I(CIRCULATORY SYSTEM)

3 6 0

lnncr elastic membrane

Outer elastic membrane

F ig . 13-1 , Sect ion o f a medwm-wed ar tery . Between the two elostlc membranes l ies athick layer of smooth muscle. (From Bevelonder: Essentlols of histology, ed. 6, St. LOUIS,

1970, The C. V. Mosby Co.)

1

3 6 2

3 6 3

B I R D A N D M A M M A L

URODELE

REPTILE3 3

ANURAN3 4 A

P ’

LABYRlNtHODONTSI

DIPNOI

Fig. 13-6. Modifications of the heart that result in increased separation of oxygenated anddeorygenated blood. The ports of the heart shown ore A, atrium; RA, right atrwm; V,ventxle; R V , righr ventricle S W , rlnu* VenOsus; con, CO~US arterlosus; our, aur ic le ofmommoltan heart. 3 to 4, Third to s ixth oorhc arches. Other vessels ore at, aortlc trunk,&, ccmmon cardinal vein; hr, hepotic sinus; pc, postcava, pre, precovo (common cordmavein); pv, pulmonary vems; pt, puimonory trunk. Gray chambers contain chiefly, or OrblY.oxygenated blood.

Fig.L, l e f t atrium. l o , l e f t oortx t r u n k . I C C , left comrii~~ corotsd w t w : LB, left precovo, Q,ovlmonory t r u n k ; P O , porrrovo, R , qhi ctrtum. ro, right aoac t;unk, WC, rlghr ctmm~ncarotld artery. R P , rryht precuvo, S V , SIPW ienosv~ (Ah 0 Donoghup “)

3 6 7

3 6 8

Ventral aorta uftt:: aor t i c arches WI-alla? lWllifJUI

Utia~WlJ ventral aorta ~1: aortic arches b%.mmw?91 nut dam%

a j--lntsrrml carotid

r e d dotral cortaVentral oor+o

F ig . 13 -9 . Basic p a t t e r n o f t h e chef artertal c h a n n e l s o f v e r t e b r a t e s .

3 6 9

External aills

A. TELEOST aorta

C. TERRESTRIAL URODELE

i .c.

3 4 5 r6E. ANURAN

t cc. w -w Pulmonary t runk3 4 6 Aortic trunk I

D. NECTURUS

Ductusix. coroticus

c I

F. LIZARD

i.c.

Pulmonaryartery

Pulmonary t w t

3 4 6 Aortic trunk

G. EMBRONIC MAMMAL H. ADULT MAMMAL

Fig. 12-l 1. Persistent left aortic arches in representative adult vertebrates. 2 to 6, Secondthrough sixth embryonic oortic arches. Doned lines in C indicate vessel present in somespecies; in E, vessels that are functional in lorvas. Arrows indicate direction of blood flow.alv, Aot+c trunk from left ventricle; WV, oortic trunk from right ventricle; cc, commoncarotid artery; W, external carotid; ic, internal carotid; prv, pulmonary trunk from rightventricle.

9 mm

D:,

D . . .

Fii. 13-12 . Embryonr modlflcatnons o f the aortlc arches (1 to 6 ) o f o porcupne. (Mod-

ified from Struthers.‘“‘)

FROGFig. 13-13. Systemic arch (block) cormd arch,

3 , and pulmonary arch, 6, oi o f r o g . e c , Ex-tcrnol carotid; ic, mternal corotld, R and 1, rsghtand l e f t atrm; V , ventricle T h e spml YOIVC !sstippled

Jr 3

Right

ommon carotid

4 TURTLE 8. SNAKE

C. BIRD D . M A M M A L

Fig. 13-14. Fate of the right and left fourth aortic arches (black] in amniotes. 3, Third(carotid) arch; 4, fourth (system&c) arch; 6, s w t h (pulmonary) arch. alv, Aortic trunk fromleft ventricle, 1; QIV, aortic trunk from right ventricle, R; prv, pulmonary trunk. The rela-tionshlps of the vessels have been oversimplified to emphasize homalogler.

G

Fig. 13-15. lndwidual and spec~si differences ;n the relat:cnshipr oi the common car&dand s~bclav~on urteres m selected mammals. A, Yos~c pattern. s e e t ~ also m man,* porcu-pm,* rcybbit,’ p’g; E t , cat; dog,* monkey,’ pig,* man, 2nd rabbit; C and D, domesticcot, D occw~n~ w i th !ower frequency; E, anomalous right subciovion artery in cat,‘O’ man,and rat; F, many perlssodactyls; 8; walrus; H, man, porcupine, and rabbit. An asterisklrdtcotes this to be CI predominant condition in the populations examined. If there IS noasterisk, !he condlhon IS common but not predominant. 1, Rlgkt subciav~an~ 1, right com-mon curotld, 3, left common carotid; 4, left subclawon.

The anomalous condlhon shown in ? has been Induced experimentally m rats bylrradmtlon of the fetus and also by Q single inlectlon of trypan blue into the motha em-medloteiv after moting.9’ Because all tne conditions illustrated clre derived ontogeneticallyfrom the some pattern, any of the variants could, and probably do, occur with measurablefrequency m every mommalion species.

381

bronchia l arter ies . Allant0i.c Mia umbi l i ca l arter ies l&l

unuxptiaweo~ dorsal aorta ?ufGn:3n4 amniotes. Grui~%nld~ alla-

ntoirm 118: chorioallantoic p lacenta . Interna l iliacs 9ruwk

nals, renal porta l , lateral abdominal, hepatic portal,I Y

LLB:: coronary streams 1lR7~~DnLL~:fitl;~Ln77:.i;l~~~~ul~n b nfrttn ih

pulmonary stream mxlnn tLfit postcaval stream 3mlfl nr::c&m

:3 8 3

Common cardinal

/Sinus ~enosus

,Antericr cvdinoi

P !

(old vitelline)

- - L a t e r a l a b d o m i n a l

- - . - - - O l d portcardinal/ :’I

A . BASIC PATTERN 8, ADULT DOGFISHPrecovo

Old lateral abdominal- Postcardinal

Hepatic portar-(old vitelline)

~~~~bdominal-Pelvic

+-- Renal Portal

~ Femoral

I’External iliac

C. ADULT NECTURUSLARVAL FROG

Sciatic-

) )J/D. ADULT FROG

Fig. 13-17. Modlficatmns of the bow pattern of venous channels an sharks and omphib-mns. B roken l ines represent einbryomc v e s s e l s t h a t h a v e dwppeared. The pelv ic veins HIamphibians ore the pai red caudal ends of the embryomc la te ra l abdommal vems, the moreanterior p a r t s o f w h i c h f u s e in the mldventral Ilne. Ves se l s tha t a re . obv ious l y the somehove not been labeled on every dlogram

Pig. 13-l 8. Embryonic sub~cordmol venous pl~exusand origm of the postcavo I” the turtle Chrysemys,ventral view. Locotion of the mesonephros 81s I”-dicated in outline. PC, Portcavo; PO, left post-cardinal; RP, renal port01 “eon; SC, sub&wanvein. (Modifed from De Ryke.“)

8tal system rsw&buua; sinus

venoeu8 Liu vitelline veins

i’

i

?ortewm -”

i, Uepatic portal rein8

i

niwwwnutiwri epigastric ve-

3 9 1

Pulmonary ua: coronary ve in m4ti&ihrrnn&uG Pul-

Right precnvo CSY-

(right common cordinoij--

R i g h t a t r i u m -

Azygor(right postcardinal)

Hepatic (4)

/-

Ir.tcmol !“gulor(anterior cardinal)

- - L e f t precnwjleft common cardinal)

_ Nemiazygor(left portcardinal)

b

/ Adrenolumbor

Left rpermotir.or ovariun

Fig. 13-23. Major venous rhonnels of CI robbIt, ventral view. Broken line lndlcates obllt-eroted segment of left posterror cordmol vein. Entrance of a spermotlc or OVO~,CJ~ ve,r\ Intoo renal van is uncommon h :abbits.

3 0 7

FiSti M+li3TE

, , , , , . ” . . . ...’ “” -” ” _- , , , , ( , .. . +.’ . .

,/ ‘.\

\

398

atrium 9n?71% sinue venosus 11s: coronary veins &U atriumY 8 I8?usIu pulmonary veins. Aortic arches f a, 6, llarB?Ual~0fl~ b a

o~funi 1 &J?vu Ductus caroticua unr. ductus arteriosus ?:v?ljlti‘iu

ail&d~;i Ventral aorta nnwmnth m

97n ventr i c le rm2??li$w1Y *

IG&i pulmonary trunk ’

9 1au Aortic trunk ??n ventricle ;?uI Y ”

Itif? a o r t i c arches M’ m ua:ii 6 taut in + Lau dw~&~t&~rmrwm

ventr ic le 5111111{ aor t i c archi d L&&U

~L$I ventricles iz;r*~r~UjuMU1M~~?nUl?nlUL,;l;i7 44nioiYt;

IhnY,SuL?alulu 1I I

5wiG www?7?ua?nw nr r?n&w f&u&riU ventricle

lar (anterior cardinal) veina wn5, subclavian veins 31fMllMUl

399

Fig. 13-26. BCSK ontermr venous channels 04

cd and man, ventral wew. Broken liner tndtcote

cbl,teroted vessei~ T h e s e sometimes remc,n 3s

.~nors:olies tn adult mammals, lncludang cats.

pqs,” and man.” Internal and external jugulars

QW, sometunes confluent. Compare channels with

those of a rabbit gwea in Fig. 13.13.

Right , .; l.sft

Fig. 13-27. The orygor (on the onvnol 5 ngh!\

and the hrmlurygos (.on rhe ~ninwl I left) I” h

rhesus monkey, ventral wew Thar conol~on I) one

o f many vcnonts in this spece~ Stmllor vono~h

ore seen ,n morn. The czygos is show.Ti ilowg

mto the precava (Redrawn from Scab ‘ylJ

Submental

Rg. 13-16. A few of the superficial and deep lymph&c; of D mammal. The large vems

of the neck approaching the heart are stippled.

403