chyawanprash: an ayurvedic avaleha herbal …

www.wjpps.com │ Vol 10, Issue 7, 2021. │ ISO 9001:2015 Certified Journal │

817

Askar. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

CHYAWANPRASH: AN AYURVEDIC AVALEHA HERBAL

FORMULATION

Deepak Askar*

Indira Nagar Ward no. 12 Kalmeshwar, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India.

ABSTRACT

Chyawanprash is a renowned recipe from Ayurveda, and has a long

history of ethnic mention in Indian literature as well as Ayurvedic

books. Consuming Chyavanaprasha Rasayana with prescribed mode of

administration is useful for maintaining youth and vigor. It is indicated

for all age group and helps to build body tissues in children, old and

emaciated persons. Taking chyawanprash with warm milk (or almond

milk, if dairy is not appropriate) helps to carry its tonifying and

rejuvenating qualities deep into the tissues. The usual dose of

chyawanprash is 1–2 teaspoons, once or twice daily, or as directed by

healthcare practitioner. Children can take ½ teaspoon daily. It helps the

one to attain longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from illness, youthfulness, excellence

of lustre, complexion and voice, optimum strength of physique and sense organs, perfection

in deliberation, respectability and brilliance. Rasayana is the means of attaining excellent

qualities of rasa etc. dhatus i.e. body cells and tissues. According to legend, chyawanprash

was originally formulated to restore virility to the elderly sage, Chyawan, so that he could

satisfy his young bride. This being the case, chyawanprash was concocted with the intention

of nourishing and revitalizing the reproductive tissues. Chyawanprash is reported to have rich

vitamin, protein, dietary fiber, energy contents, carbohydrate, low fat contents (no-trans and

zero percent cholesterol), and appreciable level of major and minor trace elements (mg/100g),

such as Fe (21.1), Zn (3.1), Co (3.7), Cu (0.667) , Ni (1.4), Pb (2.4), Mn (8.3), vitamin C

(0.5), tannic acid (20.2), other vitamins A,E, B1, B2, and carotenoids that act as micro

nutrients for health - invigorating purposes. It also provides several essential

phytoconstituents, namely, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, antioxidants, piperine, phenolic

compounds, etc. The synergistic antioxidant effects of vitamin C along with vitamin and

carotenoids are well known. The rich nutritive composition and antioxidant biomolecules of

WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

SJIF Impact Factor 7.632

Volume 10, Issue 7, 817-849 Review Article ISSN 2278 – 4357

*Corresponding Author

Deepak Askar

Indira Nagar Ward no. 12

Kalmeshwar, Nagpur,

Maharashtra, India.

Article Received on

04 May 2021,

Revised on 25 May 2021,

Accepted on 15 June 2021,

DOI: 10.20959/wjpps20217-19346


818


CP act both singly as well as synergistically for immuno-modulation, body building, health

restoration, and prevention of oxidative damage (a leading cause of several degenerative

diseases) There are many CP brands in the Indian market, such as Dabur, Emami Group,

Himalaya, Bajaj, and Baidya Nath; however, the leading brand is Dabur, with a market share

of 70%.

KEYWORDS: (CP - cyavanaprasa, chyavanaprasha, chyavanaprash, chyavanaprasam,

chyawanaprash), Charak samhita, kwatha dravya, leha paka, Dashmula, Chaturjata.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. HISTORY

Chyawanprash (CP; also spelled as cyavanaprasa, chyavanaprasha, chyavanaprash,

chyavanaprasam and chyawanaprash) is a renowned recipe from Ayurveda, and has a long

history of ethnic mention in Indian literature as well as Ayurvedic books. Treatises of Indian

traditional knowledge dating back to early Christian Era, cites mythological stories on the

evolution of CP. Sukanya, a princess (daughter of King Sharyati) is said to have pierced the

eyes of the sage Chyavan who was meditating and anthill like structure had got built and

covered his body, except leaving few holes through which the eyes and nose of the sage was

open. The sage crying in pain having lost his eye sight is said to have cursed the princess. The

king of the land learnt the same and begged pardon and married Sukanya with Chyavan. The

caring attitude and work done by the princess was appreciated by the twin sages Ashvini

Kumaras who then handed over a recipe to be prepared and fed to Chyavan sage to help him

regain youthfulness and health, lost due to long years of meditating. Since the recipe was to

be eaten (prasha – meaning drug or a diet which is fit for ingestion orally) – by the sage

Chyavan, the recipe got the name ―Chyawanprash‖ (Ojha, 2003).

In the early 70‘s many traditional medicines manufacturers started to manufacture CP on

large scale and offered them in packed forms for consumers. Post introduction of regulations

under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 and Rules there under 1945 with specifically

provisions related to Ayurvedic drug and medicines inserted by act 13 in 1964, firms

manufactured and sold CP as an Ayurvedic medicine (Deshpande and Gandhi, 2009).CP

continued during these last six decades to be prepared at home as a cultural and ethnic

practice during winter season when fresh fruits of amla (Emblica officinalis, also known as

Indian gooseberry) arrives (just like preparing amla pickles or powder or juice) for use by

family. Some of the organizations also introduced CP in other nations namely, Sri Lanka,


819


Pakistan, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore and other Asian nations. CP has gained much

popularity that many versions of this formulation are available in Indian market and also in

many western countries. Available figures indicate that sales of CP increased from nearly

US$ 5 million in 1990 to US$ 80 million in 2010 which makes CP as India‘s bestselling

Ayurvedic medicine (Bode, 2015). Figures for exports are not available. CP, an avaleha

preparation (semisolid jam like linctus), is originally cited in Charaka Samhita (Sharma,

1992). However, more than six authoritative texts of Ayurveda as listed in the First Schedule

to Drugs and Cosmetics Act have recipes of CP which differ in their composition of herbs

and minerals as well their proportions cited in Charaka Samhita (Sharma, 1992; Deshpande

and Gandhi, 2009).

Table 1 summarizes composition of the CP from Charaka Samhita with scientific names,

parts of herb used and their proportions (Sharma, 1992; The Ayurvedic Formulary of India,

2003; The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, 2007).

1.2. Key Plant Ingredients of Chyawanprash

Figure 1: Key plant ingredients of Chyawanprash and their health benefits.


820


Dashmula Class (List of Crude Drugs)

Bael Shalparni Shalparni

Aegle Marmelos Corr. Ex Roxb Desmodium Gangeticum Dc Desmodium Gangeticum Dc

Gambhari Arani Brihat Kantkari

Gmelina arbeorea Roxb. Premna integrifolia Linn. Solanum indicum Linn.

Laghu Kantakari Patal Gokharu

Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad &

Wendl. Stereospermum suaveolens Dc. Tribulus terrestris Linn.


821


Pithwan

Uraria piceta Dsv

Chaturjata Class

Tejpatta Dalchini Nagkesar

Cinnamomun tamala Nees & Eberm Cinnamomun zeylanicum Bmume Mesua ferrea Linn

Clove

Syzygium aromaticum


822


Substitution of Ashtavarga

Varahikand Ashwagandha Vidarikand

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn Withania somnifera Dunal Pueraira tuberosa Dc

Shatavari

Asparagus racemoces Willd

General Class

Vasaka Agar Vanshalochan

Adhatoda vasica Nees Aquilaria agallocha Roxb Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Roxb


823


Punarnava Kachur Nagarmodha

Boerhaavia diffusa Linn Curcuma zoaria Rosc. Cyperus rotundus Linn

Pushakarmool Jeevanti Kaknasha

Inula racemosa Hook f. Lepteabeni reticulate Wight &Arn. Martynia diandra Glox.

Neelkamal Mughdhaparni Pippali

Nymphaea steata Willd . Phaseolus triobus Ait . Pipper longum Linn


824


Draksha

Vittis vinifera Linn

Kakad Singi Safed Chandan Bala

Pistacia integerrima Stew.Ex

Brandis Santalum album Linn Sida cordifolia Linn

Mashparni Harad Guduchi

Teramnus labialis Spreng. Terminalia chebula Retz. Tinospora cordifoila Merris

2. Preparation of Chyawanprash

In absence of standard operating procedure (SOP) in ancient times, the method of preparation

of Chyawanprash varies from manufacturer to manufacturer and place to place. Standard

method of preparation of Chyawanprash is described as follows.


825


50 gm each of the following plants, viz. Bel, arni, gambhari, arlu, patla, gokhru, shalparni,

brihati, kantakari, kakdashingi, munnaka, harde, giloy, bala, bhumiamla, adusa, jivanti,

kachur, pushkarmool, nagarmotha, magda- parni, mashparni, shalparni, prishparni, pippali,

kaknasa, varahikand, vidarikand, punarnawa kanwal, agar, chandan, shatavari and

ashwagandha, are suspended in around 16 l water. 500 Indian gooseberry fruits (each

weighing around 15-20 gm, total weight approximately 6.5 kg) are wrapped in a clean cloth

and are dipped into the above admixture of plants.

Mixture is heated until the volume is reduced to one quarter. After removing the cloth, seeds

are discarded from amla; rubbing the peels of amla on a mesh, fibers are discarded and

finally, amla pithi is prepared. Decoction is filtered and marc is discarded. Amla pithi is

mixed with 500 gm ghee and 500 gm til oil in an iron pan and heated until red. Decoction of

plants and sugar syrup poured in the pan is heated until ghee starts separating. After removing

the pan from fire, powder of 150 gm vanshlochan, 100 gm pippali and 10 gm each of

nagkesar, elaichi, tamal- patra and dalchini is mixed.

After cooling, 250 gm old honey is added and finally the finished product, which is dark

shining brown in colour with fruit jam like consistency is prepared. Some Ayurvedic

additives, shukti bhasam 100 gm, abharak bhasam 100 gm, shring bhasam 100 gm,

makardhawaj 25 gm, lavang (clove) 25 gm and chandi (silver foil) 75 in number, for special

health benefits are added. (Charak Samhita, Sharma PV et.al. 1954, Shastri AD et.al, Trivedi

RP et.al 1954).

2.1 Alternative Method

The classical textual process describes a multistep procedure for preparation of CP. Crude

herbs listed at serial number 1 to 36 (complying with required quality as specified in the

Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India [API]) of the recipe given in the table 1 are taken,

grounded and passed through sieve number 44. Specified amount of purified water is added

to this blend of herbs and stirred (kwatha dravya – liquid for decoction). Fresh amla fruits are

washed and tied into a bundle using muslin cloth and this bundle is immersed in the kwatha

dravya containing vessel, heat the contents and boil gently. Heating is done till the amla fruits

become soft, and at this time the bundle is removed from the vessel. Boiling is continued till

the quantum of water reduces to one fourth the initial volume, allowed to cool and strained

through muslin cloth. The strained decoction is preserved for use in the next step. Marc is

pressed and the liquid obtained is added to the strained decoction and then the marc is


826


discarded. The softened amla fruits are taken out from the bundle, seeds and large fibers are

removed, and the pulp so obtained is fried with ghruta (clarified butter – ghee, food grade)

and sesame oil (food grade) in equal proportions till it converts to a semisolid blackish mass

(pisthi) and the excess ghee and oil separates. Add this pisthi to the contents of the vessel

which has the decoction, add specified quantity of sharkara (sugar, either food grade or

pharma grade), and boil gently while stirring till it forms a soft semisolid gel like mass (leha

paka). The consistency of leha paka is tested by dropping 2 to 3 g of it to a glass of water at

room temperature (RT); the added leha paka should settle down and not disperse in water for

5 to 10 min. Stop heating and allowed to cool up to 50 °C. Separately grind raw materials

complying with quality requirements as per API listed at serial number 43 to 48 (table 1) to

get fine powder (99% passing through sieve number 60). Add this powder (prakshepa dravya)

to the leha paka obtained above and mix to get a homogeneous blend. After cooling this to

RT, add madhu (honey of API quality) and mix. Pack this leha paka, also called as avaleha,

in a suitable tightly closable container to protect from light and moisture to obtain CP (Ojha,

2003).

Figure No. 2: Unit operating process of traditional Chyawnprash preparation. (A) Raw

material collection; (B) fresh Amla taken; (C) Amla boiling in pottali suspended in

herbal decoction; (D) Amla pulp separated in muslin cloth; (E) Amla pulp frying in


827


ghee and sesame oil; (F) fried until pulp goes brownish-red and the lipids start

separating; (G) Pishthi cooked in decoction syrup until the attainment of two strings

viscidity; (H) upon cooling, prakshepa herbal powders and honey added and mixed

homogeneously; (I) finally, prepared Chyawanprash packed in air tight containers.

2.2 Modifications in Chyawanprash Recipes

Modifications in CP recipes in different classical texts and in current practice in the industry

are briefly listed as below.

1. Addition of different proportions of the Indian gooseberry pulp and also use of freshly

prepared pulp compared to a stored pulp, which was prepared many months ago when fresh

amla fruits were available.

2. The variation in the ingredients/herbs, their numbers, proportion and parts of the herbs.

3. The alteration in the ingredients/herbs, their numbers, proportion and parts of the

prakshepa dravya (additional drugs added at the last stage of the preparation). Some of the CP

preparations claim the addition of a higher proportion of Kumkuma (saffron, made from the

flower of Crocus sativus) leads to variations in proprietary versions of CP.

4. Variations in the content of sugar (not told in classical text).

5. Variations in the content of ghee and oil.

6. A few firms claim innovations in the formula by way of addition of Swarna (gold), and

Rajata (silver).

7. A set of herbs falling under the class of Ashtavargha (group of eight drugs) is being

replaced with their accepted substitutes. (Srikanthamurthy, 2008).


828


Fig.No.3: Marketed Chyawanprash Formulation.

3.Mode of administration

Effect of Rasayan depends on the mode of administration of Rasayan is of two types:

Kutipraveshika and Vatatapika. Kutipraveshika (Kuti–cottage, Pravesha–enter) is an indoor

management in which the person lives in a specially prepared cottage for a long period while

taking various Rasayana herbs. In Vatatapika- Where ―Vata‖ means air, and ―Atapa‖ means

heat or sun (good for people who are engaged in everyday life activities). It is an outdoor

management and involves taking Rasayana, while a person remains exposed to air and sun

light. [Rawat N, Roushan R (2018)] Consuming Chyavanaprasha Rasayana with prescribed

mode of administration is useful for maintaining youth and vigor. It is indicated for all age

group and helps to build body tissues in children, old and emaciated persons. Ignites agni and

improves beauty. It is useful in disorders of voice, diseases of chest, heart diseases, and

disorders of urinary tract and genital organs. Chyawanprash can be taken alone, it can be

stirred into milk or water, or it can be spread on toast, bread, or crackers like any other jam.

[en.wikipedia.org] Taking chyawanprash with warm milk (or almond milk, if dairy is not

appropriate) helps to carry its tonifying and rejuvenating qualities deep into the tissues. The

usual dose of chyawanprash is 1–2 teaspoons, once or twice daily, or as directed by


829


healthcare practitioner. (Lad, Vasant vol.3.2012) Children can take ½ teaspoon daily.

4. Benefits of Chyavanaprasha Rasayana

Chyavanaprasha Rasayana Rejuvenates all tissues in the body, it Supports overall strength

and energy, promotes muscle mass, builds ojas for supporting a healthy immune response and

youthfulness, supports healthy function of the heart and respiratory systems, Tonifies the

reproductive system, Kindles agni (digestive fire), Gently encourages elimination, Supports

optimal urinary health etc Chyavanaprasha Rasayana.

It helps the one to attain longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from illness, youthfulness,

excellence of lustre, complexion and voice, optimum strength of physique and sense organs,

perfection in deliberation, respectability and brilliance. Rasayana is the means of attaining

excellent qualities of rasa etc. dhatus i.e. body cells and tissues. According to legend,

chyawanprash was originally formulated to restore virility to the elderly sage, Chyawan, so

that he could satisfy his young bride. This being the case, chyawanprash was concocted with

the intention of nourishing and revitalizing the reproductive tissues.

It is used as a tonic to replenish the reproductive system and prevent loss of vital energies in

times of sexual activity. In more general terms, chyawanprash supports fertility, and builds

overall sexual strength in both men and women. (Pole Elsevier publication 2006).

There has been significant scientific research evaluating the benefits of chyawanprash,

specifically. Among other things, research efforts have evaluated the role of chyawanprash in

supporting appropriate glucose and cholesterol levels, as well as amalaki‘s function as an

antioxidant, adaptogen, and immune and heart supportive agent. (Manjunatha, S.et al.2003).

4.1. Clinical Benefits of Chyawanprash (Table No. 2)

HERBAL DRUGS CLINICAL USES

AMALAKI (Phyllanthus

emblica)

It is Rejuvenate, general, cardiac and nervine tonic, rich source of vitamin C

and anti-oxidant.

CLINICAL USES: -Anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory,

Immunomodulatory and anti-ulcer.

BILVA (Agele marmelos)

A nutritive, astringent and anti-dysenteric agent, anti-inflammatory and anti-

ulcer.

CLINICAL USES: - Chronic dysentery, diarrhea and dyspepsia.

SHYONAK (Oroxylum indicum) Stomachic, anti-inflammatory, anti-amoebic agent and diuretics.

CLINICAL USES: Diarrhea, Debility and Dysentery.

AGNIMANTHA (Premna

integrifolia)

It is a laxative and help in digestion.

CLINICAL USES: Indigestion and Cough.


830


SHALPARNI (Desmodium

gangeticum)

A Nutritive and digestive agent, anti-leishmanial.

CLINICAL USES: Nervine tonic, Cardiac, blood and respiratory disorders.

BALA (Sida cordifolia)

Stomachic, Aphrodisiac and tonic, hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective.

CLINICAL USES: Nervine and general debility. Prime herb used in

Parkinson disease.

GAMBHARI (Gmelina arborea) It is a demulcent, galactagogue and laxative, anti-viral and hypoglycemic.

CLINICAL USES: Relieves constipation, promote lactation and indigestion

PATLA

(Streospermum suaveolens)

Anti-microbial, anti-protozoal, diuretic and anti-ulcer.

CLINICAL USES: Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Cough and Fever.

PRASHNPARNI (Uraria picta) Anti-inflammatory.

CLINICAL USES: Rheumatic condition and intermittent fever.

PIPPALI (Piper longum) Appetizer and anti-ulcer.

CLINICAL USES: Expectorant, analgesic and Respiratory disorders.

BRIHATI (Solanum indicum) Cardiac tonic, astringent and carminative agent.

CLINICAL USES: Nausea, bronchospasm and weakness.

DRAKSHA (Vitia vinifera) Anti-oxidant, laxative, stomachic and hepatoprotective.

CLINICAL USES: Anorexia, dyspepsia and constipation.

JIVANTI (Leptadenia reticulate) Eye tonic, nutritive and aphrodisiac drug.

CLINICAL USES: Eye diseases, General weakness and seminal debility.

GUDUCHI(Tinospora cordifolia) Immunomodulator, antioxidant, anti-cancerous and antispasmodic.

CLINICAL USES: Anemia and degenerative disorder.

ELA (Elettaria cardamomum) Appetizer, Anti-microbial, carminative and general tonic.

CLINICAL USES: Indigestion, Nausea, Anorexia and flatulence.

4.2. Health Benefits

Fig. no. 4: Health Benefits of Chyawanprash Formulation.


831


4.2.1. Ancient Claims and Contemporary Scientific Evidence - Traditional Ayurveda

practitioners call CP an ―Ageless Wonder‖. The formula of CP is time-tested and is still

effective to mitigate the present world‘s health concerns. In the context of CP, Charaka

Samhita narrates: ‗It is the premier Rasayana, beneficial for allaying cough, asthma and other

respiratory ailments; it nourishes the weak and degenerating tissues, promotes vigour, vitality

and is anti-ageing‘. As per ancient classics ,regular intake of this tonic helps to attain intellect

,memory, immunity, freedom from disease, endurance, improved functioning of the senses,

great sexual strength and stamina, improved digestive processes, improvised skin-tone and

glow, and restores/maintains the normal biofunctions of Vata (bodily humor regulating all

movements, circulations and neuro-conductive actions) (Sharma R.K.et.al.1954, Kumar et.al

2012) Chyawanprash helps to balance the three doshas—Vata, Pitta, and Kapha (bodily

humors/bio-energies regulating the structure and biofunctions of the human body). In the

Ayurvedic perspective, the specific actions of herbs in CP in the micro and macronutrient

supplement level, metabolic level, and tissue nourishment level are well recognized (Datta

Goutam, K et.al. 1999) Chyawanprash has passed the scrutiny of several scientific studies.

Contemporary studies corroborate and validate the ancient claims and traditional beliefs

regarding its therapeutic use. The herbal and spicy ingredients of CP help to convalesce the

circulatory system, thus channelizing the removal of the toxins from distant tissues and

visceral organs. It builds a congruent synergy amid physiological functions steering toward

an improved metabolism. All herbal and natural products in the composition of CP have been

well investigated and explored by the scientific community for their therapeutic vistas. It is

very challenging to uncover the active phytochemicals, the rationality behind its therapeutic

usage, and the underlying mechanistic role of herbal medicine by adopting contemporary

scientific tools and methods. However, this doesn‘t simply that all the doctrines or beliefs in

traditional medical systems which are not justifiable by scientific substantiation are irrational

and non-existent. It is aptly cited in Charaka Samhita, ―What is perceptible to humans is

merely a petite fraction of this cosmos and what we cannot observe is far more than that,

which doesn‘t make that non-existent‖. Chyawanprash is beneficial for health in several

ways. It is an excellent ergogenic (enhancing physical performance), tonic, rejuvenator,

anabolic, immunomodulator and promotes strength to the gastrointestinal tract, digestive

organs, cardiovascular, respiratory, and cerebrospinal systems, neuronal circuits, and renal

and reproductive tissues (Ernst, W 2002).


832


4.2.2. Improves Digestion and Metabolism - Chyawanprash helps to eliminate the

accumulated excreta via improving digestion and excretion. It is reported to alleviate nausea,

vomiting, hyperacidity, dyspepsia, and flatulence. Chyawanprash has also been found to

relieve gastritis, peptic ulcer, gut cramps, and correct the gastrointestinal functions. It purifies

blood, works as detoxifier, and promotes healthy liver function. It protects and strengthens

the liver and kidneys and lipid and protein metabolism. The herbs of CP, such as Nagakesar,

Tejpatra, Ela, Dalchini. Paatla, Agnimanth, Gambhari, Bael, Shyonak. Sarivan. Draaksha,

Haritaki, honey, Bhumyamalaki, Kachur, Pushkarmul, Musta, Kaknasa. Vidaarikand, and

Aguru, help to improve digestion and metabolism. It is common practice to add the

nourishing honey and cow ghee (clarified butter) in certain Ayurvedic herbal formulations to

act as―a transporter of potency of herbs‖(akaYogavahiin Ayurveda), and it is believed to

promote the quick absorption and assimilation of various herbal constituents in the distant

tissues (lacto-vegan diet comprising milk and milk products is strongly recommended in

Ayurveda). In the case of CP, its sweet flavor favors its quick assimilation and facilitates

better passage of its active ingredients into cell walls (Fursule, R.A et.al 2010., Bagalkotkar,

G et.al., 2016).

4.2.3. Protect and Strengthens the Respiratory System -A regular intake of CP strengthens the

trachea–bronchial tree and hence improves the immunity and functioning of the respiratory

system. It helps to treat respiratory infections, allergic cough, asthma, bronchospasm, rhinitis,

seasonal or non-seasonal respiratory disorders, common cold, and tuberculosis, and thus

strengthens the respiratory system. It is also used as an adjunct to anti-tubercular drugs to

augment their bioactivity and prevent their side effects. [34–36]

Pipali, Kantakaari, Kakdasingi,

Bhumyamalaki, Vasa, Pushkarmul, Prishnaparni, Agnimanth, Shalparni, sesame oil, and

Amla help to nourish the respiratory system. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT), 90

pulmonary tuberculosis patients were treated with CP 10 g, twice daily as an adjunct to

antitubercular drugs. CP augmented the bioactivity of antitubercular drugs and prevented

their side effects. Cough, expectoration, weakness, loss of appetite, loss of weight, fever,

edema aches, and hemoptysis disappeared almost completely in the treated group, along with

improvement in the hemoglobin (Hb) levels and effective healing as evidenced through chest

X-ray post-therapy (Agte, V.V et.al. 2003, Elliot, J.G et, al 1999) Another observational

study on 99 newly diagnosed pulmonary tuberculosis patients revealed that concomitant

adjunct use of CP with antitubercular drugs significantly abated the symptoms and improved

bioavailability of isoniazid and pyrazinamide (Debnath, P.K et.al. 2003).


833


4.2.4. Antioxidant, Adapto-genic, and Immune-Booster - The combination or cocktail of

phytocompounds (as in CP) offers better antioxidant effects than single antioxidant therapy

(Liu, R.H. 2004) The apoptogenic characteristics of CP are attributable to its excellent

antiaging and anxiolytic supplement. The revitalizing and tonic effects of CP could be due to

its rich antioxidant composition, bioactive phytoconstituents, such as carotenoids, flavonoids,

tannins, and phenolic compounds (Govindarajan, R.; et.al; Jeena, K.J.; Kuttan, R et.al,

Khopde, S.M et.al., 2001) though supportive experimental and clinical evidence is scarce.

Recent investigations have ascertained that polyphenols (gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin) in

CP exert key antioxidant potential and is known to possess potent neuroprotective,

cytoprotective, and antioxidant properties (Kumar, G.S.; Nayakaa, H, et.al) Piperine content

in CP act as a bioavailability enhancer (Kasar, R.P.; Laddha, K.S et.al.) Chyawanprash is an

effective adaptogenic (Mehrotra, S.; Rawat, et.al., 1995) Some clinical reports do support the

adaptogenic and antioxidant effect of CP on normal and depressive subjects. A study

evaluated and ascertained highly potent free radical scavenging, based on the synthetic DPPH

(1,1-diphenyl,2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging and antioxidant activities of ethyl acetate extracts

of several market brands of CP.

The findings were proximate to the standard ascorbic acid (IC50 20.69 µg/mL) Another study

found potent DPPH radical scavenging ability and antioxidant effects of ethanolic extracts of

CP. Chyawanprash strengthens immunity and facilitates the healing process. Due to the rich

Amla percentage, CP is loaded in high vitamin C, polyphenolics, including flavonoids, and

exhibits evident antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity, enhances the immune

system, and fights infections.

Vitamin C also helps to revive and restore the energy loss of the human body. Vitamin C

conjugates to gallic acid molecules and reducing sugars and facilitates the development of

intricate synergistic effects with other phytoconstituents. Polyphenols are acknowledged to be

more effective antioxidants in vitro than vitamin E and C on a molar basis. Poly-phenolic

compounds in several herbs and natural honey in CP are found beneficial in various human

degenerative diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and diabetes. Several natural antioxidants,

especially flavonoids, exert multiple bioactivities, including antibacterial, antiviral, anti-

inflammatory, antiallergic, antithrombotic, and vasodilator effects. In a 6-month-long

randomized, open labelled, prospective, multicenter, clinical study in children (5–12 years),

CP was shown to lead to significant improvement in immunity, energy levels, physical


834


strength, vigor, and quality of life assessed through KIDSCREEN QOL-27 questionnaires in

children. An experimental study showed that CP pretreatment significantly reduced plasma

histamine levels and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) release when rats and mice were

challenged with allergen and ovalbumin-induced allergy, respectively. This suggests the

antiallergic potential of CP. Natural killer (NK)cell activity was significantly (versus

dimethyl sulfoxide) increase in different concentration ratios of NK cells and target cells by

CP treatment. On treating dendritic cells with CP, a significant increase in the secretions of

tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-

1α), stimulation in interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels, and rise in phagocytic activity were

observed. The augmented immunity marker levels (TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP1α), as well as

enhancement of NK cells and phagocytic activity support the immunomodulatory properties

of CP. Clinical studies also support the immune-booster role of CP as demonstrated by

reduced disease symptoms of seasonal influences, modulated IgE and immunity markers C3

and C4 levels, improved pulmonary functions, decreased cortisol levels, and increased quality

of life (QOL). The minute quantities of spice components of CP are also known for their

wide range of health benefits by their antioxidative, chemo-preventive, antimutagenic, anti-

inflammatory, immune-modulatory effects on cells and several beneficial effects on the

gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, respiratory, metabolic, reproductive, neural, and other

systems (Das, L.; Bhaumik, E.; Raychaudhuri, U.; Chakraborty, R 2011).

4.2.5. Nootropic Potential - CP nourishes the brain cells, harmonizes neuronal activities,

improves memory, and enhances learning ability, storage, recall, and intellect. It relaxes the

central nervous system (CNS), thereby acting as an anxiolytic and an anti-depressive, and

alleviates insomnia. Research has also suggested its pro-cholinergic activity and anti-amnesic

potential. The rich Amla and ascorbic acid contents play a vital role in such activities. Musta,

Vidaarikand, Neelkamal, Aguru, Nagakesar, Guduchi, Ashwagandha, Shalparni,

Prishnaparni, and Amla possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, thereby

improving CNS functions.

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on 60 participants (normal volunteers and patients

suffering from depression), CP achieved a significantly effective reduction in the Hamilton-D

(HAM-D) scores compared to placebo in both normal subjects and patients of depression. In

an RCT on 128 college students, CP significantly improved cognitive functions, i.e.,

alertness, attention, and concentration (Sailesh, K.S.; et.al., 2014).


835


4.2.6. Cardiotonic Value - Chyawanprash is a potent cardiotonic. It strengthens the structure

and functions of the heart and corrects the heart pumping rhythm by recuperating blood flow

to its musculature. Chyawanprash is also reported to correct blood disorders and improve

structure and functions of the vascular system. Chyawanprash also exerts antihyperlipidemic

activity and alleviates metabolic impairments. Components of CP—Amla, Neelkamal,

Punarnawa, Pushkarmul, Kachur, Vasa, Bala, Sarivan, Pithawan, Barikateri and Gokshur—

are well-recognized in their ability to rejuvenate and restore the cardiovascular system

functions. Amla has shown anti-atherogenic, anti-coagulant, hypo-lipidemic, anti-

hypertensive, antioxidant, antiplatelet, and vasodilatory effects, as well as lipid deposition

inhibitory properties. In rat models, Punarnava increased the reduced level of glutathione

(GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalase (CAT) and decreased the elevated level of

malondialdehyde (MDA)in cardiac tissue (Nimbal, S.K.; Koti, B.C. 2016).

4.2.7. Potent Aphrodisiac and Balances the Endocrine System - Regular intake of CP improve

sexual life, boosts virility, and fertility in each gender. It improves the functioning of gonads,

strengthens the endocrine system, and balances the hormonal flow. It improves semen quality

in males and the menstrual cycle in females. Ingredients such as Gokshur, Varahikand,

sesame oil, Shatavari, Vidaarikand, Bala, Jivanti, Mudagparni, Mashaparni, Ashwagandha,

and Vanshalochan contribute to the aphrodisiac and vitalizing properties of CP. A recent

systematic review on Ashwagandha demonstrated statistical (p≤0.002versus baseline)

increase in sperm concentration (167%), semen volume (59%), sperm-motility (57%), serum

testosterone (17%) and luteinizing hormone (34%) levels, in oligospermic males after 90

days of Withania somnifera treatment. In rat models, Gokshur and Shatavari also showed

significant improvement in sexual behavior, androgen levels, increased amount and

intromission frequency, improved penile erection, testosterone level, and sperm count

(Chauhan, N.S.; Sharma, V.; Dixit, V.K.; Thakur, M. A 2014).

4.2.8. Radioprotective, Cytoprotective, Geno-protective, Antimutagenic and Anticarcinogenic

Effects –A study evaluating the radioprotective effect of CP in mice subjected to a lethal dose

of gamma-radiation revealed that CP could provide good radioprotection at a minimal

nontoxic dose.

The best radioprotection was observed for 15 mg/kg, where the higher number of survivors

was found after completion of 30 days post-irradiation.


836


A study found Geno-protective efficacy of CP (Dabur company) on the somatic

chromosomes of 25 bidi smokers (bidi: A traditional handmade conical smoking stick,

prepared by filling tobacco in Diospyros melana xylon leaves). A total of 20 g of CP was

administered for two months, twice a day, and parameters such as the mitotic index (MI),

chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), and satellite associations

(SA) were studied and found to have significantly decreased (p < 0.01) in CP-fed smokers

compared to normal smokers. A significant decline in the frequency of CA is indicative of the

Geno-protective role of CP against mutagenic agents present in tobacco smoke. A

cytogenetic study established the Geno-protective and antioxidant potential of CP in oral

premalignant cancer (conducted on 21 betel quid chewing oral pre-cancerous lesions

subjects). Due to its rich Amla contents, CP also exhibits cytoprotective (effective against

metal clasto gens), anticarcinogenic, and antimutagenic activities and stabilizes the side-

effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The synergistic effects of the cocktail of herbal

metabolites of CP and the multiple points of intervention offer higher efficacy during

chemoprevention regimens. In an RCT on 75 patients of head and neck cancer, CP (10 g,

twice daily) along with radiotherapy reduced the severity of mucosal reactions and improved

the Hb levels. (Ojha, J.K. 2003).

4.2.9. Favorable Effects on Lipid Profile and Glycemic Levels - Owing to its rich sugar and

honey contents, CP is generally considered to be contraindicated in diabetics; however,

contrary to this widespread belief, CP is reported to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in the

oral glucose tolerance test and substantially reduce blood cholesterol level compared to

vitamin C. Chyawanprash is also an efficient hypo-lipidemic. A study conducted on CP for

evaluation of health promotion in elderly people reported a decrease in cholesterol,

triglycerides, LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and increase in HDL (high-density lipoprotein)

levels which corroborates its indications in geriatrics as cited in Phalashruti (beneficial

effects) of this formulation. In a randomized open label clinical study (n = 121; age group:

18–70) on type 2 diabetics, no statistically significant change in HbA1c and blood sugar

levels was found. This signifies the safety of CP in type 2 diabetic patients controlled by oral

hypoglycemic agents. Additionally, a statistically significant convalescence was also found in

energy levels of diabetics (Ernst, W. Ed. 2002).


837


4.2.10. Other Preventive, Promotive and Curative Health Benefits - Chyawanprash helps in

better absorption of calcium and protein synthesis, there by strengthening bones and teeth,

and improving muscle tone.

It also promotes growth in juvenile and help in gaining weight. Its pro-found Rasayana effect

due to potent herbs like Amla, Guduchi, and Ashwagandha helps to balance the body‘s

natural processes and modulate the neuro endocrine-immune activities. It eliminates blood

impurities and acts as a natural detox. It promotes hair growth, skin complexion, cures dermal

infections, and improve is personality characteristics by imparting splendor, exquisiteness,

youthfulness, wisdom, vitality, and glow. In hairless mice model, CP has shown a protective

effect on photoaging of skin. In HeLa cells, CP suppressed epidermal thickening, improved

the proliferation of human keratinocytes, and effectively removed ROS (reactive oxygen

species), which are liable for skin photoaging. In a study, CP showed promising potential for

use as an antimicrobial agent. CHCl3 as well as hydrolyzed CHCl3 extract of CP showed

concentration-dependent anti-microbial activity. Chyawanprash has also shown protective

effects in steroid-induced opacities in the eye lens of a chick embryo. In a double-blind,

placebo-controlled study on 177 subjects, CP improved Hb levels consistently, irrespective of

the season of its consumption, along with improvement in pulmonary function tests and

immunological parameters (Ojha, J.K. 2003).

5. Chyawanprash: A Nutraceutical and Functional Food

The term ‗nutraceutical‘ was coined in 1989 by Stephen De Felice as ―a food or part of a food

that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention and/or treatment of

disease.‖ Chyawanprash has been a consistent part of Indian tradition both as a functional

food and nutraceutical for the past 5000 years, with constant zeal and vivacity, and has

survived owing to its peerless health benefits. Chyawanprash is reported to have rich vitamin,

protein, dietary fiber, energy contents, carbohydrate, low fat contents (no-trans and zero

percent cholesterol), and appreciable level of major and minor trace elements (mg/100g),

such as Fe (21.1), Zn (3.1), Co (3.7), Cu (0.667), Ni (1.4), Pb (2.4), Mn (8.3), vitamin C (0.5),

tannic acid (20.2), other vitamins A, E, B1, B2, and carotenoids that act as micro nutrients for

health - invigorating purposes. It also provides several essential phytoconstituents, namely,

flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, antioxidants, piperine, phenolic compounds, etc. The

synergistic antioxidant effects of vitamin C along with vitamin and carotenoids are well

known. The rich nutritive composition and antioxidant biomolecules of CP act both singly as


838


well as synergistically for immuno-modulation, body building, health restoration, and

prevention of oxidative damage (a leading cause of several degenerative diseases) (Agte, V.V

et.al., Elliot, J.G et.al. Das, L.; Bhaumik, E 2011).

6. Market Trends

Market Trends Indian regulations permit the manufacture and sale of CP either as an

Ayurvedic medicine by following exactly the recipe and the process as per the authoritative

text listed in the regulations (referred to commonly as classical Ayurvedic medicine)or as a

proprietary Ayurvedic medicine, where modification to an authoritative text-based recipe is

allowed as long as all the ingredients are listed in any one of the texts officially recognized by

the law (Deshpande, S.W 2009) Despite several negative points related to commercialization

of this traditional formulation of CP, it is still a widely accepted and used health/nutrition

supplement among Indian consumers. It is being advised and used by all age groups and in

several health conditions. In the Indian market, CP is certainly distinguished from other

nutraceuticals based on its visibility on market shelves, brand variants, huge number of ads,

and a cultural acceptability. The market value of CP in 2010 was over 4 billion (about $80

million USD), which makes CP India‘s best-selling Ayurvedic medicine

(http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011)There are many CP brands in the Indian

market, such as Dabur, Emami Group, Himalaya, Bajaj, and Baidya Nath; however, the

leading brand is Dabur, with a market share of 70%.

Comparative test performance scores of various leading market brands of CP are detailed in

Table 3 Chyawanprash is losing its real meaning and efficacy because of an upsurge in

immoral market trends and noncompliance with ancient manufacturing guidelines. Only the

name remains the same, but the ingredients and the preparation totally vary from company to

company. Thus, there is a need to get a hold in the market, as the original efficacy of CP is

being compromised. Companies are launching CP in cookies, sugar-free biscuits, snack bars,

chocolate granules, fruit-flavored (orange or mango) variants as part of a bid to make the

‗traditional‘ brand appealing to young consumers [(wiki.) Apart from introducing new and

exciting variants of CP, organizations have backed their marketing campaigns with well-

known stars. To entice the younger generation, Indian movie stars and sportsman such as

Akshay Kumar, Shahrukh Khan, Ravi Kishan, Virat Kohli, Saina Nehwal, Sachin Tendulkar,

and M.S. Dhoni have been featured in CP advertisements and other promotional activities

(Deshpande, S.W.; Gandhi, N. 2009).


839


The cost of production of CP, if it is produced in bulk, will be around 70–80 per kg.

However, there are no stringent regulations on companies for pricing, as price control

systems are not applicable to Ayurveda products.

7. Evaluation of Morphological, Phytochemical and Physicochemical Properties of

herbal Formulation.

7. Chyawanprash For Quality Evaluation.

7.1 Morphological Testing

All the organoleptic properties viz. color, odor, taste, and consistency of different

chyawanprash preparations were noted down and assessed.


840


7.2. Phytochemical Evaluation

Aqueous and methanol extract of chyawanprash prepared by hot extraction, were used for the

phytochemical investigations. All the phytochemical investigations were done as follows.

a. Tests for alkaloids (Wagner’s Test) - Small quantity of the extract was taken in a test

tube and evaporated. To the residue 1 ml dilute HCl was added, shaken well and filtered.

To the 1-2 ml of filtrate, Wagner‘s reagent was added. Brownish-red precipitate was

formed showing the presence of alkaloid(s) (Evans WC. Trease and Evans'

Pharmacognosy).

b. Tests for carbohydrates (Fehling’s Test) – 1 ml Fehling‘s A solution and 1 ml of

Fehling‘s B solution were mixed and boiled for one minute. Equal volume of extract was

added to the above mixture. The solution was heated in boiling water bath for 5-10

minutes. Brick red precipitate was observed showing the presence of carbohydrates

(Farnsworth MR, 1966).

c. Test for fixed oils and fats (Spot test) -A small quantity of extract was pressed between

two filter papers. Oil stain on the paper indicated the presence of fixed oil (Kokate, C.K.

Practical Pharmacognosy 2006).

d. Tests for flavonoids (Shinoda Test) - 5 ml of 95% ethanol and few drops of

concentrated HCl was added to few ml of the extract. To this solution, 0.5 g of

magnesium turnings was added. Observance of pink tomato red coloration indicated the

presence of flavonoid(s) (Sahu, VK, Raghuveer I, Alok S and Gurjar H 2010).

e. Tests for glycosides (Keller-Killiani Test) - To 2 ml of the extract, glacial acetic acid,

one drop 5% FeCl3 and conc. H2SO4 was added. Reddish brown color appeared at

junction of two liquid layers and upper layer turned bluish green indicating the presence

of glycoside(s) (Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy).

f. Test for proteins and free amino acids (Millon’s test) - A small quantity of both

alcoholic and aqueous extracts was added in a few ml of distilled water, separately. To 2

ml of filtrate, 5-6 drops of Millon‘s reagent was added, red colored precipitate formation

confirmed the presence of proteins and free amino acids (Evans WC. Trease and Evans'

Pharmacognosy, 2006).

g. Test for saponins (Foam Test) Drug extract was shaken vigorously with water.

Formation of persistent foam indicates presence of saponins (Evans WC. Trease and

Evans Pharmacognosy, 2006).


841


h. Tests for tannins and phenolic compounds

(a) FeCl3 Solution Test: On addition of 5% FeCl3 solution to the extract, appearance of deep

blue-black color indicates the presence of phenolic compound(s).[50]

(Farnsworth MR.1966)

(b) Dil. HNO3 Test: On addition of few ml of dilute HNO3 to the extract, appearance of

reddish color indicated the presence of tannin(s) and phenolic compound(s) (Farnsworth

MR.1966).

7.3. Physicochemical Evaluation

I. Water soluble extractive value - 5 g of chyawanprash preparation was macerated with 100

ml of distilled water in a closed flask for 24 hours, frequently shaking for six hours and

allowing standing for the next 18 hours. It was filtered rapidly, taking precautions against the

loss of solvent. 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a tarred flat-bottomed

shallow dish, dried at 105⁰ C to constant weight and was weighed. The percentage of water-

soluble extractive was calculated with reference to the original amount of chyawanprash

taken (API. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India 2001) It was done in triplicate for every

chyawanprash preparation.

II. Alcohol soluble extractive value - 5 g of chyawanprash preparation was macerated with

100 ml of alcohol of the specified strength in a closed flask for 24 hours, frequently shaking

for six hours and allowing standing for the next 18 hours. It was then filtered rapidly, taking

precautions against the loss of solvent. 25 ml of the filtrate was evaporated to dryness in a

tarred flat-bottomed shallow dish, dried at 105⁰ C to constant weight and was weighed. The

percentage of alcohol soluble extractive was calculated with reference to the original amount

of chyawanprash taken (API. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India 2001) It was done in

triplicate for every chyawanprash preparation.

III. Loss on Drying (LOD) - 10 g of chyawanprash preparation (without any preliminary

drying) after accurately weighing was placed in a tarred evaporating dish. It was then dried at

105⁰ C for 5 hours, and weighed. Drying and weighing was continued at one-hour interval

until difference between two successive weighing (drying for 30 min and cooling for 30 min

in a desiccator), show not more than 0.01 g difference. The percentage LOD was calculated

with reference to the original amount of chyawanprash taken (API. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia

of India 2001) It was done in triplicate for every samples.


842


IV. Total acidity in terms of anhydrous citric acid - 2g chyawanprash was weighed

accurately and suspended in 100 ml of water. It was titrated with 1 M sodium hydroxide

using 0.5 ml of phenolphthalein solution as indicator (Indian Pharmacopoeia, Vol I 2007) It

was done in triplicate for every chyawanprash preparation.

V. Vitamin C content - 25 ml of vitamin C standard solution was added to a 125 ml

Erlenmeyer flask. 10 drops of 1% starch solution was added. Burette was rinsed with a small

volume of the iodine solution and filled. The initial volume was recorded. Solution was

titrated until the endpoint (Blue color) was reached. Final volume of iodine solution was

recorded. Titration was done in triplicate. Samples were titrated exactly the same way as

standard. The initial and final volume of iodine solution required to produce the color change

at the endpoint were recorded. And vitamin C content was calculated. (Ciancaglinia P,

Santosa HL et.al) It was done in triplicate for every chyawanprash preparation.

VI. Saponification Value - 2 g of chyawanprash preparation was weighed accurately, into a

200 ml flask of borosilicate glass fitted with reflux condenser. 25 ml of 0.5 M ethanolic

potassium hydroxide and a little pumice powder was added and boiled under reflux on water

bath for 30 minutes. 1 ml of phenolphthalein solution was added and titrated immediately

with 0.5 M HCl (1 ml). Blank titration was carried out by omitting the substance under

examination (b ml) (Sahu, VK, Raghuveer I, Alok S and Gurjar H.2010) It was done in

triplicate for every chyawanprash preparation. Saponification value was calculated from the

expression.

Saponification value = 28.05 (b-a)/w

VII. Acid Value - 10 g of chyawanprash preparation was weighed accurately, and transferred

in 50 ml of a mixture of equal volumes of ethanol (95%) and ether, previously neutralized

with 0.1 M KOH to phenolphthalein solution. The flask was connected with a reflux

condenser and warmed slowly, with frequent shaking, until the sample dissolved. 1 ml of

phenolphthalein solution was added and titrated with 0.1 M KOH until the solution remained

faintly pink after shaking for 30 seconds. It was done in triplicate for every chyawanprash

preparation. Acid value was calculated from the expression:

Acid value = 5.61 n/W

Where, n = the number of ml of 0.1 M KOH required;

W= the weight, in g of the substance (IP. Indian Pharmacopoeia I 2007.)


843


VIII. Ester Value - Ester value was calculated from the expression.

Ester Value = Saponification value - Acid value (IP. Indian Pharmacopoeia I 2007)

IX. Total Ash - 2g accurately weighed chyawanprash was incinerated, in a tarred silica dish

at a temperature not exceeding 450⁰ C until free from carbon. It was then cooled and

weighed. The percentage of ash was calculated with reference to the original amount of

chyawanprash taken (API. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India 2001) It was done in triplicate

for every chyawanprash preparation.

X. Acid Insoluble Ash - To the crucible containing total ash, 25 ml of dilute HCl was

added. Insoluble matter was then collected on ash less filter paper and washed with hot water

until the filtrate was neutral. Filter paper containing the insoluble matter was transferred to

the original crucible, and ignited to constant weight. The residue was allowed to cool in

desiccator for 30 minutes and then weighed. Acid insoluble ash was calculated with reference

to the original amount of chyawanprash taken (API. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India

2001) It was done in triplicate for every chyawanprash preparation.

XI. Total Fat - Accurately weighed chyawanprash (5g) was extracted using diethyl ether. 3

to 4 successive extractions were done. It was then decanted in a tared flat bottom dish. The

solvent was evaporated by keeping on water bath. It was then cooled and weighed. The

difference in weight gives the total fat content of the sample for the amount of sample taken.

It was done in triplicate for every chyawanprash preparation.

XII. pH - pH of 5 % solution of chyawanprash was determined using pH meter. It was done

in triplicate for every chyawanprash preparation (IP. Indian Pharmacopoeia I 2007).

XIII. Weight ml-1

- Weight ml-1

of 1 % solution of chyawanprash was determined in

triplicate for chyawanprash preparation (IP. Indian Pharmacopoeia I 2007).

8. DISCUSSION

Chyavanaprasha is a complex mixture of many herbal ingredients. All the ingredients in the

Chyavanaprasha have been scientifically studied individually for their health benefits.

Chyavanaprasha is helpful in clearing the accumulated excreta by promoting digestion and

excretion. It is not only hepatoprotective but also streamlines the metabolism of fat and

proteins. It relieves cough, asthma, bronchospasm, respiratory tract infections and

tuberculosis. It has anti-oxidant, cardiotonic, cholesterol lowering and anti-inflammatory


844


properties. As it works as an anti-oxidant, it slows down the ageing process and lowers blood

cholesterol levels. It also improves muscle tone by enhancing protein synthesis. It enhances

fertility. Shatavari, Bala, Jivanti, Ashwagandha, Gokshur acts as aphrodisiac. The other non-

herbal components of Chyavanaprasha also have many benefits. For example, ghee is a brain

tonic, nutritive, alterative, aphrodisiac, digestive and eye tonic. It is an immune modulator

drug. It is digestive which improves absorption and assimilation. Ghee makes the body

flexible. It is yogvahi therefore it acts as a catalyst agent that carries the medicinal properties

of herbs into the seven dhatus of the body. It neutralizes all the three doshas. Tail or sesame

oil is an antioxidant and helps in inflammatory conditions, ulcers, urinary diseases, migraine

etc. Madhu (honey) is a sweetening agent which is bactericidal, mild-laxative, antiseptic and

is good for ulcer.

9. CONCLUSION

If one wants to attain longevity, memory, intelligence, freedom from illness, youthfulness,

excellence of lusters, complexion and voice, optimum strength of physique and sense organs,

perfection in deliberation, respectability and brilliance then he should consume

Chyavanaprasha on daily basis.

10. REFERENCE

1. Ojha, J.K. (Eds.), 2003. Chyawanprash from Vedic and genomic era. Chaukhamba

Sanskrit Delhi.

2. Deshpade, S.W., Gandhi, N., 2009. Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and rules 1945, fifth

ed. Susmit Publisher, Mumbai.

3. Bode, M., 2015. Assembling cyavanaprāsh, Ayurveda's best-selling medicine. Anthropol.

Med, 22: 23–33.

4. Sharma, P.V., 1992. Caraka Samhita, second ed., Vol II, Chaukhamba Orientalia,

Varanasi, 3–10.

5. Deshpade, S.W., Gandhi, N., 2009. Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 and rules 1945, fifth

ed. Susmit Publisher, Mumbai.

6. Vol I, (Krishan- Gopal Ayurved Bhawan, Kaleda, Ajmer), 1961; 779.

7. Shah NC, Bharat Bhaishjya Ratnakar, Vol II, (B Jain Publishers Private Ltd, New Delhi),

1999; 164.

8. Srikanta Murthy KR, Sarngadhar-Samhita- A Treatise on Ayurveda, (Chaukhambha

Orientalia, Varanasi), 1995; 111.


845


9. Anonymous, Clinical Applications of Ayurvedic Remedies and a List of Ayurvedic

Preparations, (Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi), 1986; 140.

10. Charak Samhita, Chikitsasathanam, Vol II, (Motilal Banara- sidas, Banaras), 1954; 7.

11. Sharma PV, Cakradatta: A Treatise on Principles and Practices of Ayurvedic Medicine

(Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi), 1954; 129.

12. Shastri AD, Bhaishjya-Ratnavali, (Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhawan, Varanasi), 1996; 286.

13. Ayurved-Sarsangarah, (Shree Baidya Nath Ayurveda Bhawan Pvt Ltd, Calcutta), 1965;

540.

14. Trivedi RP, Bhaishajay Kalpana, (Dhanvantari Karyalaya, Vijayagarh, Aligarh), 1951;

260.

15. Bhandari CR, Vanoshadhi-Chandrodaya, Vol I, (Gyan- Mandir, Bhanpura), 1938; 112.

16. Rastantar Sar and Sidh Prayog Sangrah, Vol I, (Krishan- Gopal Ayurved Bhawan,

Kaleda, Ajmer), 1961; 779.

17. Shah NC, Bharat Bhaishjya Ratnakar, Vol II, (B Jain Pub- lishers Private Ltd, New

Delhi), 1999; 164.

18. Srikanta Murthy KR, Sarngadhar-Samhita- A Treatise on Ayurveda, (Chaukhambha

Orientalia, Varanasi), 1995; 111.

19. Anonymous, Handbook of Domestic Medicine and Common Ayurvedic Remedies

(Central Council for Research in Indian Medicine and Homeopathy, Ministry of Health

and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi), 1978; 380.

20. Handa SS, Sharma A & Chakraborti KK, Natural products and plants as liver protecting

drugs, Fitoterapia, 1986; 57: 307.

21. Rawat N, Roushan R (2018). Guduchi; A Potential Drug in Ayurveda, 7(12),

www.doi.org.

22. Chyawanprash.‖ Wikipedia. Online. Retrieved 24 Apr. 2012. en.wikipedia.org.

23. Lad, Vasant. Textbook of Ayurveda, Volume Three: General Principles of Management

and Treatment. The Ayurvedic Press, 2012; 342: 418.

24. Pandey K, Chaurvedi G, eds chikitsasthana, Rasayana, Charaka Samhita. Varanasi, India:

Chaukambha Bhartiya Academy, 2015; shlok7-8, p.5.Reprint.

25. Pole, Sebastian. Ayurvedic Medicine: The Principles of Traditional Practice. Churchill

Livingston Elsevier, 2006; 296-297.

26. Manjunatha, S., et al. ―Effect of Chyawanprash and Vitamin C on Glucose Tolerance and

Lipoprotein Profile.‖ Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2001; 45.1: 71-79.

Online. PubMed. Retrieved 24 Apr. 2012 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

http://www.doi.org/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/


846


27. Sharma, R.K.; Charak, S. Chikitsa Sathanam; Motilal Banarasidas: Varanasi, India, 1954;

Volume II.

28. Kumar, A.; Rinwa, P.; Kaur, P. Chyawanprash: A wonder Indian Rasayana from

Ayurveda to Modern Age. Crit. Rev. Pharm. Sci, 2012; 1: 1–8.

29. Datta Goutam, K.; Debnath, P.K. Stress Adaptation in Ayurveda by Immunomodulatory

Rasayana. In Proceedings of the National Seminar on Rasayana, CCRAS, New Delhi,

India, March 1999; 8–10, 60–75.

30. Ernst, W. Plural Medicine, Tradition and Modernity, 1800–2000; Routledge: London,

UK; New York, NY, USA, 2002; 187.

31. Fursule, R.A.; Patil, S.D. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of Phaseolus trilobus,

Ait on bile duct ligation induced liver fibrosis in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2010; 16:

416–419.

32. Bagalkotkar, G.; Sagineedu, S.R.; Saad, M.S.; Stanslas, J. Phytochemicals from

Phyllanthus niruri Linn. and their pharmacological properties: A review. J. Pharm.

Pharmacol, 2006; 58: 1559–1570.

33. Debnath, P.K.; Chattopadhyay, J.; Mitra, A.; Adhikari, A.; Alam, M.S.; Bandopadhyay,

S.K.; Hazra, J. Adjunct therapy of Ayurvedic medicine with anti-tubercular drugs on the

therapeutic management of pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med, 2012; 3:

141–149.

34. Ojha, J.K.; Khanna, N.N.; Bajpay, H.S.; Sharma, N. A clinical study on Chyawanprash as

an adjuvant in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Res. Ind. Med. 1975, 10, 11–

14.

35. Ojha, J.K.; Bajpai, H.S.; Sharma, P.V.; Khanna, N.N.; Shukla, P.K.; Sharma, T.N.

Chyawanprash as an anabolic agent; An experimental study (preliminary work). J. Res.

Ind. Med. 1973, 8, 11–14.

36. Debnath, P.K.; Chattopadhyay, J.; Mitra, A.; Adhikari, A.; Alam, M.S.; Bandopadhyay,

S.K.; Hazra, J. Adjunct therapy of Ayurvedic medicine with anti-tubercular drugs on the

therapeutic management of pulmonary tuberculosis. J. Ayurveda Integr. Med, 2012; 3:

141–149.

37. Sharma, P.V. Dravayagun Vigyan; Chaukhamba Bharati Academy: Varanasi, India,

2003; Volume II, 535p.

38. Trikam, Y. Dravayagunvigyanam; Shree Sharma Ayurved Mandir: Datiya, India, 1979;

465p.

39. Sharma, P.V. Clinical Uses of Medicinal Plants; Chaukhambha Visvabharati: Varanasi,


847


India, 1996; 33p.

40. Agte, V.V.; Mengale, S.S.; Akkalkotkar, M.; Paknikar, K.M.; Chiplonkar, S.A.

Antioxidant and trace element potential of Chyavanpraash and some Ayurvedic

preparations. Ind. J. Tradit. Knowl, 2003; 215–223.

41. Elliot, J.G. Application of antioxidant vitamins in foods and beverages. Food Technol,

1999; 53: 46–48.

42. Das, L.; Bhaumik, E.; Raychaudhuri, U.; Chakraborty, R. Role of nutraceuticals in human

health. J. Food Sci. Technol, 2011; 49: 173–183.

43. Deshpande, S.W.; Gandhi, N. Drugs and Cosmetic Act 1940 And Rules 1945; Susmit

Publisher: Mumbai, India, 2009.

44. Economic Times. SRK, Dhoni, Ravi Kishan Do Wonders for Chyawanprash. Available

online: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011--01--

26/news/28429729_1_chyawanprash-marketsona-chandi-chyawanprash-ravi-kishan

(accessed on 11 December 2018).

45. Consumer Voice Magazine. Comparative Test. Chyavanprash Repairs and Rejuvenates.

Available online: http://consumeradvice.in/Download/Chyavanprash.pdf (accessed on 12

December 2018).

46. FnB news.com. Available online: http://www.fnbnews.com/Top-News/Unibic-presents-

ChyawanprashCookies-to-focus-on-health-and-wellness-category (accessed on 17

January 2019).

47. India Mart. Available online:

http://www.indiamart.com/baidyanath/immunomodulator.html (accessed on 15 January

2019).

48. Evans WC. Trease and Evans' Pharmacognosy, 14th edition. WB Saunders, London,

1996.

49. Farnsworth MR. Biological and phytochemical screening of plants. J. Pharm. Sci, 1966;

55: 225-286.

50. Kokate, C.K. Practical Pharmacognosy, Fourth Edition Reprint, 2006; 107-109.

51. Sahu, VK, Raghuveer I, Alok S and Gurjar H. Phytochemical investigation and

chromatographic evaluation of the ethanolic extract of whole plant extract of

Dendrophthoe falcate. I.J.P.S.R, 2010; 1: 321-325.

52. API. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Vol I, Formulations Part-II, 3rd edition,

Published by Department of Ayush, Health and Family Welfare, Government of India,

New Delhi, 2001; 15- 16, 140-141.


848


53. IP. Indian Pharmacopoeia, Vol I. Published by the Controller of Publications, Ministry of

Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, New Delhi, 2007; 80-81, 89, 141, 165.

54. Ciancaglinia P, Santosa HL, Daghastanli KRP and Thedei Jr.b. G. Using a classical

method of vitamin C quantification as a tool for discussion of its role in the body.

Biochem. Mol. Biol. Edu, 2001; 29: 110-114.

55. Liu, R.H. Potential synergy of phytochemicals in cancer prevention: Mechanism of

action. J. Nutr, 2004; 134: 3479–3485.

56. Govindarajan, R.; Vijayakumar, M.; Pushpangadan, P. Antioxidant approach to disease

management and the role of ‗Rasayana‘ herbs of Ayurveda. J. Ethnopharmacol, 2005; 99:

165–178.

57. 58. Jeena, K.J.; Kuttan, R. Antioxidant activity of Emblica officinalis. J. Clin. Biochem.

Nutr, 1995; 19: 63.

58. Kumar, A.; Kaur, P.; Rinwa, P. Comparative study of various marketed brands of Indian

Chyawanprash for their anti-anxiety and anti-oxidant potential. Int. J. Pharm. Res. Biosci,

2012; 1: 296–310.

59. Khopde, S.M.; Priyadarsini, K.I.; Mohan, H.; Gawandi, V.B.; Satav, J.G.; Yakhmi, J.V.;

Banavaliker, M.M.; Biyani, M.K.; Mittal, J.P. Characterizing the antioxidant activity of

Amla (Phyllanthusemblica)extract. Curr. Sci, 2001; 81: 185–190.

60. Kumar, G.S.; Nayakaa, H.; Dharmesha, S.M.; Salimatha, P.V. Free and bound phenolic

antioxidants in amla (Emblica officinalis) and turmeric (Curcuma longa). J. Food

Compos. Anal, 2006; 19: 446–452.

61. Kasar, R.P.; Laddha, K.S.; Chaudhary, J.; Shukla, A. Development of quality control

methods for poly herbal formulation, Chyawanprash. Nat. Prod. Radian, 2006; 5: 33–41.

62. Mehrotra, S.; Rawat, A.K.; Singh, S. Standardization of popular ayurvedic adaptogenic

preparation ―Chyawanprash‖ and ethnokotary of its ingredients. Ethnobotany 1995; 7:

1–15.

63. Das, L.; Bhaumik, E.; Raychaudhuri, U.; Chakraborty, R. Role of nutraceuticals in human

health. J. Food Sci. Technol, 2011; 49: 173–183.

64. Sailesh, K.S.; Archana, R.; Mishra, S.; Symphoria Mukkadan, J.K. Chyawanprash on

cognitive, autonomic, and repiratory parameters in college students. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda

Pharm, 2014; 5: 435–438.


849


65. Nimbal, S.K.; Koti, B.C. Cardio protective Effect of Boerhaavia diffusa against

Doxorubicin-induced myocardial toxicity in Albino Rats. Sch. Acad. J. Biosci, 2016; 4:

171–178.

66. Chauhan, N.S.; Sharma, V.; Dixit, V.K.; Thakur, M. A review on plants used for

improvement of sexual performance and virility. Biomed. Res. Int, 2014; 2014: 868062.

67. Ojha, J.K. Chyawanprash from Vedic and Genomic Era; Chaukhamba Sanskrit

Pratishtha: New Delhi, India, 2003.

68. Ernst, W. (Ed.) Plural Medicine, Tradition and Modernity, 1800–2000; Routledge:

London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2002; 272p.

69. Ojha, J.K. Chyawanprash from Vedic and Genomic Era; Chaukhamba Sanskrit

Pratishtha: New Delhi, India, 2003.

chyawanprash: an ayurvedic avaleha herbal …

Documents