cigarettes and drugs

8/13/2019 Cigarettes and Drugs

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Teen smoking is an early warning sign for additional substance abuse

problems. Youths age 12-17 who smoke are more than 11 times as likely to

use illicit drugs and 16 times as likely to drink heavily as youths who do not

smoke.

As the U.S. Supreme Court noted in 1962, The first step toward

addiction may be as innocent as a boy's puff on a cigarette in an alleyway.


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Smoking typically precedes other drug use. Among youths who have

used both cigarettes and marijuana by the 12th grade, 65 percent smoked

cigarettes before marijuana; and 98 percent of those who had used both

cocaine and cigarettes smoked cigarettes first.The earlier a person uses tobacco, the more likely they are to

experiment with cocaine, heroin or other illicit drugs. Those who start smoking

as a child are three times more likely to use marijuana and four times more

likely to use cocaine than those who do not smoke as children.


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In addition, more than half of all persons who start smoking beforeage 15 use an illicit drug in their lifetime, compared to only a

quarter of those who do not start smoking until they are beyond age 17 -- with

those who start smoking before age 15 are more than three times more likely to

use cocaine.

And those who start smoking before age 15 are seven times more

likely to use cocaine than those who never smoke cigarettes at all.


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The earlier a person uses tobacco, the more likely he or she is tobecome a regular drug user as an adult. People who start smoking as childrenare almost four times more likely to be regular users of an illicit drug and

three times more likely to use cocaine regularly than those who do not smoke

as children.


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Heavy smokers are much more likely to use marijuana or harder

drugs. Youths who smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day are more than twice

as likely to use an illicit drug and 16 times more likely to use cocaine than

those who smoke less frequently -- and are 10 times more likely to use anillicit drug and more than 100 times more likely to use cocaine than those who

never smoke. Children who smoke a pack a day are also 13 times more likely

to use heroin than children who smoke less heavily.

In addition, 12- to 17-year-old daily smokers who smoke daily are

approximately 14 times more likely to have binged on alcohol than those whodo not smoke, more than 100 times more likely to have used marijuana at least

ten times, and 32 times more likely to have used cocaine at least ten times.


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Heavy users of smokeless tobacco are significantly more likely to

experiment with or regularly abuse illegal drugs. High school kids who use

spit tobacco 20 to 30 days per month are nearly four times more likely to

currently use marijuana than nonusers, almost three times more likely to everuse cocaine, and nearly three times more likely to ever use inhalants.

Increases in cigarette prices reduce the demand for cigarettes and

marijuana. Cigarette and marijuana are not substitutes (users do not increase

their use of marijuana to compensate for smoking less or vice versa) and

increases in cigarette prices, which reduce smoking, also reduce marijuana use.Deaths Cigarettes Smoking

Source: xeoecigarette.wordpress.com


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Drugs under international control include amphetamine-type stimulants,

coca/cocaine, cannabis, hallucinogens, opiates and sedative hypnotics.

Countries have decided to control these drugs because they pose a threat to

health.

While some of the physical effects of drugs might sound nice, they do not

last long. Many people get depressed and lonely afterwards and start feeling

sick. Also, it is common for people who use drugs to seem confused, have

red eyes, sweat a lot and not care about their physical appearance.


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What is it?

Cannabis is a tobacco-like greenish or brownish material made up of the dried

flowering tops and leaves of the cannabis (hemp) plant. Cannabis resin or"hash" is the dried black or brown secretion of the flowering tops of the

cannabis plant, which is made into a powder or pressed into slabs or cakes.

Cannabis oil or "hash oil" is cannabis resin in liquid form. Cannabis is by far

the most cultivated, trafficked and abused illicit drug.

How is it taken?All forms of cannabis are usually smoked. Cannabis resin and oil can also be

ingested orally or brewed in tea.


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How does it affect users?

Cannabis can make users feel relaxed and heighten their sensory awareness.

Thus, users may experience a more vivid sense of sight, smell, taste and

hearing.

What are the risks associated with cannabis use?

Short-term effects include increased appetite and pulse rate.While high, users'

intellectual and physical abilities are impaired. With large doses, users may

experience severely altered sensory perceptions and slow and confused

thinking. If the dose is very large, the effects of cannabis are similar to those of

hallucinogens, and may cause anxiety, panic and even psychotic episodes.

Regular users of cannabis risk developing dependency to the point where they

lose interest in all other activities, such as work and personal relationships.

Furthermore, cannabis smoke also contains 50 per cent more tar than high tar

cigarettes, thus putting users at an increased risk for lung cancer and other

respiratory diseases.


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What is it?

Cocaine is a fine white or off-white powder that acts as apowerful stimulant. In its pure form, cocaine is extractedfrom the leaves of the coca plant. On the street, it can be

diluted or "cut" with other substances to increase thequantity. Crack is cocaine that has been further processedwith ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) andlooks like small flakes or rocks.

Prevalence rates for lifetime use of cocaine are typicallybetween one and three per cent in developed countries,with higher rates in the United States and in the producercountries of South America.


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Long-term users of cocaine risk a number of health problems, some of them

depending on the ingestion method. Sniffing cocaine severely damages nose

tissue, smoking can cause respiratory problems, whilst injection can lead to

abscesses and infectious diseases.Other risks, regardless of ingestion

method, include dependency, malnutrition, weight loss, disorientation,

apathy and a state similar to paranoid psychosis.


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What is it?

Ecstasy is a psychoactive stimulant. In fact, the

term "ecstasy" does not refer to a single substance,

but rather to a range of substances similar in

chemistry and effects. It is usually distributed as a

tablet or pill but can also be a powder or capsule.

The tablets can be in many different shapes and

sizes.

Over the last decade or so, ecstasy use has made its

way into the mainstream culture in certain

countries. Younger people in particular often seemto possess a skewed sense of safety about ecstasy

use, believing rather erroneously that the substance

is safe and benign.


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How is it taken?

It is usually taken orally but can also be snorted or injected.

How does it affect users?Ecstasy can heighten users' empathy levels and induce a feeling ofcloseness to people around them. It is often used at "rave parties" toincrease participants' sociability and energy levels.

What are the risks associated ecstasy use?In the short term, ecstasy can make the body ignore distress signalssuch as dehydration, dizziness and exhaustion, and it can also interferewith the body's ability to regulate temperature. Furthermore, ecstasycan severely damage internal organs such as the liver and the kidneys,and sometimes lead to convulsions and heart failure.

Large doses of ecstasy also cause restlessness, anxiety and severevisual and auditory hallucinations.

Longer-term ecstasy use can damage certain brain regions, resulting inserious depression and memory loss.


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What are they?

Hallucinogens, or "psychedelics", are drugs that alter

users' state of consciousness and produce different

kinds of hallucinations.The main types of hallucinogens are d-lysergic acid

diethylamide (LSD), hencyclidine (PCP),

hallucinogenic amphetamines, mescaline and

psilocybe mushrooms.


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What is it?

LSD is a semi-synthetic drug derived from lysergic acid, which is found in a

fungus that grows on rye and other grains.

LSD, commonly referred to as "acid", is one of the most potent hallucinogens.It is usually sold on the street as small squares of blotting paper with drops

containing the drug, but also as tablets, capsules or occasionally in liquid form.

It is a colourless, odourless substance with a slightly bitter taste.

How is it taken?It is usually swallowed.


Taking LSD leads to strong changes in thought, mood and senses in addition tofeelings of empathy and sociability. However, the exact effects of LSD vary

depending on the mental state of the user and the environment when taking the

drug.


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What are the risks associated with LSD use?

Short-term, LSD produces delusions and distorted perceptions. The userssense of depth and time changes and colours, sound and touch seem more

intense.

Some LSD users experience severe, terrifying thoughts and feelings such as

fear of losing control, fear of insanity and death, and despair.

The physical effects are small compared to the psychological and emotionaleffects. They include dilated pupils, increased heart rate and blood pressure,

loss of appetite, sleeplessness, dry mouth and tremors.


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What is it?Heroin is an addictive drug with painkilling propertiesprocessed from morphine, a naturally occurringsubstance from the Asian opium poppy plant. Pureheroin is a white powder. Street heroin is usuallybrownish white because it is diluted or "cut" withimpurities, meaning each dose is different.

How is it taken?

It is usually injected but can also be snorted, smoked orinhaled.

How does it affect users?Heroin can make users feel an initial surge of euphoria,along with a feeling of warmth and relaxation. Users alsooften become detached from emotional or physicaldistress, pain or anxiety.


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What are the risks associated with heroin use?

Short-term effects include constricted pupils, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness,

inability to concentrate and apathy.

Furthermore, heroin is very addictive, and development of tolerance and

physical and psychological dependence occurs rapidly.

Long-term heroin use has a variety of severe health effects. Among other

things, it can cause severe weight loss and malnutrition that can lead to

damaged veins and liver disease. It can also lead to menstrual irregularity,

sedation and chronic apathy.


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What is it?Methamphetamine is part of the group of drugs called

amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS). It is a synthetic drug

that is usually manufactured in illegal laboratories.

Methamphetamine comes as a powder, tablet or as crystals

that look like shards of glass.

How is it taken?

It can be swallowed, sniffed/snorted, smoked or injected.


Users experience a temporary rise in energy, often

perceived to improve their performance at manual or

intellectual tasks. Users also feel postponement of hunger

and fatigue.


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What are the risks associated with methamphetamine use?

Short-term, users can lose their appetite and start breathing faster. Their heartrate and blood pressure may increase and the body temperature may go up and

cause sweating. With large doses, users may feel restless and irritable and they

may experience panic attacks.

Excessive doses of methamphetamine can lead to convulsions, seizures and

death from respiratory failure, stroke or heart failure.

Long-term methamphetamine use can lead to malnutrition, weight loss and the

development of psychological dependence. Once chronic users stop taking

methamphetamine, a long period of sleep, and then depression, usually

follows.


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Smokers, especially heavy smokers, are more likely to drink alcoholand to become problem drinkers than nonsmokers. Adolescent smokers, for

example, are three times more likely to use alcohol than adolescents who do

not smoke.11 In addition:

Smokers are over 30% more likely to consume alcohol and ten times

more likely to develop alcoholism than nonsmokers.

80% to 95% of all alcoholics also smoke cigarettes, and 70% of all

alcoholics are heavy smokers who consume more than one pack of cigarettes

per day.

The initiation of regular cigarette smoking typically precedes the

onset of alcoholism by many years.


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Youths who have drank alcohol and smoked cigarettes at least once inthe past month are 30 times more likely to have smoked marijuana than those

who report refraining from smoking or drinking alcohol.

Heavy users of smokeless or spit tobacco are almost 16 times more

likely than nonusers to currently consume alcohol, as well.


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As the U.S. Surgeon General's report, Reducing Tobacco Use, noted:

"Research on patterns of substance abuse among youth generally concludes

that youth begin with tobacco, or alcohol, or both and some youth progress to

marijuana and other drug use. . . . Other research concludes that cigarette

smoking is a significant predictor of both the possibility and the frequency of

other drug use. . . . This research suggests that cigarettes and other substances

are complements for one another and that higher cigarette prices, by

discouraging smoking among youth, could significantly reduce youth and

adult drinking and illicit drug use."


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Effects of smoking


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Nobody lights up like Eastern Europe, where average annual

consumption can exceed 2,000 cigarettes per person. The very highest rate isin Serbia (2,861 cigarettes per person per year), according to data from 71countries compiled by the World Lung Foundation and American Cancer

Society. Fourth-place Russia, not far behind at 2,786 cigarettes per person peryear, is now finally dealing with its smoking problem.

Annual per capita cigarette consumption rates. Gray countries have no data available. (Max Fisher / Washington

Post)


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Proposed new restrictions in Russia modeled after laws in Westerncountries that coincided with a drop in smoking rates would limit cigarette

advertising and public smoking in Russia, and more than double excise taxes

on cigarretes. A Wall Street Journal article on the Kremlinscampaign details

Russiascigarette problem, which costs 400,000 lives and $48.1 billion every

year.The international smoking data is mapped out above. Itsa fascinating

bit of comparative data, with some potentially surprising pieces of information:


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The highest rates are all in Eastern Europe. The one Eastern Europeanexception is Romania, which had similarly bleak numbers until it enacted

tough anti-smoking laws in 1997.

The biggest smokers outside of Eastern Europe are South Koreans,

Kazakhs, and Japanese, in that order. Chinas smoking rate still lags behind

Koreas and Japans (1,711 cigarettes per person in China versus 1,958 inKorea and 1,841 in Japan), but China is the worlds largest overall consumer

of cigarettes. As the country urbanizes and develops, dontbe shocked if they

rise in the rankings.


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Current Users by Substance (in thousands)

Current Users Who are Dependent (in thousands)

*Dependence on cigarettes is based on daily use.Source: National Survey on Drug Use and Health,2011

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