cigarette waste: san diego, ca · mthd ( t)methods (cont.) |created 10 distance levels for each...
TRANSCRIPT
Ci tt W t SCigarette Waste: San Diego CADiego, CA
Maacah MarahSan Diego State University S h l f P bli H lthSchool of Public Health
Special thanks to: Drs. Tom Novotny and Jenny Quintana
B k d i tt tBackground: cigarette waste
Globally, of all litter collected from beaches and coastal areas 28% is tobacco product litterareas 28% is tobacco product litter
North American city litter audits: by count, tobacco d t litt i hl 25%product litter is roughly 25%
360 billion cigarettes consumed in the U.S. in 2007g
Tobacco product litter may exceed 175 million pounds per year in the U Sper year in the U.S.
The City of San Francisco: $6,098,969 on direct iti ti f t b d t litt (2009)mitigation of tobacco product litter (2009)
B k d ( t )Background (cont.)
Cigarette butts are toxic: ammonia, formaldehyde, butane, acrylonitrile, toluene, benzene, alkaloid nicotine and other chemicals.
Runoff travels from streets to drains to rivers, beaches and oceans.
B k d ( t )Background (cont.)
Aesthetic problem can have economic impact
Range of remediation efforts: from litter reduction to better clean-up strategiesreduction to better clean up strategies
However where is cigarette butt litter mostHowever, where is cigarette butt litter most concentrated?
M th dMethodsStudy location: zip code 92116
Survey (n=6) y ( )
Key variables: BarsBarsConvenience storesCafesGas stationsGas stationsGrocery stores RestaurantsTraffic signalsTraffic signals
Data Sources: SanGIS and internet business search
M th d ( t )Methods (cont.)Software: ArcMAP 9.3
Geocoded bars, restaurants, cafes
M th d ( t )Methods (cont.)
Created 10 distance levels for each variable using Spatial Analyst Straight Line functionusing Spatial Analyst Straight Line function
Max distance set to 500 ft. for bars, cafes and restaurantsMax distance set to 1000 ft. for traffic signals, convenience stores, gas stations and grocery stores
Variables reclassified using Spatial Analyst Reclassify functionReclassify function
M th d ( t )Methods (cont.)
Weighted Overlay model: Spatial Analyst Weighted Overlay tool
Influence % Variable25 Bars
20 Convenience stores20 Convenience stores
15 Cafes
10 Gas station
10 R10 Restaurants
10 Grocery stores
10 Traffic signals
Methods: weighted overlay g ymap
M th d 10 it ditMethods: 10 site auditF ll i b diFollow-up cigarette butt audit:
Using the results of the weighted suitability study, 5 high expected waste level and 5 low expected waste g p plevel sites were audited.
QuickTime™ and adecompressordecompressor
are needed to see this picture.
R ltResults
Weighted analysis showed clumping around higher concentrations of businesseshigher concentrations of businesses, primarily along Adams Avenue.
Survey of 5 high waste & 5 low waste sites found:found:
Mean of 12 butts at high litter sitesMean 4 2 butts at low litter sitesMean 4.2 butts at low litter sitesTwo tailed t-test p = 0.06
Di iDiscussion
Results indicate that intensity of cigarette butt waste is connected to points of distribution and ppublic consumption of cigarettes
Limitation: small sample sizes
I dit i tt b tt f d tIn audit, cigarette butts were found at every location; this suggests higher levels of cigarette waste in the 92116 zip code than expectedp p
Di i ( t )Discussion (cont.)Next steps:
expanded litter audit research on factors influencing businesses’ wasteresearch on factors influencing businesses’ waste control efforts
Di i ( t )Discussion (cont.)
Cigarette litter reduction strategies
Location-specific remediation efforts: signs, receptacles, provider clean-up
Public education campaigns
Increased littering fines/penalties
Filter and package redesignFilter and package redesign
Redemption campaigns
