circulatory system transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones
TRANSCRIPT
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Circulatory systemTransporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and
hormones
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Features and Functions
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Features
• Circulatory systems generally have three main features:
• Fluid (blood or hemolymph) that transports materials
• System of blood vessels
• A heart to pump the fluid through the vessels
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Types of circulatory systems
• Animals that have a circulatory system have one of two kinds:
• Open: fluid is circulated through an open body chamber.
• Closed: fluid is circulated through blood vessels.
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Open system
• Arthropods and most mollusks have an open circulatory system.
• Hemolymph is contained in a body cavity, the hemocoel. A series of hearts circulates the fluid.
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Closed system• Vertebrates, annelid
worms, and a few mollusks have a closed circulatory system.
• Blood is moved through blood vessels by the heart’s action. It does not come in direct contact with body organs.
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Blood
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Components
• Blood is made up of four major components. What do each of these do?
• Plasma: the liquid portion.
• Red blood cells.
• White cells.
• Platelets.
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Red blood cells
• RBCs lose their nucleus at maturity.
• Make up about 99% of the blood’s cellular component.
• Red color is due to hemoglobin.
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Hemoglobin• Hemoglobin is a
complex protein made up of four protein strands, plus iron-rich heme groups.
• Each hemoglobin molecule can carry four oxygen atoms. The presence of oxygen turns hemoglobin bright red.
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White cells• White blood cells
defend against disease by recognizing proteins that do not belong to the body.
• White cells are able to ooze through the walls of capillaries to patrol the tissues and reach the lymph system.
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Platelets
• Platelets are cell fragments used in blood clotting.
• Platelets are derived from megakaryocites. Because they lack a nucleus, platelets have a short lifespan, usually about 10 days.
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• Platelets aggregate at the site of a wound.
• Broken cells and platelets release chemicals to stimulate thrombin production.
• Thrombin converts the protein fibrinogen into sticky fibrin, which binds the clot.
Blood clotting
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Blood Vessels
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Classes of blood vessels
• Blood vessels fall into three major classes:
• Arteries and arterioles carry blood away from the heart.
• Veins and venules carry blood to the heart.
• Capillaries allow exchange of nutrients, wastes and gases.
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Heart
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The Vertebrate Heart• Vertebrate hearts are separated into
two types of chambers
• Atria (singular: atrium): receive blood from body or lungs. Contractions of the atria send blood through a valve to the ventricles.
• Ventricles: receive blood from atria, contract to send blood to body or lungs.
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Two-chambered heart• The simplest
vertebrate heart is the two-chambered heart, seen in fishes.
• A single atrium receives blood from the body cells. A ventricle sends blood to the gills to collect oxygen.
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Three-chambered heart• Separate atria allow
some separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which was an advantage for land organisms (reptiles, amphibians).
• Though blood can mix in the ventricle, mixing is minimal. Some reptiles have partial separation of the ventricle.
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Four-chambered heart
• The four-chambered heart, seen in birds and mammals, allows complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
• Complete separation is necessary to support a fast metabolism found in endotherms.
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“Dual pump” operation
The four-chambered heart acts as two pumps.
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Heart Anatomy
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Keeping Time• The sinoatrial (SA)
node is nervous tissue that times heart beats.
• The SA node causes atria to contract, and sends the signal to the atrioventricular (AV) node to signal the ventricles to contract.
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Blood pressure
• Systolic pressure = pressure when the heart contracts.
• Diastolic pressure = pressure between heart beats.
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If your blood pressure is 90/70, the 70 represents:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. Systolic pressure
– heart contracts2. Systolic pressure
– heart is relaxed3. Diastolic pressure
– heart contracts4. Diastolic pressure
– heart is relaxed
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An electric pacemaker can be connected to the heart to replace a
faulty:
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%
1. AV node2. Bicuspid valve3. SA node4. Tricuspid valve
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• Hypertension (high blood pressure) puts people at risk for heart disease. What long-term effects would an increase in blood pressure have on the heart?
• What other organ system is involved in hypertension?
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