Encontro Acadêmico Internacional

Cidades, Energia e Sustentabilidade -

Experiência da Alemanha

Prof. Dr. Stephan Tomerius

Universidade das Ciências Aplicadas Trier Campus Ambiental Birkenfeld (UCB)

EU Policies on Climate Protection and

Renewable Energies

• Legal basis:

– EU Directive 2009/28/EG on the promotion of the

use of energy from renewable sources: • Aim: 20 % renewable energies of energy production in

total in 2020.

– EU Directive 2006/32/EG on final energy efficiency and energy services • Aim: More energy efficiency in the member states;

demand of national action plans.

– Directive on energy efficiency 2012/27/EU • http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/eed/eed_en.htm

EU Policies on Climate Protection and

Renewable Energies

• EU Policies:

– 2007: Decision of the EU Member States on a

programme “20 and 20 until 2020”:

• 20 % reduction of CO²-emissions,

20 % enhancement of energy efficiency,

20 % renewable energies of total use of energy until

the year 2020 (in 2012: 14,1 %).

– Suggestion EU Commission (2014):

• 40 % reduction of CO²-emissions and 27 % of

renewable energies in developed EU countries until

2030, see also:

• http://ec.europa.eu/energy/renewables/index_en.htm

German Policies on Climate Protection and

Renewable Energies

• German Policies:

– 2007: “Integrated Energy- and Climate-

Programme (IEKP)”,

– includes 29 “cornerstones”, amongst other

strategic approaches:

• Energy efficiency standards for products,

• CO²-remediation of buildings,

• energy-saving methods,

• CO²-strategies on cars,

• enforcement of incentives for CHP and renewable

energies.

German Policies on Climate Protection and

Renewable Energies

• German political climate protection goals:

– 40 % reduction of CO²-emissions until 2020, compared

to 1990.

– % of renewable energies within electricity supply

• 2020: 35 %

• 2030: 50 %

• 2040: 65 %

• 2050: at least 80 %

– % of renewable energies within brutto-end-energy

consumption until 2020: 18 % (2012: 12,6 %).

– See also http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/en/

German Laws on Climate Protection and

Renewable Energies

• Legal packages resulting from the 2007

“Integrated Energy-and Climate-Programme

(IEKP)” in 2009:

– Reformation of Federal Act on Renewable

Energies (Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz, EEG)

• Originally from 2000, reformed several times

– Federal Act on Renewable Energies and Heat

(Erneuerbare-Energien-Wärme-Gesetz,

EEWärmeG, from 2009)

German Laws on Climate Protection and

Renewable Energies

• Federal Act on the Economization of Energies

(Energieeinsparungsgesetz, EnEG)

• Originally from 2005, reformed several times.

• And on this base:

• Federal Ordinance on the Economization of

Energies (Energieeinsparverordnung, EnEV)

• from 2007, reformed several times.

German Laws on Climate Protection and

Renewable Energies

• Federal Act on the Economization of Energies

(Energieeinsparungsgesetz, EnEG)

– Basic legal approach to support renewal

energies in the market:

– Subsidy system:

• Guaranteed feed-in-payment for renewal energies in

the net, financial incentive, to be paid by the owner

of the grid

• Payment significantly above the general price level

(constant quarrel in politics and the market)

The Fukushima-Shock in 2011

Consequences

• Federal Parliament decided in 2011 a “Phasing-

out-model” for atomic energy installations in

Germany by law.

• First law already in 2002 (red-green government),

but revised by conservative government later.

• After Fukushima: Phasing out model confirmed, 7

old reactors taken from the energy grid, rest of 7

to be phased out until 2022 (513 votes yes, 79

no, 8 abstention).

• Thus a clearly growing importance, challenge and

pressure for the “Energy-turn”.

Explanation of Energy Terms

• Primary energy (PE)

– Energy form found in nature that has not been subject

to any conversion or transformation process; energy as

input to a system, can be non-renewable or renewable.

– Total Primary Energy Supply indicates the sum of

production and imports subtracting exports and storage

changes.

• End or final energy (FE)

– Part of primary energy reduced through processes of

energy conversion and transformation;

– therefore in total less than primary energy.

- Brutto / gross electricity supply

The energy turn – also a matter of

quarrel and resistance in the population

/ citizens affected !

• Particular points of quarrel:

• Rising contribution for renewal energies within the

regular electricity price (by law...)

• Construction of high-voltage power lines from

north (huge wind parks, offshore-projects, ...) to

south

– Protests because of nature and landscape aspects and

NYMBY-attitude

Der „Wutbürger“

(„citizen of anger / cidadão de raiva“)

Elictricity grid development plan

2012/14, altered…

The contribution of renewal

energies to climate protection –

Approaches and examples from

urban practice

„Checking chances“ para energías solar:

O „Solaratlas“ (mapa solar) em Berlin http://www.businesslocationcenter.de/wab/maps/solaratlas/

„Checking chances“ para energías solar:

O „Solaratlas“ (mapa solar) em Osnabrück

Chances for solar energy investors :

A „Bolsa de vertentes solar“

Example

„Urban planning and

energy“

Urban projects

supporting the use of

renewable energies in

residential „solar“ areas

Residential

„solar“ areas

Optimized, comparative planning

University quarter Stuttgart

Optimized, comparative planning

Renewable energy in Urban Development

Plans – Photovoltaics (PV)

Renewable energy in Urban Development

Plans – PV and commercial use

Renewable energy in Urban Development

Plans – Biomass and commercial use

Central „Dino-Systems“ … yesterday …

Decentral combined heat and power stations

Renewable energy

in Urban

Development Plans

Decentral combined

heat and power

stations in a

commercial use

concept

… Everything sustainable?

Solar parks like that - … ???

Solar parks on closed landfills …

… or along traffic lines …

… or on derelict industrial

brownfields

• Former steel mill area,

City of Eisleben

(25.000 inhabitants)

• 29,1 Megawatt (MW)

• Size of 100 ha

• Produced energy

meets demand of the

citizens of the whole

city

• Could supply 7.500

four-person-

households with

renewable energy

• Prevention of 17

millionen tons of CO².

Future chances

• Renewal energies also as an economical chance

• Job and market chances for enterprises,

engieneers, city planners, architects, …

• Decentral systems, more cost-efficient and

independent from mono- or oligopolic huge

suppliers; more competition in the market.

• Entrepreneural chances especially for small

and medium-sized enterprises (as a main job

base in the country within industrial and social

changes…).

Future chances

• Renewal energies also as a social chance

• Job, entrepreneural and market chances (see

economical chances) …

• Estimated number of created jobs in the

renewal energy market: ca. 380.000

• Innovative approach: Citizens‘ participation

within the development of the renewal energy

market

Sharing benefits with the citizens

Sociedades cooperativas bioenergia

(solar / biomassa,…)

• Citizens holding shares and participate from the

benefits of the enterprise (e.g. Biomass-heating

installations, solar energy production, ...)

Cooperative biomass electricity- and heating -installation, reducing 50 % CO²-emissions of the city quarter in Oberrosphe

Sharing benefits with the citizens

Sociedades cooperativas bioenergia

(solar, biomassa,…)

Wood-based cooperative biomass heating -installation, providing heat for ca. 600 households in Emstal

The turn is possible:

Energy-independent villages http://www.bioenergiedorf.de/con/cms/front_content.php?idcat=12&changelang

=6

The turn is possible:

Cities on the way to Energy-Efficiency

and „0-Emission-City“

• City of Ludwigsburg (medium-sized city)

• Strategic municipal and political approach

necessary !

• Know your needs and potentials !

• Start step-by-step in city quarters !

• Don‘t forget to involve your citizens and

enterprises (public future conferences etc.) !

Climate Masterplan: Integration of energy concepts into urban development

- City

- City quarter

Energetic city quarter concept

Specific energy laws and financial support programmes

Urban climate masterplan - aims

Expertise : climate and energy

Overall energy concept of Ludwigsburg –

Modules heat, electricity and transport

Potentials for renewable energies for

heating purposes

Potentials for renewable energies for heating purposes

Potentials for renewable energies in the urban context

„Lighthouse project“

Wood-Power-Station

Intermunicipal enterprise, opening in 2009

Electrical power: 2.100 kW, Heating power: 9.750 kW Yearly production of 10 Mio. kWh

electricity and ca. 48 Mio. kWh heat from biomass

Coverage ca. 70% of heating needs of urban long-distance-heating-net

Economization of ca. 18.000 t CO² / year

How can the city meet mobility requirements of the administration through electric mobility ?

„Electromobile administration“ in

Ludwigsburg:

Zum Einsatz kamen:

• 3 Mitsubishi i-MiEV

• 1 Berlingo First Electric

• 5 Elektroroller

• 5 Pedelecs

• 2 Segways

• 6 E-Bike-Boards

…E a situação energia no Brasil –

tudo bem?

…O modelo chinês: Um modelo de futuro

ou um modelo de anteontem?

Não tem alternativas?

… Parece que há interesse e

chances …

Summary

• The Energy-Turn in Germany …

– is probably the federal, state and municipal political project in Germany,

– is in the meantime irreversible,

– is in parts a success story regarding technological export and job chances,

– takes place above all in the German municipalities which need to come up with strategic approaches ,

– needs a stable political and legal framework for further investions,

– will finally only be successful when the citizens accept its aims and means.

Muito obrigado

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