THE TUSCULAN DISPUTATIONS.INTRODUCTION.In the year a.u.c. 708, and the sixty-second year of Ciceros age, his daughter, Tullia, died in childbed; and her loss afflicted Cicero to such a degree that heabandoned all public business, and, leaving the city, retired to Asterra, whichwas a country house that he had near Antium; where, after a while, he devoted himself to philosophical studies, and, besides other works, he published his Treatise de Finibus, and also this treatise called the Tusculan Disputations, of which Middleton gives this concise description:The first book teaches us how to contemn the terrors of death, and to look upon it as a blessing rather than an evil;The second, to support pain and affliction with a manly fortitude;The third, to appease all our complaints and uneasinesses under the accidents oflife;The fourth, to moderate all our other passions;And the fifth explains the sufficiency of virtue to make men happy.It was his custom in the opportunities of his leisure to take some friends withhim into the country, where, instead of amusing themselves with idle sports or feasts, their diversions were wholly speculative, tending to improve the mind andenlarge the understanding. In this manner he now spent five days at his Tusculan villa in discussing with his friends the several questions just mentioned. For, after employing the mornings in declaiming and rhetorical exercises, they usedto retire in the afternoon 8into a gallery, called the Academy, which he had built for the purpose of philosophical conferences, where, after the manner of theGreeks, he held a school, as they called it, and invited the company to call for any subject that they desired to hear explained, which being proposed accordingly by some of the audience became immediately the argument of that days debate.These five conferences, or dialogues, he collected afterward into writing in thevery words and manner in which they really passed; and published them under thetitle of his Tusculan Disputations, from the name of the villa in which they were held.BOOK I.ON THE CONTEMPT OF DEATH.I. At a time when I had entirely, or to a great degree, released myself from mylabors as an advocate, and from my duties as a senator, I had recourse again, Brutus, principally by your advice, to those studies which never had been out of my mind, although neglected at times, and which after a long interval I resumed;and now, since the principles and rules of all arts which relate to living welldepend on the study of wisdom, which is called philosophy, I have thought it anemployment worthy of me to illustrate them in the Latin tongue, not because philosophy could not be understood in the Greek language, or by the teaching of Greek masters; but it has always been my opinion that our countrymen have, in some instances, made wiser discoveries than the Greeks, with reference to those subjects which they have considered worthy of devoting their attention to, and in others have improved upon their discoveries, so that in one way or other we surpassthem on every point; for, with regard to the manners and habits of private life,and family and domestic affairs, we certainly manage them with more elegance, and better than they did; and as to our republic, that our ancestors have, beyondall dispute, formed on better customs and laws. What shall I say of our militar

y affairs; in which our ancestors have been most eminent in valor, and still more so 9in discipline? As to those things which are attained not by study, but nature, neither Greece, nor any nation, is comparable to us; for what people has displayed such gravity, such steadiness, such greatness of soul, probity, faithsuchdistinguished virtue of every kind, as to be equal to our ancestors. In learning, indeed, and all kinds of literature, Greece did excel us, and it was easy todo so where there was no competition; for while among the Greeks the poets werethe most ancient species of learned mensince Homer and Hesiod lived before the foundation of Rome, and Archilochus1 was a contemporary of Romuluswe received poetry much later. For it was about five hundred and ten years after the building ofRome before Livius2 published a play in the consulship of C. Claudius, the son of Ccus, and M. Tuditanus, a year before the birth of Ennius, who was older than Plautus and Nvius.II. It was, therefore, late before poets were either known or received among us;though we find in Cato de Originibus that the guests used, at their entertainments, to sing the praises of famous men to the sound of the flute; but a speech of Catos shows this kind of poetry to have been in no great esteem, as he censuresMarcus Nobilior for carrying poets with him into his province; for that consul,as we know, carried Ennius with him into tolia. Therefore the less esteem poetswere in, the less were 10those studies pursued; though even then those who did display the greatest abilities that way were not very inferior to the Greeks. Dowe imagine that if it had been considered commendable in Fabius,3 a man of the highest rank, to paint, we should not have had many Polycleti and Parrhasii? Honor nourishes art, and glory is the spur with all to studies; while those studiesare always neglected in every nation which are looked upon disparagingly. The Greeks held skill in vocal and instrumental music as a very important accomplishment, and therefore it is recorded of Epaminondas, who, in my opinion, was the greatest man among the Greeks, that he played excellently on the flute; and Themistocles, some years before, was deemed ignorant because at an entertainment he declined the lyre when it was offered to him. For this reason musicians flourishedin Greece; music was a general study; and whoever was unacquainted with it was not considered as fully instructed in learning. Geometry was in high esteem withthem, therefore none were more honorable than mathematicians. But we have confined this art to bare measuring and calculating.III. But, on the contrary, we early entertained an esteem for the orator; thoughhe was not at first a man of learning, but only quick at speaking: in subsequent times he became learned; for it is reported that Galba, Africanus, and Llius were men of learning; and that even Cato, who preceded them in point of time, wasa studious man: then succeeded the Lepidi, Carbo, and Gracchi, and so many greatorators after them, down to our own times, that we were very little, if at all,inferior to the Greeks. Philosophy has been at a low ebb even to this present time, and has had no assistance from our own language, and so now I have undertaken to raise and illustrate it, in order that, as I have been of service to my countrymen, when employed on public affairs, I may, if possible, be so likewise inmy retirement; and in this I must take the more pains, because there are already many books in the 11Latin language which are said to be written inaccurately,having been composed by excellent men, only not of sufficient learning; for, indeed, it is possible that a man may think well, and yet not be able to express his thoughts elegantly; but for any one to publish thoughts which he can neither arrange skilfully nor illustrate so as to entertain his reader, is an unpardonable abuse of letters and retirement: they, therefore, read their books to one another, and no one ever takes them up but those who wish to have the same license for careless writing allowed to themselves. Wherefore, if oratory has acquired any reputation from my industry, I shall take the more pains to open the fountainsof philosophy, from which all my eloquence has taken its rise.IV. But, as Aristotle,4 a man of the greatest genius, and of the most various knowledge, being excited by the glory of the rhetorician Isocrates,5 commenced tea

ching young men to speak, and joined philosophy with eloquence: so it is my design not to lay aside my former study of oratory, and yet to employ myself at thesame time in this greater and more fruitful art; for I have always thought thatto be able to speak copiously and elegantly on the most important questions wasthe most perfect philosophy. And I have so diligently applied myself to this pursuit, that I have already ventured to have a school like the Greeks. And latelywhen you left us, having many of my friends about me, I attempted at my Tusculanvilla what I could do in that way; for as I formerly used to practise declaiming, which nobody continued longer than myself, so this is now to be the declamation of my old age. I desired any one to propose a question which he wished to have discussed, and then I argued that point either sitting or walking; and so I have compiled the schol, as the Greeks call them, of five days, in as many books. We proceeded in this manner: when he who had proposed the subject for discussionhad said what he thought proper, I 12spoke against him; for this is, you know, the old and Socratic method of arguing against anothers opinion; for Socrates thought that thus the truth would more easily be arrived at. But to give you a better notion of our disputations, I will not barely send you an account of them, butrepresent them to you as they were carried on; therefore let the introduction be thus:V. A. To me death seems to be an evil.M. What, to those who are already dead? or to those who must die?A. To both.M. It is a misery, then, because an evil?A. Certainly.M. Then those who have already died, and those who have still got to die, are both miserable?A. So it appears to me.M. Then all are miserable?A. Every one.M. And, indeed, if you wish to be consistent, all that are already born, or evershall be, are not only miserable, but always will be so; for should you maintain those only to be miserable, you would not except any one living, for all mustdie; but there should be an end of misery in death. But seeing that the dead aremiserable, we are born to eternal misery, for they must of consequence be miserable who died a hundred thousand years ago; or rather, all that have ever been born.A. So, indeed, I think.M. Tell me, I beseech you, are you afraid of the three-headed Cerberus in the shades below, and the roaring waves of Cocytus, and the passage over Acheron, andTantalus expiring with thirst, while the water touches his chin; and Sisyphus,Who sweats with arduous toil in vainThe steepy summit of the mount to gain?Perhaps, too, you dread the inexorable judges, Minos and Rhadamanthus; before whom neither L. Crassus nor M. Antonius can defend you; and where, since the causelies before Grecian judges, you will not even be able to employ Demosthenes; but you must plead for yourself before a 13very great assembly. These things perhaps you dread, and therefore look on death as an eternal evil.

VI. A. Do you take me to be so imbecile as to give credit to such things?M. What, do you not believe them?A. Not in the least.M. I am sorry to hear that.A. Why, I beg?M. Because I could have been very eloquent in speaking against them.A. And who could not on such a subject? or what trouble is it to refute these monstrous inventions of the poets and painters?6M. And yet you have books of philosophers full of arguments against these.A. A great waste of time, truly! for who is so weak as to be concerned about them?M. If, then, there is no one miserable in the infernal regions, there can be noone there at all.A. I am altogether of that opinion.M. Where, then, are those you call miserable? or what place do they inhabit? For, if they exist at all, they must be somewhere.A. I, indeed, am of opinion that they are nowhere.M. Then they have no existence at all.A. Even so, and yet they are miserable for this very reason, that they have no existence.M. I had rather now have you afraid of Cerberus than speak thus inaccurately.A. In what respect?M. Because you admit him to exist whose existence you deny with the same breath.Where now is your sagacity? When you say any one is miserable, you say that hewho does not exist, does exist.A. I am not so absurd as to say that.14M. What is it that you do say, then?A. I say, for instance, that Marcus Crassus is miserable in being deprived of such great riches as his by death; that Cn. Pompey is miserable in being taken from such glory and honor; and, in short, that all are miserable who are deprived of this light of life.M. You have returned to the same point, for to be miserable implies an existence; but you just now denied that the dead had any existence: if, then, they have not, they can be nothing; and if so, they are not even miserable.A. Perhaps I do not express what I mean, for I look upon this very circumstance,not to exist after having existed, to be very miserable.

M. What, more so than not to have existed at all? Therefore, those who are not yet born are miserable because they are not; and we ourselves, if we are to be miserable after death, were miserable before we were born: but I do not remember that I was miserable before I was born; and I should be glad to know, if your memory is better, what you recollect of yourself before you were born.VII. A. You are pleasant: as if I had said that those men are miserable who arenot born, and not that they are so who are dead.M. You say, then, that they are so?A. Yes; I say that because they no longer exist after having existed they are miserable.M. You do not perceive that you are asserting contradictions; for what is a greater contradiction, than that that should be not only miserable, but should haveany existence at all, which does not exist? When you go out at the Capene gate and see the tombs of the Calatini, the Scipios, Servilii, and Metelli, do you look on them as miserable?A. Because you press me with a word, henceforward I will not say they are miserable absolutely, but miserable on this account, because they have no existence.M. You do not say, then, M. Crassus is miserable, but only Miserable M. Crassus.A. Exactly so.M. As if it did not follow that whatever you speak of 15in that manner either isor is not. Are you not acquainted with the first principles of logic? For thisis the first thing they lay down, Whatever is asserted (for that is the best waythat occurs to me, at the moment, of rendering the Greek term ; if I c n think ofore ccur te epression here fter, I ill use it), is sserted s being either true or f lse. When, therefore, you s y, Miser ble M. Cr ssus, you either s y this,M. Cr ssus is miser ble, so th t some judgment m y be m de hether it is true orf lse, or you s y nothing t ll.A. Well, then, I no on th t the derom me concession th t they ho dothen? We th t re live, re e nothere gree ble in life, hen e mustother, e must die?

d re notnot eistretched,night nd

miser ble, since you h ve dr n ft ll c n not be miser ble. Wh tseeing e must die? for h t is td y reflect th t, t some time or

VIII. M. Do you not, then, perceive ho gre t is the evil from hich you h ve delivered hum n n ture?A. By h t me ns?M. Bec use, if to die ere miser ble to the de d, to live ould be kind of infinite nd etern l misery. No, hoever, I seego l, nd hen I h ve re ched it, there is nothing more to be fe red; but you seem to me to follo the opinion of Epich rmus,7 m n of some discernment, nd sh rp enough for Sicili n.A. Wh t opinion? for I do not recollect it.M. I ill tell you if I c n in L tin; for you kno IL tin sentences in Greek discourse th n Greek in

m no more used to bring inL tin one.

A. And th t is right enough. But h t is th t opinion of Epich rmus?M.

m

I ould not die, but yetAm not concerned th t I sh ll be de d.A. I no recollect the Greek; but since you h ve 16obliged me to gr nt th t thede d re not miser ble, proceed to convince me th t it is not miser ble to be under necessity of dying.M. Th t is e sy enough; but I h ve gre ter things in h nd.A. Ho comes th t to be so e sy? And h t re those things of more consequence?M. Thus: bec use, if there is no evil fter de th, then even de th itself c n benone; for th t hich immedi tely succeeds th t isst te here you gr nt th tthere is no evil: so th t even to be obliged to die c n be no evil, for th t isonly the being obliged to rrive t pl ce here e llo th t no evil is.A. I beg you ill be more eplicit on this point, for these subtle rguments force me sooner to dmissions th n to conviction. But h t re those more import ntthings bout hich you s y th t you re occupied?M. To te ch you, if I c n, th t de th is not only no evil, but

good.

A. I do not insist on th t, but should be gl d to he r you rgue it, for even though you should not prove your point, yet you ill prove th t de th is no evil.But I ill not interrupt you; I ould r ther he rcontinued discourse.M. Wh t, if I should sk you

question, ould you not

nser?

A. Th t ould look like pride; but I ould r ther you should not sk but here necessity requires.IX. M. I ill comply ith your ishes, nd epl in s ell s I c n h t you require; but not ith ny ide th t, like the Pythi n Apollo, h t I s y must needsbe cert in nd indisput ble, but s mere m n, ende voring to rrive t prob bilities by conjecture, for I h ve no ground to proceed further on th n prob bility. Those men m y c ll their st tements indisput ble ho ssert th t h t they sy c n be perceived by the senses, nd ho procl im themselves philosophers by profession.A. Do s you ple se: We re re dy to he r you.M. The first thing, then, is to inquire h t de th, hich seems to be so ell understood, re lly is; for some im gine de th to be the dep rture of the soul fromthe body; 17others think th t there is no such dep rture, but th t soul nd body perish together, nd th t the soul is etinguished ith the body. Of those hothink th t the soul does dep rt from the body, some believe in its immedi te dissolution; others f ncy th t it continues to eist for time; nd others believe th t it l sts forever. There is gre t dispute even h t the soul is, here itis, nd hence it is derived: ith some, the he rt itself (cor) seems to be thesoul, hence the epressions, ecordes, vecordes, concordes; nd th t prudent N sic , ho s tice consul, s c lled Corculus, i.e., ise-he rt; nd lius Setusis described s Egregie cord tus homo, c tus liu Setusth t gre t ise-he rted m n, s ge lius. Empedocles im gines the blood, hich is suffused over the he rt, tobe the soul; to others, cert in p rt of the br in seems to be the throne of the soul; others neither llo the he rt itself, nor ny portion of the br in, tobe the soul, but think either th t the he rt is the se t nd bode of the soul,or else th t the br in is so. Some ould h ve the soul, or spirit, to be the nim , s our schools gener lly gree; nd indeed the n me signifies s much, for e use the epressions nim m gere, to live; nim m effl re, to epire; nimosi,men of spirit; bene nim ti, men of right feeling; e nimi sententi , ccordingto our re l opinion; nd the very ord nimus is derived from nim . Ag in, the

soul seems to Zeno the Stoic to be fire.X. But h t I h ve s id s to the he rt, the blood, the br in, ir, or fire being the soul, re common opinions: the others re only entert ined by individu ls;nd, indeed, there ere m ny mong the ncients ho held singul r opinions on this subject, of hom the l test s Aristoenus, m n ho s both musici nnd philosopher. He m int inedcert in str ining of the body, like h t is clled h rmony in music, to be the soul, nd believed th t, from the figure nd nture of the hole body, v rious motions re ecited, s sounds re from n instrument. He dhered ste dily to his system, nd yet he s id something, the n tureof hich, h tever it s, h d been det iled nd epl inedgre t hile beforeby Pl to. Xenocr tes denied th t the soul h d ny figure, or nything like body; but s id it s number, the poer of hich, s 18Pyth gor s h d f ncied, some ges before, s the gre test in n ture: his m ster, Pl to, im gined threefold soul, domin nt portion of hichth t is to s y, re sonhe h d lodged in the hed, s in toer; nd the other to p rtsn mely, nger nd desirehe m de subservient to this one, nd llotted them distinct bodes, pl cing nger in the bre st,nd desire under the prcordi . But Dic rchus, in th t discourse of some le rned disput nts, held t Corinth, hich he det ils to us in three booksin the first book introduces m ny spe kers; nd in the other to he introduces cert in Pherecrtes, n old m n of Phthi , ho, s he s id, s descended from Deuc lion; sserting, th t there is in f ct no such thing t ll s soul, but th t it is n me ithout me ning; nd th t it is idle to use the epression nim ls, or nim tedbeings; th t neither men nor be sts h ve minds or souls, but th t ll th t poerby hich e ct or perceive is equ lly infused into every living cre ture, ndis insep r ble from the body, for if it ere not, it ould be nothing; nor is there nything h tever re lly eisting ecept body, hich is single nd simplething, so f shioned s to live nd h ve its sens tions in consequence of the regul tions of n ture. Aristotle,m n superior to ll others, both in genius ndindustry (I l ys ecept Pl to), fter h ving embr ced these four knon sorts of principles, from hich ll things deduce their origin, im gines th t there iscert in fifth n ture, from hence comes the soul; for to think, to foresee, tole rn, to te ch, to invent nything, nd m ny other ttributes of the s me kind, such s to remember, to love, to h te, to desire, to fe r, to be ple sed or disple sedthese, nd others like them, eist, he thinks, in none of those first four kinds: on such ccount he dds fifth kind, hich h s no n me, nd so by nert otu prptu moto. n me he c lls the soul , s f t wrXI. If I h v ot forgott ythg utto y, ths r th prp opos org th sou. I h v omtt Dmortus, vry gr t m ,but o who us th sou from th fortutous oours of sm , ght, rou subst s; for, f you bv m of hs shoo, thr s othg whhrow of toms 19 ot fft. Whh of ths opos s tru, som Go musttrm. It s mport t qusto for us, Whh h s th most pp r oftruth? Sh w, th, prfr trmg btw thm, or sh w rtur to our subjt?A. I ou wsh both, f possb; but t s ffut to mx thm: thrfor, f wthout susso of thm w gt r of th f rs of th, t us pro to o so; but f ths s ot to b o wthout xp g th qusto bout sous, t us h v th t ow, th othr t othr tm.M. I t k th t p to b th bst, whh I prv you r to; for rso w mostr t th t, whhvr of th opos whh I h v st t s tru, t must foow, th, th t th ot b v; or th t t must r thr bsomthg sr b; for f thr th h rt, or th boo, or th br , s th sou, th rt y th sou, bg orpor , must prsh wth th rst of th boy; f t s r, t w prh ps b ssov; f t s fr, t w b xtgush; f t s Arstoxuss h rmoy, t w b put out of tu. Wh t sh I s y of D rhus, who s th t thr s y sou? I ths opos, t

hr s othg to fft y o ftr th; for fg s ost, whr thr s o ss to, othg trfr to fft us.os of othrs o brg us hop; f t s y p sur to you tot sous, ftr thy v th boy, m y go to h v s to prm t

wth fTh opthk thhom.

A. I h v gr t p sur th t thought, t s wh t I most sr; vf t shou ot b so, I shou st b vry wg to bv t.M. Wh t o so h v you, th, for my ssst ? Am I supror to P to oqu? Tur ovr rfuy hs book th t tr ts of th sou; you w h v thr th t you w t.A. I h v, , o th t, oft; but, I kow ot how t oms to p ss, Igr wth t wh I m r g t; but wh I h v ow th book, bg to rft wth mysf o th mmort ty of th sou, th t grmt vshs.M. How oms th t? Do you mt thsth t sous 20thr xst ftr th, or s th t thy so prsh t th momt of th?A. I gr to th t. A f thy o xst, I mt th t thy r h ppy; but f thy prsh, I ot suppos thm to b uh ppy, b us, f t, thy h v o xst t . You rov m to th t osso but just ow.M. How, th, you, or why o you, ssrt th t you thk th t th s v, wh t thr m ks us h ppy, th s of th sou otug to xst, or, t vts, ot uh ppy, th s of our bomg sttut of ssto?XII. A. Exp , thrfor, f t s ot troubsom to you, frst, f you ,th t sous o xst ftr th; soy, shou you f th t ( t svry ffut thg to st bsh), th t th s fr from v; for I m ot wthout my f rs th t ths tsf s v: I o ot m th mm t prv to of ss, but th f t th t w sh hr ftr suffr prv to.M. I h v th bst uthorty support of th opo you sr to h v st bsh, whh ought, gr y h s, gr t wght ss. A, frst, Ih v tquty o th t s, whh th mor r t s to ts org v st, th mor ry, prh ps, o th t out, t sr th truth ths m ttrs. Ths vry otr, th, w s opt by thos tswhom Eus s th S b togu C s; my, th t th thr w sss to, th t, wh m p rt ths f, thy wr ot so try stroy s to prsh bsouty. A ths m y pp r from m y othr rumst s, sp y from th potf rts fur obsqus, whh m of th gr tst gus wou ot h v b so sotous bout, wou ot h v gu r from y jury by suh svr ws, but from frm prsu so th t th w s ot so tr struto s whoy to bosh stroy vrythg, but r thr k of tr smgr to, s t wr, h g of f, whh w s, th s of ustrous m wom, usu y gu to h v, wh tht of othrs t w s st of to th rth, but suh m r s st toxst. From ths, th stmts of th Rom s,I h v Romuus wth Gos ow vs,21 s Eus s th, grg wth th ommo bf; h, too, Hrus s osr so gr t proptous Go mog th Grks, from thm h w s trou mog us, hs worshp h s xt v to th vry o tsf. Ths s how t w s th t B hus w s f, th offsprg of Sm; from ths m ustrous f m w rv C stor Poux s Gos, who r rport otoy to h v hp th Rom s to vtory thr b tts, but to h v b th mssgrs of thr suss. Wh t sh w s y of Io, th ughtr of C mus?

Is sh ot Luoth by th Grks, M tut by us? N y, mor; s otth who of h v (ot to w o p rtu rs) most f wth th offsprg of m?Shou I ttmpt to s rh to tquty, prou from th wh t th Grk wrtrs h v ssrt, t wou pp r th t v thos who r thr prp Gos wr t k from mog m up to h v.XIII. Ex m th spuhrs of thos whh r show Gr; rot, foryou h v b t t, wh t ssos r t ught th mystrs; th w youprv how xtsv ths otr s. But thy who wr ot qu t wth tur phosophy (for t ot bg to b vogu t m y y rs tr) h o hghr bf th wh t tur r so ou gv thm; thy wr ot qut wth th prps uss of thgs; thy wr oft u by rt vsos, thos gr y th ght, to thk th t thos m who h p rt from ths f wr st v. A ths m y furthr b brought s rrfr g b rgumt for us to bv th t thr r Gosth t thr vr w s y to so b rb rous, or y pop th wor so s v g, s to b wthout som oto of Gos. M y h v wrog otos of th Gos, for th t s th tur or ry osqu of b ustoms, yt ow th t thr s rt v tur rgy. Nor os ths pro from th ovrs to of m, orth grmt of phosophrs; t s ot opo st bsh by sttutosor by ws; but, o oubt, vry s th ost of tos s to b ook o s w of tur. Who s thr, th, th t os ot mt th oss ofhs frs, prp y from 22m gg thm prv of th ovs of f? T k w y ths opo, you rmov wth t grf; for o o s fft mry o out of oss sust by hmsf. Prh ps w m y b sorrytt; but th t bttr mt to thos mourfu t rs h v, grvthr org our pprhsos th t h whom w ov s prv of thv t gs of f, s ssb of hs oss. A w r to ths opoby tur, wthout y rgumts or y struto.XIV. But th gr tst proof of s, th t tur hrsf gvs st jugmt f vor of th mmort ty of th sou, smuh s r xous, tht to gr t gr, bout th thgs whh or futurty:O p ts wh t futur gs sh joy,s St tus s th hs Syphb. Wh t s hs objt og so, xpt th t h s trst postrty? Sh th ustrous husb m , th, p t trs th frut of whh h sh vr s? A sh ot th gr t m fou ws,sttutos, rpub? Wh t os th pror to of hr mpy, our r to otu our ms, our optos, our srupuous x tss r wg up ws, th srptos o moumts, p gyrs, but th tour thoughts ru o futurty? Thr s o oubt but jugmt m y b form of tur gr , from ookg t h tur ts most prft spms; wh t s mor prft spm of m th thos r who ook o thmsvs s bor for th ssst , th protto, th prsrv to of othrs? Hrus h s go to h v; h vr wou h v go ththr h h ot, wh mog m, m th t ro for hmsf. Ths thgs r of o t, h v, bss, th s to of uvrs rgo.XV. Wh t w you s y? Wh t o you m g th t so m y suh gr t m of our rpub, who h v s rf thr vs for ts goo, xpt? Do you bv th t thy thought th t thr ms shou ot otu byo thr vs? No vr outr th for thr outry but ur frm prsu so of mmort ty! Thmstos mght h v v t hs s; so mght Ep mo s; , ot to ook bro mog th ts 23for st s, so mght I mysf. But,somhow or othr thr gs to our ms rt prs g of futur gs; ths both xsts most frmy, pp rs most ry, m of th oftstgus gr tst sous. T k w y ths, who wou b so m s to sp

hs f mst tos grs? I sp k of thos powr. Wh t r th potsvws but to b ob ftr th? Wh t s s th objt of ths s,Bho o Eus hr, who rstThy f thrs gr t xpots rh rs?H s h gg th rw r of gory from thos m whos stors h hmsfh ob by hs potry. A th s m sprt h s ys, othr p ss g,Lt o wth t rs my fur gr , for IC m from my works mmort ty.Why o I mto pots? Th vry mh s r srous of f m ftr th. Why Ph s ukss of hmsf th sh of Mrv , wh h w sot ow to srb hs m o t? Wh t o our phosophrs thk o th subjt? Do ot thy put thr ms to thos vry books whh thy wrt o thotmpt of gory? If, th, uvrs ost s th vo of tur, f ts th gr opo vrywhr th t thos who h v qutt ths f r st trst somthg, w so must subsrb to th t opo. A f w thk th t m of th gr tst bts vrtus s most ry to th powr of tur, b us thy thmsvs r hr most prft work, t s vry probb th t, s vry gr t m s sp y xous to bft postrty, thrs somthg of whh h hmsf w b ssb ftr th.XVI. But s w r by tur to thk thr r Gos, s w sovr, byr so, of wh t srpto thy r, so, by th ost of tos, w ru to bv th t our sous survv; but whr thr h bt to s, of wh t h r tr thy vtu y r, must b r from r so. Th w t ofy rt r so o whh to rgu h s gv rs to th of th sh s bow, to thos f rs whh you sm, ot wthout 24r so, to sps; for sour bos f to th grou, r ovr wth rth (humus), from wh w rv th xprsso to b trr (hum r), th t h s o so m to m g th t th otu, urg th rm r of thr xst, ur grou; whh opo h s r w ftr t m y rrors, whh th pots h v r s;for th th tr, bg frqut by rg row, mog whh r wom hr, s wot to b gr ty fft o h rg suh pompous vrss s ths,Lo! hr I m, who s r ou g ths p ,Through stoy mout s r ry w st;Through ffs, whos sh rp stos trmous hug,Whr r fu rkss spr tsf rou.A th rror prv so muh, though t prst t sms to m to b rmov, th t though m kw th t th bos of th h b bur, ytthy ov suh thgs to b o th fr rgos s ou ot b xut or m g wthout boy; for thy ou ot ov how smbo sous ou xst; , thrfor, thy ook out for som sh p or fgur. Thsw s th org of th t out of th Homr. Ths w s th th t us my fr Appus to fr m hs Nrom y; ths s how thr got bout th t of th k of Avrus, my ghborhoo,From wh th sous of ustgush sh p,C thk sh , rush from th op g tOf Ahro, v ph toms of th .A thy must s h v ths pp r s sp k, whh s ot possb wthouttogu, p t, j ws, wthout th hp of ugs ss, wthout som sh p or fgur; for thy ou s othg by thr m othy rfrr to thr ys. To wthr w th m from ssu objts, bstrt our thoughts from wh t w r ustom to, s ttrbut of gr t gus.I m prsu , , th t thr wr m y suh m formr gs; but Phrys8 th Syr s th 25frst o ror who s th t th sous of m wr mmort , h w s phosophr of gr t tquty, th rg of my ms k Tuus. Hs sp Pyth gor s gr ty ofrm ths opo, who m to

It y th rg of T rqu th Prou; th t outry whh s Gr t Gr w s oup by hs shoo, h hmsf w s h hgh hoor, h th gr tst uthorty; th Pyth gor st w s for m y gs ftr suh gr t rt, th t rg w s bv to b of to th t m.XVII. But I rtur to th ts. Thy s ry vr g v y r so for thropo but wh t ou b xp by umbrs or ftos. It s rport of P to th t h m to It y to m k hmsf qu t wth th Pyth gor s; th t wh thr, mog othrs, h m qu t wth Arhyt s9 Tmus,10 r from thm th tts of th Pyth gor s; th t h ot oy w s of th s m opo wth Pyth gor s org th mmort ty of thsou, but th t h so brought r sos support of t; whh, f you h v othg to s y g st t, I w p ss ovr, s y o mor t prst bout ths hop of mmort ty.A. Wh t, w you v m wh you h v r s my xpt tos so hgh? I h rthr, so hp m Hrus! b mst k wth P to, whom I kow how muh you stm, whom I mr mysf, from wh t you s y of hm, th b th rght wth thos othrs.

26M. I omm you; for, , I ou mysf wgy b mst k hs omp y. Do w, th, oubt, s w o othr ss (though I thk hr s vry tt room for oubt ths s, for th m thm t s prov th f ts to us), th t th rth s p th mst of th wor, bg, s t wr, sortof pot, whh thy , suuded by he whle heaves; ad ha such is he aue f he fu piciples which ae he geeaig causes f all higs, ha hey have equally divided amg hem he csiues f all bdies; meve, ha eahy ad humid bdies ae caied a equal agles by hei w weigh ad p

desiy i he eah ad sea; ha he he w pas csis, e f fie, ad he he f ai? As he w fme ae caied by hei gaviy ad weigh i he middle egi f he wld, s hese, he he had, asced by igh lies i he celesial egis, eihe because, wig hei iisic aue, hey ae always edeavig each he highes place, else because lighe bdies ae aually epelled by heavie; ad as his is iusly hecase, i mus evidely fllw ha suls, whe ce hey have depaed fm hebdy, whehe hey ae aimal (by which em I mea capable f beahig) fhe aue f fie, mus mu upwad. Bu if he sul is sme umbe, as smepeple asse, speaig wih me subley ha cleaess, if i is ha fifh aue, f which i wuld be me cec say ha we have give a ame ha ha we d cecly udesad isill i is

pue ad pefec g a gea disace fm he eah. Smehig f his s, he, we mus believe he sul be, ha we may cmmi he flly f hiig ha s

acive a piciple lies immeged i he hea bai; , as Empedcles wuldhave i, i he bl

d.XVIII. We will pass ve Dicachus,11 wih his cempay ad fellw-disciple Aisxeus,12 bh ideed 27me f leaig. Oe f hem seems eve eve have bee affeced wih gief, as he culd peceive ha he had a sul; while he he is s pleased wih his musical cmpsiis ha he edeavs shw a aalgy bewix hem ad suls. Nw, we may udesad hamy aise fm he ievals f suds, whse vaius cmpsiis ccasi may hamies; buI d see hw a dispsii f membes, ad he figue f a bdy wihu a s

ul, ca ccasi hamy. He had bee, leaed as he is, leave hese speculai

s his mase Aisle, ad fllw his w ade as a musicia. G

d adviceis give him i ha Gee pveb,Apply yu ales whee yu bes ae silld.I will have hig a all d wih ha fuius ccuse f idividual ligh ad ud bdies, wihsadig Demcius isiss hei beig wam ad

havig beah, ha is say, life. Bu his sul, which is cmpuded f eihe f he fu piciples fm which we asse ha all higs ae deived, is

f iflamed ai, as seems paiculaly have bee he pii f Paius, ad mus ecessaily mu upwad; f ai ad fie have edecy dwwad, bu always asced; s shuld hey be dissipaed ha mus be a sme disace fm heeah; bu shuld hey emai, ad peseve hei igial sae, i is cleaesill ha hey mus be caied heavewad, ad his gss ad ccee ai, which is eaes he eah, mus be divided ad be by hem; f he sul is wame, ahe he, ha ha ai, which I jus w called gss ad ccee: ad his may be made evide fm his csideaiha u bdies, beig cmp

uded f he eahy class f piciples, gw wam by he hea f he sul.XIX. We may add, ha he sul ca he me easily escape fm his ai, which Ihave fe amed, ad bea 28hugh i, because hig is swife ha he s

ul; swifess is cmpaable he swifess f he sul, which, shuld i emai ucup ad wihu aleai, mus ecessaily be caied wih suchvelciy as peeae ad divide all his amsphee, whee cluds, ad ai, ad wids ae fmed, which, i csequece f he exhalais fm he eah,is mis ad da: bu, whe he sul has ce g abve his egi, ad fallsi wih, ad ecgizes, a aue lie is w, i he ess up fies cmpsed f a cmbiai f hi ai ad a mdeae sla hea, ad des aim a ay highe fligh; f he, afe i has aaied a lighess ad hea esemblig is w, i mves me, bu emais seady, beig balaced, as i wee, bewee w equal weighs. Tha, he, is is aual sea whee i has peeaed smehig lie iself, ad whee, waig hig fuhe, i may be supped ad maiaied by he same alime which uishes ad maiais he sas.Nw, as we ae usually icied all ss f desies by he simulus f he b

dy, ad he me s as we edeav ival hse wh ae i pssessi f whawe lg f, we shall ceaily be happy whe, beig emacipaed fm ha bdy,we a he same ime ge id f hese desies ad his ivaly. Ad ha which we d a pese, whe, dismissig all he caes, we cuiusly examie ad l

i ayhig, we shall he d wih geae feedm; ad we shall emply uselves eiely i he cemplai ad examiai f higs; because hee is aually i u mids a ceai isaiable desie w he uh, ad he vey egi iself whee we shall aive, as i gives us a me iuiive ad easywledge f celesial higs, will aise u desies afe wledge. F i was his beauy f he heaves, as see eve hee up eah, which gave bih

ha aial ad heediay philsphy (as Thephasus calls i), which was hus excied a desie f wledge. Bu hse pess will i a ms especial degee ejy his philsphy, wh, while hey wee ly ihabias f his wldad evelped i daess, wee sill desius f l

ig i hese higs wih he eye f hei mid.XX. F if hse me w hi ha hey have aaied 29smehig wh have seehe muh f he Pus, ad hse sais which wee passed by he ship calledAg, because,Fm Ags she did chse me cvey,Bud fech bac he Glde Fleece, hei pey;

hse wh have see he sais f he cea,Whee he swif waves divide he eighbig shesOf Eupe, ad f Afic;wha id f sigh d yu imagie ha will be whe he whle eah is laid pe u view? ad ha,

, ly i is psii, fm, ad budaies, hse pas f i ly which ae habiable, bu hse als ha lie uculivaed, hugh he exemiies f hea ad cld which hey ae expsed; f eve w is i wih u eyes ha we view wha we see, f he bdy iself has

seses; bu (as he aualiss, ay, ad eve he physicias assue us, wh hav

e peed u bdies, ad examied hem) hee ae ceai pefaed chaels f

m he sea f he sul he eyes, eas, ad se; s ha fequely, whe eihe peveed by mediai, he fce f sme bdily disde, we eihe hea see, hugh u eyes ad eas ae pe ad i g

d cdii; s ha wemay easily appehed ha i is he sul iself which sees ad heas, ad hse pas which ae, as i wee, bu widws he sul, by meas f which, h

weve, she ca peceive hig, uless she is he sp, ad exes heself.Hw shall we accu f he fac ha by he same pwe f hiig we cmpehed he ms diffee higsas cl, ase, hea, smell, ad sudwhich he sulculd eve w by he five messeges, uless evey hig wee efeed he, ad she wee he sle judge f all? Ad we shall ceaily discve hese higs i a me clea ad pefec degee whe he sul is disegaged fm he bdy,ad has aived a ha gal which aue leads he; f a pese, wihsadig aue has cived, wih he geaes sill, hse chaels which lead fm he bdy he sul, ye ae hey, i sme way he, spped up wiheahy ad ccee bdies; bu whe we shall be hig bu sul, he higwill iefee 30 peve u seeig eveyhig i is eal subsace ad iis ue chaace.XXI. I is ue, I migh expaiae, did he subjec equie i, he may advaius bjecs wih which he sul will be eeaied i hse heavely egis; whe I eflec which, I am ap wde a he bldess f sme philsphes, wh ae s suc wih admiai a he wledge f aue as ha, i a exulig mae, he fis ive ad eache f aual philsphy, ad eveece him as a Gd; f hey declae ha hey have bee deliveed by hismeas fm he geaes yas, a pepeual e, ad a fea ha mlesed hem by igh ad day. Wha is his deadhis fea? Wha ld wma is hee s wea as fea hese higs, which yu, fs

h, had yu bee acquaied wihaual philsphy, wuld sad i awe f?The hallwd

fs f Ache, he deadOf Ocus, he pale egis f he dead.Ad des i becme a philsphe bas ha he is afaid f hese higs,ad ha he has discveed hem be false? Ad fm his we may peceive hwacue hese me wee by aue, wh, if hey had bee lef wihu ay isuci

, wuld have believed i hese higs. Bu w hey have ceaily made a veyfie acquisii i leaig ha whe he day f hei deah aives, hey will peish eiely. Ad if ha eally is he casef I say hig eihe waywhais hee ageeable glius i i? N ha I see ay eas why he pii

f Pyhagas ad Pla may be ue; bu eve alhugh Pla wee have assiged eas f his pii (bseve hw much I eseem he ma), he weigh

f his auhiy wuld have be me dw; bu he has bugh s may eass,ha he appeas me have edeaved cvice hes, ad ceaily have cviced himself.XXII. Bu hee ae may wh lab he he side f he quesi, ad cdem suls deah, as if hey wee cimials capially cviced; have hey ay he eas allege why he immaliy f he sul appeas hem beicedible, excep ha hey ae 31able cceive wha s f hig he s

ul ca be whe diseagled fm he bdy; jus as if hey culd eally fm acec idea as wha s f hig i is, eve whe i is i he bdy; wha is fm, ad size, ad abde ae; s ha wee hey able have a full view fall ha is w hidde fm hem i a livig bdy, hey have idea whehe hesul wuld be disceible by hem, whehe i is f s fie a exue ha i wuld escape hei sigh. Le hse cside his, wh say ha hey ae uable fm ay idea f he sul wihu he bdy, ad he hey will see whehehey ca fm ay adequae idea f wha i is whe i is i he bdy. F my wpa, whe I eflec he aue f he sul, i appeas me a fa me peplexig ad bscue quesi deemie wha is is chaace while i is i he bdya place which, as i wee, des belg iha imagie wha i is

whe i leaves i, ad has aived a he fee he, which is, if I may s say, is ppe, is w habiai. F uless we ae say ha we ca appehedhe chaace aue f ayhig which we have eve see, we ceaily maybe able fm sme i f Gd, ad f he divie sul whe eleased fm he bdy. Dicachus, ideed, ad Aisxeus, because i was had udesad heexisece ad subsace ad aue f he sul, asseed ha hee was suchhig as a sul a all. I is, ideed, he ms difficul hig imagiable disce he sul by he sul. Ad his, dubless, is he meaig f he pecep

f Apll, which advises evey e w himself. F I d appehed he meaig f he Gd have bee ha we shuld udesad u membes, u saue, ad fm; f we ae meely bdies; , whe I say hese higs yu,am I addessig myself yu bdy: whe, heefe, he says, Kw yuself, he says his, Ifm yuself f he aue f yu sul; f he bdy is bu a id

f vessel, ecepacle f he sul, ad whaeve yu sul des is yu w ac. T w he sul, he, uless i had bee divie, wuld have bee a pecep f such excelle wisdm as be aibued a Gd; bu eve hugh he s

ul shuld w f wha aue iself is, will yu say ha i des evepeceive ha 32i exiss a all, ha i has mi? O which is fuded ha eas f Plas, which is explaied by Scaes i he Phdus, ad iseed byme, i my sixh b

f he Republic.XXIII. Tha which is always mved is eeal; bu ha which gives mi smehig else, ad is mved iself by sme exeal cause, whe ha mi ceases,mus ecessaily cease exis. Tha, heefe, ale, which is self-mved, because i is eve fsae by iself, ca eve cease be mved. Besides, iis he begiig ad piciple f mi eveyhig else; bu whaeve is a piciple has begiig, f all higs aise fm ha piciple, ad i ca

iself we is ise ayhig else; f he i wuld be a piciple did i pceed fm ayhig else. Bu if i has begiig, i eve will haveay ed; f a piciple which is ce exiguished ca iself be esed byayhig else, ca i pduce ayhig else fm iself; iasmuch as all higs mus ecessaily aise fm sme fis cause. Ad hus i cmes abu hahe fis piciple f mi mus aise fm ha hig which is iself mved by iself; ad ha ca eihe have a begiig a ed f is exisece, f

hewise he whle heave ad eah wuld be vese, ad all aue wuld sad sill, ad be able acquie ay fce by he impulse f which i mighbe fis se i mi. Seeig, he, ha i is clea ha whaeve mves iself is eeal, ca hee be ay dub ha he sul is s? F eveyhig is iaimae which is mved by a exeal fce; bu eveyhig which is aimae is m

ved by a iei fce, which als belgs iself. F his is he peculiaaue ad pwe f he sul; ad if he sul be he ly hig i he whle w

ld which has he pwe f self-mi, he ceaily i eve had a begiig,ad heefe i is eeal.Nw, shuld all he lwe de f philsphes (f s I hi hey may be called wh disse fm Pla ad Scaes ad ha sch

l) uie hei fce, heyeve wuld be able explai ayhig s elegaly as his, eve udesad hw igeiusly his cclusi is daw. The sul, he, peceives iself have mi, 33ad a he same ime ha i ges ha pecepi, i is sesible ha i deives ha mi fm is w pwe, ad fm he agecy f ahe; ad i is impssible ha i shuld eve fsae iself. Ad hese pemises cmpel yu allw is eeiy, uless yu have smehig say agais hem.A. I shuld myself be vey well pleased have eve a hugh aise i my mid agais hem, s much am I iclied ha pii.XXIV. M. Well, he, I appeal yu, if he agumes which pve ha hee issmehig divie i he suls f me ae equally sg? Bu if I culd acc

u f he igi f hese divie ppeies, he I migh als be able exp

lai hw hey migh cease exis; f I hi I ca accu f he mae iwhich he bl

d, ad bile, ad phlegm, ad bes, ad eves, ad veis, ad allhe limbs, ad he shape f he whle bdy, wee pu gehe ad made; ay, adeve as he sul iself, wee hee hig me i i ha a piciple f life, he he life f a ma migh be pu up he same f

ig as ha f a vie

ay he ee, ad accued f as caused by aue; f hese higs, aswe say, live. Besides, if desies ad avesis wee all ha belged he s

ul, i wuld have hem ly i cmm wih he beass; bu i has, i he fisplace, memy, ad ha,

, s ifiie as ecllec a abslue culessumbe f cicumsaces, which Pla will have be a eclleci f a fmelife; f i ha b

which is iscibed Me, Scaes ass a child sme quesis i gemey, wih efeece measuig a squae; his aswes ae such asa child wuld mae, ad ye he quesis ae s easy, ha while asweig hem, e by e, he cmes he same pi as if he had leaed gemey. Fm whece Scaes wuld ife ha leaig is hig me ha eclleci; ad his pic he explais me accuaely i he discuse which he held he vey day he died; f he hee asses ha, ay e, wh seemig be eiely illieae, is ye able aswe a quesi well ha is ppsed him, des i s

dig maifesly shw ha he is leaig i he, bu ecllecig i by his memy. N is i be accued f i ay he way, hw childe 34cme

have is f s may ad such impa higs as ae implaed, ad, as iwee, sealed up, i hei mids (which he Gees call ), uss th sou, bfor t tr th boy, h b w stor wth kowg. A s t h o xstt (for ths s th v r b otr of P to, who w ot mt ythg to h vr xst whh h s bgg , who thks th tth t o os r y xst whh s of suh h r tr s wh t h s , wsps), thrfor, bg shut up th boy, t ou ot wh th boy sovr wh t t kows; but t kw t bfor, brought th kowg wth t,so th t w r o ogr surprs t ts xtsv mutf rous kowg.Nor os th sou ry sovr ts s t ts frst rsort to ths boto whh t s so u ustom, whh s so sturbst t; but ftrh vg rfrsh rot tsf, t th by ts mmory rovrs thm; , thrfor, to r mps othg mor th to rot. But I m p rtu r m r surprs t mmory. For wh t s th t f uty by whh w rmmbr? wh t s ts for? wh t ts tur? I m ot qurg how gr t mmory Smos13 m y b s to h v h , or Thots,14 or th t C s15 who w s stto Rom s mb ss or from Pyrrhus; or, mor mor tms, Ch rm s;16 or,vry ty, Mtroorus17 35th Sps , or our ow otmpor ry Hortsus18:I m sp kg of or ry mmory, sp y of thos m who r mpoy y mport t stuy or rt, th gr t p ty of whos ms t s h r to stm t, suh umbrs of thgs o thy rmmbr.XXV. Shou you sk wh t ths s to, I thk w m y urst wh t th t powr s, wh w h v t. It rt y pros thr from th h rt, or from th boo, or from th br , or from toms; whthr t b r or fr, Ikow ot, or m I, s thos m r, sh m, ss whr I m gor t, toow th t I m so. If y othr obsur m ttr I wr b to ssrt ythgpostvy, th I wou sw r th t th sou, b t r or fr, s v. Justthk, I bsh you: you m g ths worfu powr of mmory to b sowp rt of th omposto of th rth, or of ths rk goomy or to btmosphr? Though you ot pprh wh t t s, yt you s wh t k of thg t s, or f you o ot qut s th t, yt you rt y s how gr t t s. Wh t, th? Sh w m g th t thr s k of m sur th sou, towhh, s to vss, th t w rmmbr s pour? Th t s bsur;for how sh w form y of th bottom, or of th sh p or f sho of suh sou s th t? A, g , how r w to ov how muh t s b to ot? Sh w m g th sou to rv mprssos k w x, mmory to bm rks of th mprssos m o th sou? Wh t r th h r trs of th wors, wh t of th f ts thmsvs? wh t, g , s th t progous gr tss whh gv rs to mprssos of so m y thgs? Wh t, sty, s th t powr

whh vstg ts srt thgs, s vto otrv ? Dosth t m sm to b ompou of ths rthy, mort , prshg tur whofrst vt ms for vrythg; 36whh, f you w bv Pyth gor s, s th hghst pth of wsom? or h who ot th sprs h bt ts ofth wor, ut thm th bos of so f? or h who of th sous of th vo, whh us to sm ft, to th m rks offw ttrs?or h who frst obsrv th ourss of th p ts, thr progrssv motos,thr ws? Ths wr gr t m. But thy wr gr tr st who vt foo, r mt, houss; who trou vz to mog us, rm usg st th w b sts; by whom w wr m so b posh, so pro from th ss rs of f to ts mbshmts. For w h v provgr t trt mts for th rs by vtg mou tg th v rty tur of sous; w h v r to survy th st rs, ot oy thos th t r fx, but so thos whh r mpropry w rg; th m who h s qu t hmsf wth thr rvoutos motos s f ry osr toh vsou rsmbg th sou of th t Bg who h s r t thos st rs thh vs: for wh Arhms srb sphr th motos of th moo, su, fv p ts, h th vry s m thg s P tos Go, hs Tmus, who m th wor, usg o rvouto to just motos ffrg s muh s possb thr sowss voty. Now, owg th t wh t w s th worou ot b fft wthout Go, Arhms ou ot h v mt t th s m motos hs sphr wthout v sou.XXVI. To m, , t pp rs th t v thos stus whh r mor ommo gr tr stm r ot wthout som v rgy: so th t I o ot osr th t pot prousrous subm pom wthout som v mpusworkg o hs m; or o I thk th t oqu, boug wth soorous wors frutfu sts, fow thus wthout somthg byo mr hum powr. But s to phosophy, th t s th p rt of th rts: wh t w th t but, s P to s ys, gft, or, s I xprss t, vto, of th Gos?Ths t w s whh frst t ught us th worshp of th Gos; th us o tojust, whh rss from th hum r bg form to soty; ftrth t 37t mbu us wth mosty v to of sou. Ths t w s whh sprs rkss from our sous, s t s sp from our ys, bg us to s thgs th t r bov or bow, th bgg, , m of vrythg. I m ov try th t th t whh ou fft so m y suh gr tthgs must b v powr. For wh t s mmory of wors rumst s? Wht, too, s vto? Sury thy r thgs th whh othg gr tr bov Go! For I o ot m g th Gos to b ght wth t r mbros , or wth Juvt s prstg thm wth up; or o I put y f th Homr, who s ys th t G ym w s rr w y by th Gos o out of hsb uty, orr to gv Juptr hs w. Too w k r sos for og L omo suh jury! Ths wr mr vtos of Homr, who g v hs Gos th mprftos of m. I wou r thr th t h h gv m th prftos of th Gos! thos prftos, I m , of utrrupt h th, wsom, vto, mmory. Thrfor th sou (whh s, s I s y, v) s, s Eurps mor boy xprsss t, Go. A thus, f th vty b r or fr, th sou of m s ths m; for s th t st tur h s othg rthy or hum bout t, k m r th sou of m s so fr from both ths qu ts: but f t s of th t ffth k of tur, frst trou by Arstot, th both Gos sous r of th s m.XXVII. As ths s my opo, I h v xp t ths vry wors, my book o Coso to.19 Th org of th sou of m s ot to b fou upo rth,for thr s othg th sou of mx or ort tur, or th t h s ypp r of bg form or m out of th rth; othg v hum, or ry, or fry. For wh t s thr turs of th t k whh h s th powr of mmory, urst g, or thought? whh rot th p st, fors th futur, omprh th prst? for ths p bts r of to v bgs; or w sovr y sour from whh m ou rv thm, but from G

o. Thr s thrforpu r 38 tur powr th sou, stt fromthos turs whh r mor kow f m r to us. Wh tvr, th, th t s whh thks, whh h s urst g, voto, prp of f,s h vy v, o th t out must ss ry b tr ; or Go hmsf, who s kow to us, b ov to b ythg s xpt sou fr umb rr ss, stt from mort orto, qu t wth vrythg, gvg moto to vrythg, tsf u wth prptu moto.XXVIII. Of ths k tur s th tt of m . Whr, th, s ths tt s t, of wh t h r tr s t? whr s your ow, wh t s tsh r tr? Ar you b to t? If I h v ot f uts for kowg th t Iou sr to kow, w you ot v ow m to m k us of thos whh I hv? Th sou h s ot sufft p ty to omprh tsf; yt, th sou, k th y, though t h s o stt vw of tsf, ss othr thgs: t osot s (whh s of st osqu) ts ow sh p; prh ps ot, though t possby m y; but w w p ss th t by: but t rt y ss th t t h s vgor,s g ty, mmory, moto, voty; ths r gr t, v, tr proprts. Wh t ts pp r s, or whr t ws, t s ot ss ry v toqur. As wh w bho, frst of , th b uty br t pp r of th h vs; soy, th v st voty of ts rvoutos, byo powr of our m g to to ov; th th vsstus of ghts ys, th fourfo vso of th s sos, so w pt to th rpg of th fruts of th rth, th tmpr tur of our bos: ftr th t w ook up to th su,th mor tor govror of ths thgs; vw th moo, by th rs r s of ts ght, m rkg, s t wr, ppotg our hoy ys; s th fv p ts, bor o th s m r, v to twv p rts, prsrvg th s m ours wth th gr tst rgu rty, but wth uttry ssm r motos mog thmsvs; th ghty pp r of th h v, or o ss wth st rs; th, th gob of th rth, r s bov th s, p th tr of th uvrs, h bt utv t ts twooppost xtrmts, o of whh, th 39p of our h bt to, s stu t tow rs th orth po, ur th sv st rs:

Whr th o orthr b sts, wth horr sou,H r to th sowy ovr grou;th othr, tow rs th south po, s ukow to us, but s by th Grks: the ther p rts re ucultiv ted, bec use they re either frze with cld, r buup with he t; but where we dwell, it ever f ils, i its se s,T yield pl cid sky, t bid the treesAssume the lively verdure f their le ves:The vie t bud, d, jyful, i its sh

ts,Fretell the ppr chig vit ge f its fruits:The riped cr t sig, while ll rudFull rivlets glide; d flwers deck the grud:the the multitude f c ttle, fit p rt fr f

d, p rt fr tillig the grud, thers fr c rryig us, r fr clthig us; d m himself, m de, s it were, purpse t ctempl te the he ves d the Gds, d t p y dr ti t them: lstly, the whle e rth, d wide extedig se s, give t m s use. Whe we viewthese d umberless ther thigs, c we dubt th t they h ve sme beig wh presides ver them, r h s m de them (if, ideed, they h ve bee m de, s is the

pii f Pl t, r if, s Aristtle thiks, they re eter l), r wh t ll evets is the regul tr f s immesef bric d s gre t blessig t me? Thus, thugh yu see t the sul f m , s yu see t the Deity, yet, s by thectempl ti f his wrks yu re led t ckwledgeGd, s yu must w thedivie pwer f the sul, frm its rememberig thigs, frm its iveti, frmthe uickess f its mti, d frm ll the be uty f virtue. Where, the, isit se ted, yu will s y?

XXIX. I my pii, it is se ted i the he d, d I c brig yu re ss fr my dptig th t pii. At preset, let the sul reside where it will, yu certily h ve e i yu. Shuld yu sk wh t its ture is? It h s e peculi rlyits w; but dmittig it t csist f fire, r ir, it des t ffect the preset uesti. Oly bserve this, th t s yu re cviced there isGd, thugh 40yu re igr t where he resides, d wh t sh pe he is f; i like m eryu ught t feel ssured th t yu h ve sul, thugh yu c t s tisfy yurself f the pl ce f its residece, r its frm. I ur kwledge f the sul, uless we re grssly igr t f tur l philsphy, we c t but be s tisfied th t it h s thig but wh t is simple, umixed, ucmpuded, d sigle; d ifthis is dmitted, the it c t be sep r ted, r divided, r dispersed, rp rted, d therefre it c t perish; fr t perish implies p rtig- suder,divisi, disui, f thse p rts which, while it subsisted, were held tgether by sme b d. Ad it w s bec use he w s iflueced by these d simil r ress th t Scr tes either l

ked ut fr ybdy t ple d fr him whe he w sccused, r begged y f vr frm his judges, but m it ied m ly freedm, which w s the effect t f pride, but f the true gre tess f his sul; d the l st d y f his life he held lg discurse this subject; d few d ys befre, whe he might h ve bee e sily freed frm his cfiemet, he refusedt be s; d whe he h d lmst ctu lly hld f th t de dly cup, he spke withthe ir f m t frced t die, but scedig it he ve.XXX. Fr s ideed he thught himself, d thus he spke: Th t there were tw w ys, d th t the suls f me, t their dep rture frm the bdy, t

k differet r

ds; fr thse which were plluted with vices th t re cmm t me, d whichh d give themselves up etirely t ucle desires, d h d becme s blidedby them s t h ve h bitu ted themselves t ll m er f deb uchery d prfligcy, r t h ve l id detest ble schemes fr the rui f their cutry, t

k r

d wide f th t which led t the ssembly f the Gds; but they wh h d preserved themselves upright d ch ste, d free frm the slightest ct gi f the b

dy, d h d lw ys kept themselves s f r s pssible t dist ce frm it, dwhile e rth h d prpsed t themselves s mdel the life f the Gds, fud the retur t thse beigs frm whm they h d cme e sy e. Therefre, hergues, th t ll g

d d wise me shuld t ke ex mple frm the sw s, wh re c

sidered s cred t Apll, t withut re s, but p rticul rly bec use they seem t h ve received 41the gift f divi ti frm him, by which, freseeig hw hppy it is t die, they le ve this wrld with sigig d jy. Nr c y e d

ubt f this, uless it h ppes t us wh thik with c re d xiety but thesul ( s is fte the c se with thse wh l

k e restly t the settig su), t

lse the sight f it etirely; d s the mids eye, viewig itself, smetimes grws dull, d fr th t re s we becme remiss i ur ctempl ti. Thus ur re sig is bre but, h r ssed with dubts d xieties, t kwig hw t

prceed, but me surig b ck g i thse d gerus tr cts which it h s p ssed, like b t tssed but the budless ce . But these reflectis re f lgst dig, d brrwed frm the Greeks. But C t left this wrld i such m er s if he were delighted th t he h d fud pprtuity f dyig; fr th t G

d wh presides i us frbids ur dep rture hece withut his le ve. But whe G

d himself h s give us just c use, s frmerly he did t Scr tes, d l telyt C t, d fte t m y thersi such c se, cert ily every m f sese wuld gl dly exch ge this d rkess fr th t light: t th t he wuld frcibly brek frm the ch is th t held him, fr th t wuld be g ist the l w; but, likem rele sed frm pris by m gistr te r sme l wful uthrity, s he t

wuld w lk w y, beig rele sed d disch rged by Gd. Fr the whle life f phil

spher is, s the s me philspher s ys, medit ti de th.XXXI. Fr wh t else is it th t we d, whe we c ll ff ur mids frm ple sure,th t is t s y, frm ur tteti t the bdy, frm the m gig ur dmestic est te, which is srt f h dm id d serv t f the bdy, r frm duties fpublic ture, r frm ll ther serius busiess wh tever? Wh t else is it, I sy, th t we d, but ivite the sul t reflect itself? blige it t cverse

with itself, d, s f r s pssible, bre k ff its cu it ce with the bdy?Nw, t sep r te the sul frm the bdy, is t le r t die, d thig else whtever. Wherefre t ke my dvice; d let us medit te this, d sep r te urselves s f r s pssible frm the bdy, th t is t s y, let us ccustm urselves t die. This will be ejyiglife like th t f he ve eve while we rem i

e rth; d 42whe we re c rried thither d rele sed frm these bds, ur s

uls will m ke their prgress with mre r pidity; fr the spirit which h s lw ys bee fettered by the bds f the bdy, eve whe it is diseg ged, dv ces m

re slwly, just s thse d wh h ve wr ctu l fetters fr m y ye rs: but whe we h ve rrived t this em cip ti frm the bds f the bdy, the ideedwe sh ll begi t live, fr this preset life is re lly de th, which I culd s yg

d de l i l met ti fr if I chse.A. Yu h ve l meted it sufficietly i yur b

k Csl ti; d whe I red th t, there is thig which I desire mre th t le ve these thigs; but tht desire is icre sed gre t de l by wh t I h ve just he rd.M. The time will cme, d th t s

, d with eu l cert ity, whether yu h gb ck r press frw rd; fr time flies. But de th is s f r frm beig evil,s it l tely ppe red t yu, th t I m iclied t suspect, t th t there is

ther thig which is evil t m , but r ther th t there is thig else which is re l g

d t him; if, t le st, it is true th t we becme thereby eitherGds urselves, r cmp is f the Gds. Hwever, this is t f s much cseuece, s there re sme f us here wh will t llw this. But I will t leve ff discussig this pit till I h ve cviced yu th t de th c , up

csider ti wh tever, be evil.A. Hw c it, fter wh t I w kw?M. D yu sk hw it c ? There re crwds f rguers wh ctr dict this; d thse t ly Epicure s, whm I reg rd very little, but, smehw r ther, lm

st every m f letters; d, bve ll, my f vrite Dic rchus is very streuusi ppsig the immrt lity f the sul: fr he h s writte three b

ks, whichre etitled Lesbi cs, bec use the discurse w s held t Mitylee, i which he seeks t prve th t suls re mrt l. The Stics, the ther h d, llw us s l

g time fr ejymet s the life f r ve; they llw the sul t existgre t while, but re g ist its eterity.XXXII. Are yu willig t he r the why, eveevil.

llwig this, de th c t be

A. As yu ple se; but e sh ll drive me frm my belief i mrt lity.43M. I cmmed yu, ideed, fr th t; thugh we shuld t be t

cfidet i

ur belief f ythig; fr we re freuetly disturbed by sme subtle cclusi. We give w y d ch ge ur piis eve i thigs th t re mre evidet th this; fr i this there cert ily is sme bscurity. Therefre, shuld ythig

f this kid h ppe, it is well t be ur gu rd.A. Yu re right i th t; but I will prvide

g ist y ccidet.

M. H ve yu y bjecti t ur dismissig ur frieds the Sticsthse, I me ,wh llw th t the suls exist fter they h ve left the bdy, but yet dey th tthey exist frever?A. We cert ily m y dismiss the csider ti f thse me wh dmit th t whichis the mst difficult pit i the whle uesti, mely, th t sul c existidepedetly f the bdy, d yet refuse t gr t th t which is t ly verye sy t believe, but which is eve the tur l cseuece f the ccessi which they h ve m deth t if they c exist fr legth f time; they mst likely d

s frever.M. Yu t ke it right; th t is the very thig. Sh ll we give, therefre, y credit t P ustius, whe he dissets frm his m ster, Pl t? whm he everywhere c llsdivie, the wisest, the hliest f me, the Hmer f philsphers, d whm he

ppses i thig except this sigle pii f the suls immrt lity: fr he mit is wh t bdy deies, th t everythig which h s bee geer ted will perish, d th t eve suls re geer ted, which he thiks ppe rs frm their resemblce t thse f the me wh begt them; fr th t likeess is s pp ret i thetur f their mids s i their bdies. But he brigs ther re sth t there isthig which is sesible f p i which is t ls li ble t dise se; but wh tever is li ble t dise se must be li ble t de th. The sul is sesible f p i,therefre it is li ble t perish.XXXIII. These rgumets m y be refuted; fr they prceed frm his t kwig tht, while discussig the subject f the immrt lity f the sul, he is spe kig

f the itellect, which is free frm ll turbid mti; but t f thse p rts

f the mid i which thse disrders, 44 ger d lust, h ve their se t, d which he whm he is ppsig, whe he rgues thus, im gies t be distict d sep rte frm the mid. Nw this resembl ce is mre rem rk ble i be sts, whse suls re vid f re s. But the likeess i me csists mre i the cfigur ti

f the bdies: d it is f little cseuece i wh t bdies the sul is l

dged; fr there re m y thigs which deped the bdy th t give edge t the sul, m y which blut it. Aristtle, ideed, s ys th t ll me f gre t geius re mel chly; s th t I shuld t h ve bee disple sed t h ve bee smewht duller th I m. He ist ces m y, d, s if it were m tter f f ct, brigshis re ss fr it. But if the pwer f thse thigs th t prceed frm the bdybe s gre t s t ifluece the mid (fr they re the thigs, wh tever they re, th t cc si this likeess), still th t des t ecess rily prve whysimilitude f suls shuld be geer ted. I s y thig but c ses f ulikeess. Iwish P tius culd be here: he lived with Afric us. I wuld iuire f him which f his f mily the ephew f Afric uss brther w s like? Pssibly he m y i pers h ve resembled his f ther; but i his m ers he w s s like every prflig te, b ded m , th t it w s impssible t be mre s. Whm did the gr ds fP. Cr ssus, th t wise d el

uet d mst distiguished m , resemble? Or therel tis d ss f m y ther excellet me, whse mes there is cc si

t meti? But wh t re we dig? H ve we frgtte th t ur purpse w s, whe we h d sufficietly spke the subject f the immrt lity f the sul, t prve th t, eve if the sul did perish, there wuld be, eve the, evil i deth?A. I remembered it very well; but I h d dislike t yur digressig little frm yur rigi l desig, while yu were t lkig f the suls immrt lity.M. I perceive yu h ve sublime thughts,

d re e ger t mut up t he ve.

XXXIV. I m t withut hpes myself th t such m y be ur f te. Buthey ssertth t the sul des t ctiue t exist fter de th.A. Shuld it be s, I see th t wefe.

re the deprived f the hpes f

dmit wh t th ppier li

45M. But wh t is there f evil i th t pii? Fr let the sul perish s the b

dy: is there y p i, r ideed y feelig t ll, i the bdy fter de th? N

e, ideed sserts th t; thugh Epicurus ch rges Demcritus with s yig s; but the disciples f Demcritus dey it. N sese, therefre, rem is i the sul; fr the sul is where. Where, the, is the evil? fr there is thig but these tw thigs. Is it bec use the mere sep r ti f the sul d bdy c t beeffected withut p i? But eve shuld th t be gr ted, hw sm llp i must th t be! Yet I thik th t it is f lse, d th t it is very fte u ccmp ied by

y ses ti t ll, d smetimes eve tteded with ple sure; but cert ilythe whle must be very triflig, wh tever it is, fr it is ist t eus. Wh t mkes us ue sy, r r ther gives us p i, is the le vig ll the g

d thigs f life. But just csider if I might t mre prperly s y, le vig the evils f life; ly there is re s fr my w ccupyig myself i bew ilig the life fm , d yet I might, with very g

d re s. But wh t cc si is there, whe wh t I m l brig t prve is th t e is miser ble fter de th, t m ke lifemre miser ble by l metig ver it? I h ve de th t i the b

k which I wrte, i rder t cmfrt myself s well s I culd. If, the, ur iuiry is ftertruth, de th withdr ws us frm evil, t frm g

d. This subject is ideed s c

piusly h dled by Hegesi s, the Cyre ic philspher, th t he is s id t h ve bee frbidde by Ptlemy frm deliverig his lectures i the sch

ls, bec use s

me wh he rd him m de w y with themselves. There is, t

, epigr m f C llimchus20 Clembrtus f Ambr ci , wh, withut y misfrtue h vig bef lle him, s he s ys, threw himself frm w ll it the se , fter he h d re d b

k

f Pl ts. The b

k I metied f th t Hegesi s is c lled , A M wh 46which m is sd s illig himslf by s v i, ill h is vd by his fids, i ly whm h cs u ll h misis f hum lif.I migh d h s m, hugh s fully s h, wh his i wh y m swhil liv. I ss v hs. W s i v wh my whil liv, f, h dI did bf I w s divd f h cmfs f my w f mily, d f h hs which I civd f my ublic svics, wuld d h h v m fm h vils f lif h h fm is blssigs?XXXV. Mi, hf, sm , wh v w disss; wh v civdy blw fm fu. Th g Mllus h d fu disiguishd ss; bu Pi mh d fify, sv f whm w b him by his l wful wif. Fu h d h s m w v bh, hugh sh xcisd i bu ; f Mllus w s lid his fu l il by g cm y f ss d d ughs, g dss, dg dd ughs; bu Pi m fll by h h d f my, f h vig fld hl , d h vig s himslf divd f ll his umus gy. H d h did bf h d h f his ss d h ui f his igdm,Wih ll his mighy w lh l ,Ud ich c is f s ;wuld h h h v b fm g

d fm vil? I wuld idd, h im, h v d h h w s big w y fm g

d; y suly i wuld hv ud u dv gus f him; shuld w h v h d hs muful vss,L! hs ll ishd i fl mig il;Th f ld Pi m did f lif bguil,Ad wih his bl

d, hy l , Jv, dfil.As if yhig b culd h v h d him h im h ls his lif i h m ; bu y, if i h d bf ll him s

, i wuld h v vd ll hs csqucs; bu v s i w s, i l sd him fm y fuhss f hm. Th c s f u fid Pmy21 47w s smhig b: c, wh h h d b vy ill N ls, h N li s, his cvy, u cws

hi h ds, s did hs f Puli; h l flcd fm h cuy

cg ul himi is Gci cusm, df

lish ; sill i is sig fg

d fu. Bu h qusi is, h d h did, wuld h h v b fm g

d, fm vil? C ily fm vil. H wuld h v b g gd i w wih his f h-i-l w;22 h wuld h v u ms bf h w s d;h wuld h v lf his w hus, fld fm I ly; h wuld , fh lss f his my, h v f ll u md i h h ds f sl vs, d b u d h by hm; his child wuld h v b dsyd; wuld his wh

l fu h v cm i h ssssi f h cqus. Did h, h, wh

, if h h d did h im, wuld h v did i ll his gly, w ll h g d ibl misfus i which h subsquly fll h lg i

f his lif h im?

XXXVI. Ths c l miis vidd by d h, f v hugh hy shuld vh , h is ssibiliy h hy m y; bu i v ccus m h such dis s m y bf ll him himslf. Evy hs b s h y s Mllus: s if h umb f h h y xcdd h f h mis bl; s if hw y c iy i hum ff is; , g i, s if h w m i lfud i f h h f . Bu shuld w g hm v his, h m by d h divd f g

d higs; wuld i fllw h h d d hf id f h g

d higs f lif, d mis bl h ccu? C ily hy mus css ily s y s. C h wh ds xis b i d f yhig? T

b i d f h s ml chly sud, bc us i i ffc mus hish hd, bu h h s ; h gs, h l

s b c u, h w s. Such , I sus, h dissss 48f wh is i d f. Is h divd f ys? b blidis misy. Is h dsiu f child? h v hm is misy. Ths csid is ly h livig, bu h d d ih i d f h blssigs

f lif, f lif islf. Bu wh I m s ig f h d d, I m s ig

f hs wh h v xisc. Bu wuld y s y f us, wh d xis, h w w hs wigs? C ily . Shuld i b sd, why ? h sw w

uld b, h h v wh ih cusm u h s fid yu f wuld imlyw f hm, v hugh yu w ssibl h yu h d hm .This gum shuld b ssd v d v g i, f h i h s cb s blishd, which, if suls m l, h c b disu buI m , h h dsuci f hm by d h is s i s mv v h l ssusici f y ss m iig. Wh, hf, his i is c wll gudd d s blishd, w mus ccly dfi wh h m w m s; h h m y b mis i h wd. T w , h, sigifis his: b wih

hig is imlidu h which yu wuld b gl d h v; f icli i fi h wd w , xcig wh w us h wd i ily diff ss,s w d wh w s y h fv is w ig y . F i dmis fdiff i i, wh yu wihu c i hig, d ssibl h yu wihu i, bu y c sily diss wih h vig i. T w , h,is xssi which yu c ly h d d; is h m f c f w ig smhig css ily l m bl. Th xssi ugh b, h hg

d, d h is vil.y w Bu livig m ds w g

d, ulss h is disssd, w c sily uds d hw y m liv c b wihus c b dic d f yu wih y ccu cy: i migh h vT qui, wh h w s div fm his igdm. Bu wh such d scig h d d, i is bsluly uilligibl. F

ssibl; bu h d d issibl: hf, h d d c

wihu i; d yigdm. Bu hib ssd fxssi is usw imlis b b i w .

XXXVII. Bu wh cc si is h hilshiz 49h im wih whichw s h hilshy is bu lil ccd? Hw f h v ly u g ls bu whl mis, ushd c i d h! Bu if i h d b hig b f d, L. Buus wuld v h v f ll i figh, v h u f h y whm h h d xlld; wuld Dcius h f h h v b sl i ifighig wih h L is; wuld his s, wh g gd wih h Eusc s,

his g ds wih Pyhus h v xsd hmslvs h mys d s. S i w

uld v h v s, i c m ig, h Sciis f ll fighig f hi cuy; wuld h l is f C h v wissd h d h f P ulus d Gmius,

Vusi h f M cllus; wuld h L is h v bhld h d h f Albius, h Luc i s h f G cchus. Bu y f hs mis bl w? N y, hy w s v h fis mm f hy h d b hd hi l s; c y b mis bl f h h s ls ll ss i. Oh, bu h m cicums c f big wihu ss i is mis bl. I migh b s if big wihu ss i w h s m hig s w ig i; bu s i is vid h c b hig f y id i h which h s xisc, wh c h b fflicig h which c ih fl w b ssibl f yhig? W migh b s id h v d his v

f, ly h h lis ll h h s

ul shudds fm h f f d h. F whv c cl ly hd h which is s m ifs s h lighh wh bh sul d bdy csumd, d h is l dsuci, h h which w s im l bcms higwill clly s h h is diffc bw Hic u, which v h d xisc, d Kig Ag mm, d h M. C millus is m ccd bu hiss civil w h I w s h s cig f Rm, wh h w s livig.XXXVIII. Why, h, shuld C millus b ffcd wih h hughs f hs higs h ig h hudd d fify y s f his im? Ad why shuld I b u sy i I w xc h sm i migh ssss islf f his ciy hus d y s hc? Bc us s g is u g d f u cuy, s

b m sud by u w flig, bu by is w cu l s fy.50D h, h, which h s us d ily fmhus d ccids, d which, by s f h shss f lif, c v b f ff, ds dwis m fm m ig such visi f his cuy d his f mily s h hs m y l sfv; d fm g dig siy, f which h c v h v y l cm m y c f iy, v hui, s blgig himslf. Whfgh h b su dd h his sul is m l; , idd, fm dsi f gly,which h will b issibl f, bu fm icil f viu, which gly will ivi bly d, hugh h is his bjc. Th css, idd, f u is his: h jus i h s m m s u bih w s h bgiig f higs wih us, s d h will b h d; d s w w w ys ccd wih yhig bf w w b, s ih sh ll w b f w d d. Ad i his s f higs wh c h vil b, sic d h h s cci wih ih h livig h d d? Th h v xisc ll, h h yffcd by i. Thy wh m h l s f d h csid i s h vig g smbl c sl; s if y wuld ch

s liv iy y s cdiih , h xi i f sixy, h shuld sl u h m id. Th vy swi wuld cc f lif hs ms, much lss I. Edymi, idd, ifyu lis f bls, sl c im L mus, mu i f C i , d f

such lgh f im h I im gi h is s y w . D yu hi h h is ccd h M

s big i difficulis, hugh i w s by h h h w s hw i h sl, i d h sh migh iss him whil slig. F

wh shuld h b ccd f wh h s v y ss i? Yu l

sl s im g f d h, d yu h yu d ily; d h v yu, h,y dub h h is ss i i d h, wh yu s h is i sl, which is is smbl c?XXXIX. Aw y, h, wih hs fllis, which lil b h h ld wms d ms, such s h i is mis bl di bf u im. Wh im d yum ? Th f u? Bu sh h s ly l yu lif, s sh migh ld yu my, wihu fixig y c i im f is ym. H v yu y guds f c

ml i, 51h, h sh c lls i h l su? f yu civd i hs ms. Thy h cml i hus llw h if yug child dis, h suvivs ugh b his lss wih qu imiy; h if if i h c dl dis,hy ugh v ucml i; d y u h s b m sv wih hm i dm dig b c wh sh g v. Thy sw by s yig h such h v

sd h sws f lif; whil h h h d bgu cciv hs f g h iss, d, idd, h d bgu liz hm. M judg b i h higs, d llw b f bl . Why d hy dmi h s msim i lif? Thugh C llim chus ds s miss i s yig h m s h d flwd fm Pi m h his s; y hy hugh h i wh di f hy h v chd ld g. I wuld b h d s y why; f I d hd h y , if lg lif w g d him, wuld fid i h i. Th is hig m g bl m h udc, which ld g ms c ily bsws m , hugh i m y si him f vyhig ls. Bu wh g islg, wh is h ll lg m ? Ds Old g, hugh ug dd, sill d

O childh

ds sims, s h c s f m?Bu bc us h is hig byd ld g, w c ll h lg: ll hs higs s id b lg sh, ccdig h i f im hy w giv us f. Aisl s ih h isid f isc h iv Hy is, which us fmc i f Eu i h Pus, whs lif csiss bu

f d y; hs h di h ighh hu di i full g; hs wh di wh h su ss vy ld, sci lly wh h d ys h lgs. Cm u lgs lif wih iy, d w sh ll b fud lms s sh-livd shs lil im ls.XL. L us, h, dsis ll hs fllisf wh sf m c I giv such lviis? d l us l y h fud i f u h iss i h sgh d gss f u mids, icm d disg d f ll hly higs, d i h cic f vy viu. F s w v d by h sfss f

u im gi is, 52s h , shuld w l v his wld bf h miss f

u fu-lls m d g

d us, w shuld hi uslvs divd f s

m g dv gs, d sm dis id d fl. Bu if, hugh lif, w i ciu l suss, sill xcig, sill dsiig, d i ciul i d u, g

d Gds! hw l s mus h juy b which ds i scuiy d s! Hw l sd m I wih Th ms! Of hw x ld sul ds h ! F, lhugh w v d f him wihu s, y h illusiusm is b l md i his d h, wh, wh h h d b imisd by hcmm d f h hiy y s, d ff, d ugh, s if h h d b hisy, h isd cu, d hw h m id u f i wih such fc h i sudd s i fll; d h, h ig h sud f h ds, h s id, wihsmil, I di his h ms xcll Cii s, wh h d b his ms bimy; f i is cusm y mg h Gs, hi b qus, m h s whm hy id dliv h cu. This clb d m w s l s

h l s, v wh h h d civd h is i his bwls, d uly f

ld h d h f h m whm h md wh h d h is, d h d hs

fllwd. Wh h his d h vil culd v f h vss f m i his g m h is f dyig? Sc s c m, fw y s f, h s m is d h s m cu by s g iiquiy h f his judgs s h y s disl yd wh hy xcud Th ms. Wh sch is h which Pl m s him dliv bf his judgs, f hy h d cdmd him d h!XLI. I m wihu hs, O judgs, h i is f v bl cicums c f mh I m cdmd di; f f hs w higs mus css ily h ih h d h will div m ily f ll ss, ls h , by dyig,I sh ll g fm hc i sm h l c; whf, if ll ss is ulyxiguishd, d if d h is li h sl which smims is s udisubds b v wihu h visis f d msi h c s, O y g

d Gds! wh g i is i di? wh lgh f d ys c b im gid which wuld b f bl such igh? Ad if h cs cus f fuu im 53is smbl h igh, wh is h i h I m? Bu if h h h d, wh is s id b u, mly, h d h is bu mv l hs gis wh h suls f h d d dwll, h h s mus b m h y sill h v sc d fm h

s wh c ll hmslvs judgs, d bf such s uly sMis, Rhd m hus, cus, Tilmus d m wih hs wh h v livd wih jusic d biy!23 C his ch g f bd hwis h g yu? Wh b

uds c yu s h v lu f cvsig wih Ohus, d Musus, d Hm,d Hsid? I wuld v, w i ssibl, willigly di f, i d

v h c iy f wh I s f. Wh dligh mus i b m wih P l mds, d Aj x, d hs, wh h v b b yd by h iiquiy f hi judgs! Th, ls, shuld I xic h wisdm f v h ig f igs, wh ld his v s

s Ty, d h udc f Ulysss d Sisyhus: shuldI h b cdmd f scuig my iquiis such subjcs i h s m wy i which I h v d h h. Ad v yu, my judgs, yu, I m , wh

h v vd f my cqui l, d yu f d h, f hig b d c bf ll

g

d m , whh h b liv d d; his ccs v vl

d byh Gds; i my c s ih h s his bf ll m by ch c; d I h v hig ch g hs m wih wh ccusd cdmd m bu h f c h hy blivd h hy w dig m h m. I his m h cdd. Th is f his sch which I dmi m h his l s wds: Bu i is im, s ys h,f m w g hc, h I m y di; d f yu, h yu m y ciu liv. Which cdii f h w is h bs, h imm l Gds w; bu I d bliv h y m l m ds.54XLII. Suly I wuld h h v h d his m s sul h ll h fus f h

s wh s i judgm him; lhugh h vy hig which h s ys xc h Gds w, mly, whh lif d h is ms f bl, h ws himslf, f h h d viusly s d his ii i; bu h m i id hl s h f vi m xim f his, f ffimig hig. Ad l us,

, dh his ul f hiig yhig vil which is g l visi f u; d l us ssu uslvs, h if d h is vil, i is l vil, f d h sms b h d f mis bl lif; bu if d h ismisy,h c b d f h . Bu why d I mi Sc s, Th ms, mdisiguishd by h gly f viu d wisdm? whc i L cdmmi , whs m is s much s w, hld d h i such cm, h , wh ld i by h hi, h bchful d l s cu c; d, wh h w ssd by f his mis whh h dsisd h l ws f Lycugus, O h cy, swd h, I m g ly bligd him, f h h s mcd m i fi which I c y wihu bwig, ig u my is. This w s m w

hy f S . Ad I m lms su dd f his icc bc us f h g ss f his sul. Ou w ciy h s ducd m y such. Bu why shuld I m g ls, d h m f high , wh C culd wi h lgis h v m chd wih l ciy h l c fm whc hy v xcd u? Wih

lss g ss f sul fll h L cdmi s Thmyl, whm Simids w h fllwig i h:G, s g, ll h S s, h w li,Wh su hi l ws dus bldly di.24Wh w s i h Lid s, hi g l, s id hm? M ch wih cu g, myL cdmi s. T-igh, h s, w sh ll su i h gis blw. This w sbv i whil h l ws f Lycugus w i fc. O f hm, wh Psi h d s id him i cvs i, 55W sh ll hid h su fm yu sigh by humb f u ws d d s, lid, W sh ll figh, h i h sh d. D I l f hi m? Hw g w s h L cdmi wm , wh h d s h s bl, d wh sh h d h h w s sl i, s id, I b him f h us, h yu migh h vm wh dus di f his cuy! Hwv, i is m fiy h h S s w bld d h dy, f h discili f ublic h s g ifluc.XLIII. Wh , h, h v w s dmi Thdus h Cy ,hils

h f sm ll disici, wh, wh Lysim chus h d cucify him, bd him hs m cs f his cuis? T Thdus i m s diffcwhh h i h i udgud. By which s yig f h hilsh Im midd s y smhig f h cusm f fu ls d sulu, d f fudifficul subjc, sci lly if w c

l cmis, which is, idd, llc wh h s b bf s id bu issibiliy. Th ii f Sc s scig his m is cl ly s d i h b

which s f his d h, fwhich w h v l dy s id s much; f wh h h d discussd h imm liy fh sul, d wh h im f his dyig w s chig idly, big sd by Ci hw h wuld b buid, I h v g d l f is, s ih h, my fids, us, f I h v cvicd u Ci h I sh ll fly fmhc, d l v f m bhid. Nwihs dig, Ci, if yu c v m, whsv yu g hld f m, buy m s yu l s: bu bliv m, f yu will b bl c ch m wh I h v flw w y fm hc. Th w sxcllly s id, i smuch s h llws his fid d s h l sd, d y

shws his idiffc bu yhig f his id. Digs w s ugh, hugh

f h s m ii; bu i his ch c f Cyic h xssd himslf ismwh h sh m ; h dd himslf b hw ywh wihu bigbuid. Ad wh his fids lid, Wh ! h bids d b ss? By m s, sih h; l c my s ff m, h I m y div hm w y. Hw c yu d h , hy sw, f yu will civ hm? Hw m I h 56ijud by big byhs im ls, if I h v ss i? A x g s, wh h w s h i f dh L ms cus, d w s sd by his fids, whh, if yhig shuld h him, h wuld ch

s b c id Cl zm, his cuy, m d hisxcll sw, Th is, s ys h, cc si f h , f ll l cs qu l dis c fm h if l gis. Th is hig b bsvd wihsc h whl subjc f bui l, h i l s h bdy, whh h sul liv di. Nw, wih g d h bdy, i is cl h , whh hsul liv di, h h s ss i.XLIV. Bu ll higs full f s. Achills d gs Hc, id his ch i; h his, I sus, h s his flsh, d h Hc fls h i fi; hf, h vgs himslf him, s h im gis. Bu Hcub bw ils his s s misfu:I s w ( d dful sigh)D ggd Achills c Wh Hc? hw lgs,

, is smims

g Hc sl i,lg h l i.will h b Hc? Accius is b i his,s bl:

d Achill

I Hcs bdy his si cvyd,Hc I s h if l sh d.I w s Hc h yu d ggd lg, bubdy h h d b Hcs. Hh s s fm udgud, d will suff his mh sl:T h I c ll, my c-lvd , h ,N lg wih hy sl liv hy c ;Thi y which iis is clsd is;Ligig I w i h u id bsquis.Wh hs vss sug wih slw d ml chly u, s s ffc hwhl h wih s dss, c sc c hl hiig hs uh y h ubuid:E h dvuig dgs d hugy vulus...H is f id h sh ll h v h us f his limbs s wll if hy

ics, bu is ud such hsis if hy bud:57N l v my d bs, my

m is,T sh mful vilc d bl

dy s is.I d uds d wh h culd f wh culd u fh such xcll vss h sud f h flu. W mus, hf, dh his, h hig is b g dd f w d d, hugh m y l vg hmslvs hi d d mis. Thyss us fh sv l cuss i sm g

d lis f Eius, yig, fis f ll, h Aus m y ish byshiwc, which is c ily vy ibl hig, f such d h is f fm vy givus ss is. Th fllw hs um ig xssis:M yO h sh c his m gld c c ss li,y!His ils , hugy bidsM y h cvulsiv wih his bldig sid,Ad wih his cld g h ss b dyd!Th cs hmslvs w m dsiu f flig h h wh w s h gig hm by his sid; hugh Thyss im gis h is wishig him h g s

u. I wuld b u, idd, if h w ssibl; bu s h is , i c b ; h hw vy um ig is his:L him, sill hvig h Sygi w v,N ch h bdys cful , h g v!Yu s ud wh mis is ll his is s id. H im gis h bdy h s is h v, d h h d d s i hi g vs. Pls w s g ly bl m i h vig ifmd d ugh his s wh g d w s du vyhig.XLV. Bu wh cc si is h im dv h iis f idividu ls, wh w m y bsv whl is f ll i ll ss f s? Th Egyi smb lm hi d d, d hm i hi huss; h Psi s dss hm v wih w x, d h buy hm, h hy m y sv hi bdis s lg s ssibl. I is cusm y wih h M gi buy f hi d, ulss hy h v b fis by wild b ss. I Hyc i , h l m i i dgs f hublic us; h bls h v hi w d w w h hy h vg

d bd f d

gs; bu vy , ccdig his biliy, 58vids himslf wih sm, i

d b by hm; d hy hld h b h bs id f im. Chysius, wh is cuius i ll ids f hisic l f cs, h s cllcd m y h higs f his id; bu sm f hm s ffsiv s dmi f big l d. All h h s b s id f buyig is wh u g d wih sc uslvs, hugh i is b glcd s u fids, vidd w hughly w h h d d issibl. Bu h livig, idd, sh

uld csid wh is du cusm d ii; ly hy shuld h s m im csid h h d d w ys isd i i. Bu d h uly is h m wih h g s quilliy wh h dyig m c cmf himslf wih his

w is. N dis

s

wh h s fiishd h cus f fc viu.I myslf h v w m y cc sis wh I h v smd i d g f immdi dh; h! hw I wish i h d cm m! f I h v g id hig by h dl y. Ih d g v d v g i h duis f lif; hig m id bu cd wih fu. If s, h, c sufficily fify us bl us

fl cm f d h, ll vs l u s lif v h w h v livd lg ugh, d v lg h w s css y; f wihs dig h div i f ss, h d d wihu h g

d which culi ly blgs

hm, mly, h is d gly which hy h v cquid, v hugh hy ssibl f i. F lhugh h b hig i gly m i dsibl, y i fllws viu s is sh dw; d h gui judgm f h muliud g

d m, if v hy fm y, is m hi w is h f y l dv g h d d. Y I c s y, hwv i m y b civd, h Lycugus d Sl h v gly fm hi l ws, d fm h liic l csiui which hy s blishd i hi cuy; h Thmiscls d E mids h v gly fm hi m i l viu.XLVI. F Nu sh ll s

buy S l mis islf wih his w s h h mm

y f h his g id h; d h Bi Luc sh ll ish s

h h gly f h g b l. Ad lg sill sh ll f m b bf i dssCuius, d F bicius, d C l ius, 59 d h w Sciis, d h w Afici, d M ximus, d M cllus, d P ulus, d C , d Llius, d umblss

h hs; d whv h s c ugh y smbl c f hm, sim ig i by cmm f m, bu by h l l us f g

d m, m y wih cfidc, wh h cc si quis, ch d h, which w su h v if h chif g

d is ciud, l s vil is. Suchm wuld v wish diwhil i siy; f ll h f vs h culd b h d him wuld bs g bl him s h lss f hm wuld b iful. Th sch f h Lcdmi sms h v h s m m ig, wh, wh Di g s h Rhdi , wh h dhimslf bcqu h Olymic g ms, s w w f his w ss cqu

s h h s m d y, chd h ld m , d, cg ul ig him, s id,Yu shuld di w, Di g s, f g h iss c ssibly w i yu. Th Gs l

hs s g higs; h s hy hi

highly f hm,

, h, hy did s h. Ads smhig vy glius, h qus h, hugh i culdi lif, wh h culd ly b

s h wh s id his Di g s, l

ig ih m u f f mily shuld h v b c

sw us him ciu y lgxsd vs f fu.

I migh h v giv yu suffici sw, s i sms m, his i, ifw wds, s yu h d llwd h d d w xsd y siiv vil;bu I h v s g lgh h subjc f his s, bc us his is u g s csl i i h lsig d bw ilig f u fids. F w

ugh b wih md i y gif which iss fm uslvs, is dud u w ccu, ls w shuld sm b

much iflucd by slf-l

v. Bu shuld w susc u d d fids b ud hs vils, which hy g lly im gid b, d b ssibl f hm, h such susici

wuld giv us il bl i; d ccdigly I wishd, f my w s ,

luc u his ii by h

s, d h ccu I h v b h s smwh m lix h w s css y.XLVII. A. M lix h w s css y? C iy , i my ii. F I ws iducd, by h fm 60 f yu sch, wish di; bu, by h l , smims b uwillig, d hs b whlly idiff bui. Bu h ffc f yu whl gum is, h I m cvicd h d h ugh b cl ssd mg h vils.M. D yu, h, xc h I m giv yuici s, sh ll I fg h ?

gul i, li h h

A. I wuld h v yu giv v which yu h v s ff such dv g; d yu w i h igh d s, f, s h uh, i ls h s syu ff. Bu wh is h i? F I shuld b gl d h i, wh vi is.M. I is cusm y, i h sch

ls, duc h iis f h imm l Gds

d h; hs iis h fuis f h im gi i l f h lcus, bu hy h v h uhiy f Hdus d m y hs. Clbis d Bi h fis hy mi, ss f h Agiv isss; h sy is wll-w . As i w s css y h sh shuld b d w i ch i ci u l s cific, which w s slmizd ml sm csid bl dis c fm h w, d h c l h w d w h ch i h d ivd, hs w yug m whm I h v jus mid, ullig ff hi g ms, diig hi bdis wih il, h ssd hmslvs h y. Ad i his m h isss w s cvyd h ml; d wh h ch i h d ivd h l c, sh is s id h v d h Gddss bsw hm, s w d f hi iy, h g s gif h Gd culd cf m .Ad h yug m, f h vig f sd wih hi mh, fll sl; d ih mig hy w fud d d. Thius d Ag mds s id h v u u h s m ii, f hy, h vig buil ml All Dlhi, ffd sulic is h Gd, d dsid f him sm x di y w d f hi c d l b, icul izig hig, bu sig f wh v w s bs fm. Accdigly, All sigifid hm h h wuld bsw i hm i h d ys, d h hid d y d yb hy w fud d d. Ad s hy sy h his w s fm l dcisi ucd by h Gd 61whm h s f h diis h v ssigd h vic f diviig wih ccu cy sui h f ll h s.XLVIII. Th is ls

sy ld f Silus, wh, wh, is s id h v m d him his s f his smm25 h v h v b b w s by f h g s m ; d h h x bs hig w s di vy Euiids m s us f i his Cshs, s yig,

is by Mid smly, h h ifmd hiblssig h culd h s

; which vy ii

Wh m is b, is fi, wih slm shw,W s u ss f his chig w;Wih h gsus d diff y,Pcl im u l su wh hs bid di.26Th is smhig li his i C s Csl i; f h s ys h Tisus fElysi , wh h w s bily l mig h lss f his s, c m

l c fdivi i b ifmd why h w s visid wih s g fflici, d civd i his bl hs h vss:Thu f

l, mumu Euhyus d h!Th bl

mig yuh f sigs his b h:Th f , wh yu h iss dds,A c h d h s bfids.27O hs d simil uhiis hy ffim h h qusi h s b dmid by h Gds. N y, m; Alcid m s, ci hici f h vy highsu i, w v i is f d h, which h d vd s blish by um i f h vils f lif; d his Diss i h s g d l f l

quc i i; bu 62h w s u cqu id wih h m fid gums f hhilshs. By h s, idd, di f u cuy is lw ys csidd ly s glius, bu v s h y: hy g b c s f s Echhus,28whs vy d ughs udw d h, f h s fy f hi fllw-ciizs: hy is c Cdus, wh hw himslf i h mids f his mis, dssd licmm m , h his y l bs migh b y him, bc us h cl hd dcl d h Ahi s cqus, if hi ig w s sl i. Mcus29 is

vl

d by hm, wh, i cmli c wih h ijucis f cl, flyshd his bl

d f his cuy. Ihigi dd hslf b cvyd Aulis, b s cificd, h h bl

d migh b h c us f sillig h f h mis.XLIX. Fm hc hy cd is cs f fsh d . H mdius d Aisgi i vybdys muh; h mmy f Lid s h L cdmi d E mi

d s h Thb is s fsh s v. Ths hilshs w cqu id wih h m y is cs i u cuy givlis f whm wuld u

muchimwh, w s, csidd d h dsi bl s lg s i w s ccm id wih h

. Bu, wihs dig his is h cc viw f h c s, w mus us muchsu si, s s if w w dud wih sm high uhiy, i d

big m bgi wish di, c s b f id f d h. F if h ls d y ds cc si i xici, bu ch g f bd ly, wh c b m dsi bl? Ad if i, h h h d, dsys, d bsluly us d us, wh c b f bl h h vig d sl f ll us,i h mids f h f igus f lif, d big hus v , sl iy? Ad, shuld his lly 63b h c s, h Eiuss l gu g is m csis wih wisdm h Sls; f u Eius s ys,L bsw u my ssig biO dlss sigh u v ilig .Bu h wis Sl s ys,L m ul md di, bu my biBus fh h d sigh, h fidly .30Bu l us, if idd i shuld b u f w h im which is idby h Gds f us di, uslvs f i wih chful d g fulmid, hiig uslvs li m wh dlivd fm j il, d l sd fm hi fs, f h us f gig b c u l h bi i, which m y b m mh ic lly c lld u w; ls b divsd f ll ssd ubl. If, h h h d, w shuld h v ic giv us f his dc, y l us culiv such dissii s l

h fmid bl hu

f d h s h y f us, hugh shcig u fids; d l us v im gi yhig b vil which is im f h imm l Gds, f u, h cmm f ll. F i is by h z d wihu dsig h w

h v b b d siu d s w h v. O h c y, byd ll dub h is c i w which csuls h h iss f hum u; d his wuld ih h v ducd vidd fbig which, f h vig g hugh h l bs f lif, w s f ll i l misy by d h. L us h if h w h v d h v d f us, which I wish w culd cwd ll s il d iv ; bu hugh h wids shuld sv, d w shuld b div b c, y w sh ll c iy iv h i vu lly, hugh smwh l . Bu hw c h b mis bl f which ll mus f cssiy udg? I h v giv yu i, h yu migh hi I h d vl

d glcd yhig.A. I m su dd yu h v ; d, idd, h i h s cfimd m.64M. I m gl d i h s h d h ffc. Bu i is w im csul u h lh.T-mw, d ll h im w ciu i his Tuscul vill , l us csidhis subjc; d sci lly hs is f i which m y s u i, llvi u f s, d lss u dsis, which is h g s dv g w c fm h whl f hilshy.BOOK II.ON BEARING PAIN.I. Nlmus, i Eius, idd, s ys h h sudy f hilshy w s xdi f him; bu h i quid limiig fw subjcs, f h giv himslf u ily i w s wh h did v f. Ad f my , Buus,I m fcly su dd h i is xdi f m hilshiz; f wh c I d b, sci lly s I h v gul ccu i? Bu I m f limiig my hilshy

fw subjcs, s h ds; f hilshy ism ilil wldg wihu cqu iig yus which i is difficul cquilf wih m y, ll is b chs, c yu wll fw subjcs wihuslcig hm u fg umb; c y , wh h s cquid h wldg f fw is, vid d vig wih h s m gss uds d mbusy lif, d i m ily ccuid wih mili y m s

. Bu sill, i, such s h f Nlmus w s h im, v h limid dg f cqui c wih hilshy m y b f g