Circulatory And Respiration

CompositionOf

Blood

Blood

Heart

Heart

Aorta

Artery

Arteriole

Capillary Bed

Venule

Vein

Vena Cava

200mmHg

120mmHg

50mmHg

Differences Between Arteries and Veins

• Veins transport blood away from the heart

• Veins are low pressure vessels• Veins have valves

Arteries and Veins

Coronary artery

Plaque

Arteriosclerosis

HDL’s: Carry cholesterol away from cell to liver

LDL’s: Carry cholesterol to tissues including coronary artery

High blood pressure can rupture blood vessels in the brain causing a hemorrhagic stroke.

Normal Blood Pressure• Systolic Pressure

– Maximum pressure during ventricular contraction

• Diastolic Pressure– Minimum pressure during ventricular

relaxation

• Textbook Values: SP 120 mmHgDP 80 mmHg

Ruptured blood vesselsin the retina associated with hypertension

Hypertension = High Blood Pressure

The Sinoatrial Node

The Cardiac Cycle

Atrial emptying Ventricular Ventricular fillingemptying

The Respiratory System

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (Energy)

The Equation for Cellular Respiration

The Respiratory SystemCommon passageway forfood and air

Food transport tube

Voice boxWind pipe

Functional part of lungSite of gas exchange

Prevents food fromentering air passageways

Transports air to right andleft lung

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AnatomicalDead Space

Anatomical Dead Space Holds 150 ml air

Alveoli: The site of gasexchange

Daltons Law• The total pressure exerted by a gas mixture is

equal to the sum of the individual pressures (partial pressures) of each of the different gases in the mixture.

• Atmospheric Pressure (pATM) = 760 mm Hg at sea level

• Note: Atmospheric Pressure can be referred to as Barometric Pressure

Dalton’s Law

• pAtm at sea level = _________• Air

– 78 % N2

– 21 % O2

• pO2 = (Percent O2 in air) X (pAtm)

760 mm Hg

pO2 = ______ X _____ = _______.21 760mmHg 158 mm Hg

An increase in elevation results in a decrease in atmospheric (barometric) pressure.Mount Everest: 29,142 feetpAtm = 245 mm Hg pO2 = .21 X 245 mmHg = 51mm Hg

View Of Whitney: 14,495 feet; pAtm = 400 mm Hg

Mount Whitney

pO2 = _____ X _____ = _____.21 400 84 mm Hg

Mt. Everest: 29,142 ft.pAtm = 245 mm Hg

Effects of Elevation

Mt. Whitney14,495 ft.

pO2 at the top of Mt. Everest

pO2 = .21 X 245 = 51mm Hg

What will happen to the size of this balloon if you carry it from sea level up a mountain?

What happens to the distance between oxygenmolecules as you carrythe balloon up a mountain?

pATM is _____________Molecules are __________

Sea Level versus the Top of Mount Everest

Mount Everest

Sea Level

pAtm is ______________________Molecules are _________________

higher than Everestcloser together

much lower than sea levelfurther apart

Hypoxia = Low Blood Oxygen

Humans experiencehypoxia at highelevation

The top ofRed SlateMountain

pO2 = 100mmHg

pCO2 = 40mmHgpO2 = 40mmHg

pCO2 = 45mmHg

pO2 in tissues is 40mmHg

pCO2 in tissues is 45mmHg

GasDiffusion

Blood enteringalveolar capillaries

Blood leaving alveolar capillaries

97

--------------------75 Oxygen – HemoglobinDissociation Curve

What happens to theSaturation of Hemoglobin whenpO2 increases?

What happens to pO2 aselevation increases?

Factors that affect the partial pressure of oxygen

What happens to bodythe saturation ofhemoglobin when bodytemperature rises?

---- Normal body temperature

Factors that affect the saturation of hemoglobin

Boyles Law• A: Normal volume and pressure• B: Volume is decreased resulting in

increased pressure• C: Volume is increased resulting in

decreased pressure

Rib cage expandswhen external

intercostals contract

Rib cage gets smallerwhen external intercostals relax

Ventilation of the Lungs

Ventilation: Moving Air in andOut of Lungs

Contract external intercostals Contract Diaphragm

_______ Volume of Thoracic Cavity

_______ Pressure of Thoracic cavity

pAtm is greater than air pressure in thoracic cavity

AIR MOVES IN (INHALATION)

Respiratory Rate and Tidal Volume

• Respiratory rate = Number of breaths you take per minute

– Textbook value = 12 breaths per minute

• Tidal Volume– Volume of air inhaled or exhaled during normal breathing– The volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal resting breath

– Textbook value = 500 ml per breath

Pulmonary Ventilation (PV)

• Pulmonary Ventilation (PV)– The volume of air that moves in out of the

lungs in one minute

– PV = Respiratory Rate X Respiratory Volume

– Resting PV = Respiratory Rate X Tidal Volume= ____________ X __________= ___________________

12 breaths/min 500 ml /breath6,000 ml/min

Regulation of Respiratory Rate

• The primary factor that controls respiratory rate is the amount of CO2 in the blood.– Increased CO2 causes a/an ___ in respiratory rate– Decreased CO2 causes a/an ___in respiratory rate– Hyperventilation _____ blood CO2 levels– Holding your breath ____ blood CO2 levels

• An increase in blood CO2 has what effect on blood pH?

Regulation of Respiratory Rate

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-