try to notice yourself if there are new words or new styles of English.