Welcome to

CIB Task Group 66 Web Event:

"The Implementation of Energy Efficient Buildings Policy in India and Beyond"

THURSDAY; 28 JUNE 20122 pm – 4 pm Indian Standard Time

CIB stands for International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction

TG 66: Energy and the Built Environment

Beyond the building:Energy efficient surrounding is future of India

Presenter: Mahua Mukherjee, PhD.IIT Roorkee, India

Gayatri Mantra

-- -

pracho-đayāŧ.

That Saviŧ (Sun God)

who is to be followed

(adopted), we think-of

(meditate-on) His

energy (power), may

He inspire (guide) our

minds (intellects).

Outline for today’s Discussion

• Energy & Emission

• Sustainability Dilemma of India

• Future Focus: Urban Outdoor Space for Energy

Efficiency

• Global Scenario & Standards For Urban Outdoors

• Green Outdoor Initiatives

• Next-Gen Built Environment

Energy

1. IEA, World Energy Outlook

Average per capita CO2 emissions (tonnes/annum) of different countries and different Indian income classes; Source: [2] Hiding behind the poor - A report by Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007

Emission

India’s Emission Pattern

The CO2 emission embodied in the consumption basket of top 10% of the population in urban India is one-sixth of the per capita emission generated in the US.

India’s CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use were less than five percent of the world total in 2007 (IEA 2009) but this is likely to increase with economic development & population rise.

10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014

INDIA: Growth Pressure

• Economy growing at ~8 % pa

• Population of 1.22 billion+

• Urban Housing deficit of 23 million

• 40 million rural Housing units deficit

• Increased migration to urban areas

• Climate refugees - Climate change induced post disaster reconstruction

3. Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India

INDIA: Growth Drivers

• Fast urbanization

• Increased migration

• Younger population

• Population growth

• Increased aspirations

Development or Preservation/ Conservation

New development or Maintaining the Existing

Adaptation or Mitigation

Sustainability Dilemma

4. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J. Robinson, Ecological Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 3845. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005

•Rural areas•Deteriorated Connect with nature

•Suburb areas•Neither urban facilities nor connect with nature

•Urban areas

•In/efficient Management of resources

Development or Preservation/ Conservation in INDIA

2. Benefits of Maintaining the existing through RETROFITTING

6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living Cities Report, 2008

ECONOMIC BENEFITS•Saving money•Creating jobs and career opportunities•Boosts local economy•Takes less time than building a new structure, so normal function is suspended for a lesser period of time

SOCIAL BENEFITS•Improved health, quality of life and comfort•Improved productivity•Improved social welfare and poverty alleviation

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS•Reduction in local/regional air pollution•Non- release of embodied energy already in the building which could have been released if the building was demolished to build a new one

3. Adaptation or Mitigation for India

Addressing multiple risks due to climate change is a serious public policy and adaptation management challenge for India.

On the face of climate change, adaptation and mitigation actions for cities in India are critically required where the urban population is likely to grow by around 500 million over the next 50 years.

The developed countries can afford to go for expensive adaptive programmes as they continue with their resource intensive industrialized economic activities.

7. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A., Environment and Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008. 8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011

3. Adaptation or Mitigation for IndiaIndia would preferably opt for a mix of two strategies which the local economy and people can sustainably afford.

Integrated policies like Coastal Zonal Management and mangrove forest regeneration, sustainable livelihoods through revival of marine ecosystems , construction of dykes and dams, solid waste and water resource management, disaster mitigation and management planning and implementation etc. are well-established mitigation strategies.

Urban planning for changed scenario, green technology, sustainable brackets, renewable solar energy generation to satisfy increasing demand, etc. are few potential adaptation strategies.

8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee, International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011

For Energy Efficiency

Future Focus

Urban over Rural

Beyond Buildings

Urban Outdoor Space

Rural India

India’s Energy Consumption Pattern

9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use Patterns; Joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)

India’s Emission Pattern

The urban top 10% accounts for emissions of 3416 kg of CO2 per year

The rural bottom 10% class accounts for only 141 kg of CO2 per year.

10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014

Foremost among the challenges for Human

Habitat

is maintaining human wellbeing by provisioning

for clean air and healthy living environment

Future Focus

Building or Surrounding Open Area

11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S. Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry, RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010

Inspirational Nature in INDIA

Possible Way-out

To deal the challenge to maintain human

wellbeing by provisioning for clean air and

healthy living is through conservation and

restoration of urban outdoor green spaces

Future Focus

Building or Surrounding Open Area

Beyond the buildings’ envelopes in urban area

can positively contributes to:

•physical and psychological health

•social cohesion

•climate change mitigation

•pollution abatement

•biodiversity conservation

•provisioning of the ecosystem goods and

service to urban inhabitants

Surrounding Open Area

Retrofitting Impact on Urban Outdoor Space

Ambient temperature & Humidity

Cooling load

Recovery from Pollution

Albedo Control

Water (fresh & waste) Resource Management

Solid Waste Management12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K., Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 200713. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ; American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 200114. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building underused rooftop towards the enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P. Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4). Yokohama, Japan; 2009

CO-BENEFITS of

Retrofitted Urban Outdoor Spaces

in addition to Energy Efficiency are

• URBAN POPULATIONS’ COMFORT

• CONNECT WITH NATURE

Global Scenario & Standards for

Urban outdoor

Global scenario -EUGreen space coverage in cities of EU vary markedly: averaging 18.6 % range from 1.9 (Reggio di Calabria, Italy) to

46% (Ferrol, Spain)

Availability of urban green spaces per capita varied by two orders of magnitude, from 3-4 m2 per person in Cádiz, Fuenlabrada and Almeria (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to > 300 m2 in Liège (Belgium), Oulu (Finland) and Valenciennes (France)15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J. Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352-355, 2009

Global scenario -USA

Urban tree cover in the United States ranges

from 0.4% in Lancaster, California

to 55% in Baton Rouge, Louisiana; containing

approximately 3.8 billion trees with an average

tree canopy cover of 27 percent of urban areas.

16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G. McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R. Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996.

17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389, 2002.

Global scenarioCuritiba, Brazil, with a population of 1.7 million, has urban green space 51.5m2/person from to 1 m2/person in 1970s.

Canberra, the national capital of Australia, at the beginning of the 1900s, was largely treeless. Extensive tree plantings began in 1911 and today, the urban forest on public lands contains 400,000 trees belonging to some 200 species in streets and parklands

Japan’s green space average is 6.1 - 8.5 m2/ person. The core of Metropolitan Area of Tokyo has green spaces of less than 20%, while surrounding area has 60-80% green spaces.

18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green Space Management; Carmona, M., C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/ Bartlett School of Planning, London, 200319. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G. and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003

Sustainable StandardsIn 20th century, experts in Germany, Japan and other countries proposed a standard of 40m² urban green space in high density zones & 140 m² suburb forest area per capita for reaching a balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen, to meet the ecological balance of human well-being.

Currently, developed countries have tended to adopt a general standard of green space of 20 m² park area per capita.

20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J. ;Journal of Forestry Research 20(1): 79-82, 2009

Sustainable StandardsInternational minimum standard suggested by World Health Organization (WHO) and adopted by the publications of United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is a minimum availability of 9 m2 green open space per city dweller (Kuchelmeister 1998)

There is yet another yardstick, which refers to London but has relevance to any city. Abercrombie (1943) prepared a plan in 1943-1944 suggesting that 1.62 ha (four acres) open space per 1000 population was a reasonable figure to adopt for London.

21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region, Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998

Some Important Indian Cities with Per Capita Green Space

City Area (Sq Km)

Population in Million (Census,

2001)

Forest and tree cover

(Sq Km)

Per Capita Green Space

(m²/ inhabitant)

Gandhinagar 2163.48 0.20 32.56 162.80

Chandigarh 114 0.90 49.00 54.45

Delhi 1483 13.80 297.00 21.52

Bangalore 741 5.60 97.00 17.32

Jaipur 200.4 2.32 5.43 2.30

(Source: Census of India, 2001)

“Urban trees are considered to be central part of green infrastructure” Source: Google

Urban Outdoor GreenThree main components: 1. Patch (urban domestic gardens, public and private

parks & gardens, water bodies, urban forest patches)

2. Corridor (roadside avenues, walkways and urban greenways etc.), and

3. Network structure (linking the patches and the corridors).

22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook, Landscape and Urban Planning; 58: 269-280, 200223. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 59-72, 2002.

Urban Outdoor is changing!

THE SCOPE : Retrofitting Urban Outdoor Space for Energy Efficiency

Building Level

Neighbourhood Level

City Level

Visible•Urban fabric- Vegetations, Buildings’ Surfaces-Green wall/roof

•Large transformed surfaces- Parking lot, Road, Pavements, …

•Streetscape, Landscaping-swales, park with native plants,

Outdoor Lighting

Perceptible• Policies on resource Management – Water(Fresh, Waste); Solid

Waste etc.

•Strategies for implementation- incentives, regulations etc.

Urban Outdoor Components

1. Identifying components for retrofit

2. Introduce measures for the Re/ CONNECT:

Urban forestry, Water bodies, Cooler Roof, Greener Vertical surfaces, Green connectors

3. Introducing more & more soft engineering

4. Maintaining the existing development

How to Retrofit Surroundings Sustainably?

Traditional Greener roof

Green roofs Cool roof

Green Walls

Greener Parking

Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering IIT KANPUR, INDIA

Urban forest• the quality of life of city residents

• a place of social integration, recreation and relief from hectic life

• Economical, ecological and aesthetic benefits– Provide with an additional recreation and wildlife area.

– trees and green space provide significant advantages in terms of psychological and physical well-being.

– also provide free ecosystem services which are helpful in maintaining ecological integrity of expanding cities like carbon sequestration, watershed management, and biodiversity conservation.

24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and Economics, 6, 3–13, 2004.

Berlin City Eco-friendly measures

AIM: to ensure that a given proportion of a particular site area is left undeveloped, or covered by vegetation

Singapore

AIM: to promote biodiversity conservation, keeping in mind that as a densely populated country with no hinterland, one would have to adopt a pragmatic approach towards conservation and

develop unique solutions to challenges

TokyoAIM: to regenerate

its abundant greenery and

represents the basic concept and

directions of the green measures

New York City Eco-friendly measures

AIM: to mitigate the urban heat island effect with the

extensive usage of vegetation

Government Organisations:

•Building byelaws with development controls over open spaces

•Investing in experimental studies to mitigate Urban Heat Island Effects & other environmental impact

•Developing knowledge-base on appropriate construction Materials

Initiatives in India

Local Governments:•In Indore, an initiative to reuse natural channels for drainage not only brought changes in water logging scenario, also improved vulnerable slum dwellers’ condition.

•In Kolkata, East Kolkata waste land is an exemplary conservation attempt for natural sewage treatment

•Cities like Delhi, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore are implementing Rainwater harvesting system with increasing awareness about permeability issue/ surface transformation

Initiatives in India

•Corporate Houses:

• SAP Labs- Bangalore, while renovating, commissioned Ornithologists instead of Landscape Architects to get back the birds within the campuses

• TCS Bangalore promoted 'Urban Forestry’ among common citizens in June 2011

• Retrofitting offices in Mumbai & Delhi with prior importance to surroundings

Initiatives in India

Next –Gen Built EnvironmentResource Conservation ApproachTechnical Efficiency

Efficient & Rated MEP & IEQ

Disaster Resiliency

Lean Construction Management

Sustainable rangeQuality of living

InclusivenessShift from Gated community

Connect with the natureScope to experience, appraise and develop bond with nature

Provision of natural Habitat within site thru’ regulations

Look Beyond Buildings to sustainably

Manage Surroundings using cost-effective

Technologies to Protect future of urban India

and re-establishing connect with the nature

Next –Gen Built Environment

References1. World Energy Outlook 2009, 2010, 2011; International Energy Agency2. Hiding behind the poor; Greenpeace on Climate injustice, 2007 3. Census Data of India, 2011; Government of India4. Squaring the circle? Some thoughts on the idea of sustainable development, J.

Robinson, Ecological Economics, 48 (2004), pp- 369– 3845. Social Limits to growth, F. Hirsch, Taylor & Francis, 2005 6. Efficiency in cities: a preliminary assessment of Potential ; D. Foy & J. Rogers, Living

Cities Report, 20087. Climate change risk: An adaptation and mitigation agenda for Indian cities; Revi, A.,

Environment and Urbanization, 20(1): 207-229, 2008. 8. Adaptive Planning approach for the Caribbean Islands’ Habitat; M. Mukherjee,

International Conference on Responding to Climate Change in the Caribbean , London University, 2011

9. Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels in India: Household Energy Use Patterns; Joint United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme (ESMAP)

10. CO2 emissions structure of Indian economy, Parikh J et al., Energy (2009), doi:10.1016/j.energy.2009.02.014

11. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India; V.S. Singh, D. N. Pandey, & P. Chaudhry, RSPCB Occasional Paper No. 1/2010, 2010

References12. The influence of land use on the urban heat island in Singapore; Jusuf, S. K.,

Habitat International, Elsevier , Vol. 31; 2007 13. FLUXNET: A New Tool to Study the Temporal and Spatial Variability of Ecosystem-

Scale Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Flux Densities; Baldocchi, D. ;American Meteorological Society , Volume 82, Issue 11;November 2001

14. A feasibility study for greening the Glasgow school of art’s bourdon building underused rooftop towards the enhancement of urban vegetation in Glasgow; P. Roongta, The seventh International Conference on Urban Climate,, (p. 4). Yokohama, Japan; 2009

15. The scaling of green space coverage in European cities; Fuller, R. A. and K. J. Gaston; Biology Letters 5(3): 352-355, 2009

16. Measuring and analyzing urban tree cover ; Nowak, D. J., R. A. Rowntree, E. G. McPherson, S. M. Sisinni, E. R. Kerkmann and J. C. Stevens; Landscape and Urban Planning 36(1): 49-57, 1996.

17. Carbon storage and sequestration by urban trees in the USA , Nowak, D. J. and Crane, D. E. ;Environmental Pollution 116: 381-389, 2002

18. Is the Grass Greener? Learning from International Innovations in Urban Green Space Management; Carmona, M., C. De Magalhaes, R. Blum & J. Hopkins. CABE/ Bartlett School of Planning, London, 2003

19. Canberra’s urban forest: Evolution and planning for future landscapes; Banks, J.G. and Brack C.L.; Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1: 151-160, 2003

References20. Analysis of problems in urban green space system planning in China; Wang, X.-J.

;Journal of Forestry Research 20(1): 79-82, 2009 21. Urban Forestry: Present Situation and Prospects in the Asia and Pacific region,

Kuchelmeister, G., FAO Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study, FAO Working Paper No: APFSOS/WP/44, FAO of the United Nations, Rome; 1998

22. Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks, E.A. Cook, Landscape and Urban Planning; 58: 269-280, 2002

23. Urban open space in the 21st century; C. W. Thompson, Landscape and Urban Planning 60: 59-72, 2002

24. Are urban green spaces optimally distributed to act as places for social integration? Results of a geographical information system (GIS) approach for urban forestry research; Chiari, C. S., & Seeland, K.; Forest Policy and Economics, 6, 3–13, 2004

25. Anurag Kandya* Chaaruchandra Korde, Smita Chugh, Lalit Mohan Bal, Sanjeev Singh and P. Sudhakar

Thank you!

Email: mahua1965@gmail.com