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By Sir Kazim Ali

Lecturer Physics , Superior University

Circuits and Its types

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What is Circuit ?Electric Circuit : An electrical device that provides a path forelectrical current to ow electric circuit.

Closed circuit/loop : A complete electrical circuit aroundwhich current ows or a signal circulates.

eed!ac" loop : A circuit that feeds back some of the outputto the input of a system.

 There are two main types of circuit discussed inyour course:

! Clipper Circuits # Biased Clippers

$% Clamper Circuits

Circuits and its types

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&hat is Clipper?

A clipper  is a device designed to prevent the output ofa circuit  from e#ceeding a predetermined voltage levelwithout distorting the remaining part of the appliedwaveform.

A circuit whose output is limited in amplitude.

Use'

limit the instantaneous amplitude of a waveform andclip o$ the peaks of a waveform.

(here are t)o types o* Clipper'

Positive Clipper

+eative Clipper

Clipper Circuits # Biased Clippers

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A clamper is an electronic circuit that '#es either thepositive or the negative peak e#tension of a signal to a

de'ned value by shifting its *C value.

 There are two main types of Clamper circuit:

-. Positive Clampin

$. +eative Clampin

. Positive !iased Clampin0. +eative !iased Clampin

Clamper circuit

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-. Positive Clampin

%n the negative cycle of the input AC signal& the diode isforward biased and conducts& charging the capacitor to thepeak negative value of +%,. *uring the positive cycle& thediode is reverse biased and thus does not conduct. The outputvoltage is therefore e-ual to the voltage stored in thecapacitor plus the input voltage& so +/T 0 +%, 1 +%, peak.

 This is also called a 1illard circuit.

Positive Clampin

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-. +eative Clampin

A negative unbiased clamp is the opposite of the e-uivalentpositive clamp. %n the positive cycle of the input AC signal& thediode is forward biased and conducts& charging the capacitorto the peak positive value of +%,. *uring the negative cycle&the diode is reverse biased and thus does not conduct. Theoutput voltage is therefore e-ual to the voltage stored in the

capacitor plus the input voltage again& so +/T 0 +%, 2 +%,peak

+eative Clampin

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-. Positive !iased Clampin

A positive biased voltage clamp is identical to an e-uivalentunbiased clamp but with the output voltage o$set by the biasamount +3%A4. Thus& +/T 0 +%, 1 (+%,peak 1 +3%A4)

Positive !iased Clampin

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-. +eative !iased clampin

A negative biased voltage clamp is likewise identical to ane-uivalent unbiased clamp but with the output voltage o$setin the negative direction by the bias amount +3%A4. Thus& +/T 0

+%, ! (+%, peak 1 +3%A4)

+eative !iased Clampin