circular quay railway station drain...
TRANSCRIPT
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CIRCULAR QUAY
RAILWAY STATION
DRAIN TRENCH
WATCHING BRIEF
Robyn Stocks
July, 1988
for P.W.D. & Heritage Council of N.S.W.
Q994.11 S'I'O
L __
BEBITA6E COUNCIL OF N.S.W,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION FIGURES LIST
CONTENTS
1.0 THE EXCAVATION AND DEPOSITS
2.0 ANALYSIS OF THE DEPOSITS IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT
3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
FIGURES
NOTES AND REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1 ARTEFACTS LIST
B & W PHOTOGRAPH LIST AND NEGATIVES
PAGE
.--------------------------------,------------------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank those who helped during the excavation and production of this report including:
Merve Chandler and David Russell of The Public Works Department
Lieut. Col. Rollo Gillespie of The Australian Club
Meredith Hutton of the Heritage Council of N.S.W.
3
INTRODUCI'ION.
Between the 24th and 30th July 1986 the author conducted a watching
brief at Circular Quay Railway Station, Sydney, for the Public Works
Department.
The need for this work was requested by the archaeologist Mr E Higginbotham
after many artefacts were discovered near the base of a Drain Trench that
was being dug outward from the southwest corner of the Station building.
The aim of the brief was to record and sample the remaining deposits as
they were being uncovered by backhoe, and assess their significance.
7Ut.er the excavation the historical background of the Quay was completed
in order to tie the deposits to a chronofgical framework.
Some understanding of the development of the area had already been gained
during previous work at the Gateway Plaza Site ( on the south side of
Al~ed St.) 1. This Drain Trench was an opportunity to examine the deposits
of part of the Quay, contributing to our greater understanding of the
formation processes of early Sydney and Sydney Cove. However, due to the
size and nature of excavation the following analysis is severely limited
in scope, and the interpretation of the deposits may not apply to a very
large area of the Quay.
The artefacts form a significant collection of mid 19th century material
culture and should be retained for future reference and study.
This report was completed in July 1988. The artefacts are the property of
the P.W.D. but will be lodged with the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences.
At the present time they are in the custody of the Heritage Council of
N.S.W.
FIGURES
1. 1986 Govt. Architects Branch (from P.W.D.) Plan of Central Circular Quay (Redevelopment) Sheet A 01A
Showing location of trench
2. 1985 Govt. Architects Branch (from P.W.D.) Plan detail of West end of Circular Quay Station Building. Sheet A 31 and Drain Trench Features.
3. Neg. 1.2 Trench excavated to about 8 m. facing West.
4. Neg. 1.14 Trench excavated to about 10- 11m. facing West.
5. Neg. 1.13 Trench S.W. corner at about 10- 11m. facing South.
6. Neg. 1.15 Trench facing (station) East from 11m. f
7. Neg. 1.16 Trench taken from 11m. facing (station) N.E.
8.
9.
10.
11 .
12.
13.
Sketch of South section at 5 - 8 m.
Neg. 1.8 South section at 5-8 m.
Sketch of North section at 7 - 10 m.
Neg. 1 . 12 North section at 7 - 10 m.
Sketch of West section at about 10 m.
Neg. 1.10 West section at about 10 m.
14. Plan of the changing profile of Sydney Cove 1807 - Present Adapted from P.R. Proudfoot 11 The Port of Sydney as it has engendered city growth and urban construction 11
PHD Thesis Univ. of N.S.W. 1973 Fig. 6.
15. 1788 William Dawes Plan of Sydney Cove (Soundings by Capt. J. Hunter)
16. 1788 Sketch of Sydney Cove by Capt. J. Hunter facing the Tank Stream
17. 1794 Thomas Watling 11 A Direct North General View of Sydney Cove 11 (i.e. facing South). Many buildings have pink clay tile covered roofs.
PAGE
18. 31/10/1807 James Meehan. Plan of Sydney showing silting up of Cove and Reclaimation.
19. 1944 (?) "Sketch of Port of Sydney Cover sh~wing proposed improvements" Surveyor Generals Dept. AD Map No. 501 Note. Silt and Wrecks
20. 1842-3 Edward Ashworth "Sydney Cove" ML PXA 3033 showing mud flats at Embouchure of Tank Stream and edge of quay wall to East facing NE.
21. 1842 John Skinner Prout "Sydney Cove" Z pxd 75. As above incl. debris on flats.
22. 31/7/1843 "Sketch of the Circular Quay showing finished portion of wall, and pro~osed continuation of new wall". Colonial Engineer's Office. As Plan 2424.
23. C.1850 F. Garling "Bon Accord Bridge" looking SW from RAHS J Vol. V (1918-19 ) Opp. P.2
24. 14/1/1854 Plan of extension of Semicircular Quay P.W.D. AO Plan 1282.
25. 19/10/1854 "Sketch shewing the position of an allotment measured for sale as a compensation purchase to F Mitchell" (Section 100 above Tank Stream) AD Map 5525 Note: Details of New Quay Wharf
26. A & B 14/8/1867 "Plan of the Circular Quay including the Harbor Steamers Wharf" MSB AD Map 601 Note: Details of surface for new part of wharf and kerb stone and gutter.
27. 1969-70 Sketch plan showing measurements made to determine the position for the kerbing of the East side of Section 100. AD Map 5588 Note: Public House - Ship Inn
28. Jan. 1871 Windjammers East Circular Quay, Sydney ( "Sobraon" in distance). Postcard from photograph in Nat. Lib. of Aust. Note: Ship Inn to extreme left with verandah posts.
29. Feb. 1971 West circular Quay Sydney and "Sobraon". Postcard from photograph in Nat. Lib. of Aust. Note: Road surface of quay.
.-------------------------------- ----,------
30. 1879 11 Birds Eye View, Sydney 11 (Detail) Gibbs, Shallard & Co. Supplement to The Illust. Syd. News 2/10/1879
31. 1880 Percy Dove from 11 Directory of Sydney 11
MLX 981.11/3. Note: Ferry projections, Change Alley, Ship Inn, and small office to East.
32. 1889 11 P.W.D. Detail Sheet 46 11 (Detail) Note: Small buildings to East of Section 100. At MWS & DB Plan Room.
33. 1891 11 Circular Quay Compiled 11 M.S.D. Note: Wood paving of quay and changing ferry wharfs. A.O. Map 6
34. 1891 11 The City of Sydney, N. S. W. 11 from the cover of Sydney Takes Shape by Max Kelly and Ruth Crocker 1978 Doak Press in Assoc. in the Macleay Museum, Uni of Sydney.
35. C.1892 Circular Quay from Pitt St. facing NE ML small pic. file Nqte: Buildings & Cabs (Neg. FM2/1465)
36. N.D. (c. 1890's?) Circular Quay facing East showing Ship Inn and office buildings. ML small pic. file.
37. 1895 circular Quay on a holiday? Facing East. Postcard from photograph in Nat. Lib. of Aust.
38. 1904 11 Circular Quay, sydney 11 facing NE. Postcard showing vacant land where office etc. once stood. ML small pic. file.
39. N.D. (c. 1908?) circular Quay and Alfred St. facing East. Note: Trams and gardens in area of vacant land.
40. 1926 Circular Quay facing East. Note: Tram shed replacing garden ML small pic. file
41. 1929 Circular Quay aerial photograph facing SW. ML small pic. file
l
42. Sequence of Circular Quay wharves & station from MSB maps showing main wharfage of the Port of Sydney, N.S.W. a) 1929 b) 1949, 1952 c) 1958, 1963 etc.
43. Neg. 1.21 (10) glazed terracotta bowl interior
44. Neg. 1.22 (10) glazed terracotta bowl exterior
45. Neg. 1.18 (10) ironstone Australian Club lid. sherd.
46. Neg. 1.23 (10) Selection of earthenware.
47. Neg. 1.24 (10) Selection of earthenware.
48. Neg. 1.25 (10) Selection of earthenware, stoneware claypipe bowl and hair whisk.
49. Neg. 1.26 (10) Selection of •black• glass bottles.
50. Neg. 1.27 (10) Selection of glass and stoneware bottles.
51. Neg. 1.28 (10) Selection of glass bottles.
52. Neg. 1.29 (10) Selection of glass bottles.
53. Neg. 1.20 (10) Leather Shoes.
54. Neg. 1.19 (1) Pieces of glazed stoneware architectural decoration.
8
1.0 THE EXCAVATION AND DEPOSITS.
1.1 Upon arrival the eastern 5 meters (5 m west of the Station wall) of
the trench had already been shored up for safety reasons making the
sections inaccessible .. (See Figs. 1, 2a, 2b, 3) Most of the finds
came from the base of the excavation and 4-5m west of the Station
wall. The soil and finds had been deposited to the north of the trench
and were examined in detail. Although some of the deposits were
fairly mixed, leaving several objects with uncertain contexts,
many artefacts still had identifiable soils adhering to them.
1.2 The uneven Drain Trench was finally dug to a length of approximately
llm, a width of L,5 - 3m and a: depth of about 3m. (See Figs.4 - 7).
The base was constantly wet ( and often hidden) due to its being
below the high tide mark. The soils excavated were often loose and
unstable. The dangerous and damp conditions meant that the trench
had to be shored up promptly after the mechanical backhoe had
finished. Therefore there was little time to examine and sample the
'in situ' deposits, and the narrowness of the cut made photography
extremely difficult. (See Fig. 8- 13).
1.3 The deposits or Contexts were numbered consecutively from the top
as they were observed in the sections. Although few finds were found
'in situ', most of those recovered by backhoe could be immediately
tied to the known stratigraphy. (Artefacts see Appendix 1 & Figs.43-54)
1.4 Modern and Surface Features, ContextQ)
The cement surface to the north of the trench was joined to a low
(below ground) east/west concrete wall (air duct?) that ran from the
western wall of the Station. This low wall, with its wooden formwor-k,
formed much of the north edge of the excavated trench. The surface of
the trench and the area to the south was paved with modern concrete
bricks. These pavers rested on loose sand and soil that contained
recent building rubble .. Below was a succession of concrete and
bitumen surfaces, fills and other modern disturbances.
--- ---- ----------------------
The foundation trench for the low concrete wall was filled with
brown-orange sandy soil that contained objects such as glazed ornate
architectural decoration. (See Fig. 54). The construction of this wall
and other modern features cut many lower deposits (Contexts(}®) and
the wall itself rests on Context@.
1 . 5 Context ® An old 'road' surface of wooden blocks lying on rough concrete
(Context~) that continued southwards towards Alfred St. Many remained
in excellent condition and generally were aligned at an angle to
the south section (roughly ESE/WNW). An average block was 25xl7x8cm.
They have been cut by modern disturbances to the west and north.
1 . 6 Context Q).
Rough-poured (gravel) concrete below Context@ and resting on
Context~ Small pieces of gravel lay above the flat surface of the
concrete.
1 . 7 Context @.
Mixed thick deposit of compacted brown-grey soil with stones and gravel.
1 . 8 Context 0).
Uneven layer of black decomposed wood with some bitumen above and
falling through gaps in the stones of Context @.
1. 9 Context@.
Single course of roughly shaped rectangular sandstone blocks covering
a large area and seen to continue to the south and north (below
concrete wall of(D.) The blocks were of various sizes, averaging
31 x 18 x 18cm (one was 70cm long), and lay at an angle similar to
Context@. The surfaces of the stones were very worn and damaged,
suggesting heavy use, for example as paving. The blocks had brown-grey
soil between them from which a ceramic sherd was sampled. (See Appendixl)
Sandstone blocks similar to this had also been observed by the works
Foreman John Lynne 8m to the east of the trench, below the Station
floor. Here the ·blocks lay on compact sandstone fill.
/0
1.10 Context@
A possible pit beside the extant south edge of@ at the west edge of
the trench (unobserved during excavation to east). Filled with brown
sandy soil and many small stones (sandstone and ironstone). The tcp
of this pit is at the same level as @ Context (V has either cut
Context@) or is contemporary with it.
1 .11 Context @.
Construction levelling fill for Context@ composed of hard packed
black-grey soil with many small sandstone pieces.
1.12 Context@.
A series of quickly dumped fills below@ and®, with tip lines sloping
down to the west and north. The deposits were of many types of soils
and sands, from pale brown to black, and some contained artefacts.
The fills obviously come from different sources but were sampled as
a group. They had far fewer finds than~ and were less waterlogged.
The surface of@ was roughly level.
1.13 Context @.
At the base of the trench was a layer of waterlogged sands and clays
that contained the bulk of the recovered finds. As with Context~
the surface of this deposit sloped down to the west but is of unknown
depth. At 5m west of the Station the top of ~was 1m70 below the
ground surface; at 8m it was 2m; at 11m it was 2m50 below.
At the bottom of the trench the soils were very wet causing anaerobic
conditions. This enabled many organic objects to survive in good
condition, for example, leather, rope, cloth. There were also many
whole and broken glass bottles and ceramic vessels, indicating that
this deposit was formed partly by mass rubbish disposal.
It was difficult to tell whether~ was yet another part of the fills
described ase9but it was separated because of the artefacts and
waterlogged nature. This layer was the most significant part of the
excavated deposits and was the reason for the Watching Brief.
II
2.0 ANALYSIS OF THE DEPOSITS IN THEIR HISTORICAL CONTEXT.
The Drain Trench has cut deposits that are significant to the early
development of Sydney.
Sydney Cove was the port of Sydney Town from 1788, the focus for its
trade and commerce, and the contact point between the new colony and
the old world.
It has been the custom of people at the waterfront to dispose of
rubbish in the water, particularly in busy localities. This disposal
occurred either by accident during the unloading and loading processes;
or on purpose when unwanted or empty objects were discarded. Therefore
the old wharf areas of Sydney should reveal what goods were traded
and used by the residents and sailors from the artefacts that they
have left behind.
Sydney Cove has a particularly interesting history which can be tied
to its constantly changing profile. The area's development covers an
historical period of 200 years. (See Fig. 14)
It is relation to the chronology of change and with an understanding
of waterfront trade and behaviour that the Drain Trench deposits will
be discussed.
2.1 When the First Fleet arrived in January 1788 Sydney Cove was a forested
harbour inlet with a small stream to the south. Within a few days a
settlement was established, the Tank Stream being the only water source,
and the ships anchored offshore in the Cove. (See Figs. 15 & 16).
The shore was sandy and irregular with muddy flats exposed at low tide.
Over the next few years the forest was slowly cleared, a jetty pushed
out of the southeast beach and a small bridge put across the Tank
Stream (ie at Bridge St.) (See Fig. 17) Because of the increased land
use, erosion due to deforestation, rubbish disposal and deliberate
land fill, the profile of Sydney Cove was considerably changed by 1807.
(See Fig. 18).
I~
Evidence of these early shorelines and waterfront industries have been
discovered in recent times, the most notable and relevent being the
Gateway Plaza Site, located on the south side of Alfred St. 2 (See Fig.l4)
The deposits from the Drain Trench can be tied into the sequence found
at the Gateway Site from the mid 19th century to the present. (See
Paragraphs 2.3-4)
2.2 During the next 50 years Sydney Cove became increasingly silted up.
The residents exploited the commercial potential of the changing
waterfront by continually adding to their encroachments using land
reclamation and wharves.
A good example of this was seen at the Gateway Site where the necessity
of keeping the timber mill business accessible to water traffic meant
the continual extension of a wharf. At this site there was considerable
evidence of the changing shoreline, both man-made and natural.
(See Fig. 19).
2.3 In the l840spr,~JOsals for a Semi-Circular Quay around Sydney Cove were
put into action. By 1843 the southeastern part of the new Quay was completed
with the remainder to the west anticipated in the near future.
(See Fig. 22).
During the 1840s and 50s the western part of Sydney Cove was characterized
by large areas of mud flats (on either side of the Tank Stream ) which
were frequented by fossickers and people walking between the Rocks and
the city. (ie those not using the bridge at Bridge St.) The muddy beach
was littered with debris, many having a marine origin (See Figs. 20 & 21).
Offshore, just before deep water, there were wrecks of ships including
an old brig. (See Fig. 19)
In 1847 a commercially built bridge was put across the mouth of the
Tank Stream, between the west edge of the new eastern Quay and the
Rocks. It was called the Bon Accord Bridge and had a 1 penny to11. 3 (See Fig. 23) In the same year a small extension was added to the
Timber yard wharf at the Gateway Site. 4 At high tide shallow waters
reached south of the new bridge as far as Bridge St. Access to the
new jetty at the Gateway Site must only have been by small dinghies
and barges that went below the Bon Accord Bridge. (See Fig. 14, top
finger wharf across present Alfred St.)
J3
The use of the southwest area of Sydney Cove by small boats, and
the constant presence of people on large ships, wharves, bridges and
mud flats makes it likely that many objects may have found their way
onto the muddy beaches and into the archaeological record. Certainly
Figs. 20 and 21 illustrates this fact and show how large some of these
artefacts may have been. Rotten and broken dinghies, oars, tackle, rope,
shoes etc are obvious contenders for the type of debris that could
have been discarded or lost. Many objects probably floated onto the
beach as flotsam and jetsam, originating in the harbour or the Tank
Stream. The wet nature of the deposits would enable organic items to
be preserved, as seen with the artefacts from the Drain Trench Context 10.
The fact that dwellings, shops, offices and large ships were nearby makes
it also likely that broken or empty objects relating to houshold activities
would be thrown into the shallow waters of Sydney Cove. During the
processes of unloading,new and whole domestic items were probably
occassionally lost overboard, and some of those that were broken in
shipment immediately discarded.
Ocean and river beds beside wharves are known to exhibit evidence of
mass rubbish disposal. Most objects that are thrown away are empty
bottles which show the drinking habits of waterfront workers, sailors
and visitors. 5 The many public houses at Circular Quay would have
attracted a large clientele. For those frequenting the pubs near the
southwest part of the Quay the waters of the harbour and the Tank Stream
would have been a convenient dumping ground.
Relating this disposal behaviour to the evidence in the Drain Trench
is difficult due to the small size of the cut. The number of objects
found in Context~would seem to indicate such a process but it is
more probable that these artefacts were deposited as fill. (See 2.4)
In comparison to the silt deposits of the Gateway Site to the south,
Context @ is very rich in artefacts. The silts at the Gateway varied
from banded pure sand and shell (with a few small pieces of driftwood)
at the base, with increasingly more man-made iclusions in the upper 1m.
The top of the silts were covered by a thick black greasy layer at the
eastern part of the site (water deposited oil and pollution?), with
some large objects embedded in it. This upper layer dated to the final
waterfront period of the site, before harbour access was cut off,
c.l840s and 50s. Behind the Ship Inn (corner of Alfred St.& Pitt St.,
and above the east edge of the Tank Stream) the bedrock was 7m below
the present ground surface, with 4m of silt above it. (See Fig.l4)
In comparison Context 10 of the Drain Trench was only lm60cm below the
surface at the east end of the cut. The depth and the sloping nature
of this deposit are the main reasons for believing@ to be fill rather than
upper Tank Stream silts, although some mixing may have occurred.
2.4 In 1854 work was begun on the western part of the Semi-Circular Quay
and completed in 1855. 6 (See Fig.24)
In the process the Bon Accord Bridge was demolished and the Gateway
Site became landlocked. The shallows of the Cove were cleared of major
objects such as wrecks and deep piles were sunk into the silts to
stabilize the fills and wooden wharf. (See Fig. 25) Pitt St. was extended
north over the original line of the Tank Stream, and Alfred st. was
established across the front of the Quay. A new building Section 100
was created above the filled in Tank Stream embouchure with one
allotment given to Francis Mitchell. (in compensation for his loss of
land due to the Pitt St. extension)
By 1867 the south end of the Quay had been established with metalled
road surfaces bordered by paved gutter and kerbstone. (See Figs. 26A, B &
14).
The fills of Contexts@ and@ seen in the Drain Trench are almost
certainly related to the construction of the western half of the Quay
in c.l854-5, and are definitely no later than 1867. The mixed sandy
soils were distinguished by tip lines clearly indicating quick dumping
from east to west. The slope down to the west accords with the expected
gradient of mid 19th century Sydney Cove. The speed of deposition has
resulted in many objects remaining whole.
~probably lies at too high a level to have been deposited by the Tank
Stream as silt. It was richer in finds and muddier than(Dbut this may
be only because the fill came from a different source, and new artefacts
may have been added during the filling process.
l
·~
The tidal water saturation of@ and part of@, and the limited
examination of it in the Drain Trench, has made any assessment of the
exact nature of the deposits impossible. Constant waterlogging results
in blending of the soil horizons and downward movement of heavy objects.
The lower part of what was seen as@ may actuallly have been mixed
with the top of the silts.
The ceramic artefacts found on@) ranged from coarse kitchen wares
to many types of transfer printed earthenware dinner and tea services.
(See Appendix 1) There were few pieces of porcelain, anJa limited
number of stoneware container jars, demijohns and drinking bottles.
Most vessels came from Britain but there were 1 or 2 sherds from jars
of a probable Chinese origin. There is nothing that can be dated earlier
than 1817, with the bulk of the ceramic finds ranging from c. 1830-70.
Many vessels appeared to have been almost complete when dumped. Only the
lead glazed bowl (Figs 't~) 4-4- ) showed signs of use-wear. one of
the most important artefacts is the broken Australian Club vegetable
dish lid. The club ordered their first dinner service in 1837 and it
arrived in Sydney just before July 1839. This was the only service with
a circular printed badge, the later ones were oval. 7 (See Fig. ~5
One grey transfer printed plate has a registered mark of 11/6/1851,
therefore Context@ must have been deposited after this date. (See
Fig. 471 ) .
QUDalso contained many whole and broken glass bottles. The most frequent
types contained beer, wine and gin (black-olive green glass), with
fewer examples of bottles for aerated water drinks (Hamilton's Patent),
salad oil and pickles. There was one fragment of window glass recovered
during the excavation. Again most of the glass wereBritish but some
were locally made, for example Henfrey's aerated water bottle, c.l848-78.
A few fragments of clay pipes were found revealing the smoking habits
of this period. However, they remain undated.
Many organic items were preserved in~and some were able to be
salvaged. These included leather shoes, pieces of rope,matting and a
fibre whisk. Such fragile artefacts rarely survive and the Quay area
holds great promise for their future recovery.
tl:.
Building materials seen in Context@ show aspects of very early structures,
for example, clay roof tiles that were made in the Colony beforec.l800.
These English-style tiles were found to be inadequate for local
conditions and disappeared from the roofs of Sydney by 1820. 8 A piece
of brick with cinder inclusions must have been made after 1810 but
little more information can be gained from it without further investig
ation.9
Small fragments of mortar with shell lime also indicate the types of
materials used to construct early Sydney buildings. Their presence in
this deposit would best be explained if they were part of fill rather
tim silt
A few oyster shells (large) were found in~ probably coming from the
surrounding foreshores and indicating one possible food resource of the
Aboriginal or European occupants.
In general, the high number of household objects in@ (especially
ceramic) tends to support the probability that this was originally a
domestic refuse deposit, redeposited as part of the fill for the Quay.
Further, the Australian Club lid is unlikely to have been pr~marily
discardedat this part of Sydney Cove Quay as the exclusive Club was
located in Bent St.
Context@ was obvious! y a series of fills that with QW made this area
fairly level. The dumped deposits contained only a limited number of
glass and ceramic objects. None were datable and the small amount of
glass fragments come from a maximum of four bottles. The types were
the same as those seen in@. The most interesting finds of@were
the remains of a porcelain tea service. These broken cups, saucers
and plates appear to have formed part of an irregular set decorated
with different small blue/violet flowers.
Factors of trade time-lag and object curation point to the possibility
that the fill of® and@ was formed well after 1851, perhaps as late
as the 1860s/70s. According to the historical records the new Quay and
Section 100 were supposedly completed by 1855, but perhaps this southwest
area was not finished, or was altered/improved prior to 1867.
'7
2.5 Above the fills of Context@was a levelling deposit®that provided a
base for the sandstone 'paving' blocks of Context~ There are no
historical plans of any sandstone paving in this area of the new
Circular Quay but it is possible that the stones were part of a surface
for which there is no documentation. The deposition of the fills~,~~~ and the placement of(§}seems to be for a single purpose, the best
explanation being the construction of the western half of the Quay. The
alignment of the stones relates to that of the Quay wharf and not the
streets (as does the wood blocks ofG). There was no evidence of the
vertical piles as seen on Fig. 24 but this could be a result of the
limited size of the Drain Trench. The finds from@and @provide no help
for dating. Slate was available in NSW from c.1830s-40s.
The 1867 plan (See Figs. 26A & B) reveals two other possibilities for~ Firstly an area north of the diagonal kerb may have been paved in
sandstone instead of 4" metal. Secondly the proposed location of the
Drain Trench in relation to the 1867 plan may in fact be too far north,
and the stones of @are part of the 'kerb stone and paved gutter'
(See Fig. 14). The alignment of the sandstones of~would agree with
the second possibility.
2.6 The Ship Inn was established at the north end of Section 100 in 1869.
(See Fig.27 & 28) This Inn was run from 1871 by David and Elizabeth
Lynch for 30 years. 10 By 1879 the main part of Section 100, behind
the Ship Inn, was occupied by Change Alley. This structure housed
offices of merchants and traders whose leases continually changed
hands. 11 (See Fig.30) To the east was a small office. In between this
and the Ship Inn was a fenced-in triangular area used for storage etc.
The Quay experienced heavy traffic due to the considerable trade,
for example in wool. The buildings in the area surrounding the wharves
were occupied by marine related businesses and services, for example
merchants, traders, ship chandlers, warehouses for stores etc. The
ships moored beside the curving wharf with portable wooden walkways
(planks) the only means of transfering goods. Small boats and dinghies
were tied to the wharf edge in front of the larger ships. (See Figs.
28 & 29). The surface of the Quay was a dusty gravel road, used by
horse-drawn carts, carriages and buggies.
18
At the Drain Trench the worn surface of~and the stony deposits of{]D
and perhapsGijare possibly remnants of this period, c.1860s-80s. Some
of the soils may have originated in the building activity of Section
100 and land to the east.
2.7 In 1880 finger wharves projected from the curved southern edge of
Circular Quay. These were part of a better ferry service for city workers.
(See Fig. 31). The area was heavily used by both commuters and merchants,
with the cargo ships berthing only at the east and west side of the Quay.
At the time of the 1889 P.W.D. Survey of Sydney (Fig. 32) the enclosed
area to the east of Section 100 had several wooden and iron buildings.
It was supposedly the site for the Shipping Master.
By 1891 and up to at least 1898 the south Quay area was paved in wooden
blocks (See Fig.33) 12 Evidence for this period in the Drain Trench
are the wooden road blocks of Context~ They were lying above poured
concrete(D(which may mean that these blocks were relaid in the tram
era, see paragraph 2.8) The alignment of the wooden blocks is similar
to that of the Quay wharf and not the streets.
During the 1890s and up to 1901 the Ship Inn and Change Alley seem to
have prospered with new ferry wharves being built and old ones extended.
(See Figs. 34-36). The front a the Quay had increased commuter traffic
with horse-drawn cabs ranked on Alfred st. behind Change Alley. (Fig.35)
The holidays created huge crowds at the ferry wharves. (See Fig.37)
Areas adjacent to the wharves and the Drain Trench site were still
being used for industrial purposes, for example, the continuing Timber
and Coalyards south of Alfred St. (Gateway Site, See Fig.35)
2.8 In the first decade of the 20th century the buildings of Section 100
(~ Inn, Change Alley, Shipping Office) were demolished and the area
left vacant.
In 1897 the George and Harris Sts. Electric Tramway was proposed to run
past the north side of Section 100 and terminate at the southeast end
of the Quay. 13 By 1903 there were trams running along this route as
well as along Alfred St. (See Figs. 38 & 39) The lot east of Section 100
was resumed for tramway purposes in 1904. 14 The street surfaces at
the Quay are not very distinct in the photographs but appear to be
still partly of wood with large smooth areas of what may be bitumen,
or dirt filled damaged areas. The latter are surrounding the new tram
lines . 15
-------- I
The vacant lots of Section 100 and land to the east were made into
formal gardens and a new Ship Inn was built on the northwest corner of
Pitt and Alfred Sts. 16
Evidence in the Drain Trench for these changes could possibly be in
Context@ the bitumen surface; and the disturbance to@wood blocks
seen to the southwest. The trams would have run approximately above
the Drain Trench. (See Fig.14)
2.9 By 1926 a shed had been built for tram purposes (commuter services
and shelter?) in the approximate position of the old Shipping Office.
A street stall was to the north of the shed and a tree was growing in
the garden to the west. (See Fig.40)
Over the years the ferry wharves had been continually altered and
modernized. Before 1929 the wharves were enlarged and extended north
into Sydney Cove. (See Figs. 41 & 42a)
2.10 During 1949 Circular Quay Railway Station and line· were under
construction. (See Fig.42b) They completely changed the south end of
the Quay by flattening out the surface, extension of the wharves,
the latter becoming more regular in alignment and design. The tramway
was diverted to George St. at the west end with the gardens of
Section 100 removed. Alfred St. was widened and extended west. (See
Fig. 42c) There was no longer any wide open access between the city
and Sydney Cove. By 1963 the Cahill expressway was built above the
station, further cutting off the Quay from the city.
l.O
The evidence for these constructions can of course be seen in the
Drain Trench Context l and surrounding structures. Large iron rings
were found in the surface deposits probably being part of the
construction materials for the railway and road above. (See Appendix l)
The unusual pieces of glazed architectural ornamentation found in(D
reveals the obscure but interesting origins of such dumped fills.
(See Fig. $4
The increasing dislocation between the old and new functions of the
area led to the virtual abandonment of Sydney Cove by waterfront
commerce and industries. During the 20th century cargo ships were
prevented from docking in Sydney Cove, making it no longer the "port''
of Sydney.
3.0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
3.1 Although the drain trench at Circular Quay station was of limited
extent enough was revealed during its cutting to obtain an under
standing of the statigraphy of the immediate area. The deposits
were at times rich in artefacts which made it possible to refine
the dating of the strata obtained via historical documentation.
It is concluded that the lowest and most significant layers,
Contexts (9) & (10) (as well as {7) & (8)) were deposited when
the area was filled to construct (and surface) the Semi-circular
Quay in c. 1844/5-67. These soils contain a unique corpus of
artefacts that can be used to date other sites as well as provide
information about the lifestyles and behaviour of mid nineteenth
century Sydney residents and visitors. The waterlogged (tidal)
conditions have caused the preservation of unusual (but important)
objects as well as the possible mixing of earlier Sydney Cove silts
with the construction fill. If this is the case then the deposits and artefacts are even more important.
The c.1867 surface or guttering of the Quay is represented by the
stones of Context (6). Various surfaces and features above are
also of historical interest. They document the continual change of the Quay area to the present time.
3.2 The features and deposits (found in the trench) dating up to 1867
are extremely significant historically, socially and scientifically.
Circular Quay is an invaluable, but not inexhaustible, archaeological resource.
It is recommended that any future work in the area, especially that deeper than 1 m. below the surface, should be supervised by an
archaeologist, after consultation with the Heritage Council of N.S.W. This is in accordance with the 1977 Heritage Act of N.S.W.
Any such watching (or other) brief must encompass sampling and
recording of the stratigraphy with a view to furthering our knowledge about the development and use of the Quay area.
Significant features that must be looked for during such work
include:-
early shoreline and Tank Stream deposits and those pre 1788;
possible ship wrecks or other marine activity;
artefacts thrown from ships or shore of origins and purposes;
signs of the 1847-55 Bon Accord Bridge;
structural aspects of the 1854-67 Quay, such as wharf piers
and surface features.
Any artefacts recorvered are to be presented to the Museum of Applied
Arts and Sciences so that they may be safely housed and preserved for
future generations.
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SYDNEY COVE NSW
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r Fig.S Neg.l.l3, SW corner of trench at ~10-llm, facing south
Fig. 6 Neg.l.15
trench excavated to @ 10-llm facing east (Station)
Fig. 7 Neg .1.16
trench excavated to @10-llm facing NE (Station)
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figure I+ The Changing Prorlle of Sydney Cove
This map ls based on a plan by John Welngarth which shows changes In land owner1hlp. street layout and wharf facilities at Circular Quay since 1799. It cover1 the area from Circular Quay to Brldgo Street, from George Street to Phillip Street, and lllustrates his article "The Head of Sydney Covo 'I In the Royal Australian Historical Society Journal, Volume 10. pp. 287-300.
From P.R. Proudfoot, "The Port of Sydney as it has engendered City Growth and Urban C6nstruction", PhD. Thesis, Univ of N.S.W., 1973. wi+h o.ll'\£nJ.II'\e.l'\tS .ca.l"d c:r.~ ·, -\-,..; ..... :S ·
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NOTES & REFERENCES
1. Edward Higginbotham Gateway Plaza Site 1986. Heritage Council The watching brief and archival report comple ed by R. Stocks for E. Higginbotham.
2. Ibid. See Fig. 14. See also:- C.H. Bertie. Old Pitt St. RAHS Vol. VI (1920): 70, 73
Refs. to Underwood 1 s shipbuildin yard & dock c.1802-1882, discovered during 1905 building arks. John Weingarth. The Head of Syd ey Cove RAHSJ Vol. X (1925): 290-2, 294 Refs. to Underwood 1 s yard & quay steps found on Redman 1 S Grant on West side ofT nk Stream, etc.
3. Bridge erected by Morehead & Young in 1847 bu purchased by Government in 1853. Refs. op. cit. Bertie 1920 72
Werngarth 1925 287 also Capt. NAB Geaves. Recollections of Old Sydney
RAHSJ Vol. III (1916): 406.
4. Op. cit. Werngarth 1925 299 See Darke Plan of Sydney Cove 1847 AO. This Wharf found at Gateway Site in 1986.
5. A comparitive waterfront site in Freemantle, .A.:Mike McCarthy. Ocean Jetties - the Colonial eergarden
6.
7.
8.
AAA Conference Paper 1986. Litter in Tank Stream & Sydney Cove:op. cit. Geaves 1916 : 406-7
F. Garling 1842 The Tank Stream pai ting Small Pic. File ML
MWS & DB Excavation of Stream near ave during 20th Century. Photos in their Archives Section.
Op. cit. Bertie 1920 : 71 The fill for Pitt St had been put down in 185 almost to the Quay. The North end was delayed due to technical co siderations over how to build above the Tank Stream embouchure etc.
I
The Australian Club ordered their first dinne~ service in 1837. It had arrived in Sydney by July 1839. Ref: Lieut. Colonel Rollo Gillespie and Club notebooks. The only other site where another part of thi service was found was the FGH site. Ref: R. Stocks 1987-88 Stratigraphy Report f r Anutech & Heritage Council. (Nth Outbuilding 40RI4(11)).
Various historical refs see for e.g.:Op. cit. Higginbotham 1986. Fig. 17 - the roofs of most buildings are red in these tiles.
9. Pers. Comm. Sue Pearson. FGH building materi ls analyst.
10. See Sands Directories for details.
-- _j
11. Ibid.
12. See also AO 1898 Map 651
13. See 1897 Plan R-G Ms 1247-3000 Sheet 3.
14. Crown Land See 1904 Map R-G 2214-3000 Sheet
15. See photos N.S.W. Gov. Printing Office of Ci 1903, 1908.
16. Hotel thus built on the future Gateway Site facade) in 1986. See also Lynch•s Hotel in 1902-1914.
lar Quay in 1898,
demolished (except Directory
L
APPENDIX l. ARTEFACT LIST.
Context 10
CERAMIC - Earthenware: Plain:
- l sherd thick plain vesselffi(bowl?), light brown- ink fabric with tiny pebble and chaff inclusions (temper). Red slip o both sides. Very worn. 2.3cm thick. Fig. 48m.
Terracotta:
- 9 joining sherds of large bowl, thick walled wi a wide lip (possibly for a lid rest), brown shiny glaze, wear marks o interior. 2 bands of molded decoration around lip and base, each 7mm ide . On base a broken circular piece (possible foot) 3.2cm diam. Rim diam.: 25.7cm; Lip: 2cm wide; Base diam.: l6.8cm; Height: 6.8cm. Figs. 43, 44-
- 2 body and shoulder sherds of a thin lentoid fl sk with raised concentric circular bands around the body and white and br n (?) painted dot decoration on the exterior. The interior is pla'n:- ~ . Fig. 48r (1 sherd). ~ l~,.,tord flq!>"-
- 4 body & rim sherds of a vertical-sided jar (?) with flattened rim. Thin walled with light brown-red glaze (shiny and si ilar to below). Jar diam.: llcm.
- ! of a flat lid of a jar (2 sherds), shiny Fig. 48s (interior).
glaze. Diam.: llcm.
Bowl of clay pipe, plain, carefully smoothed mo d marks, carbon staining on exterior (used). Surfaces coated with iron o ide. Fig. 48t.
stem fragment of clay pipe, parts of impressed etters on both sides: "EDI ... " " ... & C0
" Some carbon staining.
- stem fragment of clay pipe, plain, exterior iro oxide staining.
3 joining sherds of oval I rectangular plate, p ain, with thick squared foot. Foot/base : 19.75 x l2cm; Plate height: 3 lcm. Impressed mark on base :
" SHARPE BROTHERS & CO ROYAL PATENT"
This company fl.c.l838 1895, continuing from the Thomas Sharpe Swadlinc te Potteries, Burton-onTrent, Derbyshire (c.l 21-1838) Ref. G.Godden 1968 p.l 7.
Context 10 cont. Earthenware: Creamglazed:
63
- 3 body and rim sherds of a vertical sided jar (? , plain, flattened rim, hard fabric (possible ironstone). Rim diam: llcm
Yellow-ochre glazed:
- 1 rim sherd of bowl, plain, thick walled. Rim di m. 22cm.
White-cream glaz~d: plain:
1 base sherd of jar or jug, small foot, flat bas , wall base diam.: llcm
4mm thick,
- 1 base: & body sherd of a large bowl or plate, th'ck ring base, base diam: llcm.
- l base sherd of large bowl or jar with crazed gr y-green impurity in white glaze, thick ring base. Base diam: llcm.
- 1 body to shoulder sherd of jar or bottle, too size.
Rim sherd of spout of jug, uneven and worn glaze with considerable cobalt impurity in glaze and fabric.
- lbase sherd of plate, with part of purple transf r printed mark on base exterior : n
nar~ on base II M II - 1 base sherd of plate (?) with black printed
Blue Transfer Printed. Whiteglazed: I
1 rim sherd of willow pattern decorated bowl, t walled, fairly pale blue, early type of pattern: introduced 1817, Br seley version, Spod~. Rim diam: 14cm. (Ref. L. Whiter 1970 & 1978 p.l l, Mark 16a Ill.l8). Fig. 46k.
- 1 rim sherd of plate, standard Willow pattern, st lst decade of 19th century. Rim diam: @ 22cm. (circles around bord r edge) (Ref. A Coysh & R Henrywood 1982 p.402.)
- 1 rim and body sherd of large bowl, oval or rec ngula~ with Willow pattern decoration, blurred image, badly crazed glaze. Border pattern on exterior side. (circles around border edgeJ
3 rim and body sherds of large bowl, oval, with illow pattern decoration, flat base with the main design on the interior d in panels around the exterior side. Patches of iron staining and bad y pitted glaze. (squares around border edge). Height : Scm. Fig. 46m (1 large piece only)
- 1 rim and body sherd of large bowl, oval or rec ngular, with Willow pattern decoration. Interior has 2 border patte ns and exterior has panels of the main design around the side. (circles a ound border edge).
- 1 rim and body sherd of a large bowl, oval or r ctangular, with Willow pattern decoration. Interior has 2 border patte ns very close together, and exterior has panels of the main design arou d the side. (squares around the border edge).
Context 10 cont. Earthenware: Whiteglazed Blue Transfer Printed con ..
- 1 rim and body sherd of large bowl, oval or rect ngular, with Willow pattern decoration. Interior has 2 border patter s far apart. (squares around border edge). Fig. 46 l.
- 2 base sherds of plate(s), with Willow pattern d coration.
- 1 base to rim sherd of large bowl or basin with decoration of sprays of British flowers tied wi shamrocks and roses). Rim dia.: @32cm; Foot di Possibly "British Flowers" produced at the Spode (Ref. Coysh & Henrywood 1982 p.58). Fig.46a.
3 base and rim sherds of plate with border patt reserve enclosing small vignettes of a 3-turrett a linear ground. The main pattern is of a turret with a fountain and trees. Printed mark on base Fig. 47 i & j.
igh ring foot. Interior ribbons. (thistles,
: 16cm; Height: 10.5cm. Factory.
rn of vine scrolls in d castle with trees on ed country house or castle
c} - 2 joining rim sherds of plate similar to above btt border pattern has
a paler and more blurred scroll decoration, less detailed and with small flowers. The main panel has only trees extant. Fig. 47d.
5 joining rim to base sherds of saucer with 2-to e squiggly-line sheet pattern on interior. Small blue printed mark on ase : ~ c~3le~) Rim diam.:@ 16cm.
Fig. 47f. ~ - 4joining sherds of (almost complete) miniature o toy plate.
sheet pattern on interior like Oriental leaves d branches. mark on base: •; Rim diam.: 10cm Fig. 47e. 'I I
Has abstract Impressed
- 1 base of a cup (?), a possible set with the pla e above, with the same sheet pattern (abstract). Printed blue mark on b se: ~ Base diam.: 6.5cm Fig.47p. (base exterior)
- 1 lid sherd, plain white with Fig. 46g.
floral pattern on tnob.
I
- 1 rim sherd of large basin or bowl with large both sides. Fig. 46i (interior).
fltral decoration on
- 1 body sherd of large bowl or basin with large possibly the same vessel as above. Fig. 46j (exterior)
I
fforal decoration,both sides
- 2 rim sherds of plate with linear net or trellis border pattern. Fig. 47v (1 sherd only).
- 1 rim sherd of plate with wavy-line and rope bor er pattern. Fig. 46e.
Context 10 cont. Earthenware: White lazed Blue Transfer Printed con ..
- 1 rim sherd of plate with fine stylized linear b rder pattern. Fig. 46f.
- 4 joining rim to base sherds of small bowl with 'nterior and exterior decoration. Interior: central panel, a country s ene (houses, trees, sheep,
beside wate ) . border, vermicelli and dot pattern.
Exterior: 2 separate country scenes . One with s eep, shepherdess, trees and distant house. Other with house,r cks, trees and water.
Possible printed mark on base: Rim diarn: 18cm; Base diam: Bern. Possible "Rural Scene" or "Swiss Scene" Fig. 46c & h. (exterior side and base)
- 1 rim sherd of bowl or plate with dark blue dec ration of stylized florals on the border. Fig. 47r.
1 body sherd of plate (?) with dark blue decora ion of stylized florals on the border. Similar to above. Fig. 47k.
Dark Blue "Flowed" Printed Decoration:
- 1 rim and base sherd of saucer in stylized and loral design. Fig. 47h.
- 1 base sherd of saucer with floral decoration. Fig. 47m.
- 1 base sherd from cup or bowl with architectura and tree decoration. Fig. 47 1.
1 body sherd of possible jug with exterior leaf pattern. Fig. 47s.
- 1 rim sherd of plate with stylized and chequere border pattern. Fig. 47t.
- 1 body sherd of jar or jug with stylized florals on both sides. Fig. 47o. (exterior).
Blue, Grey and Purple Printed :
- 1 rim sherd of plate (?) with dark grey-blue rtly flowed) printed border in a design of roses on a cross matrix. Fig. 47n.
- 2 body sherds of a large vessel (bowl?) with d rk grey-blue (partly flowed) abstract linear decoration on both sides. Fig. 47u (1 sherd).
- 4 rim to base sherds of large serving dish wi Central panel of Grecian Urns and flowers with of lotus and palmettes in reserve, and other b Part of impressed mark on base :" .. C" Rim diam : @ 30cm. Fig. 47c.
blue printed design. a border of running scroll rder bands of egg and dart.
bb
Context 10 cont. Earthenware: Whiteglazed Blue, Grey
- 3 rim and base sherds of plate with same design
- 1 rim sherd of small plate with same design as a
- 4 rim to base sherds of oval serving plate with Central panel of ruins with columns and statues flowers. Narrow border of palmettes and lotus. Printed grey Registration mark on base
ie. Design Registered 11/6/1851.
2 companies registered designs on this day: - W T Copeland, Stoke - Ralph Scragg, Hanley (Ref. Cushion & Honey 1980 p.175)
Possibly "Italian Views" or "Grecian" series. (Ref. Coysh & Henrywood 1982 p.162 & 256.) Fig. 47q.
Brown Printed:
- 2 rim to base sherds of saucer (?) with border of roses and leaves. Circular brown printed mark on base: " E. CHALLINOR, TUNSTALL, FOXGLOVE " ie. Foxglove pattern. E. Challinor fl. 1842-67. (Ref. Coysh & Henrywood 1982 P.77) Rim diarn: 18cm Fig. 48b.
- ! small plate with mark on the base Rim diam : 17cm. Fig. 48c.
similar design to above with " E.Chc{llinor)"
but in grey.
but in purple.
ark grey design. urrounded by wreathes of
Roses and
a brown printed
- 1 body sherd with rose design and printed circul r mark as saucer above: "E. CHALLINOR, TUNSTALL, FOXGLOVE" (but blurr d.)
- 1 rim sherd or vase or jug with similar rose pat ern to above examples around the exterior border with scroll decoratio around the interior. Fig. 48 1.
- 2 rim to base sherds of saucer - ironstone - wi~ border pattern of stylized running leaves and flowers. Rim diam.: 16cm. Im essed mark on base:
and printed mark "5" above.
Fig.48w.
IP.ONSTOI'IE . ~ . CH A Th1s company fl. 1851-1866, and were s1tuated IN at Old Hall Lane a d Miles Bank, Hanley,
Staffordshire. (Ref. Coysh & Henrywood 1982 p. 222).
- 1 base sherd of cup with high foot and interior linear decoration.
,7
Context 10 cont. ~arthenware: Whiteglazed: Black Printed:
- 1 rim sherd of plate with fine dotted scroll and floral design. Fig. 48k.
- 1 rim sherd of plate with rose pattern. Rim diam: @28cm. Fig. 48n.
- 1 rim sherd of large dish, thick walled, with st lized border pattern. Fig. 48i.
~lue-Green and Purple Printed: •
- 1 base sherd of saucer(?) with blue-green sheet ~esign of wiggly lines and dots. Fig. 48j.
- 1 rim sherd of plate(?) with blue-green design o~ reserved vine scrolls and small flowers on a linear background. I Fig. 48v.
- 1 rim sherd of small plate or saucer with purple !design of geometric meanders. Fig.48u.
Iransfer Printed with Enamel Infills: I
- 1 base sherd of plate with blue printed design ( ydrangea?) with leaves filled with green enamel. Printed and enamelled ark on base with leaves: " VERONICA ST(AFFORDSHI)RE" with central monog E! also semi-circular impressed mark with letters & monogram (letters illedgible). Company is Thomas Dimmock and Co., fl. 1828-1859,1 Staffordshire, Hanley. (Ref. Cushion & Honey 1980 p.136).
1 Fig. 47g. (interior)
- 2 joining rim sherds of cup with blue printed stilized border pattern on both sides with orange-red enamelled infill, and gold-yellow line around lip. Rim diam: 10cm. Fig. 46d.
- 1 base sherd of plate with black printed pattern and red-brown enamel infill. Fig. 48o.
- 2 joining (ironstone?) sherds of lid for large v ssel (tureen?) with a variety of stylized and leaf designs - Blue prin ed with red enamelled infills and thin scalloped linesi with gilt over Also half of a black printed badge of The Austra a circular belt. The Australian Club ordered their first dinner s circular badge as distinct from all later servic Half a bowl from this service has previously bee Government House Site which also had the mark of " J.ALLSUP, 16 ST PAUL"S CHURCH YARD, LONDON" (
( excavated by the author for A Bickford & Fig. 45.
Dept.
I I I I I I
I
ainted detailing. ian Club in the form of
rvice in 1837 (with s with oval badge). found at The First
the retailer on the base: 1.1832-58 Ref.Coysh & enrywood 1982 p.20) nvironment & Planning).
b8
Context 10 cont. Earthenware: Whiteglazed: Molded:
- 2 body sherds from vessel or object (glazed both sides), with stylized floral decoration, blue impurity in glaze. Fig. 47 a & b.
Stoneware: Saltglazed:
- 1 whole small ('penny') ink bottle, brown, plain Base diam: Scm ; height: 4.8cm. Fig. 48e
- 1 2oz. whole ink bottle, brown, plain. Base diam: 4.7cm; Height: llcm. Fig. 48g.
- 1 whole 4oz. ink bottle, brown, plain, cork insi e. Base: Scm diam. ; Height: 11.3cm. Fig. 48h.
- 1 whole blacking bottle, brown, plain, simple fltred lip. Base diam: 6cm ; Height: 12.7cm. Fig .48f.
- 1 Base sherd of possible ink bottle, cream to li ht-brown, plain. Base diam: S.2cm ; Extant height: 4.9cm.
- 1 shoulder sherd of possible ink bottle, cream c loured, plain, size as above.
2 joining base to shoulder sherds of brown bottle, plain.
beer or similar type
Base diam: 7cm ; Height to shoulder: 11.4cm.
- 2 joining base sherds of brown bottle with imprebsed " KEILLER & SON, MARMALADE, DUNDEE." I
mark above the base:
Base diam.: 7.9cm; Extant height: 7.Scm.
- 1 body sherd of brown bottle, larger than impressed mark:
f>1"olll~ .8 0 7'
1~\~ ~1> NO't' '/'; ~~ p.\11 0
~~ tt-~'~~ & .S '1.8c., ~ <tP\) o,., ~ .........
PATE.~TEE.S
.l>E N&Y c:o (.!>No~ f>A~"), f'oTTE.ii!(Y)
NEf'\'- t>E~'f
above, diam. @ 10cm, with T is company at Codnor Park c .1833-61. "& SON" added af er c .18SO. ( ef. Cushion & Honey 1980
. 103. )
- 4 sherds of large brown bottle or demijohn, pla·n, thin walled, with horizontal nail-marks around exterior. Vessel@ 26cm diam.
Context 10 cont. Stoneware: Bristol Glaze:
bq
- 1 whole bottle, honey-brown top half and cream (c on bottom half and interior, no mark. Thick round Base diam: 9cm; Height: 27.5cm. Bristol Glaze invented in 1835. Fig. 50e.
- 1 base sherd of cream/clear glaze similar to abov Base diam: 9.4cm.
- 1 base sherd of cream/clear glaze similar to abov and smooth base interior (also glazed). Imprinted " POWELL, BRISTOL". Bases diam: 8.5cm William Powell (&Sons), fl.l830-1906, operated f Bristol. (Ref. Cushion & Honey 1980 p.lOO).
- 1 whole bottle, top half honey-brown with interi squat shaped like a cask, with molded decoration and beading around the shoulder. Remains of a me Base diam: Scm ; Height: 13.5cm. Fig. 48d.
ear on cream fabric) d lip.
bottle.
but with well-made mark above base:
om the Temple Gate Pottery,
r and lower half cream, f hoops around the body 1 seal on the squared lip.
2 joining rim and shoulder sherds of bottle with honey-brown glaze down to the shoulder and cream/clear glaze below. Has squared lip with two rings around the base of the neck. Sharp carinat'on at shoulder. Rim diam: Scm ; Body diam: lOcm ; Height bet. ri & shoulder: 3.7cm.
Other Glazes:
- 1 whole rim of a rough and uneven wide-mouthed j glaze on exterior and partly into mouth. Rim is and lip has been carelessly sheared off before g salmon to grey. Rim diam:@ 7.5cm ; Lip: 0.8-.9 c
r. Mottled shiny khaki pplied onto thick neck azed. Fabric is orangethick ; Neckdiam: @6cm.
- 6 body to shoulder sherds of a large jar, a poss'ble demijohn or stone whisky (?), grey fabric, with a rounded shape an fairly wide shoulder. Exterior: lower part of vessel has a thin clear att glaze, the upper half has 3 incised concentric circles around the base of the neck below the general shiny olive-green glaze. This green glaz reaches down to the shoulder where it continues down parts of the bo y as dribbles. Interior: has obvious ridge lines from the potte 's fingers and is covered by a clear to pale grey-green shiny glaze. Extant height: 30cm ; Body diam: @ 24cm.
- 5 base to shoulder sherds of large jar similar above, cream coloured fabric. It has a flat base with near vertical si es and smooth curving shoulder. Exterior: covered with honey-coloured shiny (Bri tol?) glaze to just below the shoulder with 4 incised lines filled with th's glaze around the shoulder. The rest of the body has a clear glaze with mott es and patches of white within it. This glaze has not adhered to the bod properly and can be seen to have peeled partly off prior to firing. rips of the white glaze has come from the join at the shoulder with the oney-coloured glaze. Interior: The same roughly mottled clear and whi e glaze. Base diam: 28cm ; Extant height: 15.5cm.
/0
Context 10 cont. Stoneware: Other Glazes & Possible Chinese Ware:
- 1 body sherd from large jar, thin walled, black (salt?) pocked glaze, shiny, on exterior. Interior has dark shiny khak· glaze. Grey fabric. Probably a vessel of ainese manufacture, eg for oy sauce or whisky. (Ref. R & C Roycroft 1976, 1982 p.9; & 1984 p.ll).
- 1 small body sherd from a shiny black glazed ves with a light grey-brown fabric. Possible Chllese
Porcelain:
- 2 identical egg cups (not whole) with different Both with whiteglaze and exterior decoration of: squiggly lines and dots below the rim; and a gil On the base is black painted : "
Height: 6.4cm ; Base diam: 4.3cm ; Rim diam: @6c
- 1 base sherd of small plate (?) , plain whitegla Foot diam: @Scm.
No interior glaze anufacture.
tates of preservation. a 1.5cm section of painted line around the lip.
1 body sherd of underglaze blue decorated jar (? . Blue-grey fabric with a thick clear glaze on both sides. A possible Chineseginger jar.
7/
Context 10 cont. GLASS -Black (dark olive-green) bottle, cylindrica
- 1 whole bottle, free-blown, with clumsily applie refired pontil mark, slightly thickened neck. Si the rim and neck. Height : 27cm; Base: 9cmdiam. Lip and base typical of the 18S0s-60s. Fig.49a.
- 1 whole bottle, 3-piece mold, hand applied lip, refired pontil scar, slightly thickened and twis seal around the neck. Height: 2S.Scm ; Base diam 3-piece mold used from c.1820s, base dates to 18 Fig. 49c
form:
lip, high pointed base, houette of seal around
igh pointed base, partially ed neck. Silhouette of
9cm. Os-60s.
- 1 whole bottle, 3-piece mold, applied single con¢ave lip, concave shape from the top of neck to shoulder, base molded wilh embossed letters: " MACHEN & CO, BEER MERCHANTS, DUBLIN" Twisted copper wire around neck from the seal. S lhouette of seal around the rim and neck. Height: 24.Scm ; Base diam: 9. Scm. (Ref. to similar eg "MACHEN BEER LIVERPOOL" in & C Roycroft 1976,1982 p. 7 No.16).
Fig. 49b
- 1 whole but broken small bottle, 3-piece mold, n rrow and neat applied rim around neck with a wide groovebetween the li and applied ring. Twisted long neck. Base uneven with high point and parti lly refired pontil scar. Height: 24.Scm ; Base diam: 6.Scm. Fig. 49d.
- 1 near whole squat and warped bottle (rim missin ), 3-piece mold, warped molded base with circle and dot on base f om mold. Concave neck Base diam: @9cm. Possibly c.1840s-SS. (Ref. R & Roycroft 1976, 1982 p.8) Fig. SOd.
- 1 near whole bottle (neck missing), 3-piece moldl simple molded base with raised dot in centre. Base diam: Scm. Fig. SOf.
- 1 near whole bottle (neck missing), free-blown, ith high pointed base with a refired pontil scar. Base diam: 8.2Scm. Fig. SOg.
- 1 near whole smaller bottle (neck missing), 3-piece mold, high pointed base with partially refired pontil scar. Base diam: r.2Scm.
- 1 (of many discarded) base with high pointed kic~-up, partially refired pontil scar. Base diam: 7.7Scm. Fig. SOa.
- 1 base of smaller bottle molded and flattened arl und the edge. Circle and dot mold marks in the centre. Base diam: 6.Scmf Fig. SOb.
- 1 base of smaller bottler, molded base with embo sed letter towards one side : " P ". Base diam: 7.2Scm Fig. SOc.
- 1 body fragment of bottle with remnant of paper abel red, black and white. Nothing decipherable or recognizable.
Context 10 cont. GLASS -Black case gin (very dark olive-g~):
- 1 base, hand-blown and flattened sides (slightl concave). Base: @ 6.5cm sq. Fig. 51c.
- 2 rim to neck frags; flattened,flared and applie lip. Fig. 51f. (one example).
- 1 rim to shoulder frag. with rough narrow applie lip (like a mere dribble of glass around the rim). Fig. 51g.
Dark olive-g~ glass bottle: square - spirits:
- 1 rim to neck frag. with flared applied lip, fla tened, similar to case gin. Possible Schnapps bottle.
Olive-green cylindrical (wine) bottle:
- 1 whole bottle, free blown with applied string 1 p for ring seal. High rounded kick-up with globular mamelon. Fairl rough lip, silhouette of seal on neck. Height: 29.25cm ; base diam: 9 3cm. Fig. 51d.
- 1 whole but broken smaller bottle, free-blown, b se and lip as above, remnant of foil seal around neck. Height: 25cm ; Base diam: 7.25cm. Fig. 51e.
1 neck and rim fragment of bottle as Fig. 51d, w'th large remnant of foil seal around neck.
- 1 base frag. of small bottle, very high kick-up Scm), and globularrnamelon. Glass is very clear green.
Base diam: 7.2cm ; Fig. 51a.
1 base frag. of bottle ( similar to Fig. 51d), w'th very high kick-up (7.5cm) with irregular globular mamelon. Base diam: 9.5cm. Fig. 51b.
Molded ~le blue-green glass bottle:
- 1 near whole torpedo bottle (Hamilton's Patent) down the side: " W.G. HENFRY'S, DOUBLE AERATED, Company fl. 1848-1878. (2 other bases same type (Ref.D Jones 1979 p.25 ; R & C Roycroft 1983 p.1 Fig. 52e.
ith embossed lettering SODA WATER, SYDNEY" discarded) ) .
- 1 near whole torpedo bottle (as above) with emb sed lettering down the side: " HODGSONS, MINERALWATERS, BEDFORD STREET, Zt, COVENT GARDEN" Fig. 52h.
- 1 (or 4) bases retained, mid-emerald green glass, plain, torpedo bottle.
- 1 whole molded 8-sided bottle, mustard or pickl ! applied simple lip, smooth concave neck. wide concave front side or label (now gone). Angular concave molded base. Height: 22.5cm; B se : 8.2 x 4.7cm. Fig. Slh.
73
Context 10 cont. SLASS -molded pale blue-g~:
- 1 neck and rim frag. with simple applied lip, do ble ring at base of neck similar to Gothic or Cathedral type of pickle ja . ( 1840s-60s) Rim diam: 4.7cm. (Ref. R & C Roycroft 1976, 1982 p. 14 No.6). Fig. 52a
- 1 neck and rim frag.with simple cylindrical shap , 2-piece mold, with applied lip (double ring). Rim diam: 4.5cm.
- 1 neck and rim frag. as above but wider rim. Ri diam: 5.5cm. Fig. 52b.
- 2 frags.the base and body of a probable pickle jtr, Patent, with concave molded base. c. 1850s-60s. Base: 7.8cm diam.
George Whybrow's
(Ref. R & C Roycroft 1976, 1982 p. 14 No.2) Fig. 52g.
- 1 base and body fr.ag. of salad oil/ vinegar/ cor ial bottle, 2-piece mold, raised scallop decoration around the base and bo y, concave molded base. Base diam: 6cm. Example of complete bottle in R & C Roycroft 1976, 1982, p. 13 No.2). Fig. 52i.
- 2 joining body and base frags. of 10-sided registration mark on base :
Bottle diam: @ 7cm. Fig. 52 c & f.
bottll with embossed rie. 28?/2/?
(no year mark).
- 1 base frag. of smooth cylindrical bottle, low c ncave molded base. Base diam: 7.75cm.
Clear light green bottle:
- 1 base frag. of small smooth cylindrical bottle, high pointed kick- .up, refired pontil mark. Base diam: @ 7cm.
Window Glass:
- 1 frag.@ 2-2.5mm thick.
Context 10 cont. ORGANIC -shell:
7~
- several large rock oysters discarded.
Leather:
- many discarded small pieces of shoes.
- 1 near whole boot. Lace up with 3 holes for shoe aces, no heel or outersole, squared toe, remains of stitching and iron nails Sole : 27.Scm long ; waist: 2.8cm wide; toe: 4.S m wide. Back of shoe is 10.Scm above heel. (Leather Ref. O.Goubitz 1984 pp.187-196). Fig. S3b. I
- 1 near whole shoe, small sized (ladies7), top patt of upper badly damaged, and thin, traces of stitching and iron nails on role, squared toe. Sole: @ 24cm long; waist : Scm wide; toe: 6.2Scm wide. Fig.S3c.
- 1 near whole shoe, no heel, thin and badly damag d leather with various loose pieces. Stitch marks and iron nails in sol Front upper originally made of 2 pieces stitched together. Sole: 2S.S em long ; waist: Scm wide; rounded to S.Scm wide. Fig. S3d. I
- 1 thick large sole and heel with some middle solr sections and packing, also the welt of the heel area, squared toe. Sole: 27.Scm long; waist: 6cm wide; toe: 6.2S em wide.
- 2 large inner soles with elongated squared toes. a) 29.8cm long; waist: 4cm; max. width 8.3cm. b) 27.7cm long; waist: Scm wide; max. width: 9cm.
1 frag. of sole and heel of child's shoe, copper nails and stitching remains. original more than 13 em long.
- l piece of elasticised fabric, part of shoe (st~p.) BQP.e/twine/fibre:
- 1 whisk (?),long and narrow bunch of thin fibres, tied at top by 3 separate bands of copper wire. 32 em long.
- 2 large pieces of rope: twisted sisal. a) in fairly good condition, @.80cm long & 2.3c thick b) in a large knot, about the same size as abov
- several pieces of possible bag, open weave of v ry soft fibre, like a small net. Possible pieces of basketry attached. Matt ng? Very fragile.
Context 10 cont. BUILDING MATERIALS:
75
- 2 frags. of clay roof tiles, earthenware sandsto k, with pale salmon and white clays, poorly mixed, low fired. l x br.x d = 7(+) x 7.5(+) x 1.2cm
= 5.5(+) x 6(+) x 1.3cm. Fig. 48 p & q.
These tiles were rectangular and made in the ear They had a short life-span and were replaced by materials by c.1820s. Clay tiles are found near for exa~ple, First Government House Site, George Government House Parramatta, Gateway Site Circul {Ref. D.J.Mulvaney 1985 p.8; D Collins 1798 in B Sites personal experience & pers. commJ
y colony, from 1788-c.1800. ther more successful r in early colonial sites, St. Parramatta, r Quay etc. Fletcher 1975 Vol.1 p.27~
red sandstock, numerous cinder inclusions, no f og. Has pale grey-brown - 1 whole brick l x b x d = 23 x 10.7 x 6.3cm ~
mortar with small shell {lime) pieces and charc al flecks. Whitewashing on one edge.
-1 piece of salmon sandstock floor tile {?), well levigated with tiny grey and red stone inclusions. 1 x b x d = 12(+) x 9 5(+) x 4.8cm.
- pieces of mortar - pale grey with tiny pieces o shell lime and charcoal. painted white surface.
76
Context 9
CERAMIC - Earthenware: Whiteglazed Transfer Printe Enamel infilled:
- 1 rim sherd of blue printed small plate (?) , Wi low Pattern.
- 1 body sherd of blue printed cup or :jug, mottled design.
- 1 large rim to base sherd of miniature/ toy sauc~r, with enamelled design around the rim : 2 lines of black with crimson i fill. Central panel : with black leaves and stems and crimson flower ( ), no mark. Rim diam: @11cm.
- 3 rim sherds of jar (?), possible ironstone, plajn whiteglazed with rolled rim. Rim diam: @20cm. 1 1 large rim sherd of jar or basin (ironstone?), ilain whiteglazed, thin walled, everted flat rim 2.2cm wide. Rim diam: 12cm.
Stoneware: i 1 small rim sherd of an open vessel (bowl?), pal grey-brown fabric, with possible saltglazed surface or burnishing around rim only. This rounded rim has been gently cut along the lip to form a smoo1h but slightly angular finish.
- 1 base of saltglazed bottle or jar, grey fabric, lno mark. Base diam: @10cm.
Porcelain:
6 sherds from 2 or 3 matching cups (2 bases), wi foot, small handle, and with 4 alnernate small decorations on the upper sides: grape vine (very walls at base, no mark. Base diam: Scm ; Rim :
- 1 angled handle frag. from cup, possibly as abov
- 2 rim frags. of cup(s) similar to above but with everted rim, body has a more voluptuous form wi Upper sides decorated with small blue-violet mol Broken stub of handle on one side.
h 12-angled sides, a ring d large blue-violet molded clear design). Fairly thick @10cm.
thinner walls, slightly rounded flutes not facets.
ed thistles. (very clear) .
- 3 joining rim sherds and 1 base of cup similar t above but has very thin walls and a smooth rounded shape (no facets etc.) Has many a~te large and small blue-violet molded 'brush' decorations on the upper sides. (fairly abstract design). Ring foot, no mark. Base diam: 5.9cm ; rim diam: @10cm.
- 1 rim to base sherd of small plate, with large qle blue-violet molded 'brush' decoration (as above) as the border desi n. Possible scalloped edge. Base diam: @12cm ; Rim diam: @20cm.
17
Context 9 cont.
GLASS : I
- 2 joining frags. of neck of black glass bottle, fYlindrical body, slightly thickened neck, no evidence of mold marks. I
- 1 base to side frag. of black glass bottle (as a~ove), no evidence of mold marks. 1
- l base to side frag. of olive- green glass bott~e (cylindrical type), covered in opalescence, no mold marks.
- l rim and neck of molded pale blue bottle (salad oil type) with cork, hand applied ring seal.
Context 8
GLASS :
- 3 joining frags. of olive-green glass bottle (c lindrical type) with high kick-up, no evidence of mold marks. @9cm
- l frag of molded pale blue-green bottle, salad il type.
BUILDING MATERIALS:
- l frag. of roofing slate
- 2 frags. of painted mortar, pale grey with shel~ lime and flecks of charcoal, lmm set coat with white and pale blue-grey pain~.
Context 6 Taken from between the stones.
CERAMIC
- l lid sherd of flat pot lid, earthenware, plain whiteglazed. @ lOcm diam.
7B
Contexts 1 - 10 Mixed contexts, significant finds
CERAMIC - Earthenware:
- 1 rim sherd of plain thick walled large bowl or simple rounded everted rim. Exterior: red-, orang Interior: red-orange slip around lip with light lead(?) glaze (shiny).
late, grey-red mixed fabric, slip.
rown unevenly applied
- 5 sherds of at least 2 different blue transfer p inted plates, Willow Pattern, 2 with marks on base: a) lion above " STONE CHINA, D & S , STAFFORDSHI E"
ie. Dimmock and Smith, Hanley, Staffordshire, fl. c.1826-33, & 1842-59. b) part of mark ? ~ ~
- 1 rim and body sherd of cup, with stub of handle with flowed blue-printed design on exterior, interior and handle: a conti uous pattern of branches with small leaves. Rim diam : @11cm.
- 1 body and base of cup with purple printed decorttion. Leaf and berry pattern around the exterior and interior borders as well as on the central panel. Part of a purple printed mark on the base:
Base diam: 4.8 em.
1 rim sherd of plate with purple printed decorat'on. Interior border of diamond shaped zones joined by crosses and fille with stylized florals. Rim diam: @ 22cm.
Stoneware:
- 1 body sherd of large bottle, pale cream saltglazed with attached part of white medallion on the side: ~--~~~~
Molded letters or decoration around Body diam: @ 12cm.
w the medallion.
- 1 base of large saltglazed bottle, cream-brown o exterior with pale green glaze on interior (with smooth concave base inte ior). No mark. Base diam: lOcm.
- 1 rim and neck sherd of saltglazed bottle, crea pale green on interior. Possible squat ginger b
1 neck and rim of Bristol glazed wide-mouthed Molded bead decoration around the around the rim. Rim diam: 5.5cm.
exterior and Rim diam: 3.2cm.
r. (for jam or marmalade?) remnant of a metal seal
- 1 whole flat lid for large jar with cream Brist_jl glaze, plain. 1 0. Scm diam. I
7q
~ontexts l-10 cont.
GLASS:
- l near whole molded pale blue-green bottle (rim nd neck missing), for vinegar, very tall. 10-sided on lower body. 28c extant height. Example in R & C Roycroft 1984 p. 13 No.9. c. l 50-60s. Base has smooth kick-up & is 6.9cm diam.
- l base and body frag. of simple cylindrical mold d bottle, pale blue-green with smallmamtlon in centre of base. Base diam: @ 7.2cm.
- l base of large pale blue-green bottle or jar, b oken mark of iron pontil rod on base (white glass fused to base), free-bl wn. Base diam: ll.5cm.
- l base of clear facetted glass vase or bottle, 9 sided, slightly concave base. Base diam: 6.8cm.
BUILDING MATERIALS:
- l frag. of terracotta roof tile, flat and unmark d. 1 X b X d = ll(+) X 8(+) X l.4cm. c. mid 19th century - early 20th century.
Context l
CERAMIC- BUILDING MATERIALS:
Stoneware architectural decoration:
- @ 20 frags. of large mottled glazed hollow inside. Some with small holes and Fabric: cream to grey. Glaze: mottled green, blue, brown, orange.
al stoneware, some joining, back indicating attachment.
Style; elongated sections joined by stylized flo al motifs to form a continuous patter in 3D. Width of the elongated sections si ilar to the size of bathroom rails but this is NOT the purpose ofl the pieces.
Possibly used as architectural ornamentation on rhe roof or side of the building ( ie as in Art Deco). Origin unknown, perhaps from early Quay building, Ship Inn, or Ferry terminal.
Possibly Oriental.
See Fig. 54.
B&W PHOTOGRAPHS LIST
Roll 1 Neg.
1 . 1 1. 2 1. 5 1 • 6 1. 7 1 .8 1. 9 1 . 10 1 . 11 1.12 1.13 1 . 14 1 . 15 1 • 16 1. 17 1 . 18 1.19 1.20 1. 21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1. 25
1. 26 1. 27 1.28 1. 29
Trench excavated to @ 8 m, facing West. Trench excavated to @ 8 m, facing West. Sth section at 5m, facing South. ~th section between 5-8 m, facing West. Sth section between 11 m, facing SW. $th section between 11 m, facing SW. West section at 10-11 m, facing West. West section at 10-11 m, facing West with ba North section between 7-10 m, facing North. North section between 7-10 m, facing North. SW corner of trench at 10-11 m, facing South Westend of trench being excavated, facing We Trench excavated to @ 10-11 m, facing East ( Trench excavated to @ 10-11 m, facing ENE (s Trench excavated to @ 10-11 m, facing ENE (s Context 10 Ironstone Australian Club lid s Context 1 Glazed stoneware architectural d Context . 10 Leather shoes. Context 10 Glazed terracotta bowl interior Context ib Glazed terracotta bowl exterior Context 10 Selection of earthenware sherds Context 10 Selection of earthenware sherds Context 10 Selection of earthenware and st claypipe and hair whisk. Context i9 Se 1 ect ion of Context 10 Selection of Context 10 Selection of Context 10 Selection of
glass glass glass glass
bottles. and stonewar bottles. bottles.
khoe.
t. tation). ation). ation). erd. coration pieces.
neware sherds and
bottles.